applied

sciences
Article
Modular and Offsite Construction of Piping: Current
Barriers and Route
Xiaodan Li 1 , Zhongfu Li 1 and Guangdong Wu 2, *
1 Department of Construction Management, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China;
[email protected] (X.L.); [email protected] (Z.L.)
2 Department of Tourism and Urban Management, Jiangxi University of Finance & Economics,
Nanchang 330013, China
* Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-791-8384-2078

Academic Editor: Stefano Invernizzi

Received: 12 April 2017; Accepted: 19 May 2017; Published: 26 May 2017

Abstract: To investigate current practices and identify challenges of piping prefabrication, this
paper conducts a comprehensive survey to mechanical, electrical, and plumbing (MEP) contractors.
This paper is performed in three main steps. First, the current state of piping prefabrication, the
attitude of MEP contractors to piping prefabrication, and the challenges of piping prefabrication are
identified through a comprehensive data collection process that included semi-structured interviews,
case studies, site visits, and questionnaires. The second step included suggesting a pattern and
roadway of piping prefabrication. The results showed that: (1) The attitudes to feasibility of
piping prefabrication differ in piping systems, piping connector modes, and types of project; and
(2) building information modelling (BIM) promotes the adoption of piping prefabrication. Integrated
project delivery (IPD), and distributor’s early involvement into projects have significant effects
on the successful implementation of piping prefabrication. (3) The main barriers and challenges
were identified including the low level of standardization of design, lack of preferential policy,
economies of scale, low-skilled workers, as well as the availability of fittings and valves. In the final
step, a four-phase route of piping prefabrication is suggested for MEP contractors to expand the
prefabrication capacity incrementally. The main contributions of this paper include: (1) This paper
proposes a route for MEP contractors to improve their piping construction through the Modular
and offsite construction (MOC) method. (2) This paper finds that the level of feasibility of piping
prefabrication differs in piping systems, connection modes, and types of project. Challenges and
barriers of piping prefabrication are firstly identified.

Keywords: modular and offsite construction; piping prefabrication; building information modelling;
challenges; route

1. Introduction
Modular and offsite construction (MOC) involves the process of designing, fabricating,
transporting and assembling building elements for rapid site assembly to a greater degree of finish
than in on-site construction. MOC, also called prefabrication or preassembly has been widely adopted
by many countries and regions (such as the United States, the UK, Sweden, Australia, Malaysia and
China) as a new construction method to improve the construction productivity [1–7]. Various benefits
(e.g., quality improvement, waste reduction, and savings in construction time etc.) of prefabrication
have been addressed in previous studies. Because of these proven benefits, mechanical, electrical,
and plumbing (MEP) contractors adopted MOC as a new approach to strengthen its profitability
and competitiveness.

Appl. Sci. 2017, 7, 547; doi:10.3390/app7060547 www.mdpi.com/journal/applsci

Appl. Sci. 2017, 7, 547 2 of 16

Several studies were performed to analyze different management aspects of MEP construction.
These studies include: construction schedule and planning [8,9]; safety and risk management in
MEP construction [10,11]; coordination and integration strategies among various sub-systems and
trades [12–14]; assessment of the built status of MEP works and quality inspection [15]; building
information modelling (BIM)-based application in MEP layout design and construction [16–18]; and
waste management of materials such as pipes used in MEP construction [19,20]. A few studies were
performed to investigate the application of prefabrication in MEP construction. Mawdesley and
Long [21] presented a case that has used prefabrication technology for the distribution of heating,
ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems. Wang et al. [22] presented the process of pipe
spool fabrication in the industrial construction project. This study focused more on the value stream
improvement in the spool fabrication shop. Court et al. [23] combined modular assembly with
postponement strategy to improve productivity and reduce the on-site operations that involve risks
of injury in MEP construction including cutting and drilling. Connor et al. [24] developed a method
to design the modular standardized industrial plant. Ten types of advantages were identified when
modularization and design standardization were combined. Mahdi et al. [25] proposed a quality
management model for construction quality management that employs automated technologies such
as photogrammetry and laser scanning to detect defects during piping prefabrication. The model has
the potential to decrease the overall cost of a project by reducing the fabrication rework. Said [26]
identified best practices in electrical prefabrication construction and improvement opportunities
for electrical contractors’ industrialization, and presented a prediction model of prefabrication
feasibility for electrical contractors and found that prefabrication feasibility was dependent mainly
on industry-related determinants. The surveys [27,28] have indicated that prefabrication was most
widely adopted to manufacture structural components and building envelope of buildings, followed
by MEP systems. Building superstructure, exterior walls, and ducts are the most prefabricated building
components. Prefabrication of complicated ductwork can help reduce the space requirement on site.
In addition, assembly off-site can positively impact the overall project schedule. As to how to make
decisions and what challenges would be faced during implementation of modularization and off-site
in MEP construction, a decision framework named prefabrication, preassembly, modularization, and
off-site fabrication (PPMOF) [29] developed by the Construction Industry Institute (CII) needs to be
concerned. This framework focuses on identifying the requirements for effective use of PPMOF on
industrial projects. PPMOF contains a preliminary decision guide and a quantitative analysis as well
as suggestions for tactical analysis in the PPMOF decision process [30]. In a case study conducted
by Mawdesley and Long, some problems were encountered in the modular services installation.
These problems have been ascribed to a lack of communication and training between the parties
involved [21].
Previous research studies have identified challenges based on case studies. There were few
quantitative investigations and comprehensive analyses of challenges and barriers to the successful
implementation of piping prefabrication in building and construction projects. The research objective
of this paper is to identify the challenges and barriers that MEP contractors may be confronted in
the adoption of MOC by adopting qualitative and quantitative research methods and conducting a
comprehensive data collection plan including semi-structured interview, questionnaires, and case
studies. The organization of this paper is as follows. The paper begins with an introduction of
piping construction profiles in China. Section 3 includes a discussion of the research methodology,
questionnaire design and samples employed in this study. The results are presented and discussed in
Section 4. Section 4 also presents the suggested pattern and route of piping prefabrication based on the
results of this study. Finally, some conclusions are offered, and recommendations for further research
are offered. The findings assist piping contractors in improving their piping construction through the
MOC method.
Appl. Sci. 2017, 7, 547 3 of 16

2. Piping Construction Profiles in China

Piping is a system of pipes used to convey fluids (liquids and gasses) from one location to
Appl. Sci. 2017,
another. In 7,domestic
547 or commercial environments, the most familiar type of piping is plumbing. 3 of 17

As to distinguish the meaning of piping and plumbing is not the scope of this research, we employed
the term “piping” in this paper to refer to all the systems that consist of pipes, fittings, valves, and
the term “piping” in this paper to refer to all the systems that consist of pipes, fittings, valves, and
other devices inside buildings. As the fragmentation characteristics of building and construction
other devices inside buildings. As the fragmentation characteristics of building and construction
industry, an MEP contractor is often in charge of one sub-system. That is, several MEP contractors
industry, an MEP contractor is often in charge of one sub-system. That is, several MEP contractors
are involved in a project. MEP construction in China is traditionally fabricated on site. Elemental
are involved in a project. MEP construction in China is traditionally fabricated on site. Elemental
units such as fittings and valves are fixed in place at the final site. Different trades often follow one
units such as fittings and valves are fixed in place at the final site. Different trades often follow one
another through the project fixing the particular units in place. For example, one of the contractors
another through the project fixing the particular units in place. For example, one of the contractors fix
fix the ducts, followed by a second contractor or a gang of workers fixing the pipes and a third fixing
the ducts, followed by a second contractor or a gang of workers fixing the pipes and a third fixing the
the electrical cable runs. There could easily be as many as five different contractors or gangs with
electrical cable runs. There could easily be as many as five different contractors or gangs with different
different resource requirement passing through all areas of a building.
resource requirement passing through all areas of a building.
The participants in a traditional project include the owner, designers, general contractor and
The participants in a traditional project include the owner, designers, general contractor and
sub-contractors, manufacturers, and distributors. The process they collaborated to complete a project
sub-contractors, manufacturers, and distributors. The process they collaborated to complete a project
is shown in Figure 1. In the traditional supply chain, manufacturers produce standard components
is shown in Figure 1. In the traditional supply chain, manufacturers produce standard components of
of different types. For example, they produce seamless steel tubes of six meters, while the distributor
different types. For example, they produce seamless steel tubes of six meters, while the distributor
purchases material from manufacturers, then sells this material to local contractors. The piping
purchases material from manufacturers, then sells this material to local contractors. The piping
contractor is responsible for the procurement of material such as pipes and fittings. After all the
contractor is responsible for the procurement of material such as pipes and fittings. After all the
material in a piping system is transported to the construction site, a gang of workers will cut the pipe
material in a piping system is transported to the construction site, a gang of workers will cut the pipe
into pipe segments according to drawings. Some pipe segments need to be drilled to connect with a
into pipe segments according to drawings. Some pipe segments need to be drilled to connect with a
branched segment. Some segments need to be handled in the pipe-threading machine or roll-
branched segment. Some segments need to be handled in the pipe-threading machine or roll-grooving
grooving machine. Finally, the handled pipe segments are connected with the corresponding fittings.
machine. Finally, the handled pipe segments are connected with the corresponding fittings. This
This process is inefficient as the majority of time is consumed by calculating the length of the pipe
process is inefficient as the majority of time is consumed by calculating the length of the pipe segment
segment and judging if the pipe end is threaded or grooved. To find the corresponding fitting from
and judging if the pipe end is threaded or grooved. To find the corresponding fitting from many
many packages of material also consumes too much time, because the worker must know the location
packages of material also consumes too much time, because the worker must know the location and
and nominal diameter of the pipe. To improve the productivity and reduce waste, some MEP
nominal diameter of the pipe. To improve the productivity and reduce waste, some MEP contractors
contractors try to adopt piping prefabrication with the application of BIM. In their project, pipes were
try to adopt piping prefabrication with the application of BIM. In their project, pipes were cut ahead
cut ahead on site or in their fabrication shop based on the lengths exported from BIM software.
on site or in their fabrication shop based on the lengths exported from BIM software. Although more
Although more and more MEP contractors are interested in piping prefabrication, piping
and more MEP contractors are interested in piping prefabrication, piping prefabrication is still in its
prefabrication is still in its infancy in China.
infancy in China.

Designer
Distributor Manufacturer

Owner Plumbing
Contractor

General
Contractor Distributor Manufacturer

Information flow Construction services Material flow

Figure
Figure 1.
1. Supply
Supply chain
chain of
of piping
piping construction.
construction.

3. Methodology
Based on the study objective, which is to identify the feasibility of piping prefabrication,
challenges and barriers, a comprehensive data collection plan was adopted to collect information that
pertains to piping prefabrication. The research methodology is shown in Figure 2. Qualitative and
quantitative research methods were adopted as methods of inquiry. The data was collected from four
main sources: (1) semi-structured interviews; (2) acquisition of piping prefabrication case studies; (3)
either performed in person or on the phone. All these experts have sufficient project experience in
the building and construction industry and sufficient knowledge of piping systems. These semi-
structured interviews including the following six open-ended questions:
1. Do you agree on the following characteristics of piping prefabrication: It is the (1) off-site
Appl. Sci.
production 7, 547
2017,of piping in a factory environment, (2) components such as pipe segments and fitting 4 of 16
are
pre-assembled as units or modules; (3) transportation of piping units to the project site; and (4)
assembly and installation of the units to form a complete piping system?
3. Methodology
2. Are there differences in the feasibility of piping prefabrication between different piping
Based on
connection modesthe study objective,type
and different which
of is to identify the feasibility of piping prefabrication, challenges
project?
and barriers, a comprehensive data collection
3. What are the main challenges or barriers plan
ofwas adopted
piping to collect information that pertains to
prefabrication?
piping prefabrication.
4. What are the rolesTheofresearch methodology
manufacturers is shown in
and distributors inFigure 2. Qualitative
the piping and quantitative
prefabrication?
research
5. Howmethods were adopted
the contractor, as methods
designer, of inquiry.
and other The data
participants was collected
collaborated from four
in piping main sources:
prefabrication?
(1) semi-structured interviews; (2) acquisition of piping prefabrication
6. What pattern and route will be developed in piping prefabrication? case studies; (3) site visits to
prefabrication
7. Are there facilities; and (4)
other items doonline questionnaires.
you think that this research needs to be considered?

Step 1 Step 2 Step 3

Semi-
structured (i) to investigate feasibility
interviews of piping prefabrication;
(ii) to analyze influences of
The suggested pattern and
Case Online some factors to the
roadway for piping
studies questionnaires implementation of piping
prefabrication
prefabrication;
(iii) to identify challenges
Site visits and barriers

Figure 2. Research methodology.

Figure 2. Research methodology.

3.2. Case Studies and Site Visits

3.1. Semi-Structured Interviews
Cases were acquired to provide exploratory examples of piping prefabrication practices.
To collect data relating to the adoption of piping prefabrication, semi-structured interviews were
Technical documentation including project profile, construction pictures and videos, design
conducted with 10 experts, consisting of two academic, two on-site project managers, two designers,
drawings, specification sheets, and component assembly drawings was obtained from two cases that
two pipe fittings suppliers, and two site foremen to understand the current practices, challenges,
have adopted prefabrication technology. One project has been completed and another one is in
and opportunities of piping prefabrication. The reason for the combination of experts from different
progress. These cases helped to provide general understanding and specific illustrations of piping
backgrounds was to provide a comprehensive review of the research topic. The interviews were
contractors’ prefabrication solution and collaboration with designers and manufacturers.
either performed in person or on the phone. All these experts have sufficient project experience in the
Except for the cases, prefabrication facilities of a piping contractor, the site of an office building
building and construction industry and sufficient knowledge of piping systems. These semi-structured
project, and a piping distribution center were visited to identify current prefabrication practices.
interviews including the following six open-ended questions:
Two prefabrication facilities in China (one in Beijing and another in Xi’an) were visited; one for
1. Do you agree on the following characteristics of piping prefabrication: It is the (1) off-site
large piping contractors (revenue of more than $1.2 billion one year) and one for small piping
production of piping in a factory environment, (2) components such as pipe segments and fitting
contractors (revenue less than $0.3 billion one year). These visits enabled diverse observations of
are pre-assembled as units or modules; (3) transportation of piping units to the project site; and
prefabrication and supply chain approaches in low and large production volumes. A distribution
(4) assembly and installation of the units to form a complete piping system?
center of a pipes and fittings distributor was visited to investigate the sufficiency of various fittings.
2. Are there differences in the feasibility of piping prefabrication between different piping
An office building project that was using the prefabrication technology was visited to learn the
connection modes and different type of project?
quality of a fire sprinkler system and challenges during piping installation.
3. What are the main challenges or barriers of piping prefabrication?
4. What are the roles of manufacturers and distributors in the piping prefabrication?
5. How the contractor, designer, and other participants collaborated in piping prefabrication?
6. What pattern and route will be developed in piping prefabrication?
7. Are there other items do you think that this research needs to be considered?

3.2. Case Studies and Site Visits

Cases were acquired to provide exploratory examples of piping prefabrication practices.
Technical documentation including project profile, construction pictures and videos, design drawings,
specification sheets, and component assembly drawings was obtained from two cases that have
adopted prefabrication technology. One project has been completed and another one is in progress.
These cases helped to provide general understanding and specific illustrations of piping contractors’
prefabrication solution and collaboration with designers and manufacturers.
Appl. Sci. 2017, 7, 547 5 of 16

Except for the cases, prefabrication facilities of a piping contractor, the site of an office building
project, and a piping distribution center were visited to identify current prefabrication practices.
Two prefabrication facilities in China (one in Beijing and another in Xi’an) were visited; one
for large piping contractors (revenue of more than $1.2 billion one year) and one for small piping
contractors (revenue less than $0.3 billion one year). These visits enabled diverse observations of
prefabrication and supply chain approaches in low and large production volumes. A distribution
center of a pipes and fittings distributor was visited to investigate the sufficiency of various fittings.
An office building project that was using the prefabrication technology was visited to learn the quality
of a fire sprinkler system and challenges during piping installation.

3.3. Questionnaire
A questionnaire was designed to explore the feasibility, challenge and barrier of piping
prefabrication. The questionnaire was used to verify the generality of the findings from the
semi-structured interviews, case studies, and site visits. The objective of this questionnaire includes:
(1) general attitude toward the feasibility of piping prefabrication; (2) the influence of some factors
on the successful implementation of piping prefabrication; and (3) critical challenges or barriers of
piping prefabrication.
The questionnaire included a total of 18 questions organized into 4 main sections, as shown in
Table 1. This questionnaire was distributed to a sample of piping contractors. A brief introduction on
piping prefabrication and descriptions of some terms were also attached to the questionnaire to ensure
that all the respondents were informed of and were using the same definition and description for each
question. These questions were formulated in a neutral way without implying any set propositions.

Table 1. Questionnaire Design.

Category Questions Provided Values

General information of those people surveyed that For example, four options (<3 years, 3–5 years, 5–10 years,
works in MEP firms. and >10 years) were provided for work experience.
General information The number of piping projects participated? <3, 3–5, 5–10, and >10
Does the designer provide the BIM model in the
Yes/No
project participated?
The feasibility of piping prefabrication in different
piping systems.
Level of the feasibility of The feasibility of piping prefabrication using
piping prefabrication different piping connection method
The feasibility of piping prefabrication in different
types of project Likert scale (1–5)
Influence of BIM to piping prefabrication
Level of the influence of Influence of integrated project delivery method such
some factors to piping as EPC to piping prefabrication
prefabrication Influence of early involvement of manufacturers and
distributor in the project.
Multiple-choice questions with ten options such as
Challenges and barriers The challenges and barriers of piping prefabrication. standardization of design, policy, and availability of
fittings and valves.

During a period of three months, the questionnaire was distributed to 411 respondents. All the
respondents are practitioners come from piping contractors. A total of 48 responses were received,
all answers were checked to verify the completeness and validity. Therefore, these 48 samples were
used for the analysis. These figures represent a valid response rate of 11.7%, which is adequate for the
data analysis. Time and resource limited the increase of response rate. A similar survey also reported
low response rate (response rate of 2.9%) because of the large population of possible respondents [31].
However, the diversity of the collected sample can be considered representative for the piping
contracting industry. The respondents cover large, small and medium piping contractors such as
China Construction Industrial & Energy Engineering Corporation, Shanghai Installation Engineering
Appl. Sci. 2017, 7, 547 6 of 16

Group Corporation, and Dalian Zhongying Mechanical, Electrical & Plumbing Corporation. Figure 3
shows the work experience and the number of piping projects participated of respondents. 58% of
respondents have a work experience above three years. 73% of respondents have completed more than
three piping
Appl. Sci. projects.
2017, 7, 547 The rich experience accumulated in practice will give a result of high quality.
6 of 17

4%

<3 <3
21% 27%
29% 42% 3-5 3-5
5-10 23% 5-10
25% > 10 29% > 10

(a) (b)

Figure 3.
Figure 3. Overview
Overview of
of the
the respondents.
respondents. (a)
(a) the
the respondents’
respondents’ work
work year
year of
of experience;
experience; (b)
(b) the
the number
number
of piping projects participated by respondents.
of piping projects participated by respondents.

4. Data Analyses, Discussion, and Findings

4. Data Analyses, Discussion and Findings

4.1. Prefabrication
4.1. Prefabrication Scope
Scope Identification
Identification
We divided
We divided questions
questionsinto intothree
three groups
groups to survey
to surveyandanddiscuss the level
discuss of theof
the level feasibility of piping
the feasibility of
prefabrication in different piping systems, different connection modes, and
piping prefabrication in different piping systems, different connection modes, and different types different types of project.
of
The results
project. Theare shown
results areinshown
Figurein 4. Figure
A 5-point 4. ALikert scaleLikert
5-point (withscale
1 being the 1least
(with beingfeasibility
the leastand 5 being
feasibility
the 5most
and beingfeasibility) was usedwas
the most feasibility) to elicit
used to respondents’ opinions
elicit respondents’ about about
opinions the level of feasibility
the level of feasibility of
prefabrication. The average score, which was weighted by the 5-point
of prefabrication. The average score, which was weighted by the 5-point of Likert scale, represents of Likert scale, represents
respondents’ general
respondents’ general attitude
attitude to to each
each question.
question.
The levels of feasibility in the
The levels of feasibility in the main and main and branch
branch pipe
pipe prefabrication
prefabrication of of different
different piping
piping systems
systems
and pipes
and pipes in in the
the pump
pump roomroom such
such as as fire
fire sprinkler
sprinkler system,
system, water
water supply
supply system,
system, air air conditioning
conditioning water
water
system, heating system, and drainage system were surveyed and the result is shown in FigureThe
system, heating system, and drainage system were surveyed and the result is shown in Figure 4a. 4a.
feasibility
The of pipe
feasibility prefabrication
of pipe prefabrication in pump rooms
in pump has ahas
rooms higher average
a higher scorescore
average (average scorescore
(average of 4.25)
of
than the
4.25) thanprefabrication
the prefabricationof fire ofsprinkler systemsystem
fire sprinkler (3.71), air conditioning
(3.71), water system
air conditioning water (3.54),
systemheating
(3.54),
system (3.5),
heating system and(3.5),
water
and supply
watersystem
supply(3.46).
system According to the collected
(3.46). According to the case studies,
collected the
case successful
studies, the
implementation of pipes in pump rooms has some difficulties. For example,
successful implementation of pipes in pump rooms has some difficulties. For example, if the equipment if the equipment is not
procured
is not procuredby contractors,
by contractors,the accurate
the accurate sizessizes
of of
connectors
connectors impede
impede the
thedeveloped
developedof of BIM.
BIM. TheThe
verticality of pipes will have a significant effect on the operation performance
verticality of pipes will have a significant effect on the operation performance of the piping system. The of the piping system.
The compensation
compensation methodmethod of deviation
of deviation needs to be needs to be inconsidered
considered advance. The in successful
advance. implementation
The successful
implementation
of prefabrication of ofpump
prefabrication
rooms needs of the
pump rooms ofneeds
integration the integration
the distributor, manufacturer, of theand distributor,
designer.
manufacturer, and designer. The feasibility of pipe prefabrication in
The feasibility of pipe prefabrication in drainage systems is lower than others as the average drainage systems is lower than
score is
others
only as This
2.5. the average
is becausescoretheispipes
only 2.5.
in a This
pump is room
because arethe pipes
often in a pump
installed by onlyroom oneareMEP
often installed
contractor.
by only
There is one MEPtocontractor.
no need coordinateThere is no need
with other MEP to coordinateThe
contractors. with other MEP
drainage systemcontractors. The is
in a building drainage
sloped.
system in a building is sloped. The slopes depend on the pipe
The slopes depend on the pipe diameter. For example, the recommended slope for pipes of diameter diameter. For example, the
recommended
50 mm is 25h. The slope for slope
small pipes increases
of diameter 50 mm
the risk is 25‰. The small slope increases the risk of
of prefabrication.
prefabrication.
Appl. Sci. 2017, 7, 547 7 of 16
Appl. Sci. 2017, 7, 547 7 of 17

60%

50%

% of respondents
40%

30%

20%

10%

0%
1 2 3 4 5
The level of feasibility of piping prefabrication

Fire sprinkler system Water supply system

Air conditioning water system Heating system

Drainage system Pump room

(a)
60%

50%
% of respondents

40%

30%

20%

10%

0%
1 2 3 4 5
The level of feasibility of piping prefabrication

Welding Groove coupling Threaded coupling

Butt fusion jointing Flange coupling
Appl. Sci. 2017, 7, 547 8 of 17
(b)
60%

50%
% of respondents

40%

30%

20%

10%

0%
1 2 3 4 5
The level of feasibility of piping prefabrication

Hotel Offices Residential Commercial Health

(c)

Figure 4. Level of feasibility of piping prefabrication. (a) the level of feasibility of prefabrication in
Level oftypes
Figure 4. different feasibility of piping prefabrication. (a) the level of feasibility of prefabrication in
of piping systems; (b) the level of feasibility of prefabrication in different connection
different types
modes of piping(c)systems;
of piping; the level of(b) the level
feasibility of feasibility
of prefabrication of prefabrication
in different in different connection
types of projects.
modes of piping; (c) the level of feasibility of prefabrication in different types of projects.
The connection modes of the piping system are various, depending on the type of system, the
line pressure, the pipe diameter, the connected valves or equipment, and the availability of material.
According to the construction specification in China, the threaded coupling can be used in the pipe,
of which the diameter is less than 80 mm. When the pipe diameter is larger than 100 mm and less
than 150 mm, the groove coupling, welding, and flange coupling are applicable. The butt fusion
jointing is used when the pipe is PPR. The welding and flange coupling are recommended when the
pipe diameter is larger than 150 mm and the pressure in the piping system is big. In some
circumstances, the connection mode depends on the available valves, for example, if the connector in
the valve is a flange, the corresponding connection mode must be the flange coupling. As shown in
Appl. Sci. 2017, 7, 547 8 of 16

The connection modes of the piping system are various, depending on the type of system, the
line pressure, the pipe diameter, the connected valves or equipment, and the availability of material.
According to the construction specification in China, the threaded coupling can be used in the pipe,
of which the diameter is less than 80 mm. When the pipe diameter is larger than 100 mm and less than
150 mm, the groove coupling, welding, and flange coupling are applicable. The butt fusion jointing
is used when the pipe is PPR. The welding and flange coupling are recommended when the pipe
diameter is larger than 150 mm and the pressure in the piping system is big. In some circumstances,
the connection mode depends on the available valves, for example, if the connector in the valve is a
flange, the corresponding connection mode must be the flange coupling. As shown in Figure 4b, the
welding and butt fusion jointing modes have a low average score for prefabrication feasibility. It seems
that the piping system is not detachable using these two connection modes. When a length of pipe is
welded with an elbow, they form a whole that is difficult to disassemble. By comparison with other
connection modes (for example, groove coupling), groove coupling is not only detachable but also is
easy to learn. As mentioned above, in some circumstances, the welding can be replaced by the flange
coupling or the groove coupling.
The level of feasibility of piping prefabrication in different types of projects is surveyed. It can
be indicated in Figure 4c that MEP contractors have a positive attitude to the piping prefabrication
in residential, office, and hotel projects as the average scores of the three types of project are higher
than the others (the average scores of 3.73, 3.81, and 3.69). The level of standardization in residential,
office, and hotel projects is higher. In most cases, these buildings in China are tall and consist of typical
floors and standard units. Therefore, the pipes in these projects are appropriate to be mass produced
in the fabrication store. The commercial buildings are uniquely shaped. Besides, various pipes in fire
sprinkler systems, water supply systems, and air conditioning systems are all required in commercial
buildings. Pipes in commercial buildings are numerous in size and diameter. The health project is one
of the most complex public projects for its special function requirements in consulting rooms, operating
room, and diagnostic laboratory. The medical buildings consist of some special MEP systems such as
sewage system, medical gas system. The average scores of commercial buildings and health projects
are 2.67 and 2.69 respectively. The characteristics of these two types of projects increase obstacles for
piping prefabrication.

4.2. BIM
The degree of influence of BIM to the piping prefabrication is shown in Figure 5, in which 5 means
the highest degree of influence. It can be seen in Figure 5 that BIM has a significant influence to the
piping prefabrication. In most cases, the designer provides 2D drawings to the piping contractor. These
drawings can only give a general information of the piping system. Some information that is important
for procurement and construction is insufficient in these drawings. Some designers may provide a
design model for the contractor (about 23%). However, the level of detail (LOD) for this design model
is commonly LOD 300 [32], according to the definition of LOD by American Institute of Architects
(AIA). In this circumstance, some piping contractors develop the BIM model for construction. In China,
as the piping contractor is responsible for the procurement of pipes and fittings, the piping contractor
will supplement more information such as the length of the pipes, the type of the fittings into the BIM
model. In the process of developing this BIM model, some design errors can be fixed. However, the
quality and precision of the BIM model are dependent on the quality of materials provided by the
distributor. The contractors need to develop a BIM model above the level of LOD 400. As observed
from interviews with some piping engineers, the main challenges when developing the BIM model for
prefabrication are in two aspects. On one hand, it is difficult for the contractor to choose the optimum
connection solution of pipes as the shortage of appropriate fittings. On the other hand, it is difficult for
the contractor to set the parameters of components as lacking size of some devices. Figure 6 shows a
case of a prefabricated fire sprinkler system that the writer has visited. In this project, the contractor
developed a detailed BIM model. Then 2D drawings were exported from BIM model to workers on site.
 design errors can be fixed. However, the quality and precision of the BIM model are dependent on
the quality of materials provided by the distributor. The contractors need to develop a BIM model
above the level of LOD 400. As observed from interviews with some piping engineers, the main
challenges when developing the BIM model for prefabrication are in two aspects. On one hand, it is
difficult for the contractor to choose the optimum connection solution of pipes as the shortage of
Appl.appropriate fittings. On the other hand, it is difficult for the contractor to set the parameters of 9 of 16
Sci. 2017, 7, 547
components as lacking size of some devices. Figure 6 shows a case of a prefabricated fire sprinkler
system that the writer has visited. In this project, the contractor developed a detailed BIM model.
TheThen
distributor
2D drawingsis involved in this from
were exported project
BIMwhen
modeldeveloping
to workers onthesite.
BIM Themodel. Therefore,
distributor the in
is involved accurate
this
sizes ofproject when including
the fittings developing elbows,
the BIM branches,
model. Therefore,
reducers,the flanges
accurate and
sizesso
ofon
theto
fittings
provideincluding
a chance for
elbows,
pipe branches, reducers, flanges and so on to provide a chance for pipe prefabrication.
prefabrication.

1
50%
40%
30%
20%
5 2
10%
0%

4 3

BIM Integrated project delivery Manufacturers and distributors

Figure 5. The
Figure degree
5. The of influence
degree of building
of influence information
of building modelling
information (BIM) to
modelling the piping
(BIM) to theprefabrication.
piping
Appl. Sci. 2017, 7, 547 10 of 17
prefabrication.

50 mm
20 mm

15 mm
32 mm

65 mm

Figure 6. Detailed BIM model of a fire sprinkler system developed by the contractor.
Figure 6. Detailed BIM model of a fire sprinkler system developed by the contractor.
4.3. Manufacturer and Distributor
4.3. Manufacturer and Distributor
The survey indicates that the information provided by the manufacturers and the early
involvement
The survey of distributor
indicates arethe
that beneficial for piping
information prefabrication
provided by the(as shown in Figure
manufacturers and5). the
Theearly
manufacturer or distributor may provide a product brochure in which vibrant pictures
involvement of distributor are beneficial for piping prefabrication (as shown in Figure 5). The and
professional introductions are given for contractors. This information is sufficient when the
contractor develops the BIM model based on products in the brochure. However, developing the
product brochure based a BIM model is a time-consuming task, especially when many products will
be used a project. The interoperability between the software used by the manufacturer and the BIM
software in the building and construction industry is a challenge. To achieve this issue, some
manufacturers, including the equipment manufacturers and the fitting manufacturers, develop the
Appl. Sci. 2017, 7, 547 10 of 16

manufacturer or distributor may provide a product brochure in which vibrant pictures and professional
introductions are given for contractors. This information is sufficient when the contractor develops
the BIM model based on products in the brochure. However, developing the product brochure based
a BIM model is a time-consuming task, especially when many products will be used a project. The
interoperability between the software used by the manufacturer and the BIM software in the building
and construction industry is a challenge. To achieve this issue, some manufacturers, including the
equipment manufacturers and the fitting manufacturers, develop the BIM model that can be used
directly by the contractors. For example, Daikin, one of famous HVAC product suppliers, provides the
comprehensive library of a high quality BIM models for its HVAC products in support of our building
owner, architect, MEP and contractor customers using Autodesk Revit platforms. Another example
is Victaulic, the originator and world's leading producer of mechanical pipe joining solutions and
grooved pipe joining systems, provides certified content in 21 native software platforms including
BIM software such as Revit MEP, Bentley AutoPlant and PipeDesigner 3D. In case studies provides
by Victaulic, a company wins the bid for a major hospital expansion project by creating a BIM model
using Victaulic grooved mechanical piping systems to save time and costs.

4.4. Integrated Project Delivery Method

As shown in Figure 5, most contractors suggested that the integrated project delivery (IPD)
method is more appropriate for piping prefabrication. As the majority of projects use design-bid-build
(DBB) method, several MEP contractors in the same project only sign contracts with the general
contractor or even with the owner. Beyond that, no contractual relationship exists between any two
MEP contractors. Conflicts of interest exist during the installation stage. The installation schedules
of different MEP systems are not well communicated before construction. Therefore, the piping
prefabrication is risky when the installation space of pipes is occupied by other MEP contractors.
The IPD method, which seeks to improve project outcomes through a collaborative approach by
aligning goals of the project team through shared risk and reward, early involvement of all parties, and
a multiparty agreement [33]. This application of IPD method in piping prefabrication will decrease the
risk of rework. The interests gained through the successful implementation of piping prefabrication
can be shared by the manufacturer, distributor and the MEP contractor.

4.5. Challenges
Through semi-interviews and case studies, ten challenges of piping prefabrication including
the standardization of design, the economies of scale, the prefabrication function of BIM software,
insufficient information of the contractors, unavailable of fabrication shop, the quality and the
availability of fittings and valves, authority of the procurement of some equipment, the capacities
of workers, the design and construction specification, and policy were summarized. Then these
challenges were surveyed through a questionnaire. All the 48 respondents provided valid answers
to this question. More than 60% of respondents have selected at least three challenges. Meanwhile,
some new challenges are supplemented during this survey. According to Figure 7, the five biggest
challenges are the low level of standardization of design (58.3% of respondents), lack of preferential
policy (52.1% of respondents), low-skilled workers (50% of respondents), the economies of scale
(47.9% of respondents), as well as the availability of fittings and valves (41.7% of respondents). The
design of piping systems is the last design activity after the building design and structural design.
Therefore, the layout of the pipes and equipment in piping system is subject to the location and size
of the column, the beam, and other building components. It is an inevitable result that a variety
of elbows, branches, and reducers existed in the system. The design is separate from construction.
The constructability is not in the scope of the objective of design. Through the interview with one
of the largest MEP contractors in China, more than 100 thousand types of material were used in
piping systems. The policies in recent years are more about prefabricated building and green building.
However, policies related to the prefabricated building were limited primarily to the prefabrication
Appl. Sci. 2017, 7, 547 11 of 16

of structural components such as slabs and walls. While the policies related to green building focus
on the energy-saving in the operation and maintenance phase. There is a lack of policies to promote
the piping prefabrication. The prefabrication and installation of pipes need smaller tolerances as the
rework cost is high. Therefore, high skilled labors are needed. As the fierce competition among MEP
contractors, it is difficult to achieve economies of scale. The availability of appropriate fittings and
valves is a challenge to pipe prefabrication as different fittings and valves use different connectors,
with different sizes. Other challenges are related to the BIM software for piping prefabrication, the
support of the related specification, and the availability of fabrication shop. The result indicated that
Appl. Sci. 2017, 7, 547 12 of 17
these challenges are easy to overcome.

Design and construction specification

Authority of the procurement
Available of fabrication shop
Function of BIM software
Information provided by…
Availability of fittings and valves
Economies of scale
Capacities of workers
Policy
Standardization of design

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%

% of respondents

Figure7.7.Challenges
Figure Challengesofofpiping
pipingprefabrication.
prefabrication.

4.6.Pattern
4.6. Patternand andRoute
Route
Accordingtotothe
According thesurvey,
survey, piping
piping prefabrication
prefabrication is feasible
is feasible in most
in most cases,
cases, especially
especially when when
usingusing
the
threaded coupling, groove coupling, and flange coupling modes. Piping prefabrication is applicableis
the threaded coupling, groove coupling, and flange coupling modes. Piping prefabrication
applicable
for the most for typethe most type
of projects suchof as
projects suchhotels.
offices and as offices and hotels.
However, However,
the challenges andthe challenges
barriers and
that each
barriers that each contractor may face are different depending on the characteristics
contractor may face are different depending on the characteristics of projects. Under the promptings of projects. Under
ofthesuccessful
promptings of successful
cases, cases, MEP
MEP contractors who contractors
want to who adopt want to adopt
piping piping prefabrication
prefabrication in their
in their projects
projects
need need toand
to validate validate
evaluate and evaluate its
its feasibility feasibility
again. Contractorsagain.should
Contractors
expandshould expand the
the prefabrication
prefabrication capacity incrementally in a keen competition environment.
capacity incrementally in a keen competition environment. Based on the result of semi-structured Based on the result of semi-
structured case
interviews, interviews,
studies,case studies,
site visits, as site
wellvisits,
as theas well as the questionnaire,
questionnaire, a four-phase route a four-phase
is suggestedrouteforis
suggested
MEP contractors. for MEP contractors.
InInthe
thefirst
firstphase,
phase,thetheMEPMEPcontractors
contractorsare aresuggested
suggestedtotolearn learntotodevelop
developBIM BIMmodel
modelabove
aboveLOD LOD
300based
300 basedon onthethereal
realsize
sizeofofthe
thefittings
fittingsand andvalves.
valves.BIM BIMisisbeneficial
beneficialtotoidentify
identifythetheprefabrication
prefabrication
scope and to communicate the scope with supply chain participants. The virtual BIM model isisuseful
scope and to communicate the scope with supply chain participants. The virtual BIM model useful
to avoid conflicts with other MEP systems. BIM can provide rich data for
to avoid conflicts with other MEP systems. BIM can provide rich data for prefabrication. Take the fire prefabrication. Take the fire
sprinklersystem
sprinkler systemasasananexample,
example, BIMBIM provides
provides thethe accurate
accurate length
length of pipes.
of pipes. To To achieve
achieve thisthis goal,
goal, a lota of
lot
of components information need to be stored in the BIM software, for example,
components information need to be stored in the BIM software, for example, stored as families in Revit. stored as families in
Revit.
This This information
information needs toneeds to be reconfirmed
be reconfirmed and updated
and updated with thewith the distributor
distributor and manufacturers.
and manufacturers. This is
This is helpful to develop BIM model of high quality in a very
helpful to develop BIM model of high quality in a very short time. In this phase, the BIM short time. In this phase,
modelthe that
BIM
model that contains accurate data can be used to produce the detailed
contains accurate data can be used to produce the detailed drawings with dimensioning automatically drawings with dimensioning
automatically
for workers on site. for workers on site. The
The contractors needcontractors
to evaluateneed to evaluate
the benefit of BIM theinbenefit
improvingof BIMthe in improving
productivity
the productivity of piping installation through clear observations
of piping installation through clear observations of the piping installation process. of the piping installation process.
In the second phase, piping contractors should collaborate with a local fabricator to implement
prefabrication in a pilot project. Piping contractors provide detailed shop drawings to the fabricator,
then the components are transported to site according to the installation plan. In this phase, the main
question should be settled is how to manage these prefabricated components. The management
includes components labeling, packaging, transportation, and installation to the right place. From the
experience of the case, it is difficult to find the right one from a pile of components. The production
productivity of fabricator is higher than installation productivity on site. Therefore, the more quantity
Appl. Sci. 2017, 7, 547 12 of 16

In the second phase, piping contractors should collaborate with a local fabricator to implement
prefabrication in a pilot project. Piping contractors provide detailed shop drawings to the fabricator,
then the components are transported to site according to the installation plan. In this phase, the
main question should be settled is how to manage these prefabricated components. The management
includes components labeling, packaging, transportation, and installation to the right place. From the
experience of the case, it is difficult to find the right one from a pile of components. The production
productivity of fabricator is higher than installation productivity on site. Therefore, the more quantity
of prefabricated components conveyed to the site, the less efficient when picking out the component
one by one according to the installation sequence. Besides, the label posted on the component cannot
reflect the accurate location of it. As shown in Figure 8, the prefabricated pipes laid in a disorderly pile.
The information exported from the BIM model developed in Revit such as the pipe length, the pipe
ID was marked on pipes. Meanwhile, the plans of sprinkler system developed in Revit automatically
Appl. Sci. 2017, 7, 547 13 of 17
were printed to workers for installation on site. Although the ID of a pipe can distinguish this pipe
from other pipes,
distinguish this pipe thefrom
ID cannot explicitly
other pipes, infer
the ID the location
cannot of infer
explicitly this pipe. In other
the location ofwords, theIn
this pipe. worker
other
needs to analyze the location of the pipe manually in the drawing according to the information
words, the worker needs to analyze the location of the pipe manually in the drawing according to the marked
on the pipe. marked on the pipe.
information

2D drawing for workers:

Plan of sprinkler system developed in Revit

Figure 8. Prefabricated pipes marked with information exported from BIM model.
Figure 8. Prefabricated pipes marked with information exported from BIM model.

In order to integrate the prefabrication activity into the business process of the piping contractor,
In order tofor
it is suggested integrate the prefabrication
contractors in the third phaseactivity
to into theabusiness
set up process of theproduction
small prefabrication piping contractor,
line to
it is suggested for contractors in the third phase to set up a small
produce standard components such as pipe spools. The production process and the managementprefabrication production line to
produce standard components such as pipe spools. The production process
process in the facility shop should be planned carefully based on the experience obtained in the and the management
processphase.
second in the The
facility shop should
production processbe includes
planned cutting,
carefullythreading,
based onbeveling,
the experience
welding obtained in the
(for example,
second phase. The production process includes cutting, threading, beveling,
the flange need to be weld to a corresponding pipe), conveyor handling, pre-assembly, labeling, and welding (for example,
the flange need
packaging. to be weld
As shown to a corresponding
in Figure pipe), conveyor
9, the basic configuration of handling, pre-assembly,
the pipe fabrication labeling, line
production and
packaging.
consists As set
of one shown in Figure high-speed
of fixed-type 9, the basicpipe configuration of the pipe
cutting machine, fabrication
one sets production
of fixed-type line
pipe end
consists of one set of fixed-type high-speed pipe cutting machine, one sets
beveling machine, many sets of the piping prefabrication fast fitting-up machine, many sets of piping of fixed-type pipe end
beveling machine,
automatic weldingmany machine,sets and
of the piping
a set of theprefabrication fast fitting-up
automatic conveying machine,
system. Besides,many sets of
in some piping
projects,
automatic
the welding
pipe coating machine,
machine and a to
is needed setdistinguish
of the automatic conveying
different system. The
piping systems. Besides, in some projects,
management process
the pipe coating machine is needed to distinguish different piping
ranges from communication with BIM group, procurement planning, production planning systems. The management process
and
ranges from
control, communication
transportation, with BIM group,
and coordination withprocurement
the site. Someplanning,
informationproduction planning
technologies and on
based control,
BIM
transportation,
should be developedand coordination
to improve the with the site. of
efficiency Some informationFor
prefabrication. technologies based
example, after ondetail
the BIM should
design
of prefabricated components, explicit information (e.g., system name, size, ID) anddesign
be developed to improve the efficiency of prefabrication. For example, after the detail implicitof
prefabricated(the
information components,
location ofexplicit
the pipe,information (e.g.,fittings)
the connected system name,
can be size, ID) and
marked implicit
in the drawing.information
The size
(the location of the pipe, the connected fittings) can be marked in the
of pipes that planned to be prefabricated in the facility can be exported from BIM software drawing. The size of pipesto that
the
planned to be prefabricated in the facility can be exported from BIM software
central database, then be imported into the computer numerical control (CNC) machine. Moreover, to the central database,
then be
some imported into
information in thetheBIMcomputer
model can numerical
be used control (CNC) machine.
for procurement. Moreover, process,
In the production some information
the quick
response (QR) code can be labeled on the pipe. Then the QR code is used to search the information
in the BIM model automatically.
Appl. Sci. 2017, 7, 547 13 of 16

in the BIM model can be used for procurement. In the production process, the quick response (QR)
code can be labeled on the pipe. Then the QR code is used to search the information in the BIM
model automatically.
Appl. Sci. 2017, 7, 547 14 of 17

Figure 9. Configuration
Figure 9. Configurationofofaa pipe fabricationproduction
pipe fabrication productionline.line. (1)arrival
(1) the the arrival of standard
of standard pipes; (2)pipes;
high-speed pipe
(2) high-speed pipecutting
cuttingmachine;
machine;(3) the
(3) beveling machine;
the beveling (4) the piping
machine; prefabrication
(4) the fast fitting- fast
piping prefabrication
up machine;
fitting-up (5) piping
machine; automatic
(5) piping welding
automatic machine;
welding (6) the prefabricated
machine; pipe spools.
(6) the prefabricated pipe spools.

The fourth phase is an improvement and expansion of the third phase. The contractors can
The fourth
attempt phase isand
to fabricate an improvement
assemble largerand andexpansion
more complex of the third phase.
components The contractors
(standard can attempt
and nonstandard)
to fabricate and assemble larger and more complex components (standard
such as pump sets and prefabricated packaged pump rooms. Take the pump room for an example, and nonstandard) such as
pumpalthough
sets andthe prefabricated packaged
result of the survey pump
indicates rooms.
that Take the pump
the prefabrication room
of pipes for anrooms
in pump example, although
is highly
feasible,
the result thesurvey
of the successful implementation
indicates of piping prefabrication
that the prefabrication of pipes ininpump
pumprooms roomsisneed to expand
highly feasible, the
another
successful production line.ofThe
implementation pump
piping room is characterized
prefabrication in pumpby a variety
rooms needoftodifferent
expandtypes of system,
another production
fittings, and valves, crosswise of horizontal and vertical pipes, and large-scale
line. The pump room is characterized by a variety of different types of system, fittings, and equipment. These
valves,
characteristics increase the complexity and challenge for prefabrication. A number of components of
crosswise of horizontal and vertical pipes, and large-scale equipment. These characteristics increase the
special-shape in the pump room need to be prefabricated. The detailed design and pipe splitting of
complexity and challenge for prefabrication. A number of components of special-shape in the pump
the pump room consume more time than a single system as the pipes are set closer. The location of
roomlarge-scale
need to be prefabricated. The detailed design and pipe splitting of the pump room consume
equipment has a significant effect on the pipes layout and the prefabrication solution.
moreTherefore,
time thanthe a single systemline
production as used
the pipes are setstandard
to produce closer. The location of
components is large-scale
not applicableequipment
for thesehas a
significant effect components.
nonstandard on the pipesIflayout and the
the facility prefabrication
is expanded, higher solution.
productivityTherefore, the production
and applicability can be line
usedobtained
to produce standard
in this components
phase. The simpler theisprefabricated
not applicable for thesethe
components, nonstandard
more interfaces components.
between theIf the
components.
facility is expanded, If the complex
higher component and
productivity is prefabricated
applicabilityin the
canfacility, there will
be obtained be few
in this construction
phase. The simpler
activities on site. This results in higher efficiency and less working space
the prefabricated components, the more interfaces between the components. If the complex requirement on site. component
is prefabricated in the facility, there will be few construction activities on site. This results in higher
5. Conclusions
efficiency and less working space requirement on site.
MOC is a new technology for MEP contractors to improve productivity, especially in piping
5. Conclusions
construction. Few MEP contractors have adopted this technology in their pilot project. More and
more contractors in China want to adopt this new technology in their projects. Based on the
MOC is a new technology for MEP contractors to improve productivity, especially in piping
information collected from the contractors, interviews with some professors in MEP area, and a
construction. Few MEP
comprehensive contractors
survey, have
the levels of adopted this technology
the feasibility in their pilot project.
of piping prefabrication More
in different and more
piping
systems, different connection modes, and different types of project were analyzed. The influences of
Appl. Sci. 2017, 7, 547 14 of 16

contractors in China want to adopt this new technology in their projects. Based on the information
collected from the contractors, interviews with some professors in MEP area, and a comprehensive
survey, the levels of the feasibility of piping prefabrication in different piping systems, different
connection modes, and different types of project were analyzed. The influences of BIM, the IPD
method, and early involvement of manufacturers or distributors were then surveyed. The top five
challenges to implement piping prefabrication successfully were identified and summarized. Finally,
the suggested pattern and route of piping prefabrication was proposed.
To get a comprehensive understanding of the current practices and challenges during piping
prefabrication, several data collection methods were used. Ten experts were interviewed then
fabrication facilities as well as project site were visited. Two case studies were collected and
analyzed carefully. Based on the data collected from these three methods, a comprehensive survey
was conducted.
According to the results, the levels of the feasibility of piping prefabrication differ in connection
modes, type of piping systems and projects. The prefabrication of the piping system with a threaded
coupling, flange coupling, or groove coupling modes has a higher level of feasibility, as the pipe
component connected by the three methods are detachable. The higher standardization of design in
the hotels, offices, and residential projects increases the feasibility of piping prefabrication in these
projects. The significant effects of BIM, integrated project delivery, and the early involvement of
manufacturers and distributors were verified from the result. The development of a detailed BIM
model needs accurate information from the manufacturers and distributors. This BIM model is a basis
for piping prefabrication. The IPD method is beneficial to the coordination of the detailed design,
installation of the whole piping systems. The integrated plan made by all the participants would
decrease the risk from prefabrication. As piping prefabrication is still in its infancy in China, challenges
and barriers exist in various aspects. According to the result of survey, the biggest challenge is the low
level of standardization of design, followed by the lack of preferential policy, low-skilled workers, the
economies of scale, as well as the availability of fittings and valves. Other challenges related to the
function of BIM software, the production information provided by manufacturers and distributors
are easy to overcome and improve. The present design and construction specifications have little
restriction to the piping prefabrication according to the semi-interviews and the result of survey.
Finally, a four-phase route of piping prefabrication for MEP contractors was suggested, taking
account of the abovementioned results related to the levels of feasibility and challenges. MEP
contractors should firstly learn to develop the BIM model above LOD 300 with real size of fittings.
Productivity needs to be evaluated when the BIM model is used to provide accurate dimensions
of pipes. Then MEP contractors should collaborate with a fabrication facility to adopt piping
prefabrication in a pilot project. In this second phase, the management process started from detailed
design of BIM model to installation of pipe components to the right place will be learned and analyzed.
Based on the experiences obtained in the former two phases, the MEP contractor should invest
a fabrication facility to get more interests. The first production line should focus on assembling
the standard components such as pipe spools. In the fourth phase, the facility can be expanded to
assemble both the standard and nonstandard components. Especially, the more complex the component
assembled in the facility, the fewer construction activities on site. Therefore, higher productivity will
be gained.
This paper provides valuable information for practitioners in the MEP field, especially for these
MEP contractors that want to adopt piping prefabrication. This paper can hopefully contribute to MEP
contractors by identifying that the levels of feasibility of piping prefabrication in offices and residential
projects with the threaded coupling mode are the highest. Although piping prefabrication has several
advantages, the successful implementation of it needs to lay a solid foundation of BIM ahead and
overcome other challenges in various aspects. For example, the first step of piping prefabrication
should be started from an office or residential project using the threaded coupling mode. Then the
business of MEP contractors can be expanded according to the suggested pattern and route. The
Appl. Sci. 2017, 7, 547 15 of 16

contribution to the body of knowledge and researchers is that this paper finds that the level of
feasibility of piping prefabrication differs in piping systems, connection modes, and types of project.
Challenges and barriers of piping prefabrication are firstly identified that include internal factors
such as standardization of design and external factors such as policy, availability of skilled workers
and fittings and valves of high quality. Future research includes the identification of best practices in
piping prefabrication.

Acknowledgments: This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant
(No. 71371041, 71561009). China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2016M590605), Postdoctoral Science Foundation
of Jiangxi Province (2016KY27), and Social Science Planning Foundation of Jiangxi Province (16GL32).
Author Contributions: Xiaodan Li conceived and designed the study, completed the paper in English, Zhongfu Li
participated in drafting the article and revised it critically for important intellectual content, Guangdong Wu gave
many good research advices and made a comprehensive English revision.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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