MATS 2202 Homework 8
MATS 2202 Homework 8
MATS 2202 Homework 8
2. (a) Prove that the sum of two bilinear forms is a bilinear form.
(b) Prove that the product of a scalar and a bilinear form is a bilinear form.
(c) Prove the following theorem: For any vector space V , the sum of two bilinear forms and the
product of a scalar and a bilinear form on V are again bilinear forms on V . Furthermore, B(V )
is a vector space with respect to these operations.
3. Determine which of the mappings that follow are bilinear forms. Justify your answers.
(a) Let V = C[0, 1] be the space of continuous real-valued functions on the closed interval [0, 1].
For f, g ∈ V , define Z 1
H(f, g) = f (t)g(t)dt.
0
(b) Let V be a vector space over F , and let J ∈ B(V ) be nonzero. Define H : V × V → F by
4. Verify that each of the given mappings is a bilinear form. Then compute its matrix representation
with respect to the given ordered basis β.
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(a) H : R3 × R3 → R, where
a1 b1
H a2 , b2 = a1 b1 − 2a1 b2 + a2 b1 − a3 b3
a3 b3
and
1 1 0
β = 0 , 0 , 1 .
1 −1 0
For a 2 × 2 matrix M with columns x and y, the bilinear form H(M ) = H(x, y) is called the
permanent of M .
6. Let V and W be vector spaces over the same field, and let T : V → W be a linear transformation.
For any H ∈ B(W ), define Tb(H) : V × V → F by Tb(H)(x, y) = H(T (x), T (y)) for all x, y ∈ V .
Prove the following results.
7. Let V be an n-dimensional vector space over F , β a basis for V , and ψβ : B(V ) → M atn×n (F ) the
map such that ψβ (H) is the matrix representation of H with respect to β.
8. For a finite-dimensional vector space V , describe a method for finding an ordered basis for B(V ).
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10. Let V be a finite-dimensional vector space and H ∈ B(V ). Prove that, for any ordered bases β and
γ of V , rank(ψβ (H)) = rank(ψγ (H)).
12. Let V be a vector space over a field F not of characteristic two, and let H be a symmetric bilinear
form on V . Prove that if K(x) = H(x, x) is the quadratic form associated with H, then, for all
x, y ∈ V ,
H(x, y) = 12 [K(x + y) − K(x) − K(y)].
13. For each of the given quadratic forms K on a real inner product space V , find a symmetric bilinear
form H such that K(x) = H(x, x) for all x ∈ V . Then find an orthonormal basis β for V such that
ψβ (H) is a diagonal matrix.
2 t1
(a) K : R → R defined by K = −2t21 + 4t1 t2 + t22
t2
2 t1
(b) K : R → R defined by K = 7t21 − 8t1 t2 + t22
t2
t1
(c) K : R3 → R defined by K t2 = 3t21 + 3t22 + 3t23 − 2t1 t3
t3
Find an orthonormal basis β for R3 for which the equation relating the coordinates of points of S
relative to β is simpler. Describe S geometrically.
15. Let A and E be in Mn×n (F ), with E an elementary matrix. (i) Show that AE can be obtained from
A by means of an elementary column operation. (ii) Prove that E t A can be obtained by means of
the same elementary operation performed on the rows rather than on the columns of A. Hint: Note
that E t A = (At E)t .
16. For each of the following matrices A with entries from R, find a diagonal matrix D and an invertible
matrix Q such that Qt AQ = D.
3 1 2
1 3 0 1
(a) (b) (c) 1 4 0
3 2 1 0
2 0 −1
Hint for (b): Use an elementary operation other than interchanging columns.
17. Prove that if the diagonal entries of a diagonal matrix are permuted, then the resulting diagonal
matrix is congruent to the original one.
18. Let T be a linear operator on a real inner product space V , and define H : V × V → R by
H(x, y) = ⟨x, T (y)⟩ for all x, y ∈ V .
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(c) What properties must T have for H to be an inner product on V ?
(d) Explain why H may fail to be a bilinear form if V is a complex inner product space.
19. Prove the converse to Exercise 18a: Let V be a finite-dimensional real inner product space, and
let H be a bilinear form on V . Then there exists a unique linear operator T on V such that
H(x, y) = ⟨x, T (y)⟩ for all x, y ∈ V . Hint: Choose an orthonormal basis β for V , let A = ψβ (H),
and let T be the linear operator on V such that [T ]β = A. Apply Exercise 7c.
20. Prove that the number of distinct equivalence classes of congruent n × n real symmetric matrices is
(n+1)(n+2)
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