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    Inland Fisheries Resources of India

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    Daina Kumar Sahu
    India has abundant and diverse inland fisheries resources including rivers, floodplains, reservoirs, ponds, estuaries and mangroves. These resources comprise over 173,000 km of rivers and canals, over 3 million hectares of reservoirs, over 2 million hectares of freshwater ponds, and over 1 million hectares of other wetlands. Major river systems include the Ganges, Brahmaputra, Godavari and others. Inland fisheries provide an important source of food and livelihoods in India.

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    Inland Fisheries Resources of India

    Uploaded by

    Daina Kumar Sahu
    144 views7 pages
    India has abundant and diverse inland fisheries resources including rivers, floodplains, reservoirs, ponds, estuaries and mangroves. These resources comprise over 173,000 km of rivers and canals, over 3 million hectares of reservoirs, over 2 million hectares of freshwater ponds, and over 1 million hectares of other wetlands. Major river systems include the Ganges, Brahmaputra, Godavari and others. Inland fisheries provide an important source of food and livelihoods in India.

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    3. Inland Fisheries Resources of India

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    India has abundant and diverse inland fisheries resources including rivers, floodplains, reservoirs, ponds, estuaries and mangroves. These resources comprise over 173,000 km of rivers and canals, over 3 million hectares of reservoirs, over 2 million hectares of freshwater ponds, and over 1 million hectares of other wetlands. Major river systems include the Ganges, Brahmaputra, Godavari and others. Inland fisheries provide an important source of food and livelihoods in India.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    144 views7 pages

    Inland Fisheries Resources of India

    Uploaded by

    Daina Kumar Sahu
    India has abundant and diverse inland fisheries resources including rivers, floodplains, reservoirs, ponds, estuaries and mangroves. These resources comprise over 173,000 km of rivers and canals, over 3 million hectares of reservoirs, over 2 million hectares of freshwater ponds, and over 1 million hectares of other wetlands. Major river systems include the Ganges, Brahmaputra, Godavari and others. Inland fisheries provide an important source of food and livelihoods in India.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    Inland Fisheries Resources of India

    Inland fisheries resources of India

    India is a South Asian country situated between the Himalayas in the north and the Indian Ocean
    in the south and flanked on either side by Pakistan and Burma. India is a federal republic covers a total
    area of 3287728 km2. India is a land of diversity. The climate ranges from tropical heat in the south to
    temperate in the north. The landscape includes towering mountains, extensive alluvial plains, riverine
    wetlands, plateaus, deserts, coastal plains and deltas. The major physiographic divisions are the
    Himalayas, the IndoGangetic plains, the Vindhyas, the Satpuras, the Western Ghats, the Eastern Ghats,
    coastal plains, deltas and the riverine wetlands.

    The inland fishery resources of the country comprise of the rivers and canals, reservoirs, tanks and
    ponds, estuaries, brackish water lakes, backwaters, floodplain lakes (oxbow lakes) etc. while the marine
    water bodies are mainly used for capture fisheries resources, the inland water bodies are widely used
    for culture and capture fisheries. Inland capture fisheries of India has an important place; it contributes
    to about 30% of the total fish production. The large network of inland water masses provides great
    potential for economic capture fishery.
    India has a total water surface area of 3,14,400 sq. km. along with 8129 km coastline, 0.5 million
    km2 of continental shelf and 2.02 million km2 of exclusive Economic zone (EEZ, An exclusive
    economic zone (EEZ) is a sea zone prescribed by the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of
    the Sea over which a sovereign state has special rights regarding the exploration and use
    of marine resources, including energy production from water and wind. It stretches from the baseline
    out to 200 nautical miles (nmi) from the coast of the state), with water resources in the form of
    numerous rivers, streams, wetlands, lakes, etc., and receives an average annual rainfall of 1,100 mm.
    A major part of the river stretches and canals are concentrated in the states of Uttar Pradesh,
    Jammu and Kashmir, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Tamil
    Nadu. Much of the reservoir areas falls in the states of Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Maharashtra,
    Orissa, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan. Tanks and
    ponds are concentrated in the states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, West Bengal, Arunachal
    Pradesh, Rajasthan and Orissa. A large part of the area under flood plain lakes and derelict water
    bodies is found in Kerala, Orissa, Uttar Pradesh and Assam. Brackish water areas are
    concentrated in the maritime states of Orissa, Kerala, West Bengal, Gujarat, Goa, Andhra
    Pradesh and Tamil Nadu and in the Union territory of Andman and Nicobar Islands. Total area
    under water bodies (excluding rivers and canals) is found to be maximum in Orissa, followed by
    Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal, Kerala, Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat,
    Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, etc. in that order. There are several wetlands being
    shared with neighbouring countries too as in case of Ladakh and Sunder bans. The major river basins
    of the country are the Ganges, Brahmaputra, Narmada, Tapti, Godavari, Krishna and Cauvery.

    Inland fisheries resources

    India's inland fisheries resources are as diverse as they are plentiful, comprising rivers, floodplains,
    estuaries, mangroves, reservoirs and ponds. In India, inland fisheries is classified as follows: freshwater
    aquaculture, including the pond culture of carp; brackishwater aquaculture, involving mostly shrimp
    culture; and capture fisheries in rivers, estuaries, lakes, reservoirs, etc.

    Inland Fisheries resources of India


    Resource Resource
    Rivers and canals 173,287 km
    Floodplain lakes 202,213 ha
    Freshwater ponds 2,254,000 ha
    Reservoirs 3,153,366 ha
    Mangroves 356,500 ha
    Estuaries 285,000 ha
    Brackish water ponds 1235000 ha
    Swamps and other wetlands 1,097,787 ha

    Capture fisheries of natural waters


    Rivers
    There are a large number of rivers in the country which run into a total length of 45,000 km. These
    rivers fall under 113 river basins having a total catchment area of 3.12 million km2. There is a large
    network of perennial rivers, all of which are characterized by very large seasonal variations in their
    discharge due to seasonal rainfall and prolonged dry periods. The Indian mainland is drained by 15
    major (drainage basin >20,000 km?), 45 medium (2,000 to 20,000 km2) and over 102 minor (<2,000
    km2) rivers, besides numerous ephemeral streams in the western arid region. These river systems are
    traditionally grouped, according to their origin, into Himalayan and Peninsular rivers, or according to
    directions of flow into east-flowing and west-flowing rivers.

    Profile of major river systems of India

    River System Name of Approximate States


    main rivers length (km)
    Extra Peninsular Rivers
    Ganga 2,525 Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Jharkhand
    Bihar, West Bengal
    Ramganga 569 Uttar Pradesh
    Gomti 940 Uttar Pradesh
    Ghagra 1080 Uttar Pradesh, Bihar
    Himalayan
    Gandak 300 Bihar
    Ganges
    Kosi 492 Bihar
    Subernarekha 395 Bihar, Odisha, West Bengal
    Yamuna 1376 Uttarakhand, Haryana, Delhi, Uttar
    Pradesh
    Chambal 1080 Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan
    Tons 264 Uttarakhand
    Sone 784 Uttar Pradesh
    Ken 360 Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh
    Brahmaputra 4000 Arunachal Pradesh, Assam
    Dibang, Siang, Nagaland, Sikkim
    Brahmaputra Lohit, Manas, Manipur
    Buri Dihang,
    Dhansiri, Koppili
    Jhelum 400 Jammu and Kashmir
    Chenab 330 Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh
    Beas 460 Himachal Pradesh, Punjab
    Indus
    Sutlej 1450 Himachal Pradesh, Punjab
    Ravi 725 Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh,
    Punjab
    Peninsular Rivers
    Mahanadi 851 Odisha, Madhya Pradesh
    Brahmani 799 Odisha, Bihar
    Godavari 1465 Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh
    Krishna 1401 Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Maharashtra
    East Coast
    Cauvery 800 Karnataka, Tamil Nadu
    Pennar 597 Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh
    Bhima 861 Karnataka

    Narmada 1322 Maharashtra, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh


    Tapti 720 Gujarat, Maharashtra
    West Coast
    Mahi 583 Gujarat
    Sabarmati 371 Gujarat, Rajasthan
    Fisheries of Floodplain wetlands and lakes

    Floodplain wetlands or beels are another potential fisheries resource in the states of Assam, West
    Bengal and Bihar, which offer scope for both culture and capture fisheries. These water-bodies play
    vital role for recruitment of fish stocks of the riverine system and provide nursery grounds for
    commercially important finfishes and shellfishes. The bells are estimated to possess potential
    production levels of 1,000-1,500 kg/ha/year, while the present levels remain at only 100-150 kg/ha.
    Rich nutrient load and availability of fish food organisms make these water-bodies ideal for culture-
    based fisheries leading to higher growth of stocked fish species than those of reservoirs. Further, the
    marginal areas of the bells can be utilized for construction of ponds or pens of suitable sizes for raising
    the required fingerlings. Apart from food fish, these ecosystems have large varieties of potential
    ornamental fish species. They need specific approaches for integrated fishery development,
    conservation, sport fishing and eco-tourism promotion.
    States Area ('000 ha)
    West Bengal 42.5
    Bihar 40.0
    Assam 100.0
    Uttar Pradesh 152.0
    Other NE states 192.0
    Total 526.5

    Reservoir fisheries:
    Open water that contribute to the bulk of inland fisheries production even at their minimum level of
    exploitation and also hold the key for increased fish production in coming years, are the reservoirs
    (A reservoir is, most commonly, an enlarged natural or artificial lake, pond, or impoundment created
    using a dam or lock to store water.) and floodplain wetlands. Indian reservoirs are diversified and
    located under different geo-climatic situations, classified as large (>5,000 ha), medium 10005000 ha)
    and small (<1,000 ha). With 56 large reservoirs, 180 medium reservoirs and 19,134 small reservoirs
    covering water area of 1.14 million ha, 0.527 million ha and 1.485 million ha, respectively.
    The fish yields from the reservoirs have remained in the range of 11-15 kg/ha in case of large and
    medium ones, while it is scientific management of small reservoirs have shown improved yields, viz.
    102-316 kg/ha, in different reservoirs across the harnessed by providing policy and technology
    production by more than 160%.

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