UNIT6: MADE IN MOZAMBIQUE

Questions

1. What products do you think are produced in Mozambique?

2. What products are made in Mozambique?
3. What do you think is better? Buying and consuming local products or imported products?

Some products produced in Mozambique: coconut, poultry, fisheries, eggs, cotton, tobacco, cashew
nuts, peanuts, pineapple, orange, maize or corn, rice, mango, banana, sweet potato, Irish potato, cassava,
sugar cane, vegetables, cabbages, beans, onions, grape, paw-paw, cucumbers, etc.
Products made in Mozambique include cement, fertilizers, glass or plastic bottles, sugar, milk,
matches, juices, biscuits, sweets, chairs, soaps, washing powder, oil, etc.
It is better to buy and consume local or Mozambican products rather than foreign or imported ones.
When you buy and consume local products, you are supporting local industries and farmers. When you
buy or consume local products you are buying and consuming healthier, fresher, nutritive and sometimes
cheaper products.
However, imported products must be packed, frozen in expensive plastic bags and boxes, then flown into
Africa and this involves a lot of money (packaging, freezing, conservation and transportation). The
packaging and conservation involves a lot of chemical which harm our health. Sometimes the products
take ages to reach us (the consumers) and so getting expired or spoiled.

TOPIC1: Passive voice

In general, every passive voice comes from an Active Voice and is formed with the verb to be followed
by the participle. The passive voice is used when the focus is on the action and not on the performer
(subject) of the action.

Subject →Verb “to be”→Participle (Main Verb).

E.g. Someone stole my bike. (Active voice)

→ My bike was stolen. (Past Simple passive Voice).

There are many passive voices, and the name of each passive voice depends on how the master verb of
the passive (verb to be) is used in the sentence.

1. Present Simple Passive Voice: Subject → am, is, are → Verb(participle) → Object
2. Present Continuous Passive Voice: Subject → is/are being →Verb (participle) → Object
3. Present Perfect Passive Voice: Subject → has/have been → Verb(participle) → Object
4. Past Simple Passive Voice: Subject → was/were → Verb (participle) → Object
5. Past Continuous Passive Voice : Subject → was/were being → Verb (participle) → Object
6. Past Perfect Passive Voice : Subject → had been → Verb (participle) → Object

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NOTE: Compulsorily, the Subject of the Active voice becomes automatically the Object on the Passive
and vice-verse.

E.G. Brazil speaks Portuguese. (Active voice)

→Portuguese is spoken in Brazil. (Present simple passive voice)

→Portuguese was spoken in Brazil. (Past Simple passive voice)

→Portuguese is being spoken in Brazil. (Present continuous passive voice)

The Policeman helped the students. (Active voice)

→The students were helped by the policeman.

→ The students have been helped by the policeman.
→ The students are being helped by the policeman.

EXERCISE1

1. Fill in the gaps with appropriate modal verbs: must, shouldn’t, may, mustn’t, can.
a) You ............................... let fashion control you. fashion isn’t just expensive clothes.
b) According to the school regulation, students ............................wear jeans when coming to school
c) People who travel to France ............................ visit Paris, the capital of fashion.
d) If you are participating in Mozambique fashion week, you ...........................wear the adequate clothes
e) My school uniform is wet. ...........................you lend me yours, only for today?
2. Change the following sentence into: “Mozambique imports Oranges”.
a) Present Simple passive voice:.............................................................................................................
b) Past simple Passive Voice: .................................................................................................................
c) Present continuous Passive voice: ......................................................................................................
d) Past continuous Passive Voice: .........................................................................................................

UNIT7: AT THE BANK

Questions

1. What is a bank?
2. Have you ever gone to a bank before?
3. What is PIN? ATM? A bank card? Debit card?, etc

Some Vocabularies related to bank Services

PIN = Personal Identification Number;

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ATM = Automatic Teller Machine;

SCAM = is a criminal act that involves taking money out from other people’ account;

SKIMMING DEVICE = something that used to copy information from bank cards

LOAN = any amount of money that a bank can lend you for any purpose of your concern...

HOME LOAN = money or credit that a bank can lend you so that you buy a house.

VEHICLE LOAN = money that a bank can lend you to buy a vehicle

WITHDRAWL = is the process of taking money out of a bank account

INTEREST = is to get money from the bank for keeping your money in the bank;

a DEBIT CARD = a type of a bank card, which allows you to make transactions on your bank account.

Other vocabularies: Savings account, Credit account, Current account, Insert PIN, Select the amount,
Other amounts, Balance check or balance inquiry or balance, Transference, Voucher, Withdrawals,
deposit or banking, receipt, Select language, etc

TOPIC2: Be going to +infinitive and Relative Pronouns

 We use “be going to + infinitive” to talk about future plans.

E.g. Palmira is going to visit her mother next week.

Iria is going to speak about the importance of banks in our community.

TOPIC3: Relative Clauses or Pronouns – words that we use to link, join or connect two or more
sentences in order to improve the style of writing and so avoid unnecessary repetition.

E.g. That is the woman. She lost her credit card.

→That is the woman who lost her credit card.

 Who: used to connect sentences targeted on People.

E.g. Maria is standing under the mango tree. Maria is intelligent.
→Maria who is intelligent is standing under the mango tree.
 That/which: used to connect sentences targeted on things/objects and animals or specify things.
E.g. That is the dog. It barks a lot.
→ That is the dog which/that barks a lot.
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 Where: used to connect sentences targeted on Places.

E.g. Marta is going to Nampula. Her father lives there (Nampula).

→ Marta is going to Nampula where her father lives.

 When: connect sentences targeted on Time.

E.g. It was Monday. I arrived in Pemba on Monday.

→It was on Monday when I arrived in Pemba.

 Whose: connect sentences targeted on possession replacing the pronoun “His or Her”.

E.g. This is the student. His mother is an English teacher.

→ This the student whose mother is an English teacher.

TOPIC4: Polite Language

When we want to make polite requests, we often use the past simple tense because it sounds more formal
and less direct than the present simple.

To ask or give information politely, we often use phrases like:

Excuse me Sir or Madam, good morning or good afternoon or good evening,

 Would you mind telling me ......

 I wonder if you could tell me .......
 I was wondering if you could tell me .....
 I would like to know.......
 Could you please tell me .....

To interrupt someone Politely:

 Pardon me, ...

 My apologies.......
 Excuse me, could I ask ....
 I’m sorry to interrupt, would you mind if I ask you a question?
 I’m afraid to interrupt you, could you clarify that? Etc

E.g. What is your name?

→ Excuse me, would you mind telling me your name?

→ I’m sorry, I would like to know your name.

→I wonder if you could tell me your name.

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TOPIC5: Indirect or Reported Speech (statements)
We can change Direct Speech into indirect speech and this happens when we want to report what someone said
to someone else. When we report statements we generally change the following:

1. Pronouns 2. These words

I---------------he/she this ---------------that

My ----------his/her today ------------ that day

We ----------they tomorrow ------------the next or following day

Our -------- their yesterday ------------ the day before

Mine --------his/hers/yours next week ----------- the following week, etc

3. Remove the inverted commas;

1. Change the tense of the main verb (go back a tense)

Eg. Present simple--------- past simple

Present continuous---------past continuous

Present perfect simple--------past perfect simple

Present modal verb----------past modal verb, etc

2. We use the verbs ‘said or told” and the word ‘that” to introduce the statement.

E.g. “You are pretty today”, Paul said.

→Paul said that you were pretty that day.

Pedro said, “My teacher of History can speak French”.

→Pedro said that his teacher of history could speak French. Or Pedro told me/us/him/her/them that his teacher of
history could speak French.

“This is my father”

→He said that, that was his father.

NOTE: However, if something is always true, we do not change the verb tense.

E.g. “The earth is round”, Geography teacher said.

→Geography teacher said that, the earth is round.

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TOPIC6: Reported or Indirect Speech (Questions)

1. When we want to report questions to which we expect the answer “Yes” or “No” we add the word if or
whether and the verb asked. We also change the tense of the verbs.

E.g.: “Are you John?”, teacher asked.

→The teacher asked if I was John.

“Do you like this food?”

→She asked me whether I liked that food.

2. When we report questions that have question words, we don’t need if or whether.

E.g. “What is your name?” she asked

→She asked what my name was.

“Where is the Hospital?”

→He asked where the hospital was.

TOPIC7: Giving Advice

Remember that there are several verbs known as Modal or Auxiliary verbs that help us to express, ability,
necessity, possibility, permission, obligation, advice, desire, Prohibition, and so forth.

Thus, for giving advice we use these verbs: should/should not = shouldn’t, must/must not = mustn’t,
have to/don’t have to and don’t.

E.g. Don’t tell anyone your PIN number.

If you lose your bank card, you should let the bank know immediately.

You must punch your PIN to make transaction on ATM.

UNIT8: CITIZENSHIP

Citizenship is freedom, justice and Peace;

Citizenship is the legal right to belong to a particular country;

Citizenship is the state of being a citizen and accepts the responsibilities of it.

Some Human rights and Duties

All people have the right:

- to life and protection;

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- to a fair trial;
- to Education;
- to public services;
- to freedom of opinion and expression;
- to freedom of religion;
- to have a nationality;
- to work for fair wages and get equal pay for equal work;
- to live in freedom and safety;
- to vote, etc

Citizens have rights and they have duties as well. Discuss the duties or responsibilities associated to
each right.

TOPIC8: Everyone, Everybody or All?

Everyone and everybody have the same meaning.

E.g. Everyone/Eveybody belongs to a trade Union.

Everyone has right to education.

Note: we don’t use a noun or a pronoun with everyone or everybody. And we don’t all without a
noun or pronoun.

E.g. Everybody people belongs to a trade union. = Wrong

All the people belong to a trade union. = Correct

EXERCISE2

1. Make sentences with the key words. Use going to in each sentence.
a) One day/I/apply/a vehicle finance. ...........................................................................................................
b) You/not/pass examination/unless/you study hard. ...................................................................................
c) If he/to start/business/he/to need/a business loan. ....................................................................................
2. Fill in with who, where, which.
a) I stayed ......................you told me to stay.
b) This is the phone ...................I told you before.
c) The girl .................loves jig-jig is over there.
3. Ask these questions in polite language
a) Where is Fraternidade Secondary School? ..........................................................................................

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b) Who are you? .............................................................................................................
4. Complete with all or everyone.
a) ..................... women have rights.
b) ..................... has the right to freedom of speech
c) The policemen serve ............................ in this country.

TOPIC9: Determiners

Quantifiers – words used to state the quantity or amount of something without stating the actual number.
Quantifiers answer the questions “how much?’ and “how many?”

E.g. How many people voted in the last elections in Mozambique?

Few people voted in the last elections in Mozambique.

Countable Uncountable Examples

nouns nouns
much _____  I don’t have much money
many  ______ I have many children
few  ______ I know few students who can speak English fluently
a few  ______ I know a few students who can help us to do this.
little _____  I know little English. I’m going to face problem to
stay in England
a little _____  I know a little English, at least enough to stay in
England
Enough   I have enough money
Plenty, a lot of, lots of,   I have plenty/a lot of money.
some.

NOTE: “few and little” – means that is not enough of something whereas “a few and a little” means that there is
not a lot of something, but there is enough.

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EXERCISE3: Fill in with appropriate determiners: a little, many, a few. Some, any, much, a lot of.

a) ..............................of you can join me to form a new political party.

b) ................................votes went for the elected candidate.
c) There weren’t ................................votes for the blue party
d) Only .......................voters were satisfied with the announced results.
e) ........................... people in rural areas still don’t know their rights.
f) Candidates spend only ...............................time announcing their campaigns on TV.

TOPIC10: Determiners (Definite and Indefinite Articles)

1. Indefinite Articles: a/an.

 Use “a” before a singular noun starting with a Consonant or a consonant sound read as “you”.
E.g. Sarah bought a bucket today;
A student, a car, a book, a trousers, a teacher, a bag, a European, a unique, a University, etc
 Use “an” before a singular noun starting in a Vowel or a mute ‘h’.
E.g. Sarah bought an apple;
An English teacher, an egg, an American, an office, an old man, an orange, an hour, etc
2. Definite Articles: the.

It defines exactly what a thing is, or who the person is, exactly; used to refer to something that has been
mentioned before (known).

Note: “the” can both be used before singular and plural nouns starting both with vowels and
consonants, as long as these nouns are exactly identified before.

E.g. That is the girl I have told you about.

Those are the girls I have told you about.

The students have come for the test.

TOPIC11: DETERMINERS – Compounds of Some, Any, No and Every.

 Compounds of some: somewhere, someone, somebody, something, sometimes, somewhat,etc

 Compounds of any: anywhere, anyone, anybody, anything, anytime, etc
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 Compounds of no: nowhere, none, no one, nobody, nothing, etc
 Compounds of every: everywhere, everyone, everybody, everything.

E.g. Everyone has something to say today.

DETERMINERS – Demonstrative determiners (Pronouns)

Demonstrative Pronouns are those words used to demonstrate or indicate things, people or animals.

E.g. This guy is very talkative.

Those guys are very talkative.

That man over there is the president of Mozambique and those next to him are his Ministers.

Near Far
Singular This That
Plural These Those

PRACTICL EXERCISES4:

1. Put in an, a, or the.

a) MDM is .......... Mozambican political party struggling to get to power. ...........party was founded by
Raul Domingos some years ago.
b) Could you close ....... door, please?
c) Did ........police catch .........burglar who stole your bicycle?
d) This is a nice house. Does it have .........garden?
e) My mother bought ......... umbrella for the babe.
2. Complete with nowhere, no one, everywhere, nothing.
a) The accident looked serious, but fortunately ........................was injured.
b) The village was still the same when I returned years later. .........................had changed.
c) Where did you go yesterday night? .................................. I stayed home watching TV.
d) I can’t find my watch. I’ve looked .................................for it.
3. Choose the best alternative:
I. Can you see ......................aero plane in the sky? It’s a boeing.
A. these B. that C. those D. this
II. I bought ....................socks today.
A. these B. that C. those D. this
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III. I’m fed up. I can’t go and face again........................people.
A. this B. those C. that D. these

UNIT9: DEMOCRACY

Democracy was a term that was firstly used in ancient Athens, in 508 BC. Demo = people, nation; cracy
= ruling, governing, etc

Democracy is a political system in which all members of a given society have equal share of a formal
political power. In modern representative society, democracy is embodied mainly in the right to vote.

TYPES OF DEMOCRACY

Direct democracy

In direct democracy, citizens participate in the decision-making personally. They do not rely on elected
representatives to rule them, and they do not have a president or prime minister. Voters have the power
through referendums to change laws.
Indirect democracy – Not all citizens participate in the political life of their nation. For instance,
Athenian democracy was indirect, because only male citizens aged over 18 years old whose parents had
also been born in Athens, and who had served the army. Women, foreigners and slaves were not
Athenian citizens, so they couldn’t hold any political activity or position.

Representative democracy

In a representative democracy, voters elect government officials who will rule over their nation. If the
head of state is also democratically elected, the nation is called democratic republic. In this type of
democracy, the head of state is also the head of government and the commander-in-chief of defence force
and the security forces. Mozambique has a representative democracy.

Parliamentary democracy

Here, the government is appointed by the parliamentary representatives. The head of state is not the head
of government, and the head of government is not elected directly. The political party that wins the most
votes chooses a leader, who becomes the head of government and he has no real power. The UK,
England, Germany, etc have this type of democracy.
Popular democracy existed in the abolished USSR and also many African supporting countries. In this
democracy, the freedom of speech is less relevant. No associations are accepted, no multi-party political
systems.

Christian democracy is characterized by its popularity in all aspects: it is against monopoly and power
concentration.

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UNIT10: POLITICS and ELECTIONS

According to the constitution, the sovereign bodies in Mozambique are the President, the Parliament, the
Council of Ministers, the Courts and the Constitutional Council.

In Mozambique the president has two distinct roles:

 As the head of state: he embodies national unity, guarantees the constitution, and represents the country in
ceremonial role, domestically and internationally;
 As the head of government (leader of the governing party) he is in charge of the executive branch of
government. He is the commander-in-chief of the defence force and the security forces and oversees the
functioning of state departments and institutions, supported by the council of ministers.

Since 1994, the president of the republic of Mozambique has been elected through the electoral system.
The elections happen in each 5 years.

The Assembly of republic (also known as parliament) is a legislative organ which normally consists of
250 members maximum and 200 minimum.

Political parties

Political parties are group of citizens who share the same beliefs and follow the same ideals. Some of the
political parties that participated in the first elections were Frelimo, Renamo, Fumo, Sol and Pimo,
among others. Before these elections in 1994, Mozambique was a mono political party nation.

In 19991, there were some changes in the constitution that allowed the emergence of new political parties
allowing citizens to participate in the process of governing the country, as they gained the right to choose
who they thought should govern them. The different parties became a way of showing freedom of
expression.

Mozambique is one of the few African countries where all citizens, regardless of their race, color, or
religion have the right to express their ideas, feelings or thoughts in all aspects of the country’s life. The
freedom of expression can be left at the radios, newspapers, televisions as well as during campaign
rallies.

Mass media

During the electoral campaign, all candidates seek for newspapers, radio, television and magazines as a
way to make their governing political plans known by the voters all over the country. All these media are
daily source of information of various types.

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TOPIC12: Phrasal verbs with stand

- Stand for = to represent or tolerate something;

e.g. FRELIMO stands for Frente de Libertação de Moçambique;

I don’t stand for someone telling me lies.

- Stand about = standing doing nothing, with no purpose, specially at work;

e.g. Don’t just stand about watching TV. Come and give a hand here!

- Stand aside = move to one side to let someone or something pass or stop doing something;

e.g. Please, stand aside, we’re coming trough.

There was a time he stood aside and let his children in charge of the business.

- Stand back = move away, abandon.

e.g. We had to stand back from fire, because it was too hot.

- Stand in for = replacement;

e.g. He stood in for his brother

- Stand over = to watch/supervise closely.

e.g. My boss usually stands over while I work.

TOPIC13: CONNECTORS

Connectors are words used to link, join, or connect ideas or sentences in order to express differences,
similarities, reasons, etc

Connectors Examples
And: used to connect similar ideas e.g. Luisa speaks English. Mario speaks English too.
→Luisa and Mario speak English.
Because: connect sentences where the e.g. Teacher did not come today. He is sick.
second part expresses a reason/cause. →Teacher didn’t come today because he is sick

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But/although: used to contrast ideas. e.g. Luisa speaks English. Luisa can’t speak French.
→Luisa speaks English but/although she can’t speak French.
Or: used to connect sentences where e.g. In Pemba you can speak Emakhuwa. In pemba you can
the second is alternative or different speak Shimakonde.
things/ideas are possible or acceptable. →In pemba you can speak Emakuwa or Shimakonde.
e.g. John was ill. John couldn’t go to school.
→John was ill, so he couldn’t go to school.
So, so that/ in order to: used to The government decided to adopt multi-party democracy. The
connect sentences that indicate a result government wanted to resolve political conflicts.
or purpose. →The government decided to adopt multi-party democracy, in
order to resolve political conflicts.
→The government decided to adopt multi-party democracy, so
that political conflicts could be resolved.

EXERCISE5: Complete these sentences using so, but, although, because, or.

a) Maria loves chocolates .................... she doesn’t love cassava.

b) Maria ...................Paulo love each other very much.
c) We learnt English ...................................we wanted to get employment.
d) Voters like struggling. ......................... they are used to this behavior.
e) .................................the rain came late this year, the production was successful.

The End of Second trimester

I wish you all the best and god bless you all
By: dr. Gungunhane (ELTT) 2022

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