Assignment 2

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Cosmological Constant
Hubble constant
1. Value:
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Method: Measured by using a new
calibration of the peak absolute magnitude of
SNe Type Ia based on the Surface Brightness
Fluctuations (SBF) method.
Citation: Khetan, N. et al. A new

measurement of the Hubble constant using
Type Ia supernovae calibrated with surface
brightness fluctuations. ArXiv200807754
Astro-Ph (2020).
2. Value:
Method: Combining BOSS DR12 galaxy

power spectra with Ωm priors from
Pantheon supernovae and adding the
analogous Planck lensing results from Baxter
& Sherwin 2020.
Citation: Philcox, O. H. E., Sherwin, B. D.,
Farren, G. S. & Baxter, E. J. Determining the
Hubble Constant without the Sound Horizon:
Measurements from Galaxy Surveys.
ArXiv200808084 Astro-Ph Physicsgr-Qc
Physicshep-Ph (2020).
and
1. Value: ;
2. Method: by the lightcurves of 207
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spectroscopically–confirmed Type Ia supernova.
3. Citation: DES Collaboration et al. Cosmological
Constraints from Multiple Probes in the Dark
Energy Survey. Phys. Rev. Lett. 122 , 171301
(2019).
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Plot
Static plot
1. I used Mathematica software to make the plot.
The programming language is Wolfram
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Language.
2. Code
1 ClearAll
2 \[Integral]1/(1 + x)*1/Sqrt[0.3
(1 + x)^3 + 0.7] \
[DifferentialD]x
3 f[x_] = %
4 Plot[1000/70 (f[z] - f[0]), {z,
0, 10}, PlotRange -> All,
5 AxesOrigin -> {0, 0},
6 AxesLabel -> {"z",
7 "Lookback Time [\!\
(\*SuperscriptBox[\(10\), \
(9\)]\)yrs]"},
8 PlotLabel -> "Lookback Time Vs
Redshift"]
9
10 (* I convert the unit of 1/H0:
[((Mpc*s)/Km)] to years:
[9.8*10^11 \
11 yrs] and take it as [10^12yrs]
for approximation. I put 10^3
into the \
12 integral so the unit of y axis is
[10^9yrs] *)
I firt integrated and then
calculated the integral.

I take , ,
3. Plot
Dynamic Plot
1. Since you asked to plot with different and
values, I made this dynamic plot. In this plot, we
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can change the value of and see how the
curve will change.
2. Code
1 ClearAll;
2 \[Integral]1/(1 + z)*1/Sqrt[a (1
+ z)^3 + 1 - a] \
[DifferentialD]z;
3 m[z_, a_] = %;
4 Manipulate[
5 Plot[1000/70 (m[z, a] - m[0,
a]), {z, 0, 10}, PlotRange ->
All,
6 AxesOrigin -> {0, 0}, AxesLabel
-> {"z", "Lookback Time [yrs]"},
7 PlotLabel -> "Lookback Time Vs
Redshift"], {a, 0, 1}]
I basically used the same method, but I took

as a variable as well.
3. Plot
As you can see that we have a control bar in

the plot which can be used to change the
value of and the graph will change as a
response to the chang of . We can also
input a specific number for to get the
graph we want.
The gif showing this plot is attached in this
email.
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Madau plot
Data used in plotting
Data are extracted from paper "Cosmic Star-
Formation History" 1
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1 0.055 0.015135612 0.045 0.003485259

0.000681215
2 0.5 0.040738028 0.1 0.016805966
0.006853612
3 0.7 0.063095734 0.1 0.065729221
0.01632222
4 1 0.056234133 0.2 0.05858123
0.014547194
5 0.05 0.016982437 0 0.003434943
0.003178594
6 0.125 0.017782794 0.075 0.009132554
0.006033819
7 0.3 0.028183829 0.1 0.008969694
0.006804208
8 0.5 0.036307805 0.1 0.009401013
0.00746749
9 0.7 0.057543994 0.1 0.014899602
0.011835175
10 0.9 0.102329299 0.1 0.023563242
0.017215495
11 1.1 0.114815362 0.1 0.026438392
0.021489932
12 1.45 0.112201845 0.25 0.046287474
0.018876415
13 2.1 0.177827941 0.4 0.371712933
0.033283964
14 3 0.091201084 0.5 0.074757607
0.026635661
15 4 0.020417379 0.5 0.013467036
0.010645007
16 1.125 0.095499259 0.205 0.019316104
0.016066435
17 1.75 0.177827941 0.13 0.056594941
0.042931653
18 2.225 0.134896288 0.145 0.031062402
0.025248469
19 2.3 0.177827941 0.4 0.040948221
0.039789515
20 3.05 0.107151931 0.35 0.030886496
0.031294173
21 3.8 0.051286138 0 0.006257855
0.005577319
22 4.9 0.03801894 0 0.005632644
0.004905827
23 5.9 0.022387211 0 0.004528137
0.00376634
24 7 0.016218101 0 0.004199278
0.003335605
25 7.9 0.008128305 0 0.00234298
0.001818732
Plot data with error bars

1. Code
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1 ClearAll;
2 data = Import[
3
"/Users/shengyong/Library/Mobile
\
4 Documents/com~apple~CloudDocs/Gra
duate Study/Fall 2020/Galactic \
5 Astronomy/Assignments/Assignment
2 due on Aug-28/My data/Data part
\
6 one 2.csv", "Data"];
7 dataerror =
8 Table[{Around[Part[Part[data,
n], 1], Part[Part[data, n], 3]],
9 Around[Part[Part[data, n],
2], {Part[Part[data, n], 5],
10 Part[Part[data, n], 4]}]},
{n, 1, 23}];
11 dataplot =
12 ListLogPlot[%,
14 "\!\(\*OverscriptBox[\(\
[Rho]\), \(.\)]\)(z) [\!\
(\*SubscriptBox[\
15 \(M\), \(o\)]\)\!\
(\*SuperscriptBox[\(yr\), \
16 \(-1\)]\)\!\(\*SuperscriptBox[\
(Mpc\), \(-3\)]\)]"},
17 PlotLabel -> "SFRD Vs
Redshift"]
2. Plot outcome
Best fit from the paper
1. Code
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1 bestfitting =
2 LogPlot[0.015 (1 + z)^2.7/(1 +
((1 + z)/2.9)^5.6), {z, 0, 8}];
3
4 Show[dataplot, bestfitting,
PlotRange -> All,
[Rho]\), \(.\)]\)(z) \
7 [\!\(\*SubscriptBox[\(M\), \
(o\)]\)\!\(\*SuperscriptBox[\
(yr\), \
8 \(-1\)]\)\!\(\*SuperscriptBox[\
(Mpc\), \(-3\)]\)]"},
9 PlotLabel -> "SFRD Vs Redshift"]
2. Plot outcome
Find the cosmic noon
1. I find the cosmic noon based on the best fit from
the paper "Cosmic Star-Formation History" 1 .
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2. Code
1 FindMaximum[0.015 (1 + z)^2.7/(1
+ ((1 + z)/2.9)^5.6), {z, 0}]
3. Outcome
1 {0.132988, {z -> 1.86323}}
Try broken power law fit

1. I don't know if I understand the broken power
law fit correctly not. If it's wrong, could you
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please corret me or recommend some
references?
My own understanding: broken power law

fit is breaking the datapoints into pieces and
fitting each piece of data with a power law.
Then we put those fits together.
2. My broken power fits

I break the dataset into two pieces: first piece is
from to ; another piece is
from to .
to
1 logdata =
2 Table[{Log[Part[Part[data,
n], 1]],
3 Log[Part[Part[data, n],
2]]}, {n, 1, 23, 1}];
4 fitpartone =
Table[Part[logdata, n], {n,
1, 12}];
5 FindFit[fitpartone, a + n x,
{a, n}, x]
1 Out={a -> -2.45732, n ->

0.644792}
1 eq1 = E^-2.457317430405359`
x^(0.6447922589858917`);
2 fitgraph1 = LogPlot[eq1, {x,
0, 1.8}];
3 Show[ListLogPlot[Table[Part[d
ataerror, n], {n, 1, 12,
1}]], fitgraph1]
Outcome graph:
to
1 fitpartone =
Table[Part[logdata, n], {n,
13, 23, 1}];
2 FindFit[fitpartone, b + m x,
{b, m}, x]
1 Out={b -> -0.0854695, m ->

-2.17952}
1 eq2 = E^-0.08546953199024102`
x^(-2.1795241382989072`);
2 fitgraph2 = LogPlot[eq2, {x,
1.8, 8}];
3 Show[ListLogPlot[
4 Table[Part[dataerror, n],
{n, 13, 23, 1}]], fitgraph2]
Outcome graph:
Combine two graphs

1 Show[dataplot, fitgraph1,
fitgraph2, PlotRange -> All,
[Rho]\), \(.\)]\)(z) \
4 [\!\(\*SubscriptBox[\(M\), \
(o\)]\)\!\(\*SuperscriptBox[\
(yr\), \
5 \(-1\)]\)\!\
(\*SuperscriptBox[\(Mpc\), \
(-3\)]\)]"},
6 PlotLabel -> "SFRD Vs
Redshift"]
Outcome graph:
I am still trying figure how to do a

connect the two curves and make it
smooth
When started the MW to

When started the MW to
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make starts
I don't know how can we obtain this information
from the Madau graph.
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Reference
1. Cosmic Star-Formation History ↩ ↩

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H2

Citation: Khetan, N. et al. A new

Method: Combining BOSS DR12 galaxy

I firt integrated and then

calculated the integral.

I basically used the same method, but I took

As you can see that we have a control bar in

1 0.055 0.015135612 0.045 0.003485259

Plot data with error bars

1 {0.132988, {z -> 1.86323}}

Try broken power law fit

My own understanding: broken power law

2. My broken power fits

1 Out={a -> -2.45732, n ->

1 Out={b -> -0.0854695, m ->

Combine two graphs

I am still trying figure how to do a

When started the MW to

1. Cosmic Star-Formation History ↩ ↩

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