Proceedings of UbiMedia2018 With Workshops

CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS
22-25 August 2018

Nanjing Normal University,
Nanjing,China.
http://2018.umediaconf.com/index.html
Managed by Technically Co-sponsored By
Nanjing Normal University China Section
IEEE Explore Catalog number: CFP1843Z-ART ISBN: 978-1-5386-7155-9
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The 11 International Conference on Ubi-Media Computing and Workshops
The views expressed in the papers published in these proceedings are those of
the authors and they do not necessarily represent the views of School of
Education Science, Nanjing Normal University or any other participating
universities.
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Book of Abstracts of the 11 International Conference on Ubi-Media Computing and
Workshops
Conference Website: http://2018.umediaconf.com/index.html
Copyright and Reprint Permission: Abstracting is permitted with credit to the

source. Libraries are permitted to photocopy beyond the limit of U.S. copyright
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Printed form the abstracts extracted from the camera-ready copies supplied by
the authors.
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On behalf of the organizing committee we would like to thank you for joining
us here in the 11th International Conference on Ubi-Media Computing and
Workshops (Ubi-Media 2018) held in Nanjing city of China, August 22-25, 2018.
Ubi-Media 2018 is a major event that has long been anticipated by all of us.
We tried our best to make sure that we provide an international major forum
for researchers and practitioners from around the world and in various
disciplines to share and exchange ideas and experiences in the areas of Ubi-
Media Computing, Advanced E-Learning, Multimedia and IoT, and Machine
Learning on Multimedia and Applications.
Ubi-Media 2018 gathers many scientists’ contributions from related areas

together to foster the promotion and collaboration among such
interdisciplinary areas. Along with the main conference, three workshops on
Advanced E-Learning (AEL), Multimedia and IoT (MIOT), and Machine Learning
on Multimedia and Applications (MLMA) are jointly held this year.
The technical committees of the conference and workshops (Ubi-Media 2018)

worked very hard to conduct the review process. Each paper submitted to Ubi-
Media 2018 was assigned with at least three reviewers. Finally, we selected
sixty-nine papers and they will be presented in two-day technical sessions.
We congratulate all authors of accepted papers and also express our sincere
gratitude to our organizing committee members, technical program committee
members, paper reviewers, as well as, all involved staffs and members in the
conference and workshops. Their contributions have been essential to make
Ubi-Media 2018 a successful event.
We welcome all of you to Ubi-Media 2018! We truly hope that you enjoy the
conference and workshops. We wish you have a nice stay in Nanjing, China.
Sincerely,
Ubi-Media 2018 General Co-Chair

Professor Jianjun Gu, Nanjing Normal University, China
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 Jianjun Gu, Nanjing Normal University, China

 Yi Li, Nanjing Normal University, China
 Stanislav V.Klimenko, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Russia
 Nam Ling, Santa Clara University, USA
 Susanto Rahardja, Northwestern Polytechnical University, China
 Shusheng Shen, Nanjing Normal University, China

 Hongquan Bai, Nanjing Normal University, China
 Yoshitaka Shibata, Iwate Prefectural University, Japan
 Pattanasak Mongkolwat, Mahidol University, Thailand
 Chih-Lin Hu, NCU, Taiwan, China
 Zhifeng Chen, Fuzhou University, China
 Rustam Shadiev, Nanjing Normal University, China

 Kheong Sann Chan, Nanjing Institute of Technology, Nanjing, China
 Lin Hui, Tamkang University, Taiwan, China
 Yicheng Chen, NCU, Taiwan, China
 Yuhong Liu, Santa Clara University, USA
 Yeh Shih-Ching, Fudan University, China
 Bai Chang Zhong, Nanjing Normal University, China

 Somchoke Ruengittinun, Kasetsart University, Thailand
 Tokunbo Ogunfunmi, Santa Clara University, USA
 Wu-Yuin Hwang, NCU, Taiwan, China
 Yao-Liang Chung, NTOU, Taiwan, China
 Jie Jiang, Nanjing Normal University, China

 K.P.Hewagamage, University of Colombo School of Computing, Sri Lanka
 Amartuvshin Amarzaya, National University of Mongolia, Mongolia
 Hui-Huang Hsu, Tamkang University, Taiwan, China
 Chih-Yang Lin, Yuan-Ze University, Taiwan, China
 Shih-Wei Sun, TNUA, Taiwan, China
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 Junhua Tian, Nanjing Normal University, China

 Rustam Shadiev , Nanjing Normal University, China
 Yung-Hui Chen, LungHwa University of Sci. and Tech., Taiwan, China
 Mei Cao, Nanjing Normal University, China

 Chun-Hsiung Tseng, Yuan Ze University, Taiwan, China
 Ankhtuya Ochirbat, National University of Mongolia, Mongolia
 Xiaoling Ye, Nanjing Normal University, China
 Qiaoyun Chen, Nanjing Normal University, China

 Chalothon Chootong, Kasetsart University Sriracha Campus, Thailand
 Anan Banharnsakun, Kasetsart University Sriracha Campus, Thailand

 Alexander Vazhenin, University of Aizu, Japan
 Apirak Hoonlor, Mahidol University, Thailand
 Assadarat Khurat, Mahidol University, Thailand
 Boonsit Yimwadsana, Mahidol University, Thailand
 Chomtip Pornpanomchai, Mahidol University, Thailand
 Charnyote Pluempitiwiriyawej, Mahidol University, Thailand
 Chanoknach Yorseng, Kasetsart University Sriracha Campus, Thailand
 Chih-Lin Hu, NCU, Taiwan, China
 Jiannong Cao, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
 Kanjana Eiamsaard, Kasetsart University Sriracha Campus, Thailand
 Kanoksak Wattanachote, Guangdong University of Foreign Studies, China
 Kharittha Thongkor, Kasetsart University Sriracha Campus, Thailand
 Kun-Ming Yu, Chung Hua University, Taiwan, China
 Martin Reiser, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
 Mores Prachyabrued, Mahidol University, Thailand
 Natawut Nupairoj, Chulalongkorn University, Thailand
 Neil Yen, University of Aizu, Japan
 Nut Aroon, Kasetsart University Sriracha Campus, Thailand
 Pairote Thongprasri, Kasetsart University Sriracha Campus, Thailand
 Paisak Poolphaka, Kasetsart Univesity Sriracha Campus, Thailand
 Pawitra Chiravirakul, Mahidol University, Thailand
 Penpun Chaihuadjaroen, Kasetsart University Sriracha, Thailand Campus
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 Petch Sajjacholapunt, Mahidol University, Thailand

 Pichet Suebsaiprom, Kasetsart University, Thailand
 Preecha Tangworakitthaworn, Mahidol University, Thailand
 Prawit Chumchu, Kasetsart University Sriracha Campus, Thailand
 Qing Li, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
 Rawesak Tanawongsuwan, Mahidol University, Thailand
 Robert Egrot, Mahidol University, Thailand
 Robert Hsu, Chung Hua University, Taiwan, China
 Siripen Pongpaichet, Mahidol University, Thailand
 Srisupa Palakvangsa Na Ayudhya, Mahidol University, Thailand
 Stanislav V.Klimenko, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Russia
 Suppawong Tuarob, Mahidol University, Thailand
 Suphattharachai Chomphan, Kasetsart University Sriracha Campus, Thailand
 Tipajin Thaipisutikul, Mahidol University, Thailand
 Thitinan Tantidham, Mahidol University, Thailand
 Thittikorn Phattanaphibul, Kasetsart University, Thailand
 Umarin Sangpanich, Kasetsart University, Sriracha campus, Thailand
 Vasaka Visoottiviseth, Mahidol University, Thailand
 Worapan Kusakunnirun, Mahidol University, Thailand
 Worapot Sommool, Kalasin University, Thailand
 Woraluck Wongse-Ek, Mahidol University, Thailand
 Wudhichart Sawangphol, Mahidol University, Thailand
 Yi-Jen Su, Shu-Te University Kaohsiung, Republic of China
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Professor Susanto Rahardja, Ph.D., FIEEE

Northwestern Polytechnical University, China.
Professor Susanto Rahardja was born in Jakarta,
Indonesia. He received the B.Eng. (Hons 2A) degree
from the National University of Singapore in 1991,
and the M.Eng. and Ph.D. degrees from the Nanyang
Technological University in 1993 and 1997
respectively, all in Electrical Engineering and
Stanford Executive Program, Stanford University
in 2012, San Jose, USA. His research interests
include multimedia signal processing and
interactive digital media in which he has
published more than 250 publications in internationally refereed journals
and conferences. He joined the Centre for Signal Processing at Nanyang
Technological University as a research engineer in 1996 and was later
appointed as Assistant Director of the Centre in 2001. He was the Director
of Media Division at the Institute for Infocomm Research (I²R) from 2002 to
2007, where he led 150 full-time researchers in a broad range of media related
research that cover areas in Signal Processing (audio coding, video/image
processing), Media Analysis (text/speech, image, video), Media Security
(biometrics, computer vision and surveillance) and Sensor Networks.
Professor George Ghinea

Department of Computer Science at Brunel University, London.
Dr. Gheorghita (George) Ghinea is a Professor in Mulsemedia
Computing in the Department of Computer Science, at Brunel
University. Dr. Ghinea's research activities lie at the
confluence of Computer Science, Media and Psychology. In
particular, his work focuses on the area of perceptual
multimedia quality and how one builds end-to-end
communication systems incorporating user perceptual
requirements. To this end, recognising the infotainment
duality of multimedia, Dr. Ghinea proposed the Quality of
Perception metric as a more complete characterisation of the human side of
the multimedia perceptual experience. Dr. Ghinea has applied his expertise
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in areas such as eye-tracking, telemedicine, multi-modal interaction, and

ubiquitous and mobile computing, leading a team of 8 researchers in these
areas. He has over 300 publications in his research field and is the lead
Brunel investigator of a H2020 project
NEWTON(http://www.newtonproject.eu/)applying mulsemedia to STEM learning
across Europe.
Professor Xiaoqing Gu
East China Normal University, China
Dr. Xiaoqing Gu is a professor and head of Department of
Educational Information Technology, Faculty of Education,
East China Normal University, China. She is the head of
Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Digital Education
Equipment. She earned her Ph.D. in Educational Technology
from East China Normal University. Professor Gu has long
been engaged in the research and practice of educational
informationization. Her research interests include the
areas of learning science and learning technology,
computer-supported collaborative learning (CSCL),
learning analytics and leaner profiling, ICT-integrated pedagogical
innovation in which she has published more than 150 publications in
internationally journals and conferences, more than 10 books and teaching
materials. Professor Gu is the chief editor of IJSmartTL (International
Journal of Smart Technology and Learning), board member of Journal of Computer
Assisted Learning, Journal of Computer in Education, Education Technology
research and development, Internet and higher education, and Journal of East
China Normal University (Educational Science).
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1. Smart Handover between LTE and Wi-Fi Networks

Wei Kuang Lai and Tzu-Chun Hung…………………………………………………………1
2. The Eye Tracking based Analysis System for Learner Cognitive Process in
Video Lecture
Xiaolong Liu, Xuebai Zhang, Shyan-Ming Yuan and Riqing Chen……………………7
3. Critical Success Factors for Developing an Alliance between Lea
rning Analytics and Learning Design
Rangana Jayashanka, K.P. Hewagamage and E. Hettiarachchi………………………12
4. Cognitive Weightage Assignment with Ubiquitous Computing to Compute the
Cogitive Complexity
Dinuka Wijendra and Kamalanath Hewagamage…………………………………………18
5. Suggesting Occupations and Open Educational Resources through
Adolescent’s Interests
Ankhtuya Ochirbat and Timothy K.Shih…………………………………………………24
6. Using Convolutional Neural Network for Crime Scene Investigation Image
Database Retrieval
Ying Liu, Dan Hu, Jiulun Fan, Xing Yang, Fuping Wang and Nam Ling……………28
7. Fireworks Pattern Classification Using Long-term Recurrent Convolutional
Network
Chi-Yen Lin , S.P. Kasthuri Arachchi , N. L. Hakim , Timothy K. Shih , S.
Ruengittinuny, and Chih-Yang Lin……………………………………………………33
8. An Efficient Divisive Clustering Algorithm with Reduced Classification
Errors
Ishtiaq Rasool Khan and Susanto Rahardja……………………………………………39
9. Bearing Fault Identification and Classification based on Convolutional
Neural Network and Time-Frequency Auto-correlation Graph
Yu Gong, Ming Zhang, Luofei Zhang and Shiyu Liu……………………………………43
10. Associating a Radiology Report with a Biopsy Recommendation to the
Corresponding Pathology Reports
Pattanasak Mongkolwat, Vladimir Kleper, Tipajin Thaipisutikul, Chih-Lin Hu
and Timothy K. Shih………………………………………………………………………47
11. An Approach to Intelligent Fault Diagnosis of Rolling Bearing Using
Improved Wavelet Time-Frequency Representations and CNN
Luofei Zhang, Ming Zhang, Yu Gong and Yue Gao………………………………………53
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12. CFPRec: A Content-Based Recommender Model Exploring Reseach Publication

Venues
Worapot Sommool, Chalothon Chootong, W.K.T.M. Gunarathne, Ankhtuya Ochirbat,
Yi-Cheng Chen, Somchoke Ruengittinun and Timothy K. Shih………………………59
13. Video Classification Framework based on Motion Signals Analysis for Smoke
Fire and Waterfall
Kanoksak Wattanachote, Yongyi Gong, Jianxin Zhang, Siwen Guo and Yingying
Qu…65
14. Finite State Machine-based Finger Pose Tracking
Chi-Yen Lin, Noorkholis Luthfil Hakim, Stanislav Vladimirovich Klimenko,
Pattanasak Mongkolwat and Timothy K. Shih…………………………………………71
15. The Impact od DoS Attacks on Resource-constrained IoT Devices: A Study
on the Mirai Attack
Bhagyashri Tushir, Hetesh Sehgal, Rohan Nair, Behnam Dezfouli and Yuhong
Liu…77
16. Performance Analysis of Relay-assisted Heterogeneous Cellular Networks
Hung-Yi Teng, Ying-Dar Lin, Jen-Yeu Chen and Ren-Hung Hwang……………………83
17. QoE-Based Concurrent Multipath Transmission for Mobile Video over
Heterogeneous Wireless Networks
Huangneng Jiang, Feng Chen, Jie Zhang and Zhifeng Chen…………………………89
18. An Augmented Reality Based Mirror Therapy System for Upper Limb Using
Pattern Recognition on SEMG signal
Shuya Chen, Xianjia Yu and Shiqing Ye………………………………………………95
19. Towards a Novel Data Placement Strategy for Sharing Data Within
Ubiquitous-Device Clusters
Jiahui Jin and Dian Shen………………………………………………………………101
20. Movable Group-based Location Awareness and Management System Using
iBeacon
Ching-Sheng Wang and Pei-Jia Ke………………………………………………………107
21. Development of acoustic acquisition and information distribution system
based on the application of holographic location map by using smart phone
Chen Li, Tianfeng Li, Jie Xia and Yumin Zeng………………………………………113
22. An investigation into the effectiveness of deep learning in forecasting
financial time series
Tipajin Thaipisutikul, Yi-Cheng Chen, Pattanasak Mongkolwat, Timothy K. Shih
and Suppawong Tuarob……………………………………………………………………118
23. Virtual Poeng Mang with Kinect Sensor
Somchoke Ruengittinun, Phanuvich Hirunsirisombut, Ronnapat Chatsanguthai and
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Preecha Ngamsaowaros……………………………………………………………………124
24. Designing Template for Create a Mobile Walk Rally Games using Location-
Based Augmented Reality
Saowalak Arampongsanuwat and Karanya Sitdhisanguan……………………………128
25. AI-Empowered User Modeling - Tourism Service as An Instance
Kuan-Hua Lai ,Moloud Abdar and Neil Y. Yen………………………………………134
26. On Error-Rate Prediction of the Joint Viterbi Detector/Decoder (JVDD)
Kheong Sann Chan and Susanto Rahardja……………………………………………138
27. A genetic-based segmented BPNN model for perdicting the Weibo reposts
Guixun Luo, Yun Liu and Zhiyuan Zhang………………………………………………142
28. An extended HDFS architecture for small file storage
Zhenjiang Zhang, Xiaodong Song and Zhangbing Zhou………………………………148
29. Design of a Video Surveillance Record Keeping System using BlockChain
Technologies
Tz-Heng Hsu, Po-Hui Wu and Chao-Chun Chen…………………………………………153
30. A Novel LBSH-Based Photo Searching System
Nathaporn Wanchainawin, Phoomipat Traipuech, Somchoke Ruengittinun and Yi-
Cheng Chen…………………………………………………………………………………157
31. Using system integration techniques for anatomy learning system in a
cloud computing environment
Lih-Shyang Chen, Emily Yang and Chao-Cheng Chen…………………………………162
32. A Collaborative Filtering Recommendation System with Dynamic Time Decay
Yi-Cheng Chen, Lin Hui, Tipajin Thaipisutiku and Hsuan-Li Chen………………167
1. An Augmented Reality-based Mobile Learning for A Personalized Learning

in solar 3D system.
Thitiporn Kansungnern and Orawan Boonkerd…………………………………………173
2. Are STR & CAT-generated texts useful for attention and meditation of
students during lectures in a foreign language
Rustam Shadiev, Shavkat Sharipov, Narzikul Shadiev, Shahlo Rahimova, Bakhora
Shadieva, Mirzaali Fayziev and Yueh-Min Huang……………………………………178
3. Design Principles of Digital Library for the Visually Impaired
Weijane Lin, Yi-Tseng Chang and Hsiu-Ping Yueh…………………………………183
4. A Collaborative Digital Game-Based Learning with a Management.
Thapani Hengsanankun and Thitiporn Kansungnern…………………………………185
5. A Preliminary Study on Switching Roles in Pair Learning of Robotics
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Education
Jiayu Wang and Baichang Zhong…………………………………………………………191
6. Exploring the Teaching Effect of Physical Robotics with the Intervention
by Virtual Robotics
Jijun Zheng, Haixue Wang and Baichang Zhong………………………………………195
7. Investigation of Inquiry Behaviors and Learning Achievement for Inclined
Plane Experiment using Ubiquitous Physics App
Siska Wati Dewi Purba and Wu-Yuin Hwang……………………………………………200
8. The research on the Design and Practice of Intelligent Learning
Environment Based on Artificial Intelligence
Shu Zhen Han, Yan Ma and Hui Li Hu……………………………………………………205
9. Problems and Countermeasures: Study on Blended Learning Design and
Application
Yuhui Jing, Xiaowei Zhao and Shusheng Shen………………………………………212
10. Study on Prediction Model of Blended Courses learners’ continuance
intention
Yan Lijuan, Liu Yanshen and Liu Yi…………………………………………………217
11. The Knowledge Management Success Factors in Higher Education
Institutes: the Students’ Perspectives
Saranya Saetang…………………………………………………………………………222
12. Data Analysis on the Learner’s Conceptual Interaction in MOOCs Forum
Manyun Tang and Jiansheng Li…………………………………………………………226
13. The Development of 21st Century Learning Skills that Emphasize
Amusement by using Gamification Approach in Creative Youth Camp
Suparp Kanyacome, Kriangkrai Promnaruritte and Werachai Thanamaimas………231
14. Building a Capability-Oriented Teaching Evaluation Visual Model - A
Case Study of Two Courses
En-Chi Chang and Shein-Yung Cheng……………………………………………………236
15. Research on PBL-Based Maker Education Model
Hui Li Hu, Yan Ma and Shu Zhen Han……………………………………………………241
16. The Learning Analysis of Applying the Video Annotation System into
Elementary School English Courses
Yuan-Lung Chang, Hong-Ren Chen, Tzu-Chu Lin and An-Ti Chang…………………247
17. Classification of germinated parboiled rice (Hang rice) Using Image
Processing Technique
Songgrod Phimphisan and Sarawoot Boonkirdram……………………………………251
18. Building a Board Game Assisted Design System Based on Design Thinking
Approach
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Shian-Shyong Tseng, Tsung-Yu Yang and Ai-Chin Lu………………………………255

19. The Application of PBL Teaching Model Based on MOOC in University
Practical Courses
Ke Gong……………………………………………………………………………………261
20. Enhancing adaptivness for e-learning system by integrating with a Web-
based instrument to detect learning style
Ahmadaliev Doniyorbek, Chen Xiaohui, Murodjon Abduvohidov and Axmedov
Shavkatbek…………………………………………………………………………………264
21. Automatic Detection of Defective Yellow Soybean Seeds using Image
Processing Techniques and Decision Tree
Walailuck Wongruen………………………………………………………………………270
22. Investigation of Visual Puppet Storytelling for Educating Elementary
Students
Chaknarin Kongcharoen and Athit Singnakrong………………………………………276
23. A Scheme to Create Blockly-based Programming Learning Games for
Elementary Students
Jun-Ming Su, Wen-Ding Li, Meng-Jhen Li, Ting-Wei Lin and Xin-Yuan Zhuang…281
24. Implementation of Internet of Thing in Smart Small Greenhouse for
Vegetable Safety
Siriporn Sansri, Wu-Yuin Hwang, Chaknarin Kongcharoen, Pisit Hantongchai,
Yuttana Koolsue and Parichat Tetsalee………………………………………………285
25. Case Study of Learning Style Preference during Customer Experience
Mapping Class
Thanyalak Mueangkhot……………………………………………………………………289
1. A Third-Party Batch Auditor for Encrypted Cloud Storage Service

Ya-Lin Chen, Lo-Yao Yeh and Jiun-Long Huang………………………………………294
2. Delay Aware Dynamic Resource Scheduling for Smart Homes
Hung-Chin Jang and Chi-Wei Huang……………………………………………………299
3. Shoes For Visually Impaired People
Koranit Piama, Thunyarut Chatchawan, Umaporn Sirathranont and Somchoke
Ruengittinun………………………………………………………………………………305
4. Adopting Arduino Module Programming in the Assessment and Evaluation of
Cognitive Learning Performance for Non-CS Students
Yung-Hui Chen, Lin Hui, Chih-Lin Hu, Chun-Hsiung Tseng, Wei-Chun Lee and
Chia-Chung Yeh……………………………………………………………………………308
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1. Detecting Dangers on the Road via Image Recognition and Machine Learning
Chun-Hsiung Tseng, Yung-Hui Chen, Jia-Long Li and Jia-Rou Lin………………314
2. End-to-End Autoencoder for Road Segmentation
Chiung Lun Su, Chih-Yang Lin and Timothy K. Shih…………………………………318
3. A Deep Learning Approach to Shopping Chatbot Design and Deployment
Jia-Ching Ying, Chun-Jhong Wang, Shih-Chieh Lo, Yow-Shin Liou and Pin-You
Lin…………………………………………………………………………………………323
4. A Graph-based Analytic Approach to Model the Correlations between Air
Quality and City Dynamics
Ren-Hao Chen, Hsun-Ping Hsieh and Min Tan…………………………………………329
5. Filling Missing Values of Smart Meters Based on A Joint Collaborative
Filtering and Support Vector Regression Framework
Po-Hao Chen, Ren-Hao Chen, Li-Yuan Wang and Hsun-Ping Hsieh…………………335
6. Smart Orca: Using Interactive Toys as the English Learning Analytics
Tool to Evaluate Learner Behavior
Tipajin Thaipisutikul, Lin Hui, Huei-Tse Hou, Sheng-Chih Chen and Wei-
Kuan Ho……………………………………………………………………………………341
7. Action Recognition Using Sparse Representation
I-Cheng Chang and Jhe-Sheng Lyu………………………………………………………345
xiv
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An Efficient Divisive Clustering Algorithm with
Reduced Classification Errors
Ishtiaq Rasool Khan Susanto Rahardja
Faculty of Computing and Information Technology, Center of Intelligent Acoustics and Immersive Speech
University of Jeddah, Communication,
Jeddah, Saudi School of Marine Science & Technology
Arabia Northwestern Polytechnical University
[email protected] China [email protected]
Abstract With evolution of sensors capable of capturing large on the initial guess. Several works have addressed this weakness
amounts of digital data over long durations of time, and computers and tried to make the method insensitive to initialization bias
with greater computational capabilities, new applications of data [10-13]. The original algorithm uses sum of squared differences
clustering are emerging. The existing algorithms are capable of from the cluster centroids as the error metric. There are variants
accurate classification but become slower when data-size grows that use different metrics [14-19], however all of them use the
and the number of classes is large. In such cases, implementations same iterative approach of gradual refinement. Some algorithms
of the existing algorithms on commonly used computers cannot
such as Find of High-Density Peaks (FHDP) [20] use density of
converge due to excessive usage of memory. In this paper, a new
algorithm with an efficient implementation is proposed for
samples for an effective clustering. Another well-known method
classification of large one-dimensional datasets to large number of Affinity Propagation (AP) [21] is based on the concept of
clusters. It is a divisive algorithm that keeps splitting the existing
clusters until a desired number of clusters or acceptable error limit pre-processing step of calculation of distance matrix, on which
is reached. We carry out experiments to compare our algorithm the clustering algorithm is applied. However, sensitivity of these
with some state of the art hierarchical algorithms and find it very methods to the parameters and relatively high complexity keep
accurate and the most efficient. The produced clustering results them from gaining widespread popularity especially when data
are very close to the optimal solution. Most importantly, our is large. Determining an optimal number of clusters in data is a
implementation is very economical in usage of memory and non-trivial task and some researches have addressed this problem
therefore works for very large datasets and number of clusters, for [3, 22].
which other algorithms are not able to converge.
Keywords big data clustering, hierarchical clustering, divisive generally described under the broad category of partitioned
clustering, k-means, one-dimensional data clustering, dendrogram clustering. Besides having flexible boundaries of clusters that
change over iterations, another distinct feature of this category
INTRODUCTION of algorithms is that the number of clusters is fixed from the
Data clustering has been used in many traditional and beginning, and does not change over iterations.
modern-day applications to sort data samples into different The second category of clustering algorithms is termed as
classes [1-7]. The samples grouped in a class, called a cluster, hierarchical clustering, in which a top-down dividing or bottom-
should be as similar as possible to the other samples in the same up merging approach is used to reach the desired number of
group, and as dissimilar as possible to the samples in other clusters [23-25]. The bottom-up or agglomerative approach is
clusters. Certain distance functions that measure inter- and intra- more common. It starts with each sample in a separate cluster,
cluster similarities quantitatively are used to validate accuracy of and keeps merging them iteratively based on certain distance
the grouping. Traditional clustering algorithms cannot criteria until a desired number of clusters or an acceptable error
adequately cope with the speed and accuracy demanded by new limit is reached. The top-down or divisive approach starts with
applications that involve large amounts of data. Therefore, there all samples in one cluster, and keeps performing splitting
is a need to revisit the clustering problem for situations where operation until an acceptable error or desired number of clusters
datasets and number of classes are large. This paper reviews the is reached. A tree like structure called dendrogram can be
problems in applying existing clustering techniques to large constructed by using either of the approaches to show the number
datasets and proposes a new algorithm for efficiently clustering of clusters and sample associations at different stages, starting
large one-dimensional datasets to large number of classes. from single cluster to the state where each cluster has just one
-9] is the most commonly used method element. Any state of the dendrogram can be used as a clustering
for k-means clustering, i.e., grouping the samples to k distinct solution.
sets. This algorithm starts with an initial clustering, which is Major differences between hierarchical and partitioned
refined iteratively such that an optimal solution in terms of the clustering are the following: 1) Partitioned clustering has flexible
selected error metric is obtained. The algorithm does not look for cluster boundaries that can change across iterations, whereas
a global optimum; rather it converges to a local optimum hierarchical clustering adds/removes one boundary when a
solution. Therefore, clustering results can be very different based split/merge operation is carried out, without moving other
boundaries. 2) Partitioned clustering decides the number of
clusters from the beginning and keeps it same across iterations,
whereas hierarchical clustering changes the number of clusters ã õï
by one in each iteration. 3) Sample associations change in each
iteration in partitioned clustering whereas in hierarchical Selection of M, i.e. the common boundary of the two newly
clustering, they remain unchanged except for the samples in the formed bins is important, as it determines the errors in (2). The
cluster/clusters, which is/are divided/merged. 4) Partitioned error increases in the left bin and decreases in the right as M
clustering can lead to a different result for the same data moves from left to right. We conducted several experiments
depending on the initial clustering, whereas hierarchical (using brute force) with randomly generated data and found that
clustering always produces the same result for the same data. the combined error of two child clusters is significantly smaller
than the error of the parent cluster, and the overall error is near
Partitioned clustering algorithms are generally fast if the data to minimum (although not exactly in some cases) at a point
and number of clusters are not very large. However, as the size where errors in both bins are equal, i.e.,
of the data and the number of clusters grows, their performance
drops. Hierarchical algorithms can be more efficient for large
datasets if they are not used to construct complete hierarchy of (3)
dendrogram and are stopped when the desired state is reached.
As the number of data samples and number of clusters grow, the
time taken by the hierarchical clustering gets much smaller than To minimize the overall quantization error, the errors for both
the partitioned clustering. bins can be calculated for each value of M in the range of 1 to N,
and a suitable point of split can be picked that leaves each bin
A common approach in divisive algorithms is to use some with nearly equal value of error. The process can be repeated on
selected bins until a desired number of clusters is obtained. It
selected cluster into two in each iteration. When the number of should be mentioned here that any partitioned algorithm can be
samples in a cluster is large, its division even into just two used instead of the above procedure to split a cluster into two.
clusters using the traditional k-means methods takes a long time We conducted some experiments on different datasets which
and makes the divisive algorithms inefficient. In this paper, we show that the above-mentioned algorithm is significantly faster
present a new splitting algorithm, specifically designed to than k-mean algorithm and variants when data-size is large.
replace the traditional k-means based splitting in divisive
clustering algorithms. It is shown that not only the algorithm is Complete clustering algorithm
faster, it is more accurate too especially when the number of Starting with all points in one cluster, we can repeat the
clusters is large. splitting operation mentioned in the previous section k 1 times
to group the data into k clusters. The complete algorithm is given
Rest of this paper is organized as follows: The next section below:
describes details of the proposed method. In there, we first
describe the method of splitting a dataset to two bins, and then Sort the data and take the first and the last point as the
present the complete algorithm to classify the data to the desired boundaries of a cluster. The whole data is contained in this
number of clusters. This is followed by experimental results in single cluster.
section III where we compare our method with several existing Split the cluster into two using the algorithm given above.
hierarchical methods in terms of accuracy and speed. The last Find the cluster with largest error among the existing
section concludes the paper with some directions of future work. clusters and split it into two.
Repeat steps 3 until k clusters are obtained.
THE PROPOSED ALGORITHM
Note that a divisive clustering algorithm as above does not
Splitting data into two clusters
allow movement of edges over iterations. Any edge formed at a
Assume a set of floating point samples xi, K < i K + N, stage stays there until completion of clustering. In context of our
sorted in the ascending order, is contained in a single bin, and algorithm, an edge almost optimally splits a parent cluster into
represented by the mean value . In this case, the total error can two, however it might change the accuracy of the neighbouring
be written in terms of the sum of squared differences as: clusters to lower than optimal. After the split, some samples in
the right and left neighbours of the parent cluster might have a
better match with one of the newly created clusters. An optional
post-processing step can be used to reduce the overall error. Once
the desired number of clusters is obtained using the above-
split the bin into two, such that the first M elements are mentioned algorithm, we move each edge to a new position
in the first bin and the rest N M are in the second. Denoting where it would have optimally split an imaginary parent cluster
representative mean values of both groups as ï and î
respectively, their quantization errors can be written as: splitting is the same as in step 3 above except that we start with
existing position of the middle of the parent cluster. This can be
repeated a few times as long as there is a noticeable improvement
in accuracy.
TABLE I: COMPARISON OF THE PROPOSED ALGORITHM WITH S HIERARCHICAL DIVISIVE ALGORITHM. INFINITY SIGN INDICATES THAT THE
ALGORITHM DID NOT CONVERGE IN MORE THAN TWO HOURS. RESULTS OF THE WINNING ALGORITHM ARE GIVEN IN BOLD FACE.
No. of No. of Clusters Computation Time Clustering Error
samples MATLAB proposed MATLAB proposed
hierarchical hierarchical
100 10 0.197892 0.00164891 0.312253 0.0535854
1000 10 0.013709 0.00108901 20.177 0.619916
10 000 10 2.08958 0.00313247 205.258 5.09371
20 000 10 10.1451 0.00472322 384.003 9.44441
30 000 10 26.8409 0.006455 556.056 13.8935
40 000 10 444.899 0.0109182 677.621 18.2467
43 000 10 0.0113067 18.4989
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS large in a bottom-up approach for large datasets. Therefore, the
agglomerative methods can be used only when the data-size is
In this section, we compare the proposed method with some not large. On the other hand, a divisive algorithm like ours needs
existing state-of-the-art methods. For experiments, random data to pass through much fewer states to reach a state of the desired
is generated using normal distribution with mean value 1.0 and
standard deviation 0.3. We carried out experiments using data
following other distributions, and the tested algorithms had provide a mechanism to stop at the desired number of clusters.
similar relative performances. Therefore, here we present the
representative results for normally distributed data only. All the As described in the previous section, our method stops
algorithms including ours are implemented in MATLAB except splitting the clusters when the desired number of clusters is
in a few cases where certain packages of R language are used. reached. However, it can be used to form a complete
Implementations of all algorithms are picked from trustable dendrogram, if required. Note that if we construct two additional
publicly available codes. A quad core i-7 PC with 8 GB RAM is arrays besides the array that stores the information of the cluster
used for simulations. Datasets of different sizes are generated edges one that keeps the order in which the edges are formed,
once, and all algorithms are tested on the same datasets, not to and the other that keeps errors of two new clusters formed at each
affect their relative performances. We use the native MATLAB stage we can reconstruct a dendrogram starting from a single
implementation of the Quick Sort algorithm for sorting the data cluster to a state of desired number of clusters. Post-processing
in the first step of our algorithm. The execution times used for to refine the edges, as stated in the previous section, must not be
comparisons in this section include the time taken for sorting. applied to the clusters while constructing dendrogram, because
edges once formed in a dendrogram cannot be moved in a later
As mentioned earlier, hhierarchical clustering methods are in iteration. Note that the first array that keeps the order of edges
general slow and consume a large memory to store the comprises just integer indices and has a size equal to the number
dendrogram that keeps record of different clustering stages. of clusters. The second array to store two values of errors at each
-in function for hierarchical clustering is an stage has a size double the size of first array. This provides a very
agglomerative method, which is extremely slow and not very efficient way of storing the dendrogram. We tested our algorithm
accurate. In Table I, we have compared its computation time and for 100,000 samples, and it formed a complete dendrogram from
accuracy with our code for a few test cases. Our method is one cluster to 100,000 clusters in 51 seconds. None of the other
obviously more accurate and fast. In terms of memory, when methods mentioned above could complete the dendrogram even
number of samples reached 43,000 on our 8GB machine, for data as small as 5,000 samples. This clearly shows the
economical use of memory by our method.
Running the code on a 16GB machine had the same issue for data
size beyond 630,000 samples. On the other hand, our code took Since the proposed method is a hierarchical method, it allows
only 0.011 seconds to split 43,000 samples into 10 clusters. changing the number of clusters at any stage. For example, if we
have an existing classification of 10 million pixels into 100
R is a popular computer language with special focus on clusters, and want to increase the number of clusters to 400, our
statistics. It has efficient implementations of several clustering algorithm can do this very fast (in just 0.025 seconds on our
algorithms, including some hierarchical clustering tools. We machine) whereas the partitioned algorithms such as k-means
will have to run from scratch if the number of clusters is to be
changed. As clear from these comparisons, despite being a
agglomerative algorithms, which are very expensive in terms of hierarchical method, our method is fast and accurate and can be
memory, and fail to converge even when the data is only few compared to the partitioned algorithms in these aspects, with the
thousand samples. The reason is that these algorithms save all added advantage that our method can converge for very large
states of the hierarchy all the way from one sample per cluster to datasets where the partitioned algorithms would fail.
all samples in one cluster, and this consumes a very large
memory. We found no implementations of hierarchical methods CONCLUSIONS
that would allow stopping at a state when the desired number of A new divisive hierarchical clustering algorithm has been
clusters is obtained. However, even if there were any, the number presented. The algorithm can be used to classify data into a
of states to reach the desired number of clusters would be too
desired number of clusters, or form a complete dendrogram like
other hierarchical algorithms, if required. It does not guarantee conference on Information and knowledge management, pp. 600-607,
2002.
optimal solution for the given number of clusters, but is more
[12] G. Tzortzis, amd A. Likas, MinMax k-Means clustering
accurate than the existing non-optimal methods, especially when
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size of data and number of clusters are large. An efficient
[13] study of
implementation of the algorithm has also been presented which efficient initialization methods for the k-
is significantly faster than any existing method. The method is Expert systems with applications, vol. 40, pp. 200-210, 2013.
very economical in memory usage, which allows generation of [14] -
complete dendrograms for larger datasets that cannot be handled International Joint Conference on Neural Networks, Canada, pp. 3180-
by other methods. A limitation of the algorithm is that it works 3185, 2005.
only for one-dimensional data, however there are still many real [15] L. Kaufman, and P. J. Rousseeuw, by means of in
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×«» ïîô ï Í»°¬»³¾»® îðïðô Ð¿¹» ïêîéóïêíî
Finite State Machine-based Finger Pose Tracking
Noorkholis Luthfil Hakim1, Stanislav Vladimirovich Klimenko2, Pattanasak Mongkolwat3, Timothy K. Shih1
1
Dept. of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Central University, Taiwan.
{koliskol, timothykshih} @gmail.com
2
Institute of Computing for Physics and Technology, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Moscow.
[email protected]
3
Faculty of Information and Communication Technology, Mahidol University, Thailand.
[email protected]
Abstract Finger detection and tracking system has been represented as one Finite State Machine system for a specific
growing rapidly in past decade. Many methods based on purpose.
appearance, model and deep learning based has performed a good
result of detecting and tracking finger position in the hand. Yet the Thus, the novel FSM Finger tracking (FSM-FT) approach
occlusion problem still becomes the main challenge in this field. In proposed in this work. The method has two main steps, first is
this work, we are interested in solving the previously mentioned generating the FSM and the second one is running the FSM. The
challenge on repeating-finite kind of gestures. For example guitar idea is to keep tracking the ABM with the FSM-FT model of
strumming or hand puppet actions. This kind of gesture can be gestures while replacing the finger position that produces by
represented as the FSM model. By combining with fast but less ABM with the one from FSM-FT produced when there is a
accurate appearance-based method, we propose novel finger pose problem such as miss labeling and missing finger caused by,
tracking using Finite State Model-based. This method has two- mostly self-occlusion. The FSM Building purpose is to represent
part, FSM-FT builder to build the FSM hand, and the FSM-FT the whole movement into several states. It works by cluster the
runner, to running the FSM-FT system. To test the robustness of similar hand gestures in one class or in here we called it hand
the proposed system we conduct the experiment on one simple state. Each hand state has the representation of its hand pose,
repeating kind of gesture. The result able to reach 82% of including its five 3D fingers and palm position. The purpose of
recognition rate in the testing phase. the Running FSM method is to make the FSM state run from one
state to the other in the correct order and produce the correct
Keywords finger detection, finger tracking, Human-computer
Interaction, Finite State Machine, hand pose estimation
hand pose given the input of ABM or in here we called Weak
Finger Detection (WFD). To explain, training and testing the
I. INTRODUCTION robustness of our approach, we design simple sample of
sequences of the hand pose. The result shows that our approach
As many finger tracking problems could be solved by well- reaches 82% recognition rate.
known finger detection and tracking methods, yet not all are
suitable for the use in real life system that used a fast moving The rest of this paper structured as follows: Section II
finger as the controller such as playing a musical instrument or presents some related works. Section III focus on the detail
Buda chi-like doll. Wearable Devices-based [1] [2] may have implementation of the methods. Section IV discusses the
experimental steps and results, and the last section concludes our
problem, not many could afford the machine. Model-Based [3] study.
[4] on the other hand, some of the works have the result in the
accuracy close to Wearable Devices-based system. But, the II. RELATED WORK
systems are too complex and often need GPU process and very A. Finite State Machine
expensive machine to make it able to reach the real-time system
and used in real life applications. While Appearance-based [5] Finite State Machine is one of the mature methods that has been
[6] does not have better accuracy compared with other methods used for many purposes. One of it uses to model the trajectory
it has the speed that needed in the fast-moving finger system. of movements, for example, hand or finger to recognize the
gestures [7] [8]. These works give us the general idea that some
Some sets of gesture such as guitar strumming/picking or repeating gesture could be modeled by this Finite State Machine,
people playing doll have limited and repeated gestures and and by using the gesture recognition classification problem, we
actions. While using Appearance-based method (ABM) could are able to go through the states in the FSM model to retrieve the
be used, many problems need to be solved. The problem such as
finger representation from each state.
missing finger, jittering, miss labeling and miss detection could
reduce the accuracy of the finger recognition. Using the key B. Finger Detection and Tracking
point as the gestures are gestures that have limited and repeated Finger detection and tracking method divided into several kinds.
actions, modeling it in the form of Finite State Machine (FSM) There is appearance/visual based finger detection. Such as Ren
is possible. By combining the Appearance-based method with et al. works in [9] proposed infamous distance matrix called
Finite State Machine finger tracking model the problems that FEMD (Finger-Earth Movers Distance). Then improve their
Appearance-based method have could be solved and increase the work in [10] by using K-curvature Algorithm to find the finger
accuracy. One set of limited hand gesture actions can be
positions. Cerezo in [11] proposes extracting finger as the A. Hand Sample Data Collections
farthest point from the center of the hand, remove some To build the FSM-FT for specific gesture action, sample data are
unnecessary points and removing the wrist. This method needed. The sample recorded for several sets with all of the
inspired us to create our own finger detection method that used
possible gesture needed to be able performing the actions. The
in this work as one of the features. The other kinds of the method
sample data consist of the point cloud of the hand and finger
is a model-based approach (generative pose). This method
works by finding the minimum error of hand model with its position result from imperfect finger tracking method in each
angle DOF parameters given the input depth image or point frame. The sample should cover all of the possible hand gesture
cloud. This kinds of the method have produced better accuracy of the particular specific actions. The sample should be extracted
result of finding the fingers compared to appearance model. from the people whose expertise in the field, for example, if we
Starting from Oikonomidis work [3] in 2011, presented to want to create the FSM-FL for strumming or picking guitar, at
analyze the orientation and full articulation of human hand least we need people that could play guitar well. Both the point
captured from Kinect sensor using PSO. Then Qian [4] extend it cloud and the finger position are generated in 3-dimensional
by adding a guided PSO step. Another example works are [12] Euclidean space consist of x, y, and z points. Point cloud will be
driven by a physics solver to generate 3D pose estimation. While in form of .ply files and finger will be in the form of .txt files.
this model based or generative based finger pose estimation (or Finger files will be consist of a finger position in x, y, z and its
hand pose estimation) are have a good result, their work is too label. Here below is the sample image of both point cloud
complex and need a big amount of resource for the real-time generation and it corresponding fingers.
the appearance based research still
growing until know.
III. METHODOLOGY
The FSM-Finger Tracking system (FSM-FT) have two main
algorithms. The first algorithm is using to build or generate the
Finite State Machine from the sets of sample gesture in one
Fig. 2. Semi-manually selected finger in the point cloud of the hand.
action. The second algorithm is using to run the Finite State
Machine in the real-time system and produce the corrected These sample data will be label as two sets, training sample
finger positions with the ABM finger tracking result as the and testing sample later for building classification tree. In the
input. In this sections, we will explain in detail how the next step of the pipeline, all of the sample finger positions and
algorithm works in details. the label will be fixed by a human . 3D finger selector
application has been built to help for marking and fixing the
fingers. The result of marking could be seen in the previous
figure. Here below Fig. 3 is the figure of the 3D finger selector
interface application. By this application, the user could mark
or edit the finger position faster.
Fig. 3. 3D finger selector application.
B. Data Normalization
Normalization data are crucial since the hand not always in the
same position every time it recorded. Without normalization,
There are 3 steps for hand normalization. First, subtracting each

Fig. 1. The system architecture of FSM-FT.
finger with its palm center point. This step used to bring each
hand in the origin position in the axis (0, 0, and 0) in respect of
its palm center point. Second, find the scale factor of each hand.
The scale factor for each hand will be calculated by dividing the
statistical measure of the size of the hand with its number of a
finger. The third step will normalize the size of the hand by
dividing each finger with its scale factor. This three-step are
represented in equations below.
Where,
(1)
Fig. 4. The architecture of State Hand creation from Finger Clustering method.
(2)
D. FSM-FT Builder
(3) Moving further, given the state number, its member represented
by the number of the frames, and state hand, state transition
function could be performed. The important part of the FSM
C. Clustering the Finger system is the state transition. It indicates the moving direction
The whole sample in one set of activities can be represented as of the states and limits the movement of the states. There are
several states. Those states, in this case, are basically the cluster two ways to form the state transition, first using the distances
of the same hand pose. By using the clustering method such as between states hand and second, find the minimum frame
K-Means in the hand data, the states can be extracted. But, since difference (MFD) between states. Thus, in this system, we used
the state's number is unknown and different for each of action both of the features (distance and minimum frame difference)
sets, K-Means clustering are avoided to use. Instead, the simple to feed in the Classification tree. The classification tree will
nearest neighbor clustering with some distance threshold is produce three class, Next state, not next state, and merge state
performed. Given the normalized data from the previous step, class. To train the classification tree, several FSM sets are
angle feature of the hand is extracted. The chosen of angle as created. We collected the features from each state in each FSM
features are because of it rotation invariant. The angles are and mark the ground truth class, then feed the training sample
extracted from translate the Euclidean coordinate to spherical into the classification tree. Below is the feature extraction of the
space. Below are the equations for extracting angle features. state hand.
Spherical coordinate has 3 parameters, radial distance, polar
angle, and azimuthal angle ( ). In this case, we only use MFD = (10)
the angle parameters which is polar angle and azimuth angle as
Angle distance = (11)
features.
Here is the simple sample of FSM-FT Builder result. We use

(4)
this simple movement of the index and middle finger curved to
(5)
the palm to explain how the FSM-FT Builder system works.
, (6)
(7)
Given the angle feature vectors of each hand, Euclidean

distances are calculated as follow
(8)
(9)
By experimenting the sample data, threshold scalar was

calculated. If the distance is bellow threshold, then it label Fig. 5. The final result of FSM-FT Builder
as the same cluster and calculate the finger centroid as the E. FSM-FT Runner
representation of the finger in the state, we called it state hand.
The main purpose of this system is to estimate the
corresponding finger position by running through the FSM
model that we built. The meaning of running in this system is
more to moving from initial state of the FSM hand to the next
state which the selection affected by the input but still following
the state transition table. The speed of the finger may be one of to create one big model. This model will be used to select the
the difficulties of selecting the correct state. Thus to solve the
problem we built the jump mechanism system that in some case, Fig. 7 shows looks like. By this model, the
the next state could select without restricted by state transition next state could be any of the available hand states in the FSM
table. model.
Fig. 7. Big tree model that use whole FSM tree as the class in SVM.
The second model is the Small Tree model. This model works
by using only specific part of the state and its direct connected
state as the class and trains them. In this model, we will have
more than SVM model in one FSM tree. The number of models
equal to the number of the state in FSM tree. The mechanism
explained in Fig. 8.
Fig. 6. Architecture FSM-FT Runner system.
As seen in the FSM-FT Running architecture (Fig. 6), we use

two data as the input, 3D point cloud and 2D RGB image of the
hand for selecting the correct state. This input then extracted its
feature in a different way. The first feature is the finger
positions and its angle extracted from 3D Point cloud. We use
the same feature with the FSM-FT Builder finger features. To
extract it, we use our previous finger detection and tracking
method that used in our Semi-manual marking mechanism of
sample data. This finger detection and tracking technique work Fig. 8. Small tree model that use the neighbor of the current state and its self
based on appearance-based method. By using sphere masking as the class for one model. Will have more than one model for each FSM tree.
and K - distance clustering, we able to retrieve the 5 finger
The third model is the additional model similar to small tree
positions and then tracking it using 3D box tracking method.
model. But, instead of only use 1 depth direct relationship of
We will not explain the detail in these paper due to the
the state, this model use 2 depth of the relationship in order to
submission of this finger detection and tracking work on
increase the range of searching correct next state as seen in Fig.
another conference still in the progress.
9. The number of SVM model similar to Small tree model.
The second features are the global representation of the hand
from the RGB image. For this, we use HOG (Histogram of
Oriented Gradient) descriptor method to extract the HOG
feature in our hand ROI image. In the experimental section, we
will examine the usefulness of both combination feature
comparing to the result without the combination. We state the
selecting next state problem as the classification problem. Thus,
we use the state number as a class to be selected given the input
data. Thus, as seen in the architecture, we use Support Vector
Machine (SVM) as the method to classify which input belongs
to which state.
For solving the fast movement of the finger, we built 3 kinds of Fig. 9. Middle tree model that use the neighbor, neighbor of neighbor and
current state as the class for one model. Will have more than one model for each
SVM models. First models, the Big Tree model, works by using FSM tree.
all of the hand states in the FSM model as the class and train it
The feature vector that we extracted from the input then injected Only WFD 69.1%
into the 3 SVM models and let the three model that has been HOG 68.4%
trained before to predict the next state from the current state and
Hu Moment 63.3%
its input. Then, the last step for the FSM-FT Runner system is
the pooling step. This pooling will take the three result from HOG + Hu 71.8%
is similar, then the WFD + HOG 75.0%
system directly take the result as the main result. When all of it
WFD + Hu 71.13%
takes the different result, the last thing to do is fit the finger
value from the three Hand state from the three model and WFD + HOG + Hu 74.2%
comparing its minimum distance to the point cloud. The Hand
that has minimum distance with the point cloud will be selected.
The result of the Big SVM tree is not very good, it means
created by the FSM Builder when the smoothness of the gesture

becomes the main concentration (lower threshold of clustering
in FSM Building).
The second experiment is to test the Small Tree of SVM. By
using the same FSM model and sample set from the first
experiment, we train and testing the Small Tree of SVM using
the top combination features result from the previous experiment
which is WFD + HOG. The figure below is the result of the
recognition rate after we test all of the SVM models. The
average result of cross-validation gets average of 83.01 %
recognition rate. While the testing gets average of 73 %
recognition rate.
Fig. 10. Sample finite-repeating set of gesture that uses to test the proposed
system.
IV. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Small Tree SVM Recognition Rate
To train and test the robustness of our method, we conduct 120
several experiments. To do that, first, we need to design one
simple finite-repeating gesture and create its FSM model. Figure 100
10 is our simple finite-repeating gesture for testing our model.
We record 4 sample contains 300 frames of the previously
80
mentioned gesture. We use 1 sample to build the FSM model.
From 300 frames, we able to extract 33 hand state and its
relationship. Then, this FSM will be used as the base to test our 60
running FSM-FT system.
The first experiment is used to find the best combination of 40
features in order to enhance the selection of correct next state.
There are 3 main features that we extract from the hand sample, 20
3D finger position from WFD (Weak Finger Detection), HOG
(Histogram of Oriented Gradient) and Hu moment from 2D hand 0
images. To test the combination of features, we simply use one 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33
of our creating tree FSM model, the big tree. We use 90% of the
sample that we have as the training data that have been labeled Crossval Testing
based on our states (as the class) from previously mentioned
FSM model, while 10 % is used as the testing part.
For the first experiment, the result shown in table 1. It shows Fig. 11. Small Tree SVM Recognition Rate
that the combination of WFD + HOG has the best result from
other, but not in the significant difference. Again, in some part of class or state, the recognition rate fall very
low. This is happening because we try to keep the smoothness
of the hand gesture, while the feature not able to distinguish it
TABLE I. RESULTS OF THE FIRST EXPERIMENTAL FOR SELECTING A correctly. To correct this result, more additional feature selection
COMBINATION OF FEATURES. of the hand are needed. Another reason is that, because of the
Name of Feature Recognition rate difficulty of finding training data for each specific class/state. It
ends up with creating augmented synthetic data that have not
variated enough comparing to the real data produced by a
human. The smoother we trying to keep the finger movement, [2] R. Y. Wang and J. Popovic, "Real-time hand-tracking with a color glove,"
the harder for creating the training data and the bigger it classes. in ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG), 2009.
This is the main drawback or limitation of this approach that [3] I. Oikonomidis, N. Kyriazis and A. A. Argyros, "Efficient model-based
3D tracking of hand articulations using Kinect.," in BmMVC, 2011.
needs to be solved in the future.
[4] C. Qian, X. Sun, Y. Wei, X. Tang and J. Sun, "Real-time and robust hand
V. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORKS tracking from depth," in Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer
vision and pattern recognition, 2014.
A novel finger pose tracking based on Finite State Machine [5] J. L. Raheja, A. Chaudhary, and K. Singal, "Tracking of fingertips and
algorithm has been proposed. This method has two important centers of palm using Kinect," in Computational intelligence, modeling,
part. First, the FSM-FT Builder system, which created to extract and simulation (CIMSiM), 2011 third international conference on, 2011.
the FSM model from the gestures sequence. The system works [6] M. Vanco, I. Minarik, and G. Rozinaj, "Evaluation of static hand gesture
algorithms," in Systems, Signals and Image Processing (IWSSIP), 2014
by clusters the similar hand pose into one and represents it as the International Conference on, 2014.
class or in FSM term we called it State. Each state has its [7] "A hand gesture recognition technique
representation of finger pose and its relationship with other for human-computer interaction," Journal of Visual Communication and
states. This relationship then used for the second part of the Image Representation, vol. 28, pp. 97-104, 2015.
FSM-FT system which called FSM-FT Runner system. Given [8] P. Hong, M. Turk, and T. S. Huang, "Gesture modeling and recognition
using finite state machines," in Automatic face and gesture recognition,
the FSM model from FSM-FT Builder, the Runner system help 2000. proceedings. fourth IEEE international conference on, 2000.
to guide the input hand images and point cloud into the correct [9] Z. Ren, J. Meng, J. Yuan and Z. Zhang, "Robust hand gesture recognition
state/class of the hand so it could produce the correct finger with Kinect sensor," in Proceedings of the 19th ACM international
position. Or in a simple way, it helps to run the FSM model in conference on Multimedia, 2011.
the nodes given the input data. [10] Z. Ren, J. Yuan, J. Meng and Z. Zhang, "Robust part-based hand gesture
recognition using kinect sensor," IEEE transactions on multimedia, vol.
15, pp. 1110-1120, 2013.
There are two experiments are conducted in our system. The
[11] F. T. Cerezo, "3D hand and finger recognition using Kinect," Universidad
first experiment is to select the best combination of features that de Granada (UGR), Spain, unpublished, 2011.
we proposed. On this experiment, the result shows that using [12] S. Melax, L. Keselman and S. Orsten, "Dynamics based 3D skeletal hand
WFD (Weak Finger Detection) + HOG method could reach the tracking," in Proceedings of Graphics Interface 2013, 2013.
peak performance comparing to other combinations in the big [13] C. Zhang, X. Yang and Y. Tian, "Histogram of 3D facets: A characteristic
SVM tree for the FSM-FT Runner system. The second descriptor for hand gesture recognition," in Automatic Face and Gesture
experiment is to test the robustness of small SVM tree of FSM- Recognition (FG), 2013 10th IEEE International Conference and
Workshops on, 2013.
FT Runner system by using the best combination of features.
The result shows it gets 83% recognition rate average of the
system. In some state, the result does not have high accuracy
selected was not enough to discriminate for each class. Second

is it does not have enough variation of the training data due
difficulty of collecting training data for some specific class.
In the future, we can improve the problem by selecting more

features in the 3D point cloud side using 3D point cloud
descriptor such as a histogram of 3D facet [13], instead of using
WFD since it has many missing data sometimes. We can try to
add optical flow on the 2D side of data as the additional features.
Collecting more dataset could also help to improve the system
as well. Another idea is to use CNN as the FSM-FT Runner to
extract the 2D images.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We will like to thank the Minister of Science and Technologies
of Taiwan to sponsor our project (MOST106-2923-E-008-001-
MY3). We sincerely thank Professor Stanislav V. Klimenko
who is the team leader of our research project. He passed away
in April 2018. His contribution to this project as well as his good
friendship will always be remembered by our team members.
REFERENCES
[1] D. J. Sturman and D. Zeltzer, "A survey of glove-based input," IEEE
Computer graphics and Applications, vol. 14, pp. 30-39, 1994.
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An Augmented Reality Based Mirror Therapy System for Upper
Limb Using Pattern Recognition on SEMG signal
Shuya Chen Xianjia Yu Shiqing Ye
[email protected] [email protected] [email protected]
Abstract
1.
1.1 Background
Reported from some incomplete statistics, in
China, the population of death caused by stroke each
year is about 1.5 million and the new got stroke
patients are in a huge number which is 2 million [1].
In 2010, 17 million first-time stroke people are
reported around the world. It is reported the pressure
caused by stroke has almost doubled within the past
years. [2]. According to WHO report seen in Fig 1.1,
stroke has become the world second largest cause of
morality.
1
Fig 1.1 Three of leading death causes in the world
About 1 in 8 deaths throughout the world are
led by stroke. [3] The disabilities caused by stroke are
more than diseases. [4] Most of the survivors after
stroke will suffer a certain kind of limb weakness
(both arm and leg weakness included) [5] which will
1
http://www.who.int/gho/mortality_burden_disease/causes_deat
h/top_10/en/
cause a great inconvenience for patients and their In 1991, Mark proposed the concept of
families. "ubiquitous computing", [13] which integrates the
Research and clinical studies demonstrate timely application of the PC with the real world around it
and effectively rehabilitation training can help to get which is augmented reality.
a certain degree of rehabilitation in limb movements 2.
for stroke patients. [6] The rehabilitation method for
patients with stroke is mainly the hand-function The main process of the data acquisition in the
training, including the ability to pinch, to grab and to personal computer end has been drawn in the Fig 2.1
catch. [7] The data is saved as a csv file which consists of data
1.2 Emerging technologies and their reviews from 8 channels.
The SEMG signal pattern recognition
technology for control of upper limb rehabilitation
robot has important theoretical and clinical
significance for revealing the law of motor function
rehabilitation.
According to research, some people use cloud
servers to build a medical rehabilitation system that
allows users to perform rehabilitation training at any
time.
The research done by Kasondra Hartman et. al
have proved that mirror therapy will be a good Fig 2.1 Data acquisition in personal computer
treatment way for patients in subacute and chronic
phase of hemiparesis after stroke. In 1996,
Ramachandran et al used mirror therapy to treat
phantom limb pain in patients with upper limb
amputation. The results showed that the phantom
therapy can decrease the symptoms of phantom limbs,
alleviate phantom limb pain and phantom limb (1)
spamming to certain degree [8]. Its mechanism may
be to activate the contralateral brain mirror neurons.
And those mirror neurons often appear when people
actions [9].
Currently, not so much studies have been done
on dynamic gestures. Back in 1987, Thomas G. (2)
Zimmerman et al. took advantage of data gloves
which they called Z-Glove's for groundbreaking
research on gesture recognition. [10] Anala Pandit et
al. used gyroscopes to acquire 3D data of gestures, (3)
based on this data input to achieve the purpose of
classifying different gestures. [11] Zhang Xu et al.
used the acceleration sensor and the EMG sensor to
introduce gesture data input, and then identified 18
gestures based on the recognition rate of 91.7%. [12]
Fig 2.2 the process of removing white noise
Fig 3.1 the accuracy of SVM iterated 100 times

As it can be seen, the maximum average
accuracy in the 100 times iteration is about 97.03%.
And the minimum average accuracy is about 90.10.
In this part, spectrogram of each gesture in each

channel is used to be the input of CNN model.
As the multi label classification method shown
in Fig 3.2 and Fig 3.4, SoftMax layers were used to
output 10 categories of gesture labels, wherein the
SEMG signals of eight channels and these eight
l correspond.
Fig 2.3 the process of data segment

3.
Fig 3.2 Architecture of the multi task deep network
Fig 2.4 the gestures performed

Fig 3.3 Architecture of the multi label classification
Fig 3.4 the accuracy of CNN
Fig 4.2 How real Mirror Therapy System Built works

General components and their functions have been
clearly explained in the flowchart. Here is going to
illustrate how the system to perform during the
4. rehabilitation process according to Fig 4.2
In this chapter a mirror therapy system of upper Connect MYO Armband with Android Platform
limb based on SEMG pattern recognition is designed through Bluetooth;
to id intact hand and Patient performs a certain hand gesture by his or
give a feedback to the phone put on the top of the her undamaged hand;
disabled hand displaying the gesture that identified so Android platform gets the SEMG data from
that achieve the performance of mirror therapy for the MYO Armband, noise reduction, extract the
upper limb. The real system built is shown in Fig 4.1 useful data and send it to cloud server by
below. network;
The cloud server will extract the features of the
SEMG data, classify the certain gesture the
patient did and give a real time feedback to the
android platform (to tell it what the gesture is);
The android platform on the damaged hand side
will display the gesture recognized as a MAR
scene;
The patient will watch the video so that the
mirror therapy goal achieved.
Fig 4.1 Real Mirror Therapy System Built
4.1 System structure
In the Fig 4.1 above, we can clearly see that the left
hand is the undamaged hand while the right hand is
the damaged or disabled.
Fig 4.4 the interface of the mirror therapy system
1.
2.
3.
Fig 4.3 How Alibaba cloud server work
Fig 4.6 the process of AR construction

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
5.
5.1
5.2
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Ching-Sheng Wang Pei-Jia Ke
New Taipei City, Taiwan New Taipei City, Taiwan

[email protected] [email protected]
Abstract—During a group instruction or group visit, the leaders to use mobile devices to immediately know the locations
situation where members leave the team or become lost often of the students wearing iBeacon. In addition to the system's
occurs, thus putting off the duration of the instruction and visit, ability to perceive distance, the system can further understand
which worries people a lot. This paper presented a movable the locations of students in the indoor area through the two-
multiple-person and group-based location awareness and dimensional positioning mechanism, thus, leaders can grasp the
management system using iBeacon device based on Bluetooth Low position of the student in a timely and accurate manner.
Energy (BLE) technology. In this system, the indoor positioning of
all the members wearing iBeacon can be completed, summarized, Research related to indoor positioning using iBeacon
and displayed on the smartphones, so that the leaders can know devices can be broadly divided into two categories: the first
their members’ location in real time. Moreover, if a member’s category is the use of mobile devices to detect fixed iBeacon
moving distance exceeds a certain scope, then the system will devices and complete the positioning of mobile devices [2-7];
initiatively sound an alarm to prevent the member from getting the second category is the use of a fixed signal receiver for the
away from the team and getting lost. The experimental result detection and positioning of mobile iBeacon devices [8-11]. In
shows that this system can complete the real-time positioning of the first research category, Fard et al. installed iBeacon devices
multiple-person rapidly and realize group-based location in a school corridor to allow users to know their locations
awareness service effectively. through handheld mobile devices [2]. The class attendance
system, as developed by Noguchi et al., implements the real-
Keywords—location awareness, indoor positioning, iBeacon,
time roll call of classrooms by installing Beacon in classrooms
Bluetooth Low Energy, BLE
[3]. In the research of Shin et al., multiple Beacons were
installed in buildings, and signal perception was used to actively
I. INTRODUCTION send default related messages to the user's mobile devices to
During group activities, if location awareness service is improve communication efficiency [4].
provided and the members’ location information is immediately In addition to the above-mentioned campus related
grasped, the issue of lost members can be effectively avoided. applications, He et al. deployed iBeacon in museums. When
With the rapid advancements in technology, it is now possible visitors holding mobile devices approach the exhibits, and their
to use the very popular GPS to achieve immediate outdoor mobile devices receive the iBeacon signal, it will display the
positioning and location awareness service; however, as GPS information of the corresponding exhibits, which allows visitors
cannot achieve effective indoor positioning, research into indoor to have more in-depth understanding of the relevant knowledge
positioning has become increasingly popular. In researches on [5]. Lin et al. installed numerous iBeacon devices in hospitals,
indoor positioning, infrared, ultrasonic, Wi-Fi, RFID, Bluetooth and in addition to allowing patients to use the mobile device to
Low Energy (BLE), and other technologies are common, among look beyond their current locations, it allows medical personnel
which the BLE technology has the characteristics of low cost, to quickly grasp and track the location of patients, thus,
high popularity, and low interference, with good results in terms increasing the efficiency of emergency room operations [6].
of positioning accuracy and positioning distance, thus, it is very Kim et al. deployed a large number of iBeacon devices at Tokyo
suitable for realizing the application of indoor positioning and Station to perform indoor navigation for the visually impaired
location awareness service [1]. through the induction of iBeacon devices, which actively play
iBeacon is a location-aware protocol introduced by Apple in voice recordings on their smart phones [7].
2014, which is based on BLE technology. iBeacon features In the researches of the second category, Köhne et al. placed
small size and low power consumption. All mobile devices an iBeacon in suitcases, and used the Received Signal Strength
supporting the BLE protocol can receive the signals sent by Indicator (RSSI) value received by the smart phone to determine
iBeacon, thus, it has the potential of popularization. Therefore, the distance to reach the positions of the suitcases. Field tests
this paper develops a movable group-based location awareness were conducted at the Berlin Airport in Germany [8]. Sykes et
and management system using iBeacon. This system allows
al. also used the RSSI value of iBeacon to determine distance, iBeacon device is determined according to the strength of the
and track the position of small items (e.g., key ring) [9]. signal, and the iBeacon signal and user related information are
Miyagawa et al. used a hotel as an experimental scene by sent to the server for integration. This allows the user to instantly
attaching iBeacons to room keys and placing multiple signal know the distances of the persons in the space, as well as view
receivers at intersections within the hotel to allow guests and the position information of other people in the space to facilitate
hotel managers to instantly obtain the location information of management. Moreover, this mode can be applied to all kinds of
guests [10]. Kashimoto et al. had elderly people in day care spaces to detect the location of a group in a movable manner
centers wear iBeacons to perform monitoring experiments for with both mobility and convenience. The other plane positioning
the positioning of the elderly and their daily activities [11]. mode is suitable for larger spaces, as it places a mobile device in
each of the 4 corners of a room. By cross-analyzing the received
Above related studies have proved the practicability and iBeacon signal, it can determine the location of a person in the
feasibility of using iBeacon for indoor positioning and related plane space, which is displayed on the mobile device.
applications. However, there is still room for improvement in
the positioning accuracy and function of the above studies. The function and use flow of this system are shown in Fig.
Therefore, this paper proposes a movable group-based location 2. Users who want to perform the positioning function must first
awareness and management system using iBeacon. This system turn on the Bluetooth and network connection function of the
features mobile distance sensing and two-dimensional plane mobile device, and then, start the system. A first-time user must
positioning capabilities, and has the functions of the collection also set the data, including: selecting the user, location, list of
and management of group location, which can enhance the students, and setting the position of the mobile device for plane
effectiveness of group location awareness services. This paper positioning. After completing the relevant settings, the system
is organized as follows: the overview and functions of the will automatically detect the iBeacon signal, and transmit
system are introduced in Section II; positioning principles and relevant data to the server side for people positioning. After that,
methods are described in Section III; Section IV offers the the user can check the location information of the teachers and
experimental results of the tests; system implementation and the students in real time by selecting the class student, classroom
demonstration are presented in Section V, and Section VI is the overview, list of classrooms, list of teachers, and list of students
conclusion of this paper. from the various function menus.
II. SYSTEM OVERVIEW
Fig. 2. Diagram of System Function and Use Flow
III. POSITIONING PRINCIPLE

In the group sensing mode, since the value of the iBeacon
RSSI is basically inversely proportional to the distance, that is,
the closer the distance, the stronger the signal; the farther the
distance, the weaker the signal. Therefore, the system configures
Fig. 1. Schematic Diagram of System Construction and Usage Scenario corresponding iBeacon signal levels for different sensing
distances, as shown in Fig. 3. The system sets 4 signal levels, as
This system supports two kinds of positioning modes: a based on the distance of the sensing distance, which provides
group sensing mode and a plane positioning mode, thus, it can users with appropriate color prompts to allow the user to quickly
be simultaneously used in multiple indoor and outdoor spaces. identify the signal level. The signal levels from closer to far
Fig. 1 shows the schematic diagram of the construction and away are in the order of L0: “Safe range”, L1: “Attention range”,
usage scenario of this system. In the group sensing mode, the L2: “Warning range”, L3: “Lost range”; where L0: “Safe range”
Bluetooth receiver of the mobile device is switched on to detect is indicated by a green color, meaning the distance is within 2
a nearby iBeacon signal, the distance of the person wearing the meters, thus, it means that the distance is quite short, and no
special attention is required; L1“Attention range” is indicated by
a yellow color, meaning the distance is from 2 to 4 meters, thus,
it means there is a bit of distance, but it is still in the area under
control and needs little attention; L2 “warning range” is
indicated by a red color, meaning the distance is from 4 to 8
meters, thus, it means that there is a certain amount of distance,
and more attention is needed; L3 “Lost range” means more than
8 meters away when the signal is off or not detected, the color is
displayed in gray, and it must be dealt with immediately.
Fig. 4. Schematic Diagram of the two-dimensional positioning principle
In addition, this paper uses three signal processing steps to

improve the accuracy and stability of positioning: Step 1: Filter
signal noise; Step 2: Moving average filter; Step 3: Determine
the effective threshold, which are described in detail, as follows:
Step 1: As environmental factors often cause noise in the
signal, the signal intensity changes too much, thus, affecting the
positioning effect. Therefore, in order to filter out noise and
stabilize the signal, the system sequentially compares the signal
strength of each signal with the previous signal, and deletes it if
the difference exceeds a certain threshold (for example: 15dBm),
meaning that if the difference between the signal level of a
certain signal with that of the previous signal exceeds two levels,
this signal is rejected.
Fig. 3. Schematic Diagram of Signal Levels and Corresponding Color Step 2: This paper uses the principle of moving average filter
Identification to smooth signals to avoid the staggering of signals of different
levels, thereby, improving the stability of positioning. The
The positioning principle of the plane positioning mode is to principle of the moving average filtering of this system is shown
use the Signal Level Matrix (SLM) positioning mechanism [1] in Eq. (1), where Bi denotes the ith of iBeacon,
to implement the two-dimensional plane positioning function. RSSI denotes the mth signal strength value of Bi, and N
Fig. 4 shows the schematic diagram of the two-dimensional denotes the number of signals in the cycle. In practical tests, it is
positioning principle of the system, where we set each mobile found that when N is 5, good results can be achieved. Therefore,
device with the number of Mmn (e.g., M11, M12, M21, M22) this paper uses N=5 as the number of cycles, ie, the sum of the
according to the row coordinates (m, n), and sets a total of 10 signal strengths of the m-4th to mth times is divided by 5, the
kinds of positioning areas within two meters (within the green signal intensity value of the average filter of the interval is
line) with the position of the mobile device as the center and the obtained, and the signal level is correspondingly based on this
sensing distance as a radius, including upper, lower, left, right, value.
upper left, lower left, upper right, lower right, and the
intersection of the 8 meters (red line) sensing range of 4 mobile Step 3: Regarding the calculation of the signal strength
devices. threshold of signal level, we first used the signal filtering
mechanisms of Step 1 and Step 2 to process the hundreds of
Take M22 as an example; its positioning area within two signal strength values collected at multiple distances, and then,
meters is named A22; the upper area is named A22U; the lower calculate the mean signal strength x (as shown in Eq. (2)) and
area is named A22D; the left area is named A22L; the right area the standard de
is named A22R; the upper left area is named A22UL; the lower distances. Then, the preliminary thresholds for various distances
left area is named A22DL; the upper right area is named A22UR; are set as the mean signal strength ± standard deviation (x± ),
the lower right area is named A22DR; the positioning area of the and the median of the preliminary threshold of adjacent signal
intersection within the eight meter sensing range of the four levels is used as the final threshold to determine the signal
mobile devices is named with the name of the upper left mobile strength ranges for various distances.
device and the name of the lower right mobile device, ie, in the
area enclosed by M11, M12, M21, and M22, the upper left RSSI =
( )
(1)
mobile device is M11, and the lower right mobile device is M22.
Therefore, the enclosed area is named A1122. Finally, the level
of the iBeacon signal received by the mobile device can be x= x (2)
collected and analyzed to complete the positioning of the plane
area, as based on the SLM positioning mechanism. (x x) (3)
IV. EXPERIMENTUIAL RESULTS Signal RSSI Mean Standard
Distance Accuracy
Regarding the positioning experiment, this paper uses Level of iBeacon2 value deviation
mobile device to test the signal strengths of multiple iBeacon L0 < 2m > -71dBm -66dBm 2.13 100%
devices at different distances. The test distances are 0.5M, 1M, L1 2~4m -71~-78dBm -73dBm 2.02 100%
2M, 4M and 8M, respectively. Fig. 5 shows the results of signal L2 4~8m -79~-86dBm -83dBm 2.28 100%
processing. It can be seen from Fig. 5 (a) that, although the L3 > 8m < -86dBm 100%
signal strength is nearly inversely proportional to the distance,
signal noise may still be generated to result in surge. Thus, this V. IMPLEMENTATION AND DEMONSTRATION
system first uses the filter formula to initially filter noise (the
result is shown in Fig. 5 (b)), then uses a moving average filter The development tools of this system are Android Studio
to stabilize the signal (the result is shown in Fig. 5 (c)), and and Google Firebase. The hardware devices include mobile
finally, sets the appropriate signal strength threshold device (Asus Zenfone 3) and iBeacon Protocol compatible
corresponding to different signal levels (as shown by the dotted device (xBeacon). Among them, Android Studio is an Android
line in Fig. 5 (d)). program development platform for developing the mobile
device App; Google Firebase is a server-side database
management system for storing user data and iBeacon signal
data.
The architecture and operational flow of this system are
shown in Fig. 6, which mainly include a location server and
database at the server-side, multiple mobile devices at the client
end, and multiple iBeacons, which is worn by the students.
(a) (b) When the user executes the system, the mobile device will
actively detect the iBeacon signals and send the received
iBeacon signal data together with the user information to the
server. After the server collects and analyzes the related iBeacon
signal data in Firebase, it returns the location information to the
mobile device on the client side for the user to view the location
information of the members in real time. The left of Fig. 7 shows
the way the students wear the xBeacon, while the right of Fig. 7
shows the xBeacon device used on the system.
(c) (d)
Client(mobile device)
Fig. 5. Diagram of the results of signal processing
TABLE I shows the result and analysis table of signal levels iBeacon iBeacon signal and
and signal strength for the iBeacon devices under various signal user information
distances. It can be seen from the table that, the accuracy of the
threshold setting method, as proposed in this paper, is good
enough(83%~100%), which can effectively ensure the accuracy
and stability of positioning. In addition, through the setting of
the threshold in TABLE I, it can be found that the signal strength
thresholds of different mobile devices and different iBeacons are Location
usually slightly different. Thus, this system first tests and sets iBeacon information Position server
the appropriate thresholds between all the existing mobile iBeacon
devices and all iBeacons. Later, when a new mobile device or signal
iBeacon is added, only some of the signal strength values need

to be tested and compared with the existing data, in order that
the closest threshold can be set as fast as possible, or the entire
threshold can be fine-tuned for the new device to be quickly
added. Fig. 6. Schematic Diagram of System Architecture
TABLE I. ANALYSIS TABLE OF SIGNAL LEVELS AND SIGNAL STRENGTH
Signal RSSI Mean Standard

Distance Accuracy
Level of iBeacon1 value deviation
L0 < 2m > -61dBm -57dBm 1.68 95%
L1 2~4m -61~-69dBm -62dBm 1.38 83%
L2 4~8m -70~-81dBm -77dBm 3.14 100%
L3 > 8m < -81dBm 100%
Fig. 7. Diagram of Wearing xBeacon (Left) and xBeacon device(Right)
Fig. 8~13 show the user interface and use flow of this system.
Fig. 8(a) shows the initial page of the system. After selecting
“START”, user can enter the main function selection page (as
shown in Fig. 8(b)); after the user clicks on the “Data setting”
option in Fig. 8(b), the teacher's name can be selected from the
“Teacher selection” function (as shown in Fig. 8(c) & (d)); the
user can also press the “Add teacher” button (as shown in Fig.
8(e), (f) & (g)); then, in the “Classroom selection” function,
select the pre-stored classroom (as shown in Fig. 8(h) & (i)), or
press “Add location” to add a new location name (as shown in
Fig. 8(j) & (k)). The option of “Device location” is to set the
position of the mobile device in the 2D plane positioning
function (as shown in Fig. 8(l) & (m)); finally, press the “Select
list of students” function to select the list of students to be
monitored, and press “OK” to complete the initial data setting
(as shown in Fig. 8(n) & (o)).
Fig. 9. Schematic Diagram of “Class Students”
Fig. 10. Diagram of “Classroom overview” Function
Fig. 9 shows the function diagram of “Class students”, which

uses color to alert teachers of the distance status of the students
according to the signal threshold, which is convenient for users
Fig. 8. Diagram of User Interface and Use Flow to quickly view. Fig. 10 shows the function diagram of
“Classroom overview”. Users can click on the classroom space
in the positioning floor plan to quickly see the positions of the proposed noise filtering, moving average filtering, signal
students (as shown in Fig. 10(a), (b), (d) & (e)). If the selected strength threshold setting, and signal level matrix mechanisms,
classroom has a plane positioning function, the position of the can effectively achieve accurate and stable distance sensing and
student is displayed in a two-dimensional plane (as shown in Fig. plane indoor positioning effects. In addition, as the user interface
10(c) & (f)). Fig. 11 shows the function of the “List of supports multiple viewing functions, users can quickly know the
classrooms”. From the list of classrooms, the user can quickly positions of members, and respond to them in real-time through
select the classroom name to view the positions of the students the mobile device, thus, effectively improving the management
in each classroom. Fig. 12 shows the function diagram of the effectiveness of group-based location awareness services.
“List of teachers”. The user can select the teacher’s name from
the list of teachers and view the location of the groups of ACKNOWLEDGMENT
students that each teacher is responsible for. The “List of
students” function, as shown in Fig. 13, shows the status of all The authors would like to thank the Ministry of Science and
students (including the names and locations of the teachers who Technology of the Republic of China, Taiwan for financially
take care of such students). supporting this research under Contract No. MOST 104-2221-
E-156-007.
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VI. CONCLUSIONS Yasumoto, “Sensing activities and locations of senior citizens toward
automatic daycare report generation,” Proceedings of the IEEE 31st
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management system. The experimental results shown that the
C L T L J X Y Z
School of Physical Science School of Physical Science School of Physical Science School of Physical Science
and Technology and Technology and Technology and Technology
Nanjing Normal University Nanjing Normal University Nanjing Normal University Nanjing Normal University
Nanjing,China Nanjing,China Nanjing,China Nanjing,China
[email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected]
Abstract In this paper, we design the acoustic acquisition machine. The mainly presentations include image, 3D model,
and information distribution system by using smart phone. panorama, laser point cloud, infrared image and others [3].
Environmental acoustic information has been the main
research object in urban planning, architectural design and The development of satellite remote sensing, aerial
landscape design. With the popularization of mobile internet remote sensing, ground mobile vehicle survey and other
and smart terminals, the increasing number of smartphone technologies has made the acquisition of geographical
users will make the demands of location-based information information in large areas more convenient and quantitative.
services more and more diversified and personalized. However Global positioning technology and systems, as well as
acoustic information is the main information expression form portable terminal devices equipped with Global Positioning
of holographic location map, and people's demand for such System (GPS) and various sensors, make it very convenient
information services and applications is also increasing. for everyone to obtain information services of three-
Therefore, efficient and feasible acquisition, processing and dimensional (3D) location, 3D speed, time and sensor
release of acoustic information are the main research objective parameters at any place in the world at any time [4]. Such
of this paper. We elaborate on the overall design idea of the technological progress has also led to the development of
system and the realization of key functional modules. Finally, mass measurement technology system from professional and
we give a doable design example. This paper constructs the authoritative measurement, and formed a new geographical
basic information acquisition and distribution system for the
position measurement system based on position perception.
subsequent development of algorithms based on user
Therefore, based on holographic location map, the
requirements.
correlation of multi-dimensional spatial and temporal
Keywords acoustic information ,holographic position map, dynamic information can be realized through location, which
smart phone information acquisition and distribution can effectively link various spatial information, sensor
network information, social network information,
spontaneous geographic information and real-time public
I. INTRODUCTION service information, and realize ubiquitous intelligent service
In recent years, with the popularity of mobile internet and of ubiquitous spatial information [5]. In the future location
intelligent terminals, the increase of smart phone used by information service, the wide use of holographic location
consumers makes the user requirements of location-based map will break the limitation of time and space in an all-
information service more and more diversified and round way .And make people enjoyable to obtain ubiquitous
personalized. And the service experience is more demanding intelligent information service provided anywhere, anytime
than ever before [1]. Chenghu Zhou and others have and on demand.
proposed a more intelligent map - "holographic location
Environmental acoustic information has always been the
map". It can obtain and integrate ubiquitous information in
main research object in the field of urban planning,
real time. Based on spatial analysis and the relationships
architectural design, landscape design and other applications.
between objects, it also can push the suitable information to
We often graphically display the sound field data and the
the users to meet their characteristics and needs in the
objective evaluation data which obtained from a large area.
appropriate time and place [2]. The holography, the part of
In this way, it can provide the basis for the designers, and
the phrase "Holographic Location Map", has two-tier
also can carry out a series of analysis and research. Therefore,
meanings. One refers to the various ubiquitous information
acoustic information is also one of the main kind expression
which obtain closely relate with location .The other is the
forms of holographic position map. Noise map [6][7] and
various scene information can be thoroughly expressed by
soundscape map [8][9] are direct manifestations of sound
location. The content of expression can be views which come
information visualization.
from the different observers such as human, animal, or
machine. The world is entering the era of ubiquitous information
society and big data. Smart earth and smart city have become
Project supported by The Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu the hot spots of social concern. The collection and analysis of
Province (Grants No.BK20171031),and the Key Lab of Virtual environmental acoustic information should be adapted to era
Geographic Environment (Nanjing Normal University), Ministry of
Education (Grant No. 2017VGE01) development, and be more intelligent and personalized to
serve human beings.
The world is entering the era of ubiquitous information information. It can provide a variety of data processing basis
society and big data [10-13]. Smart earth and smart city have for analysis and processing. The way of data analysis and
become the hot spots of social concern. The collection and processing depend on the needs of system information
analysis of environmental acoustic information should be monitoring and the release of users' needs. Based on the
adapted to era development, and be more intelligent and analysis results of the specific sound characteristic, the
personalized to serve human beings. Therefore, we urgently system information monitoring can issue and remind the
need to study the following contents. information to all users in the region, such as noise
monitoring. User demand response is based on the needs of
1) Non-limited by space and time, multi-source users released from the smart phone terminal, and the results
information collection methods with geographic location of analyzing and processing will be sent to the specified user
information and large data volume. side.
2) The theoretical basis of data analysis and processing Fig.1 shows the overall design block diagram of system
according to data acquisition mode, scale and space-time based on single user. Various arrows in the picture represent
characteristics. the different information flow respectively. The multi-user
3) Personalized and diversified audio information system block diagram only needs to increase the number of
visualization technology based on user requirements. smart phone terminals on the basis of Fig.1. It is important to
note that the response information of the user demand is only
The use of portable mobile terminals equipped with GPS shown on the specific user terminal who releases the demand.
and acoustic sensors, especially smartphones now in However the system information aims to each user in the
widespread use, makes it possible to collect multiple sources region.
of information without space and time constraints, including
geographical location information and large amounts of data. Mobile Terminal Network Server SIDE
Transmission Sound Information
It enables the public to participate in the collection and Service Platform Database Based on
acquisition of environmental acoustic information at anytime Position
Information Mobile
and anywhere. This paper attempts to build an acoustic Collection Communication
System Information
information collection and distribution system based on 3G/4G
Monitoring
smart phones. Using the smart phones as the acquisition Information
Display Data Analysis and
terminals, we utilize all kinds of sensors carried by it to WLAN Processing
collect the environmental sound information and the location Communication
User Requirements WIFI
information. The collected information will be uploaded to Release User Demand
the server side through the Wi-Fi or the mobile data Response
networks. And the data will be analyzed and processed on

the server side. It can also send corresponding analysis Fig.1. The overall design block diagram of system based on single user
results to smart phone terminals in response to user needs.
Using the smart phone to collect the big data of the sound B. System function design
and release information ,it can provides a new solution for According to the overall design described above, when
the technical problems of the traditional environmental we apply the environmental acoustic data for the application
acoustic measurements, such as the longtime of collecting of hologram location map , it should meet personalized
data, the high cost of measuring equipment and the limited needs of users , as well as the needs of monitoring and
samples of sound data. At the same time, resource integration management of the sound environment. Therefore, based on
can also be carried out. And multi-angle information the demanding of users, the functions of this system will be
reference for the data analysis of acoustic information can be designed from two aspects.
provided by utilizing the ubiquitous information such as
terrain classification, sound source classification and sound Based on the single-user acoustic information collection
receptor classification in holographic position map. data, we will analysis the acoustic characteristic information
of the sound field, including the calculation of acoustic
parameters such as sound level, sound pressure, and related
II. SYSTEM OVERALL FUNCTION DESIGN processing of time frequency analysis. In this system, this
kind of analysis function is set up in the data analysis and
A. System overall design processing module on the server side. And the related
The acoustic acquisition and information distribution analysis results are provided to the system information
system, which based on the application of holographic monitoring module to use.
location Map by using smart phone, includes three
components: the terminal of smart phone, the platform of Combined with location information, we could monitor
network transmission service and the server side. The smart the overall distribution of sound field in the area, and release
phone terminal mainly collect and display the information. the system information duly.
The data processing and analysis are carried out on the server Based on the multi-user sound information, combining
side. And the information collection and release depends on the collected location information, we could realize
the network transmission service platform. personalized needs of users, such as locating and identifying
The smart phone terminal collects the current location the sound source, obtaining the spatial and temporal
information as well as the acoustic information. Both of characteristics of the distribution of the designated area. The
those two kinds of data will be packaged and uploaded response of this kind of demand can be solved in two ways.
through the network to the location-based acoustic The multi-channel data analysis and processing could help us
information database of the server. Each acoustic to obtain the location and recognition of the unknown sound
information data in this database has corresponding location source, by using multi-user-data from single measurement or
single user data from multiple measurements. And the 3) Time and length of acquisition, it can be used to
regional sound field distribution information could be analyze the time distribution characteristics of the sound
acquired directly from the system information monitoring field.
module. 4) The self attributes of the smart phone terminal, such as
phone brand model Mobile phone itself IMEI code and
III. IMPLEMENTATION OF KEY FUNCTIONAL MODULES so on. This kind of information takes into account the
differences in the performance of the sound sensors of
A. Information acquisition different brand phones, and can be used to evaluate the
At present, most smart phones on the market are reliability of the data when large data screening is carried
equipped with acoustic sensors, GPS and gyroscopes. The out.
design of APP in Android system can facilitate the use of
smart phones for information collection. The APP developed B. Network transmission
by us is shown in Fig.2. The area shown in the background The data transmission methods of the system are mainly
map is near Gate 1, Xianlin campus, Nanjing normal two kinds of mobile communication and WLAN
university . communication. After collecting information outdoors, it can
be chosen by the user to upload in real time through mobile
The interface button shown in Fig.2 (a) is located at the
communication network or temporarily, and wait for non-
lower part of the image and distributed in two rows. By
real-time upload in the WLAN environment. Fig.3(a) shows
pressing the three buttons respectively in the first row, from
the dialog box to remind you whether you want to upload in
left to right, it can display current position information,
real time in APP. Fig.3(b) shows the data records which not
display noise value, and record history. The second row only
uploaded in real time in the APP. Therefore, the collection
has a long button. And long press will record the ambient
time of information is particularly important in the way of
sound.
non-real time uploading.
(a) (b)
(a) (b)
Fig.2. APP Interface (a) buttons (b) current location information
Fig.3. APP Interface (a) upload mode (b) data stores
The information collected by the mobile phone includes
Users can set their own Settings on the APP to receive
acoustic information and location information. Sound system notification in real time or non-real time. The
information mainly comes from acoustic sensors. Through response information published based on the user's
the operation of APP, users can record and store requirements will be sent to the client in real time after data
environmental sounds. Location information refers to the analysis and processing is completed on the server side.
location related information of smart phone terminals when
sound information is collected, as shown in Fig.2 (b). The C. Data analysis and processing
details are as follows:
Data analysis and processing module is mostly divided
1) GPS information, the main location information
into two parts: big data filtering and algorithm processing.
representation, including longitude; latitude and height
measurements. The distribution of three-dimensional sound The reason for the screening of large data is due to
field on the map and is also the main basis for the differences in sound performance sensors. The data with
calibration of sound source. larger error should be eliminated in time. The way of
2) Mobile posture information ax, ay, az, that is, the screening is divided into two aspects:
rotation speed of the mobile phone when collecting 1) Based on the acoustic performance test results of
information, can accurately describe the real-time status of different models of smart phones, the acoustic data collected
the mobile phone. Using multi machine cooperation mode from very low performance models cannot be considered.
or single mode mobile mode to collect acoustic data, it can
provide accurate azimuth information when locating sound
source.
Fig.4. Data collection list on the server side
2)In the measurement of large data by smart phone with

superior performance, it is impossible to exclude the
reduction of data credibility caused by the damage of
acoustic sensors.so The acoustic data in this kind of situation
needs to be compared based on location and collection point.
Therefore, the difference which beyond the normal range
obviously, and the IMEI code of the smart phone needs to be
recorded, and all the data measured by the terminal ought to
be eliminated in time.
The algorithm processing is primarily based on the needs
of the system and terminals, analyzing the relevant acoustic
information data, and obtaining the processing results. At
present, we mainly consider the design and implementation
of sound source identification and location, and the temporal
and spatial analysis of the distribution of sound field in the
designated area. More algorithms need to be fully utilized
and excavated in the actual database according to the needs
of the services and users. (a) (b)
Fig.5. Information display (a) the mobile terminals (b) the server side
D. Server - side database construction and management development. And the challenge here is how to obtain
The server side database stores and manages the large data effective and large data volume acoustic field information. It
uploaded by the multiusers. It can provide the system is necessary to analyze the performance of a variety of cell
administrator with the intuitionistic data display and master phone acoustic sensor, to study the large data screening
the data collection. Based on the data analysis and processing method and to recruit volunteers to participate in the
results, the system information and user requirements acquisition of acoustic information so that we can acquire the
information are displayed on the server side, and large data large acoustic data and carry out relevant application
mining and analysis can be carried out to provide a variety of development and research.
choices for the application of the holographic location map to
meet the user's personalized needs. Fig.4 is shown a data V. CONCLUSION
collection list on the server side. The database information
In this paper, we design the acoustic acquisition and
shown in the Fig.4 can correspond with the mobile phone
information distribution system by using smart phone, and
location information shown in the Fig.2(b) .
elaborate on the overall design idea of the system and the
realization of key functional modules. According to the
IV. ANALYSIS framework of the overall function design, a platform based
We set up a database of multiple collection locations on on the application of holographic location map has been
the server side. The data were collected and uploaded by preliminarily constructed. Finally, we give a doable design
several testers using their mobile phones. When a user example. At the mobile terminals, we can collect and
initiates a display noise request on the mobile phone, the display information. The information database is built on the
distribution of all current collection points of the system can server side, and information can be displayed and released.
be obtained on the mobile phone, as shown in Fig.5 (a). The This paper constructs the basic information acquisition and
same distribution of collection points can also be seen on the distribution system for the subsequent development of
computer screen based on database data on the server side, as algorithms based on user requirements.
shown in Fig.5 (b). This shows that the system can
effectively realize information duplex communication. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
It is worth noting that the function of this system is not Project supported by The Natural Science Foundation of
perfect yet. It just can realize the basic collection and release Jiangsu Province (Grants No.BK20171031),and the Key Lab
of information, and limited display of acoustic information . of Virtual Geographic Environment (Nanjing Normal
The processing algorithm of sound information and the University), Ministry of Education (Grant No. 2017VGE01).
visualization method of sound field need further application
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AI-Empowered User Modeling Tourism Service as
An Instance
Neil Y. Yen
Kuan-Hua Lai Moloud Abdar School of Computer Science and Engineering
School of Computer Science and Engineering School of Computer Science and Engineering The University of Aizu
The University of Aizu The University of Aizu AizuWakamatsu, Japan
AizuWakamatsu, Japan AizuWakamatsu, Japan [email protected]
I. INTRODUCTION
1.
2.
II. RELATED WORK
III. STRUCTURE
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singular-
IV.
REFERENCES
[1].
[2].
On Error-Rate Prediction of the Joint Viterbi
Detector/Decoder (JVDD)
Kheong Sann Chan Susanto Rahardja
School of Communication School of Marine Science and Technology
Nanjing Institute of Technology Northwestern Polytechnical University
Nanjing, China
(Corresponding Author)
Abstract The Joint Viterbi Detector/Decoder (JVDD) is a many commercial application channels such as the mag-
novel channel detection/decoding algorithm that performs the netic recording channel [4], deep-space communication,
tasks of detection and decoding over a communications channel,
jointly and is an alternative to the renowned iterative LDPC
satellite broadband (DVB-S2) [5] and terrestrial broad-
decoder. While there has been a substantial amount of work done casting (DVB-T2) [6]. The JVDD is potentially a better-
on analysis for the LDPC decoder, there is currently no analysis performing, alternative to the IDD over ISI channels,
for the JVDD as it is a much newer algorithm. In this paper limited by the availability of computational resources.
we make a start at filling this gap by measuring and predicting
This work determines the error-rate performance of the
the metric distributions in the JVDD, and subsequently using
performance. JVDD, that can lead to better optimization of the JVDD
parameters, increasing its viability as an alternative to
The channel that is assumed in the current work, is a
parity-check coded, intersymbol interference/additive white the pervasive LDPC decoder used today.
Gaussian noise (ISI/AWGN) channel. In this paper we make an
assumption for the dominant error event of the JVDD, we derive
SOVA LDPC
theoretical performance curves based on the abovementioned
metric distributions and then compare the performance with Detector Decoder
numerical Monte-Carlo simulations. We find a very good match K LDPC ISI/AWGN
between the theoretical and simulation performance curves, Encoder Model
except in the situations where our underlying assumption on the
dominant error event becomes less relevant, which occurs when JVDD
the SNR and threshold are high.
In a future work, we will include the next-most dominant
error event into our analysis to improve the accuracy of our Figure 1. Block diagram for a coded ISI/AWGN channel with IDD
prediction over a greater set of parameters. shown processing the signals on the top branch and JVDD on the
bottom
Keywords ISI channels, JVDD analysis, iterative detector, IDD,
LDPC codes, joint detection decoding, AWGN channel.
Figure 1 shows the two detection/decoding schemes:
the conventional state-of-the-art IDD in the top branch
and the newly proposed JVDD in the lower branch, both
processing the same signal from the coded ISI/AWGN
Today, the iterative detector/decoder (IDD) [1] with channel. The IDD consists of the soft-output Viterbi
a low-density parity check (LDPC) [2] decoder, is the algorithm (SOVA) [7] followed by an LDPC decoder
de-facto algorithm used for detecting and decoding data with the information iterating between the detector and
over noisy coded intersymbol interference/additive white decoder blocks. The JVDD is the alternative on the
Gaussian noise (ISI/AWGN) channels. The joint Viterbi bottom performing both operations in a single phase. The
detector/decoder (JVDD) is an alternative algorithm pro- key idea behind the JVDD proposal [3], is to perform the
posed in [3] that can perform the same functions of tasks of detecting and decoding holistically, in one stage
detecting and decoding the user bits jointly over a coded instead of in two, as integrated systems are expected to
ISI/AWGN channel. LDPC codes [2] are used today in perform better than component systems that are joined to-
gether. As hoped for, the JVDD is able to out-perform the
IDD when it is given sufficient computational resources.
The key issue being to try to ensure that the required
computational resources are reasonable for the targeted
parity check nodes
subsequent time instant k + 1, only the smaller metric
survivor paths are kept in each case. In so-doing, there
is a high likelihood that the MMLC may be discarded
by the time the end of the trellis is reached. Conversely
the JVDD retains multiple survivors at each iteration k,
metric thresholding discarding them only if they are greater than some
threshold above the minimum metric, as such large-
Figure 2. The JVDD trellis diagram depicting the 2 key operations metric survivors are unlikely to be part of the MMLC.
within the JVDD: metric thresholding and parity checking This constitutes the metric thresholding portion of the
JVDD algorithm.
application. The current work is a contribution towards To ensure a legal codeword is the output of the trellis,
non-codeword bit patterns that fail the syndrome checks
performance/complexity trade-off. are discarded at each parity check node. A particular
parity check can be evaluated at the time instant corre-
While the IDD has received a lot of attention in
the literature and several tools exist to analyze its per- check matrix. At that time-instant, all the bits constituting
formance, the JVDD is a much newer algorithm and that check are detected. The check can be evaluated
does not yet have a similar set of tools dedicated to and survivors can be retained or discarded depending
its analysis. This paper is a step to fill this gap with on whether or not they pass the check. Codes with a
findings that will lead to the optimization of the JVDD special diagonal structure in the parity-check matrix are
parameters to improve its performance/complexity trade- used with the JVDD to ensure the checks occur more
off. First, we briefly recap on the JVDD algorithm uniformly through the trellis [8].
and then propose our method to evaluate its error-rate
performance. Subsequently, we compare the error rate The JVDD makes an error, when (although not only
from our prediction with error rates obtained through when) the MMLC is lost during the metric-thresholding
simulation to validate the methods we are proposing. stage. In some cases, due to the noise, the metric of
the MMLC may exceed the minimum metric of the
set of survivors, by a value greater than the threshold,
THE JVDD A LGORITHM
resulting in it being discarded. In this case, the JVDD
The JVDD is based on the conventional Viterbi al- will subsequently not be able to return the MMLC, and
gorithm over an ISI channel and operates on a structure it makes an error. In the current analysis, it is assumed
called a trellis that is depicted in Figure 2. that this is the dominant error mechanism of the JVDD
and we will predict its probability of occurrence based
The JVDD computes Euclidean distance branch met-
on the distributions of the various metrics.
rics between the noisy received waveform and the noise-
free waveforms generated from the various candidate bit
E RROR-RATE PREDICTION OF THE JVDD
patterns associated with the paths through the trellis.
A LGORITHM
These branch metrics are summed along the paths to
form the path metrics of each survivor path. The goal In order to determine the probability of the MMLC
of the JVDD is to find the path through the trellis being lost due to thresholding, we need to know the
that simultaneously satisfies both conditions of being the distributions of the metrics within the JVDD algorithm.
minimum (path) metric and being a legal codeword. We Figure 3 shows these metric distributions.
refer to this unique bit pattern as the minimum metric
These metric distributions were obtained statistically
legal codeword (MMLC) and it is the optimum decision
by running the JVDD algorithm for 1000 frames and
for the given input waveform. It should be noted that the
keeping a count of the various metrics at the various
optimum decision is not always the correct decision, but
time-instances in the trellis, after which appropriate
it is the decision with the lowest probability of making
curves were fit to these distributions. There are four
an error.
histogram distributions types shown in Figure 3: metric
In the conventional Viterbi algorithm, at each time distribution of all metrics shown in red, metric distri-
instant k, the survivors are split at each node and at the bution of the minimum metric shown in green, metric
100
values for the best fit parameters (A, B) being listed in
the legend. We note that although (x) in (1) is not a
probability distribution as it does not integrate to one, it
1
nonetheless appropriately models the tails of our differ-
ence distribution away from the spike at 0. The (A, B)
0.01
parameters are obtained by solving for the line of best fit
in equation (1) to the observed points on the difference
0.001
histogram (the magenta points in Figure 3), obtained
0.0001 from the simulations. Having the (A, B) parameters of
the difference distribution, we can subsequently evaluate
the probability of error at time instant k as:
Figure 3. Snapshot of the metric histograms at sample time instant

k = 62 with bin size set to 1. Metric accumulation averaged over
1000 frames of JVDD execution
Then the probability of error over all time-instances is :

distribution of the correct metric shown in blue, and
distribution of the difference between the correct and (2)
minimum metrics shown in magenta.
From the observed metric distributions in Figure 3, it which is the probability of the JVDD making an error
was hypothesized that the correct (blue) and minimum at any time in the trellis, where thr is the user-defined
(green) metric distributions are log-normal in nature with threshold and (Ak, Bk) are the parameters of the ex-
the form: ponential form distribution at time-instant k, obtained
numerically.
1 (log(x) µ)2
This hypothesis fits the modeled data well. The log-

normal distribution is characterized by 2 parameters ( ,
Equation (2) was evaluated and plotted against er-
µ) which can be estimated through measurement of the
rors generated via Monte-Carlo simulations for different
mean and variance of the observed distributions. and µ
SNRs and thresholds, the results of which are shown in
are not the mean and variance of the log-normal
Figure 4 at the codeword length of 64.
distribution, but can be computed from them. The log-
normal distributions obtained through this method are
1
shown as the green and blue lines in Figure 3 with the
estimated ( , µ) parameters shown in the legend.
The difference (magenta) distribution on the other
hand, appears to be exponential-like, apart from the
presence of an observed spike at 0, which indicates that
there is a prevalence of cases where the minimum metric
(green) is the correct metric (blue). For the purposes of
our analysis, we are interested in the cases where the
correct metric exceeds the minimum metric by more than
the threshold, in which case the MMLC is lost and the
JVDD makes an error. To this end, an exponential form:
Figure 4. Theoretical and simulated FER of the JVDD with

CWL=64 at different SNRs and thresholds. Solid curve are derived
was fit to the difference distribution with parameters (A, from numerical simulations while dotted curves come from evaluating
B) shown as the magenta line in Figure 3 with the equation (2).
This plot shows a decent match between the numeri- this deficiency, the second most dominant error event
cal and theoretical plots with some minor differences that mechanism will be added into our analysis in a future
we account for as follows: At a low thr=5, we see an work. This is expected to close the gap observed between
excellent match between numerical and theoretical plots. prediction and simulation.
When the threshold is low, the assumption of the dom-
Our analysis will enable in the future, improvement in
inance of
the selection of the JVDD threshold parameter, leading
event, is a good one. Thus, the errors made by the JVDD
to optimization of the JVDD performance/complexity
are predominantly caused by the MMLC being discarded
trade-off. Greater performance output per unit compu-
due to the low threshold, and we get an excellent match
tation will lead to a wider acceptance of the JVDD
between the two plots. At thr=10, we still see the match
in the existing applications in which LDPC codes are
is quite good, but by the time we reach thr=20, the
currently used. Such applications include the deep-space
match has deteriorated in both the low and the high SNR
satellite communications channel, the DVB-S2 and DVB-
regimes.
T2 broadcasting standards, and the magnetic recording
Deeper investigation revealed that the underlying channel in hard disk drives, as the potential beneficiaries
cause of the deviation in the two SNR regimes is differ- of an optimized joint detection/decoding scheme.
ent. In the low-SNR regime, it was found that the log-
normal assumption for the minimum and correct metric
distributions becomes less accurate and the exponential
model for the difference metric therefore also ends up M. P. -based soft-decision decoding
IEEE Trans. on I.T.,
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A genetic-based segmented BPNN model for
perdicting the Weibo reposts
Guixun Luo Yun Liu* Zhiyuan Zhang
Key Laboratory of Communication and Key Laboratory of Communication and Key Laboratory of Communication and
Information Systems, Beijing Municipal Information Systems, Beijing Municipal Information Systems, Beijing Municipal
Commission of Education Beijing Commission of Education Beijing Commission of Education Beijing
Jiaotong University Jiaotong University [email protected] Jiaotong University
[email protected] *Corresponding [email protected]
author
Abstract We proposed a novel model for predict the Weibo (BPNN)[4-6] to achieve this goal. The BPNN is fitted by
reposts based on segmented BPNN and genetic algorithm. First of training the network with known input/output data sets. The
all, we studied the characteristics of weibo reposts, and then training paradigm finds a set of weight values that minimizes
proposed a segmented way for building BPNN by adding the error across the set of facts. If the network is validated, it
momentum to analyze the reposts data. Each segmented data sets can then be used to predict outputs based on new input values[7-
will be considered as training data (inputs and outputs) to train 8]. About the topic discussed in this paper, the repost numbers
the neural network. Secondly, genetic algorithm is utilized to of a target blog post of previous time with a same temporal scale
generate a best solution to build the neural network. Accordingly, will be used as inputs and the forward number of the same post
we include segmentation point, hidden layers, inputs, learn rate
of the next time point (with a same temporal scale) will be used
and momentum into a chromosome to find the best genes. Finally,
as output in the process of training the network. However, a large
we conduct extensive performance evaluations on the datasets of
Weibo. As a result, the proposed model can improve the prediction
number of reposts of Weibo occurred during the initial period of
accuracy of Weibo reposts. time. Subsequently, the number of weibo reposts will be
significantly reduced. Fig. 1 shows the totoal number of the
Keywords Weibo reposts, BPNN, genetic algorithm Chinese actor Yumin Chou has been
married with his wife to 105s.
INTRODUCTION The red dashed line stands for the average value of the reposts
The past decades have witnessed the circumstances that the mentioned Weibo, The green dashed line stands for the
social network services have become the most significant median value and the blue dashed line is the median value but
medium for information sharing and dissemination. In online the duplicate reposts are not counted. More specifically, we can
social networks, e.g. Sina Weibo, information diffusion occurs see that the spacing between the mentioned three lines is very
when a user reads and shares a post of another user, then the large, which means the dispersion degree of reposts data is high
shared post is read and shared by other users, and so on [1-3]. and the stability of reposts data is poor. Although BPNN has the
Tens of millions of Weibo posts are created and reposted each ability to deal with nonlinear mapping problems, the data with
day in China. If a Weibo post is of great quality and interesting, high dispersion degree and poor stationarity will bring the
it will be shared and posted by some other users. Predicting the difficulties of parameter training and lead to the reduction of
future reposted number of a target post is the base of the research prediction accuracy. So the reposts data should be analyzed in a
on the effects of social networks. The behavior of information segmented way and the parameters of BPNN should trained in
exchange of online social network happens in a short time; users, each segmented section based on reposts number and the change
who has participated in the process of forwarding a post are not rules of the reposts data. In order to solve the mentioned
independent of each other; factors that affect forwarding a post problems, we have proposed a segmented way to analyze the
are complicated. Therefore, the research of the rules of social reposts data and an adaptive dynamic method to learn the
network information diffusion is very important. In this paper, parameters in each segmented BPNN in this paper.
we focus on the topic of the prediction of online social network
information diffusion. According to the law of forwarding a
target post in the previous period of time (with the same
temporal scale), we predict the forwarding number of the same
target post at a certain time point (a future time point).
Theoretically, the concern of this paper is a time series
prediction problem. Because the post forwarding or information
diffusion is time-dependent. The forwarding number of different
blog posts vary on very different temporal scales.
In order to predict the forward number of a blog post in the
next time point, we use the back propagation neural network
Fig. 1 Statics of Weibo reposts
It is worth noting that the back-propagation neural network i.e. t2-t1 = t3-t2=...=tn-tn-1. F = {f1, f2, ... fn} stands for the forward
is a layered network consisting of an input layer, an output layer, number of this blog post pk at each time point, e.g. fn means the
and at least one hidden layer of nonlinear processing elements. target blog post pk has been reposted fn times during the
There are three important elements that we should focus on temporal scale tn-tn-1.
when building the training network: 1) How many inputs that Back Propagation Neural Network
should be passed into the input layer (the number of inputs). 2)
How many inputs that should be passed into each hidden layer. A basic neural network consists of three parts: input layer,
(the number of inputs of each hidden layer). 3) How many hidden layer(s), output layer, . Input layer receive inputs, output
hidden layers in the network. (the number of hidden layers). In layer produce outputs, hidden layers provide the
this paper , we use the genetic algorithm [9] to search a best interconnections between inputs and outputs. We use the
elements combo (best solution) to build the training network. forward numbers {f1, f2, ... fn-1} as inputs from time point 1 to n-
Genetic algorithms are commonly used to generate high-quality 1, fn is used as output in the next time point n. The neural network
solutions to optimization and search problems by relying on bio- is fitted by training the network through known inputs and
inspired operators such as mutation, crossover and selection. If outputs data. During the training we can get a set of weight
we want to build a suitable neural network, we should find a best values that minimizes the error across the set of known data.
solution generated by genetic algorithm. In genetic algorithm Finally, the network will learn the interconnections between
which will be used in this paper, a population of candidate inputs and outputs. When the network validated, the network can
solutions (number of inputs, number of inputs of each hidden
layer, number of hidden layer) to an optimization problem is
(new inputs).
evolved toward a best solution (the best way to build a network)
when a satisfactory fitness level has been reached for the Before we process, denote the inputs, weights and outputs of
population [10-12].In general, the final purpose of this research BPNN as:
is to build a proper backpropagation neural network learning
with time varying inputs. we have done the following work in (1)
this paper:
We have proposed a segmented way to analyze the
reposts data
Each segmented data sets will be considered as Where x(t) is the input vector, we use a mass of Weibo reposts
training data (inputs and outputs) to train the neural network data as inputs according to a fixed time interval. w(t)j is the
respectively. weight vector for j-th input of a hidden layer and y(t) is the
output, wij is weight value between input i of input layer and
Genetic algorithm is utilized to generate a best input j of hidden layer, n is the time point. In order to learn the
solution to build each segmented neural network. network, we need learn the interconnections between input
The whole framework of this paper is shown in Fig. 2 layers and output layers. In the process of learning, all the
Initial data segmentation BPNN
Choose a
best
BPNN
Genetic Algorithm
training data will be delivered from input layer to hidden layers

Fig. 2. Framework of this paper and then to output layer, all data will be processed layer by layer
by using error feedback mechanism, i.e. backpropagation. In
The rest of the paper is organized as follows: Section 2 states
the proposed model, we clearly explain why and how does the the process of backpropagation, the error value between the
proposed model works. Section 3 describes the evaluation learned output value and real sample value should be computed
procedure, and provides encouraging results. Finally, Section 4 at first. Then the error value will be retrained to the network to
make the error value converge, for more details please see the
previous work talked about BPNN [13-15]
The back propagation neural networks are multi-layered.
The strategy of constructing the network has a great influence
on the training results[16].
The j-th input of a hidden layer is computed through the
following formula:
gives conclusions and outlook for further research in this area. in j w ji fi
i
METHODOLOGY
Then the j-th output of this hidden layer is defined as:
In this section, we introduce the method of finding the
segmented BPNN of time variation, Back Propagation Neural
Network and Genetic Algorithm, inspired by which we Where g(.) is the sigmoid function:
construct our model. In the final part, we will discuss the 1
proposed model and how does the model works. g(x)
1 e (x )
We assume that P = {p1, p2 n} stands for a set of n blog
posts. For a particular blog post pk, we set T={t1, t2, ..., tn} as n
time points on the time line, and all temporal scales are the same,
is the bias value to balance the S function. In this paper, in In order to suppress the occurrence of concussion, we
order to catch the relations between the input pattern and output define a momentum factor during the process of SGD to
value of hidden layer, we define as: learn each weight:
w
where is the hyper-parameter to make the bias in a proper Where 0 1 . When the learning process enters the flat
range. In a similar way, the final output o can be computed area of the error, the weight change of the momentum term can
using the formula (X). The average error of the network can be be helpful to escape the flat area and effectively control the
given by: situation that the final result falling into local minimum value.
C. Genetic Algorithm
n
In order to build a good neural network about this
Stochastic gradient descent (SGD) is utilized in the problem, we should answer the following questions:How many
learning process to minimize the E. For more details please the inputs we have in the input layer? How many inputs in each
references in [23]. Each weight of each layer will be updated as: hidden layer? How many hidden layers in the network? We use
genetic algorithm [17-20] to answer these mentioned questions
by simulating natural evolution. The search space of the
problem is represented as a collection of solutions. More
specifically, we use the combination of number of inputs,
B. Momentum factor number of inputs of each hidden layer; number of hidden layers
The substance of building a neural network is to solve the as an individual solution. The purpose of using genetic
problem about nonlinear optimization. Therefore, local algorithm in this paper is to find a best solution from the search
convergence is the weakness when SGD is used to find a global
optimal solution. There are many local minima and flat regions mentioned questions and build a perfect network. For more
when computing mean square error of quadratic functions. details, please see the previous preferences [21-22].
Update w
... error
.. .. solution1
Each segmented solution2
segmentation training data ... solution3

BPNN
.. .. real
sample
Genetic
...
Input layer Hidden layers Output layer
How many inputs? How many hidden layers?
How many inputs of each
hidden layers?
Fig.3 The proposed hybrid mode
Initially, we have m solutions in the search space and The greater the fitness value, the higher the probability of
all of the solutions will be represented by character strings. being selected for inheritance. After several crossovers,
The quality of a solution is measured with fitness function, inheritances and mutations, the average quality of the
which is: population will be increased, and then we can achieve a best
solution to build the network.
n fi
ft m In the scenario of the prediction of Weibo reposts, we
i should put the time interval, number of hidden layers, number
f n
i of inputs, learning rate and momentum factor into the gene to
evolve a best gene to build the network work. In addition,
population size, fitness function and evolution rules are all the
important part to enhance the ability of seeking a chromosome.
D. The Proposed Hybrid Model
The prediction algorithms of the proposed model can be
described as the following steps, see Fig. 3:
From the initial training data sets, we segmented the
initial data according to the reposts number and the change
rules of the reposts data. Then each segmented data part (b)
should be treated as the initial training data separately in the
next step. Fig.4 evalution of learn rate
Each kind of pattern data is used to train the parameters We can see that for the different model, the effect of
in the model of BPNN. Then we can obtain a nonlinear model learning rate is not the same. In the first segmented BPNN,
to predict the forwarding number of a post in the next time each learning rate value has little effection for the final model
point. prediction accuracy (MSE=0.0015) expect for learning rate =
We use the genetic algorithm described in section 2.3 to to In the second segmented BPNN, all the learning rate
find a best plan (parameter sets) to build the neural network values are result in the final prediction accuracy, that is
(Repeat step(2) until minimum loss is reached). MSE=0.0018. We can get the conculsion that learn rate is
mainly influence the training process of BPNN but has a little
effect on the final model accuracy for the scenario of the
EVALUATION prediction of Weibo reposts.
Experimental setup The evaluation result for the proposed momentum factor
is shown in Fig. 5. Fig. 5 and Fig.4 has a similar result: in each
We have crawled the training data from the famous social segmented BPNN, momentum also has a little effect on the
website Sina Weibo. 70% of the initial data are random final model accuracy for the scenario of the prediction of
selected as the training data to predict the remainings. We set Weibo reposts. Adding momentum into the model is to inhibit
up the segmentation points according to the time point of shocks of learning process. As a single factor, although it has
intersections between average repost value line and the reposts little effect on the model prediction, it still has the function to
find a best chromosome as one of genes.
the reposts line cross at the time point 2x104s. Population size
is set as 80 to seek the best chromosome. Each chromosome
contain 9 genes, No. 1 gene on behalf of the segmentation
point, No. 2 to 5 genes stand for hidden layers, inputs, learn
rate and momentum in the first segmented part of training data,
No. 6 to 9 genes stand for hidden layers, inputs, learn rate and
momentum in the second segmented part of training data. 100
generations of genetic evolution will be conducted in this
paper.
We use the stander evaluation formula Mean Square Error (b)
(MSE) to evaluate the prediction accuracy. MSE is defined as Fig. 5 evalution of momentum
follows:
(r predict )2 C. Evaluation of the hybrid model

MSE (13) After 300 times generations, we obtain the best gene values
for the final best chromosome, see Table. 1
Table 1. Statistics of the best paprameters values for training the
hybrid models
Segmentation Segmented BPNN Segmented BPNN
B. Evaluation of learning rate and momentum point 1 2
For each segmented BPNN, we set the learning rate G G G G
G1 G4 G5 G8 G9
2 3 6 7
gradually increased from 0.001 to 0.02. The average results of
30 times experiments are shown in Fig. 4. 0.1 6 1 0.08 0.8 4 9 0.02 0.9
Then we use the gene values to build the propose neural

network. In this section, we compare the prediction accuracy
results under three kinds of BPNN, they are the regular BPNN
(see Fig.6-a), the segmented BPNN without genetic process
(see Fig.6-b) and the genetic-based segmented BPNN (Fig.6- BPNN and enhance the ability of Weibo reposts prediction,
c). Compare to regular BPNN and segmented BPNN, the we use genetic algorithm to search the global optimal solution.
proposed GA- The genetic-based segmented BPNN has been evaluated on
closer to the real data curve. Moreover, the prediction the datasets of Weibo. The results have shown that, the
accuracy of regular BPNN is 0.002, for segmented BPNN, proposed model can improve the prediction accuracy of
prediction accuracy is 0.0013 and for GA segmented BPNN, Weibo reposts.
MSE is 0.0007. Therefore, the proposed model enhance the
prediction accuracy for Weibo reposts prediction. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This work has been supported by the Fundamental Research
Funds for the Central Universities, No. W18RC00010.
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2.
2.1
2.4
2.2
2.3
3.
3.1
3.3
3.2
4.
5.
[1]
[2]
Are STR- and CAT-generated texts useful for
attention and meditation of students during lectures in
a foreign language
Rustam Shadiev Shavkat Sharipov Narzikul Shadiev
School of Education Science Tashkent State Pedagogical University, Faculty of Education
Nanjing Normal University Tashkent, Uzbekistan Samarkand State University
Nanjing, China Samarkand, Uzbekistan
[email protected]
Shahlo Rahimova Bakhora Shadieva Mirzaali Fayziev

Department of languages and culture of speech Faculty of Vocational Education Faculty of Education
Tashkent State Pedagogical University, Tashkent State Pedagogical University, Samarkand State University
Tashkent, Uzbekistan Tashkent, Uzbekistan Samarkand, Uzbekistan
Yueh-Min Huang
National Cheng Kung University
Tainan, Taiwan
[email protected]
Abstract— Speech-to-Text Recognition (STR) with countries. On the other hand, it also causes some issues. The
Computer-Aided Translation (CAT) technologies were applied in most important issue relates to the language of instruction
foreign language (FL) lectures. The lectures were carried out in (Bain et al., 2005; Kramer, Walker, & Brill, 2007). Generally,
English by the instructor and texts were generated by the STR foreign experts teach in English since they have no proficiency
system based on voice input. After that the STR-texts were in local languages and some local students, especially with low
translated into Russian (i.e. native language of the students) by English abilities, are not able to comprehend lectured material
the CAT system. Translated texts then were show to students even they had to make more effort for comprehend the content
during lectures. We aimed to explore how our approach (Barnes & Lock, 2010; Camiciottoli, 2005; Poulsen, Hastings,
facilitates student attention and meditation during lectures in FL.
& Allbritton, 2007; Shadiev, Hwang & Huang, 2013). This
To this end, we hired sixty students who attended lectures and
issue may also affect learner attention and meditation.
they were divided into three groups: (1) control group 1 with
students who learned lecturing content with no support; (2) Attention is defined as a process of becoming receptive to
control group 2 with students who learned lecturing content with different stimulus and responding to them (Smith & Kosslyn,
STR support, i.e. transcriptions in English were shown to the 2013). Attention is vital in learning process because a learner
students during lectures; and (3) experimental group with selects important information, allocates extra attention on it,
students who learned lecturing content with CAT support, i.e. and cognitively processes it whereas unimportant information
transcription in English were translated into Russian and shown is ignored. Meditation is defined as focusing of attention
to the students. We compared how attention and meditation is
intentionally to relax the mind. That is, level of meditation can
different across three groups. We found that CAT-texts were the
most beneficial for student learning. When CAT-texts were
represent how calm and relaxed a person is (Sears, Kraus,
presented, student attention and meditation levels were the Carlough, & Treat, 2011). The higher relaxation value is, the
highest than those of students in other two groups. Based on our more a person is relaxed and less stressed. In addition,
results, a few implications are made and suggestions are meditation can represent reduced anger and improved
provided. concentration (Campion & Rocco, 2009). Meditation is
strongly related to attention (Anand et al., 2014). It is
Keywords— Speech-to-Text Recognition, Computer-Aided suggested that a calm and relaxed mind improves attention
Translation, Attention, Meditation (Stinson & Arthur, 2013). That is, learners with high level of
meditation pay more attention on learning content, better
I. INTRODUCTION acquire it, and retain it for long time.
Due to globalization process, there are many academic During learning process, one pays attention to an auditory
exchanges take place nowadays. For example, many foreign or visual message, receives it, and then processes in working
experts from western countries come to Asian countries, like memory. If learner does not understand learning content,
China (Horváth, 2017), for academic and research jobs. Many he/she loses attention; that is, a learner doesn’t pay attention as
of them teach at universities and implement Western well as sustain it on the content (Smith & Kosslyn, 2013). On
innovative ideas and expertise into teaching process. This top of this, learners feel anxious when they do not understand
practice brings great benefits for host universities and lecturing material (Wald & Bain, 2008). Students who have
such problems are usually vulnerable. Such state may lectures; experimental group (n=20) – students were provided
negatively affect learning. So we need to consider how to with CAT-texts during lectures. We measured attention and
create such learning environment which will help facilitate meditation of students during lectures. Finally, we
learner comprehension of learning content and increase administered interviews with several students.
attention and meditation.
We applied Windows Speech Recognition system as STR
A possible solution to this issue is applications of STR technology for this study. The STR generated texts from
technology (Shadiev, Hwang, Chen, & Huang, 2014). This speech input and they were displayed on computer screens
technology transforms speech input into texts and shows them (Huang, Shadiev & Hwang, 2016). Scholars argued that STR
to learners (Nisbet, Wilson, & Aitken, 2005). Several studies system is valuable and accurate; it can support learning during
showed that STR-texts are very helpful for learning (Shadiev et lectures in SFL/EFL (Ryba et al., 2006). We employed Google
al., 2016, 2017, 2018; Wald & Bain, 2008). For example, Translate system as CAT; it translated STR-texts from English
during lectures in FL, STR-texts are useful for learners to attain into Russian. Google Translate is a machine translation
a better understanding of lecturing content because learners can application; it offers language translation service free of
confirm what is being said by the instructor (Ryba, McIvor, charge. CAT is usually used for translating words/phrases
Shakir, & Paez, 2006). STR-texts can also be used by learners between different languages. Scholars argued that Google
for note-taking during lectures (Huang, Shadiev, & Hwang, Translate is a potential tool for employing it in educational
2016). settings (Omar et al., 2012).
Nevertheless, we are still concerned about those learners We measured student attention and meditation directly
whose level of English proficiency is not too high (Hwang, Li using NeuroSky MindWave™ tool. This tool is a headset
& Shadiev, 2018). According to English First (2017), English which students have to wear. The tool uses a single contact
competency level of some countries like Kazakhstan, Thailand sensor located on a forehead of student. It monitors student
or Mongolia is rated as a beginner. Will STR-texts still be brainwaves, senses attention and meditation and records
helpful for learners from these countries to understand emotional response based on brain activity. The tool captures
lecturing content presented in FL. Perhaps, if STR-texts are emotion on 100-point scale (“0” no attention/meditation and
simultaneously translated into learner native language, then “100” highest attention/meditation). We interviewed students
learners, even with very low English ability, will be able to and asked about their experiences related to attention and
comprehend learning content. Therefore, in this study, we meditation during lectures. Interviews took approximately 30
provided learners with translated texts of lecturing content minutes. We audio-recorded them and then transcribed.
during lectures in FL. The STR system generated texts form Interview transcripts were coded and analyzed. The following
speech input of the instructor. After that, the CAT system statistical analysis methods we used in this study: (1) one-way
translated the STR-texts into native language of learners (i.e. analysis of variance to explore the effects of intervention on
Russian) which were shown to learners. Applications of STR attention and meditation; (2) Scheffe post hoc analysis to
and CAT in combinations to support cross-cultural learning evaluate the difference between three groups with regards to
were reported in several studies (Shadiev & Huang, 2016; attention and meditation.
Shadiev, Sun & Huang, in press; Shadiev, Wu, Sun & Huang,
2018). We aimed to facilitate learners’ attention and meditation III. RESULTS
with such approach.
Table 1 summarizes descriptive statistics related to the
attention and meditation. The table also presents the effects of
II. METHOD treatment on attention and meditation. According to the results
We invited sixty university students majoring in social related to Lecture 1, the intervention had significant effect on
science to participate in our experiment. The participants were attention (F=63.224, p<0.05) and meditation (F=77.650,
native speakers of Russian, between 18 and 22 years old. p<0.05). In Lecture 2, the effect of intervention was also
English was their FL. significant on attention (F=212.207, p<0.05) and meditation
(F=119.196, p<0.05). Results of post hoc test showed that
At the beginning, we collected the students’ demographic attention (M=53.81, SD=22.80) and meditation (M=60.24,
information and they all took EFL ability pre-test. We used SD=18.47) of students in the control group 1 were the lowest
results of this pre-test to divide students into two groups, low compared to those of students in the control group 2 and
and high EFL ability, and compare outcomes during data experimental group in Lecture 1. In addition, post hoc test
analysis. After the test, all students listened to two lectures in revealed that attention (M=57.78, SD=21.68) and meditation
English on general topics. We applied Windows Speech (M=62.83, SD=17.06) of students in the control group 2 was
Recognition (STR) system during lectures; STR generated lower compared to attention (M=60.65, SD=24.06) and
texts from speech input. We displayed STR-texts for students meditation (M=66.08, SD=17.24) of students in the
to read during both lectures. We also employed CAT system
experimental group in Lecture 1. Similar results were found for
which translated STR output from English into native language Lecture 2, attention (M=48.66, SD=21.89) and meditation
of participants (i.e. Russian). We displayed CAT-texts for (M=58.64, SD=16.69) of students in the control group 1 were
students to read during both lectures. We divided the students the lowest. Attention (M=55.96, SD=23.04) and meditation
into three groups: control group 1 (n=20) – students were (M=62.10, SD=15.87) of students in the control group 2 was
provided with no textual support during lectures; control group lower compared to attention (M=58.59, SD=19.27) and
2 (n=20) – students were provided with STR-texts during meditation (M=64.52, SD=16.68) of experimental students.
Because lectures were in FL, some students couldn’t Our findings are confirmed by students’ interview results.
comprehend lecturing content. Without any support, those Students mentioned in the interviews that their English abilities
students did not make any effort to sustain their attention and were too low to understand lecturing content. So the only way
lost it. In addition, these students meditation was very low. In was to use CAT-texts. Since CAT-texts were in their native
contrast, students for whom CAT-texts were available kept language, they could read it and understand lecturing content
their attention on learning content and they were less anxious with no problems. For these reasons their attention and
and stressful; therefore attention and meditation of these meditation levels were high.
students were significantly higher. This result is in line with
Based on these results, we may conclude that CAT-texts
earlier studies on attention (Smith & Kosslyn, 2013) and
were the most beneficial for attention and meditation of LA
meditation (Anand et al., 2014; Campion & Rocco, 2009; Sears
students. In addition, we may conclude that STR-texts were the
et al., 2011; Stinson & Arthur, 2013).
second beneficial for attention and meditation of LA students.
Our findings were supported by interview results. In the
The means and standard deviations of the attention and
interviews, experimental students mentioned that CAT-texts
meditation of the HA students in the three groups are
were useful for them to understand content. For example,
summarized in Table 3. Our results showed that for HA
students could confirm what they hear with what they read.
students in Lecture 1, EFL ability level has an effect on
When students experienced some unfamiliar vocabularies or
attention (F=6.306, p<0.05) and meditation (F=36.501,
terminologies, they referred to CAT-texts. In addition, CAT-
p<0.05). The results also show that, for HA students in Lecture
texts were useful to know translation and meaning of lecturing
2, EFL ability level also has an effect on attention (F=82.461,
content presented in FL. For these reasons, students’ attention
p<0.05) and meditation (F=58.871, p<0.05). Results of post
and meditations were on a high level.
hoc analysis revealed that attention (M=56.69, SD=22.82) and
Based on these results, we may conclude that CAT-texts meditation (M=61.91, SD=17.99) of HA students in the control
were the most beneficial for student attention and meditation. group 1 in Lecture 1 was the lowest. According to our results,
In addition, it may be concluded that STR-texts were the there was not a significant difference in attention between
second beneficial for student attention and meditation. students in the control group 2 (M=59.40, SD=24.60) and
experimental group (M=59.64, SD=26.13) in Lecture 1.
The mean and standard deviations of the attention and However, the difference in meditation between the control
meditation of low ability (LA) students in the three groups are group 2 (64.12, SD=17.29) and the experimental group
summarized in Table 2. The effects of EFL ability on attention (M=67.46, SD=17.06) was significant in Lecture 2. Similar
and meditation are also presented in Table 2. The results results were found in Lecture 2. Attention (M=52.82,
demonstrate that, for LA students in Lecture 1, EFL ability SD=21.28) and meditation (M=60.88, SD=15.57) of HA
level has an effect on attention (F=94.835, p<0.05) and students in the control group 1 in Lecture 2 was the lowest. No
meditation (F=43.032, p<0.05). The results show that, for LA significant difference in attention between students in the
students in Lecture 2, EFL ability level also has an effect on control group 2 (M=60.79, SD=22.99) and experimental group
attention (F=152.860, p<0.05) and meditation (F=58.912, (M=60.27, SD=19.45) existed in Lecture 2. But there was a
p<0.05). Post hoc test showed that attention (M=50.77, significant difference in meditation between two groups in
SD=22.39) and meditation (M=58.48, SD=18.81) of LA Lecture 2; students in the control group 2 (M=64.37,
students in the control group 1 were the lowest in Lecture 1 SD=15.37) had lower meditation level than students in the
compared to those of students in the control group 2 and experimental group (M=66.30, SD=15.61).
experimental group. According to the results, attention
(M=56.09, SD=17.96) and meditation (M=61.47, SD=16.72) This finding can be explained by student English ability.
of LA students in the control group 2 were lower compared to All students were in HA groups and this is why they had to rely
attention (M=61.66, SD=21.76) and meditation (M=64.70, less upon additional support. However, in some cases, students
SD=17.32) of LA students in the experimental group. Similar still needed textual confirmation, either in FL or in native
results were found in Lecture 2. That is, attention (M=44.50, language, when they were unable to comprehend some part of
SD=21.71) and meditation (M=56.41, SD=17.46) of LA learning content. Some scholars (Huang et al., 2016; Nisbet et
students in the control group 1 were the lowest and attention al., 2005; Ryba et al., 2006; Shadiev et al., 2014; Wald & Bain,
(M=56.75, SD=18.91) and meditation (M=62.55, SD=17.58) 2008) claimed that during lectures, some parts of lecturing
of LA students in the experimental group were the highest. content is not easy to understand due to the instructor’s accent,
speed to deliver lectures, voice volume, or unfamiliar
This finding can also be explained by student ability to vocabularies or terminologies. Under such circumstances,
comprehend lecturing content. Because lectures were in FL and students could benefit from additional textual support, such as
students were with LA; most of them couldn’t comprehend STR- and CAT-texts. This is the reason, why attention and
learning content. Without any support, students had low level meditation of students in the control group 2 and experimental
of attention and meditation. In contrast, students in the group were higher compared to that of those in the control
experimental group could rely on CAT-texts and thus had group 1 but there was no significant difference between these
higher level of attention and meditation. This result is in line two groups.
with related studies on attention (Smith & Kosslyn, 2013) and
meditation (Anand et al., 2014; Campion & Rocco, 2009; Sears Our results are supported by results obtained from student
et al., 2011; Stinson & Arthur, 2013). interviews. Some HA students confirmed that they do not need
any textual support. However, in some cases textual support
was necessary. For example, when they experienced some [5] Shadiev, R., Huang, Y.M., & Hwang, J.P. (2017). Investigating the
unfamiliar vocabulary or terminology, textual support was very effectiveness of speech-to-text recognition application on learning
performance, attention, and meditation. Educational Technology
handy to fully comprehend lecturing content. Research and Development, 65(5), 1239-1261.
Based on these results, we may conclude that STR- and [6] Shadiev, R., Hwang, W.Y., Huang, Y.M., & Liu, C.J. (2016).
CAT-texts were beneficial for attention and meditation of HA Investigating applications of speech to text recognition for face to face
seminar to assist learning of non-native English participants.
students in two lectures. STR- and CAT-texts were equally Technology, Pedagogy and Education, 25(1), 119-134.
important for achieving high level of attention in two lectures [7] Shadiev, R., Wu, T.T., & Huang, Y.M. (2018). Facilitating
whereas CAT-texts were more important for reaching high comprehension of non-native English speakers during lectures in
level of meditation than STR-texts were in two lectures. English with STR-texts. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 34(1),
94-104.
[8] Shadiev, R., Wu, T.T., & Huang, Y.M. (2017). Enhancing learning
IV. CONCLUSION performance, attention, and meditation using a speech-to-text
In this study, students attended lectures in FL. We provided recognition application: evidence from multiple data sources. Interactive
STR-texts for students in the control group 2 and CAT-texts Learning Environments, 25(2), 249-261.
for students in the experimental group whereas control students [9] Shadiev, R., Sun, A. & Huang, Y.M. (in press). A Study of the
Facilitation of Cross-Cultural Understanding and Intercultural
(group 1) received no support. Results of our experiment Sensitivity Using Speech-Enabled Language Translation Technology.
showed that CAT-texts were very helpful for students, their British Journal of Educational Technology, DOI:10.1111/bjet.12648
attention/meditation were significantly higher compared to [10] Shadiev, R., Wu, T.T., Sun, A., & Huang, Y.M. (2018). Applications of
students in the other two groups. After we divided students into speech-to-text recognition and computer-aided translation for enhancing
LA & HA sub-groups and compared their results, we found cross-cultural learning: issues and their solutions. Educational
that CAT-texts were beneficial for LA experimental students. Technology Research and Development, 66 (1), 191–214.
Attention and meditation of these students were significantly
higher compared to LA control students (groups 1 and 2). Both
STR- and CAT-texts were useful as to achieve higher level of
attention by HA students; however, students had higher level
of meditation only with CAT-texts.
Based on the results, the following is suggested. CAT-texts
are useful for achieving high level of attention/meditation,
especially, of LA students. STR-texts are also useful but not as
much as CAT-texts. However, when educators and researchers
consider providing either STR-texts or CAT-texts to students,
both media need to be available and students need to be
provided with a function to select the one they need based on
their learning preferences, language ability, and needs. In the
future studies, we will focus on lectures carried out in other
languages, e.g. Chinese. We will investigate whether our
intervention is feasible for other languages as well. In addition,
we may use CAT technology during academic events in which
the instructor and students are native speakers of different
languages so they communicate with each other in multiple
languages. It will be interesting to see how our approach can be
implemented under such circumstances and what its effects on
learning are.
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[1] Huang, Y.M., Shadiev, R., & Hwang, W.Y. (2016). Investigating the
effectiveness of speech-to-text recognition applications on learning
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[2] Hwang, W.Y., Li, Y.H., & Shadiev, R. (2018). Exploring effects of
discussion on visual attention, learning performance, and perceptions of
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[3] Shadiev, R. & Huang, Y.M. (2016). Facilitating cross-cultural
understanding with learning activities supported by speech-to-text
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[4] Shadiev, R., Hwang, W.Y. & Huang, Y.M. (2013). Investigating
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Abstract
Keywords—Education Game; Simulaton Game; Story Board;

HCI
A. Digital game-based Learning
B. Action Design Research Theory for the Research on

Information System
C. Storyboard
P
College of Educational Sciences College of Educational Sciences College of Educational Sciences

Nanjing Normal University Nanjing Normal University Nanjing Normal University
Abstract Firstly, this study from the perspective of blended in 2003 in China[3]. In practice, we found that teachers do not
learning, combining literature research, teachers interview and incorporate blended learning into their daily instruction. But
practical experience, analyzed the main issues that practice lags in some teaching matches, they often use it to show their
behind theory in blended learning, such as the subjective teaching ability. This phenomenon shows that teachers have
division between online and offline learning content; the
independent, simplistic and repetitive online and offline
realized the value of technology. But what is the reason that
learning activities; and the loose learning process structure. they are not reluctant to use it in their daily instruction?
Secondly, this study put forward the corresponding problem- Through literature research and teachers interview, we
solving strategies, such as clearing knowledge types to allocate found that the restrictive factors of blended learning
space on demand, designing learning themes to establish
activity associations, using learning timelines to clarify task application could be classified as external factors (such as
nodes. Finally, the study designed and implemented a case -factors
which was in the information technology curriculum of the (blended learning). This study mainly focused on the blended
junior high school and verified the effectiveness of the strategies. learning design problem, and discussed how to overcome the
practical issues in designing process when external conditions
Keywords blended learning, learning space, knowledge type, are satisfied, providing references for practitioners who have
learning theme, learning timeline conditions for further development and active spirits to
explore. In order to promote blended learning into general
. INTRODUCTION instruction, we found that there are three major problems in
Blended learning could break through time and space blended learning design in practice through literature analysis
limitation, and teachers interview.
time and any place. It means different things to different A. Subjective Learning Content Divisions
people[1], which helps to focus on individual differences,
strengthens advantages and makes up for weaknesses. Learning space contains offline physical space and online
Meanwhile, blended learning promotes the transformation virtual space. According to whether it is built for education,
from the teaching- to the physical space can be divided into classroom space and social
learning- an inevitable space[4]. Different types of spaces are suitable for different
- learning goals. For example, classroom space helps to achieve
studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of blended the goals of unified collectivization quickly; social space
learning, for example, the United States Department of helps learners build the relationship between knowledge and
Education analyzed the United States higher education the real world; while virtual space is beneficial to achieve the
empirical research data from 1996 to 2008 in 2009, which individualized and differentiated goals. However, the study
found that blended learning was the most effective learning states that blended learning can be roughly divided into two
method compared with face-to-face and on-line learning[2]. forms in current: One is the flipped classroom. Another is
But when we focused on the practice, we found the practical online and offline integrated learning form in which teachers
application of blended learning lags behind the theoretical divide the learning content of online and offline subjectively.
research, and the implementation is not widely promoted in Students learn less important and less difficult knowledge in
China. This situation makes it difficult to change the virtual space in general. In this process, they may not
education status in which teachers impart knowledge and systematically consider whether different content can be
students accept it, and it is also difficult to meet individual better presented, represented and imparted by advantages of
interests and needs. different types of spaces.
B. Non-Complementary Learning Designs
. THE STATUS AND PROBLEMS OF BLENDED LEARNING
From the way and method of application, most teachers
Blended learning has been widely promoted in many regard virtual space as the extended auxiliary space to use,
countries, but it is still in the early stage since it was proposed and do not associate it with physical space to strengthen
1
advantages. For example: Firstly, they regard virtual space as knowledge in the online and offline space. Moreover, the
a platform to finish an extra-large number of homework and whole process is usually divided into three stages in the study:
tasks, which not only increases the burden on teachers and early (before class), medium (in class), later(after class).
students, but also makes the counterproductive effects[5]. General description to the activity time brought certain
Secondly, there is repeated content between physical space challenges to blended learning design and application. Based
and virtual space. The tasks completed by students online on the analysis of existing researches, this part attempts to
alone are always taught repeatedly by teachers on classroom construct detailed solutions to the three major problems.
space, which increases teaching and learning time virtually.
Thirdly, learning in virtual space lacks teachers' follow-up A. Knowledge Types Allocate Space
and feedback, which leads to virtual space as an isolated
learning field whose advantages are difficult to show. restricted to listening in class and reading after class. We
should help students acquire richer learning experiences
C. Loose Structures of Blended Learning Process through providing various activities in class, after class,
Through analyzing some cases and literatures, we found online and offline to achieve their learning goals[6]. However,
that there are some problems of learning content design in there are different types of knowledge and spaces. Different
virtual and physical space, such as lacking serialization, loose types of knowledge only with appropriate learning activities
connection, not timely feedback, unclear task nodes and so on, and appropriate space can be optimally presented and
which result in lacking systematization in the process of represented, and support different goals achieved effectively,
learning implementation, phased goals incapable, learning such as collective and individualized goals. In this regard,
process incompact and learning effects undesirable. researchers have studied the appropriate learning activities for
different types of knowledge, as well as appropriate types of
. STRATEGIES OF BLENDED LEARNING DESIGN tasks and activities for different spaces.
The problems in blended learning design make it difficult Huang et al. divided knowledge into factual knowledge,
for teachers and students to form correct and clear value conceptual knowledge, procedural knowledge and
recognition on blended learning, which leads teachers and metacognitive knowledge when studying knowledge-type
students to doubt its effectiveness. For example, because of matching learning activities[7]. They presented learning
designing problems, most teachers believe that blended activities suitable for different types of knowledge (see
learning is time-consuming and labor-intensive, so that they TABLE ).
their daily instruction. The related
studies pay much attention to the learning processes and
forms, and seldom pay attention to the distribution of new
TABLE I.
Knowledge types Learning activities
factual knowledge lecture, reading, profile searching
conceptual knowledge lecture, reading, profile searching, discussion, cooperation, problem-solving, reflection
procedural knowledge lecture, reading, discussion, cooperation, case study, problem-solving, reflection, role play
Metacognitive knowledge reading, discussion, cooperation, reflection
Nahald Hansen believes that virtual space is suitable for and make up for weaknesses. However, the combination of
self-learning and simple questions and answers. Face-to-face knowledge types, activity forms and space types needs to be
learning is suitable for imparting new knowledge and discuss determined thoughtfully according to the real demand and
complex viewpoints and difficult issues in groups. Mitch actual teaching and learning goals.
-learning, such
as online research, review of classroom notes and so on[9]. B. Learning Themes Establish Activity Associations
The scholars in Rochester Institute of Science and When physical and virtual spaces play roles in learning
Technology believe that online activity forms are suitable for process, there will inevitably appear that the spatial action is
synchronous or asynchronous discussions, collaborations and not synergistic, and the learning contents are not tightly
evaluations, face-to-face learning forms are suitable for related to each other, and the whole learning effects are
lectures, presentations, speeches and evaluations[10]. affected. Designing learning themes connects learning
activities of knowledge mapping to achieve the effective
Synthesizing the above viewpoints, what can be connections of the content and space. In this way, project-
concluded is that physical space is suitable for achieving based learning can be used to design project topics and
relatively consistent learning goal through unified learning reorganize the knowledge of the units firstly. Then, classify
activities, such as the instruction and evaluation of different knowledge and divide it into relatively independent
types of knowledge. Virtual space is suitable for developing knowledge units. Finally, map the knowledge units in the
self-paced learning, forming differentiated learning goals that same theme of learning activities, assign them to the suitable
transcend the basic goals. For example, through autonomous spaces and associate the activities through practice or
learning and individualized coaching to strength advantages questioning. Eventually, form a series of interlocking tasks to
2
achieve effective spatial coordination and overcome the considered the characteristics of unit content (more practical
problems of simple stacking tasks caused by the lack of content) and the current problems of student feedback in
association or poor connection in spatial tasks. class. Finally, procedural knowledge was arranged in virtual
space and social space (acquisition of audio and video
C. Learning Timelines Clarify Task Nodes material) to learn, aiming to solve the face-to-face
Learning timeline, as a concept that embodies the learning presentation problems that some students couldn't keep up
plan, can help learners to clarify learning behaviors[11] and with while others had already mastered in the class. Social
plan learning activities so that they can complete the space was mainly used to take audio and video materials and
corresponding learning tasks within the deadline. The activity help learners build the relationship between knowledge and
designing based on learning timeline, tries to clarify the time the real world. Factual knowledge was acquired in classroom
nodes of each learning task, which helps teachers and students space through instructional forms to quickly achieve unified
build time awareness and achieve learning goals on time. learning goals. Metacognitive knowledge was acquired in
Avoid the general task description forms presented in the virtual and classroom space, which was mainly used in final
current study, such as in class, after class or online, offline products through peer evaluation and class communication.
tasks, which would lead to tasks completed hysteretic. There was no conceptual knowledge in this unit, so we do not
describe here.
. DESIGN AND APPLICATION OF BLENDED LEARNING
Secondly, theme designing. The case was designed by
In order to verify the effectiveness of the above solutions, the project oriented learning idea of unit integration.
a blended learning case has been designed and implemented Thanksgiving Day was selected as the background of the
in the information technology curriculum of the junior high project, since the case had been implemented a month before
school. Thanksgiving Day. We integrated all the new knowledge into
A. Blended Learning Design four periods in three activities of gift making. Activity 1: Plan
and action of Thanksgiving gift. It contained 1 period, from
The case were designed with the example of Chapter 7 theme selection to audio and video acquisition, and the
corresponding knowledge was the acquisition of audio and
technology textbook of seventh grade of Jiangsu Phoenix video, the types of audio and video, the playback of audio and
Science and Technology Press. Considering the special nature video, and the format conversion of audio and video. Activity
of the discipline, the main activities of the case were 2: Gift making for Thanksgiving Day. It contained 2 periods,
completed in class. from the issues of audio and video to the beautification of
audio and video and from the packaging of audio and video
n of audio and to the sharing of audio and video, and the corresponding
video, fragment deletion and connection, transition, captions, knowledge was audio and video acquisition, audio and video
background music, voice narration, titles and endings and so connection, audio and video special effects, caption
on. Considering that video can be regarded as a visual configuration and titles and endings production, mixed sound
representation of audio to a certain extent, and they are production, works sharing and so on. Activity 3: Simulating
usually accompanied in practice. Therefore, we reintegrated gift giving. It contained 1 period, from the group evaluation
the original independent audio and video editing contents to the audio and video improvement and optimization, mainly
during the case design. Then, based on the reintegration of for comprehensive application of skills . The four periods in
unit contents, we divided the knowledge units and matched three activities took material acquisition, material editing,
the corresponding learning space for them. Finally, with the product formed, and product optimization as a clue and
help of project-based learning ideas, learning activities that effectively associated new contents with space, so that spaces
target different content of new knowledge were connected complemented each other in teaching and learning.
well by the same theme. The specific process aimed to solve Finally, learning timelines. Each learning process in
the three major problems and comprehensively considered the each period was preset with strict time nodes. Teachers
following aspects: guided students to complete tasks in specific ways within
Firstly, space allocation. On the one hand, when stipulated time. Of course, these time nodes also need to be
allocating space, we analyzed the desired objectives, such as dynamically adjusted according to the actual learning process.
collective goals or individual goals. On the other hand, we TABLE shows a sample of one period.
TABLE II.
Time series 3min 19min 20min 3min

Knowledge Review: the deletion, Learning new knowledge: Learning new knowledge: Summary: consolidating and
-capability connection, special effects of titles and endings production mixed sound production deepening the understanding and
audio and video and caption mastery of the key knowledge
configuration
3
Task Students review Adding titles, endings, captions, voice narration, and Completing the teacher's
independently; Teachers background music to your video, and set corresponding questions
question them special effects to beautify the video
Thinking Focus on the process Form a complete understanding of knowledge and establish Focus on the design process
description the ideas of knowledge applications in autonomous learning description
and discussion
Evaluation questions and answers exercises + peer evaluation teacher evaluation
B. Implementation Process and Results affirmation is mainly reflected in the fact that blended
learning solved the problem of difficult operations and
The case was carried out in a seventh grade class with 18 satisfied differentiated learning needs.
students, and every week had one lesson. We investigated the
teaching status s before Analyzing the 15 completed works (Fig. 1), we found
the case implementation. At the end of each class, students that voice narration (20%) was the least optimistic in the
would be asked to fill in the learning outcomes self- works, and in addition was the ending (46.67%). Subtitle,
assessment questionnaires, as one of the bases for analyzing background music, special effects etc. were reflected in all
the learning results and arranging the learning contents and works. Then we asked students in order to find the real
teaching strategies in the next class. In order to avoid the reasons why the voice narration was unsatisfactory? The
limitations and one-sidedness of resultant evaluation, we reasons were that students were shy to record it in the
analyzed the blended learning effects from process and classroom; Some students thought that their works d
resultant learning data. Process learning data contained need voice narration; Computer room was not equipped with
classroom observation data, process testing data (questions a headset and students also forgot to bring a headset and so
and answers, exercises, etc.) and class time questionnaire data. on. It is clear that the main reason should not be attributed to
Resultant learning data contained unit questionnaire data [12], blended learning. Secondly, endings and titles almost used the
student interviews data and the quality data of the works. same knowledge that is the production of captions and special
effects. So it could be inferred that although students had not
1) Process data results done well in the works, their mastery was satisfactory. As a
Classroom observation showed that students were whole, the achievement of knowledge capacity goals in
engaged, willing to learn and actively interact with each other blended learning was still optimistic.
and the majority of interactions were reflected in the deep
and
have been changed in titles
process testing, such as questions, answers and exercises,
showed that learners could grasp and apply the new Voice
86.67% endings
knowledge in time. According to the survey data of the unit, Narration
most students could achieve the basic learning goals within 20%
46.67%
the stipulated time.
2)Resultant data results 100% 100%
Transitions captions
100%
The questionnaire survey was conducted from four
aspects: the convenience, participation, satisfaction and background
learning effectiveness of blended learning. The results music
showed that 88.89% of the students did not deny the
convenience of blended learning. 94.44% of the students Fig. 1. The core elements of student works are embodied
believed that their participation became higher. No one
thought their participation decreased, nor did they express . CONCLUSION
their dissatisfaction with the blended learning mode. In
addition, 94.44% of the students thought that blended learning Spatial deployment based on knowledge types can focus
improved their understanding, problem-solving ability and
time management awareness, but there were also 50% of them cross-integration of classroom, society and virtual space
said they became more anxious in class. On the whole, makes it easy to achieve the goals that are difficult to achieve
blended learning could bring good learning experience and in the single space. For example, learners chose micro videos
higher learning efficiency to learners, which had a high and text-based learning contents according to their own needs
degree of satisfaction. to complete corresponding editing tasks. They spent more
time on works creation and deeper problem solving, and their
Two students were randomly interviewed about their participation and interactive quality improved a lot.
attitude to blended learning and their views on the effects. We
found that both students had a positive attitude towards The activity design derived from learning theme
blended learning and its effects. The reason for the promotes knowledge association and knowledge transfer. The
4
study uses themes from the real world to connect all new [3] J. N. Sun, and Y. N. Fu, An analysis of hot topics in the study of blended
knowledge activities, on the one hand, the knowledge in learning in foreign universities. China Adult Education, pp. 11-14,
2015.
different spaces is well connected, on the other hand, it also
[4] Z. T. Zhu, Educational Technology Training Curriculum (Teacher
establishes a connection between knowledge and the real Edition; Intermediate), 2nd ed., Beijing: Beijing Normal University
world, helping students know that what the knowledge can be Press,2007, pp. 45-46.
used to and how to use it. [6][7][8] R. Huang, Y. L. Zhou, and Y. Wang, Blended Learning: Theory
into Practice. Beijing: Higher Education Press, 2006, pp. 70-72.
Learning activities based on the learning timeline have
[9] Z. X. Liu, Research on Blended Learning of Colleges and Universities
made learning activities more compact and orderly. The in United States. Capital Normal University, Beijing, 2014.
introduction of learning timeline could
[10] Y. J. Gong. Applied Study of Blended Learning Mode on University
learning goals clearer, and enhance their sense of time. Physics Experiment. Hunan University, Changsha, 2011.
Specifically, the phenomenon that students fail to complete [11] S. S. Shen, Design timeline to enhance learning process. e-Education
and submit their works on time has been changed clearly. Research, vol. 37, pp. 104-108, October 2016.
[12] C.Bidder, S. H. Mogindol, T. C. Saibin, S. A. Andrew, and N. Naharu,
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[1] M.Driscoll, ond the hype. Elearning, pp. Envisioning the future of online learning. Springer Singapore, pp. 213-
1-4, March 2002. 225, 2016.
[2][5] Z. H. Zhan, and X. H. Li, Blended Learning: Definitions, strategies,
status quo and development trends - a dialogue with professor curtis J.
bonk of indiana university. China Educational Technology, pp. 1-5,
December 2009.
5
The Knowledge Management Success Factors in
Higher Education Institutes: the Students’ Perspectives
Saranya Saetang
Faculty of Science and Engineering , Kasetsart University, Sakon Nakhon, Thailand
[email protected], [email protected]
Abstract—Knowledge management (KM) is an important

II. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
process in all organizations nowadays in order to make the best use A. Knowledge Management (KM)
of organizational knowledge. However, there is a limitation for
successful implementation of knowledge management, particularly Knowledge management is widely studied. The benefits of
in higher education institutes (HEI). This paper aims to highlight the managing knowledge in an organization are tremendous for
success factors influencing knowledge management in the HEI example, knowledge management could enhance innovation [1,2],
because these organizations are in urgent demand for managing firm performance and resource management [3]. Moreover, it
knowledge because they produce knowledge workers and could transform an organization to be a more effective and
innovations. Moreover, there is a lack of researches on the students’
perspectives upon KM in HEI. By analyzing previous works and
efficient organization [4].
considering for students’ perspectives, this study presents the main The definition of knowledge management is different
successful KM factors that support as a complete dimensional according to discipline. By synthesizing the collection of
guidance from both HEIs’ and students’ perspectives of knowledge knowledge management definitions across 13 countries and 23
management in higher education institutes. disciplines, J. Girard and J. Girard [5] proposed that knowledge
Keywords—Knowledge Management; Students’ perspectives; management is the process of creating, sharing, using and
Knowledge Management Processes; Knowledge Implementation; managing the knowledge and information of an organization. In
Higher Education Institutes other words, knowledge management is the management process
of creating, sharing and using organizational information and
I. INTRODUCTION knowledge.
Knowledge management (KM) is an important process to be The most famous and influenced work of Nonaka explained
implemented in order to be competitive in the business sector that there are 2 types of knowledge: tacit and explicit knowledge.
nowadays because of the rising demand of intellectual assets. Tacit knowledge is personal knowledge that occurs in the human
Many researches have been done about knowledge management. mind, action, and commitment in a specific context which makes
However, it is difficult to be successful in the implementation. One it is difficult to express into formal and systematic language. By
solution should be learning from other organizations and applying contrast, explicit knowledge is codified knowledge that can be
the suitable methods for each context. Moreover, there is a lack of expressed and communicated into systematic language [6]. The
concern about students’ perspectives, even though they are also the work introduced the interaction process of the conversion between
key stakeholder in higher education institutes. The objective of this tacit and explicit knowledge in a place where an organization had
research is to analyze the factors influence the success of to build in order to create knowledge within an organization.
knowledge management by considering for students ‘perspectives Knowledge management generally consists of four processes or
to support a decision to manage knowledge in higher education practices, including creation, storage/retrieval, transfer/sharing
institutes (HEI) which are in urgent demand to implement and application of knowledge [7]. By reviewing the literature on
knowledge management as they produce knowledge workers and knowledge management in HEI, S. D. Ramachandran, S. D.
knowledge products for competitive industries. Chong and H. Ismail [8] explained in more detail that the processes
This paper presents background theories, starting from the of knowledge management consist of knowledge creation,
definition of knowledge management and its success factors of knowledge capture, knowledge organization, knowledge storage,
KM implementation in HEI context. Then, the results from the knowledge dissemination and knowledge application.
students’ perspectives on KM are analyzed and discussed. Finally, In this paper, the study will focus on knowledge management
the conclusion of the work is described. in HEI context which is a place where new and useful knowledge
is created and transferred. Next session will reveal some work of
knowledge management in this context.
B. Knowledge Management Success Factors in Higher example, formalizing KM strategies, setting a team for managing
Education Institutes (HEI)
Higher education institutes or universities are in the knowledge resources to support KM, providing technology infrastructure,
business where the experts and knowledge products are produced promoting knowledge sharing culture and setting KM
to support the industry. Knowledge management in the HEI is performance management tends to succeed in KM [10,17].
naturally expected to be practical and could be taken as a good case The summary of the main factors, including Information
study. technology infrastructure and KM architecture, organizational
Regarding to its importance and benefits, many works have culture, resource allocation, performance management and
been done on knowledge implementation in HEI. The main factors Leadership and strategies that tend to have positively influenced
that researchers recommended to have a positive influence the the success of KM are presented in Table I.
success of KM in HEI are:
TABLE I. KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT SUCCESS FACTORS IN HEI
1). Information technology infrastructure and KM architecture:
The Information Technology infrastructure and KM KM Success Factors in HEI
No
architecture, including Knowledge Management System [9] is one Factors The work of
of the most important factors that researchers highly recommended Information Technology Infrastructure [10] [11] [12] [13][14]
1.
to enhance knowledge processes and improve knowledge and KM architecture
management [10,11,12,13,14]. Nowadays, the Internet is the [11] [12] [13] [16]
2. Organizational culture
source of knowledge and websites are the most popular medium
for acquiring knowledge [15]. Thus, leaders should plan and 3. Resource allocation [10] [11][17][18]
provide infrastructure and KM architecture to support those 4. Performance management [10] [17]
Internet and Website technology and in turn, facilitate their [10] [11][13][14] [16]
employees to share and utilize knowledge in an organization. 5. Leadership and strategies [17]
2). Organizational culture:
The organizational culture is the belief, norm and value to
shape behavior and act in an organization. Therefore, an Regarding to the factors, it can be seen that leaders and
organization that promotes knowledge sharing and learning managers are the most important people to make knowledge
culture will enhance the successful KM [11, 16] as knowledge management successful by their strategies, policy and resource
sharing is one of the main processes of KM. allocation.
3). Resource allocation: The general purpose of knowledge management is to share a
It is important to allocate resources either financial or human usable knowledge for everybody in an organization [19]. In the
resources for a KM project to execute KM practice successfully HEI, managing knowledge has some challenges and difficulty.
[11, 17]. One example should be seen from the work of J. Wedman Therefore, many KM projects have not yet been fully
and F. K. Wang [18] that they create knowledge repositories as a implemented. One of them is how to capture the right knowledge
tool to transfer knowledge. They discussed their research results for the right person at the right time [20].
that providing a knowledge repository for an organization could To gain the right knowledge requires the opinion from all
facilitate knowledge sharing and reduce knowledge fragmentation stakeholders in organizations. The principal knowledge sources in
and competition in higher education. higher educational institutes are all staff either academic or non-
4). Performance management: academic staff and students [21]. Therefore, both of staff and
The KM practice could be evaluated, standardized and students are stakeholders who play an important role in managing
developed as performance management of KM. The KM knowledge in and out from the institutes.
performance management could be done by benchmarking to Although extensive research has been carried out on KM, little
compare with other companies. This method could lead to more research has been focused on students’ perspectives upon
productivity and higher performance [10] because comparing with knowledge management. Moreover, with students’ perspectives,
others will reflex some weak points and could have a way of HEI will have a big picture of KM requirements for a next
improving performance. generation of people. Thus, to fulfill the gap, this study conducted
5). Leadership and strategies: more on a survey to consider the students’ perspectives on KM
Leaders and their strategies play the most important role in apart from studying the success factors to implement KM in HEI
organizational management, including knowledge management from previous work.
because they are the people who can make a decision and control
resource (i.e. people and budget) for every single project. Thus, III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
they have could make a decision on other main factors above for This study reviewed literatures in knowledge management of
successful managing KM as well. The organizations that have a HEI and collected some students’ perspectives about knowledge
support from their managers upon knowledge management, for management strategies/ factors in higher education. The students’
opinion should be played attention to because the student is the activities, forum and an online community will enhance the
important component of higher education institutes. knowledge sharing atmosphere and create a good learning
An open-ended question was used to collect the students’ environment which will sustain knowledge management in HEI.
perspectives. The respondents were 41 students (18 female Furthermore, 16.67% (8 from 48) of students ‘opinions
students and 23 male students) from a class of Knowledge prioritized the outside training, seminar and internship for the HEI
Management (this class was opened on the first semester of 2017, staff and students. The reason is knowledge is changing rapidly in
Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kasetsart University (Sakon the digital world therefore, to gain the new knowledge and new
Nakhon campus), Thailand). They were asked to fill in an open- technology from outside training, seminar and internship is
ended question asking about as if they are staff in a university, important to ensure that staff and students have up to date
what KM strategies that they want to apply to their university. The knowledge.
results and discussions will be presented in the next section. Finally, 4.17% (2 from 48) of students ‘opinions suggested that
the HEI should set up a KM team to take responsibility for KM
processes in order to make it operate progressively.
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS According to the results of the students ‘perspectives, it has
The answers of students’ perspectives on KM strategies that been reflected that students in the new generation are at ease with
they want to apply to promote KM in a university were analyzed technology, then they want to apply high technology to promote
and categorized as KM factors shown in Table II. KM practices. Moreover, the knowledge sharing atmosphere or
learning environment is an important factor that students focused
TABLE II. KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT SUCCESS FACTORS IN HEI on and the factor tends to influence the successful KM
KM Factors from Students’ Perspectives
implementation. In addition, students also want KM activities such
No as an open seminar to gain and exchange new knowledge. They
Factors Frequency
also want to suggest their own topics of seminar or knowledge to
1. KM practice 22 (45.83%) suit their own interest. Moreover, they want an online
Learning environment and communication of practice to exchange their knowledge with
2. 16 (33.33%)
knowledge sharing atmosphere
others. Additionally, the students want to ensure that all staff and
Training, Seminar and internship
3. 8 (16.67%) students could gain new knowledge and experience through
for new knowledge
4. Set up a KM team 2 (4.17%)
outside training, seminar and internship. Finally, they think that
the university or institutes should set up a KM team to take
responsibility and support for KM in an organization in order to
The students paid an intention into systematic KM practice the have a progress on KM project.
most 45.83% (22 from 48 ) of students’ opinions for successful Therefore, the leaders should consider these KM strategies/
KM strategies, including knowledge inquiring, collecting, factors presented above to support students as well as their staff.
sequencing the most important knowledge, sharing and evaluating The KM strategic plan should contain a list of KM response team
the quality of knowledge. In this, it is noticed that 8 of 22 students along with systematic KM practice, including knowledge
mentioned about knowledge dissemination or sharing that the inquiring, collecting, sequencing the most important knowledge,
university should make it more interesting by using high sharing and evaluating the quality of knowledge. Furthermore,
technology and multi-media via internet. One of them mentioned KM activities, training, seminars and internship for their staff and
about info-graphic to use pictures to present information or students should be planned with budget support.
knowledge in an easily understandable form. It reflects the fact
that the new generation is familiar with technology and multi- V. CONCLUSION
media in their daily life. The study revealed that critical KM factors that lead to
Additionally, 33.33 % (16 from 48) of students’ opinions successful KM implementation are: Information Technology
suggested that a management team of HEI needs to foster a Infrastructure and KM architecture, organizational culture,
learning environment where knowledge creation, sharing, and leadership and strategies, resource allocation and performance
application is enhanced. This is congruent with the work of A. management from the literature review and KM practice, learning
Alshahrani [22, pp. 4] that defined knowledge management as “the environment and knowledge sharing atmosphere, training,
capacity to build a set of activities or processes to sustain an Seminar and internship, and setting up a KM team from the
environment conducive to the creation and sharing of knowledge.” students ‘perspectives. The critical KM successful factors
The students mentioned that HEI should offer knowledge activities suggested from this study could be summarized as Fig. 1.
such as an open seminar to exchange knowledge and a forum to This paper suggests that both HEI leaders and their students,
give feedback and suggest knowledge topics that they are which could be seen as their customers, play an important role to
interested. Moreover, the HEI should provide an online facilitate knowledge processes and make knowledge management
community practice to share their knowledge. These knowledge more successful.
This study has some limitations. One limitation is it needs more Knowledge Management International Conference (KMICe) 2014,
Malaysia, 12 – 15 August 2014.
empirical work and case studies to confirm research results and to
[10] P. Akhavan, R. Hosnavi and M. E. Sanjaghi, “Identification of knowledge
gain more insight into the research area. However, this research management critical success factors in Iranian academic research centers” in
could give as an information to support the decision about Education, business and society: contemporary middle eastern issues, Vol.
implementing knowledge management in HEI. 2, Issue. 4, 2009, pp. 276-288.
[11] W. Omona, J. T. Lubega and T. V. D. Weide, “ Enhancing knowledge
management using ICT in higher education: an empirical assessment,” in
Journal of Knowledge Management Practices, Vol. 13, No. 3, 2012.
[12] A. T. Al-oqaily, Z. B. Hassan, A. M. Rashid and Z. A. Al-sulami, “Success
factors of knowledge management in universities (a case study: Jordanian
Higher Education Institutes Students’ perspectives private universities),” in Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research, Vol.
22. Issue. 7, 2014.
- Information Technology - KM practice [13] M. Attallah, M. Athab, W. J. Abed and N. Ali, “Review of knowledge
Infrastructure and KM architecture - Learning environment management success factors in higher educational organizations,” in Journal
of Advanced Computer Science and Technology Research, Vol. 5, No. 3,
- Organizational culture and knowledge sharing 2015, pp. 83-92.
- Resource allocation atmosphere [14] A. S. Alshahrani, “Identifying critical success factors for knowledge
- Performance management - Training, seminar and management implementation in higher education institutions : a study of the
- Leadership and strategies internship use of the Delphi Method at King Fahd Security College (KFSC) in Saudi
Arabia,” in Proc. the IRES 18th International Conference on Science,
- Set up a KM team Technology and Management, Bali, Indonesia, 30-11-2015, 43-45.
The Critical Knowledge Management Success Factors [15] B. Basu and S. Kalyan, “Assessing success factors of knowledge
Fig. 1: The Critical Knowledge Management Success Factors management initiatives of academic institutions–a case of an Indian business
school”, in The Electronic Journal of Knowledge Management, Vol. 5, No.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 3, 2007,pp. 273-282.
The author is grateful to Kasetsart University (Sakon Nakhon [16] M. R. Sarmadi, Z. Nouri, B. Zandi and M. G. Lavasani, “Academic culture
and its role in knowledge management in higher Education system,” in
campus), Thailand for supporting this study. International Journal of Environmental and Science Education, Vol. 12, No.
5, 2017, pp. 1427-1434.
[17] A. Akhavan, M. S. Owlia, M. Jafari and Y. Zare, "A model for linking
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:
3.68 3.93 3.63 3.47
3.02 3.38 3.83 3.59

:
4.49 4.57 4.22 4.17
3.59 3.83 4.22 4.02

Research on PBL-Based Maker Education Model*
Huili Yan Shuzhen
dept. College of Computer and dept. Graduate School dept. Elective Education Section
Information Science Chongqing Normal University Southwest Medical University
Chongqing Normal University Chongqing, China Chongqing, China
Chongqing, China [email protected] [email protected]
[email protected]
Abstract The cultivation of innovative talents is the most still cannot fully exp lain the intelligence existing in th e
concerned topic in the 21st century. The way to realize the society. Therefore, the original intelligence component was
innovation of current education is the urgent problem that we revised. Then in 1996, the theory of successful intelligence
need to solve. This paper takes the successful intelligence was proposed, pointing out that intelligence cannot only
theory as the guiding concept, takes the PBL model as the pursue academic success, but it should also include Real
support, explores the research mode of the pioneer education world success. Familiarization has simp lified the theoretical
teaching, constructs the PBL model based on the successful
leap forward, imparted a new theoretical framework to
intelligence theory, and elaborates its teaching characteristic,
intelligence, incorporated creativity into intelligence,
at the same time with the specific course of classroom teaching
expanded the connotation of intelligence, and emphasized
design and application of the results of analysis, with a view to
practical intelligence to guide people to recognize learning
the training of innovative talents to provide a reference.
ability. This is a negation of negation.
Keywords maker education, successful intelligence theory, Sternberg pointed out that analyticity, creativity and
PBL, model of instruction practicality are three important aspects of successful
intelligence. Analytic intelligence refers to the direction of
I. INT RODUCT ION purposeful guidance of mental activity in order to find
China is currently undergoing an important effective solutions to related problems. Creative intelligence
transformation and upgrading phase. From the orig inal refers to the ability to break the shackles of established
emphasis on the introduction and catch-up of advanced content and present novel and valuable issues. Practical
technologies, it has turned into a driving force that values the intelligence refers to the ability to use the experience skills
development and self-development of its own. The accumulated in everyday life to deal with real-life problems,
cultivation of innovative talents has become an issue that we usually in terms of the use of survivability and common
must care about. At the sub-forum on the theme of "training sense. The ability to adapt to the environment and to meet
higher education and innovative talents", Prof. Hai Wen fro m the needs of daily life largely reflects the level of practical
Peking Un iversity made the above statement when he intelligence [2].
presided over the forum. Su Bide, the president of the Yale
University in the United States, pointed out that innovation is B. Maker Education
not only a subversion of the old order but, more importantly, 1) Connotation: Maker education can be understood in
a creative construction of the new order. The real innovation both generalized and narrow senses. Maker education in the
is to find new ways to solve new problems. Based on the broad sense represents an educational form that mainly
theory of successful intelligence, the research explores the cultivates the spirit of creat ion fron the public[3]. Maker
implementation model of the maker education based on the
education in the narrow sense represents an educational
PBL model, encourages learners to discover new problems in
life and learning, and finds solutions to problems by means model. Cultivate the learner's attain ments [4]. In addit ion, it
of group collaboration.
education of the maker
II. RELAT ED CONCEPT S makers; the o model
Education is the goal [5]. No matter what kind of
A. Successful Intelligence Theory perspective, the ultimate goal of Maker Education is the
Traditional intelligence theory and research have same. They are all aimed at cultivating innovative talents.
limitations. They do not pay attention to the connection
between intelligence and the real society, and cannot reveal
the whole picture of intelligence. Professor Sternberg on the
basis of years of intellectual research, in 1985 put forward
the "triple theory" of intelligence, that intelligence is the
mental ab ility to adapt to, select and shape the environment
background [1], breaking the traditional intellectual
imprisonment . Ho wever, Sternberg believes that the theory
Fund Project: Chongqing Postgraduate Education and T eaching

Reform Research Project (major project) (YJG151007), Chongqing Fig. 1. Maker educational theory Sources
Education Science Planning Key Project (2017-GX-114), Chongqing
Education Commission Postgraduate Research Innovation Project
(CYS17176)
2) Theoretical source: Maker education focuses on outcomes. Practical intelligence urges us to solve problems
practical hands-on operations, emphasizes acquiring and the use of thinking results in our daily life [8]. One thing
knowledge fro m practice, and applying knowledge to real to bear in mind is that the ones that can help us in daily life
are not fixed intelligences, but successful intelligences that
life, fully embodying the concept of learning fro m doing. It
can maintain analytical thinking, creative thinking, and
enables learners to enter the situational learning as legal
practical thinking in a balanced state. The creators' education
participants, and gradually helps the learners achieve the cultivates the creator's quality that refers to the ability to find
role change from onlookers, participants, and demonstrators problems, analyze problems, design solutions to problems,
in the course of practical act ivities. Learners make use of and create related products in the process of group
various resources to create their own creative works, and cooperative learning through the use of certain scientific and
show and share their own works through O2O. technological means. It is related to the learner's professional
Constructivism encourages creative production of relevant skills, creative problem solving, teamwork, critical and
works by learners, provides opportunities to fully express innovative thinking, and it also influences learners' ability to
their opin ions, and continues to learn through production, as realize their own va lue in their future work and social life [9].
shown in Fig.1. The acquisition of successful intelligence and the
3) The characteristice of maker education attainment of caliber quotients are not accidental. They can
a) Personality: It is closely related to the learner's life, be cultivated and developed through the establishment of
can draw attention, maximize mob ilization of enthusiasm, courses for students to analyze, create, and practice skills.
stimulate learn ing interest, and improve the ability to Successful intelligence has a high value in our work and life
combine knowledge theory with life practice. after we finish school. It can help us achieve our own
intellectual potential [10]. Based on this, the article believes
b) The complexity of the project: It generally requires that the maker education is a form of education that takes the
the learner to use knowledge of mu ltiple related disciplines successful intelligence theory as the guiding idea and the
to complete the previous knowledge experience creat ively problem as the carrier to cultivate the learner's innovative
applied to the current Maker p roject, and in the course of ability.
practice to accumu late more knowledge and experience to
improve itself. B. The Important Enlightenment of PBL Model to Makers
c) Adequate resources: On the basis of the existing Education
resources of the school, it needs to provide learners with PBL is a problem-based learning or problem-based
adequate hardware and software equipment. For example, learning teaching model. The PBL teaching model combines
specific things (such as 3D printers) and various digital learner self-learning with teacher guidance. It was founded in
resources that need to be used in practice. 1969 by Barrows, a professor of neurology. It has been
adopted by other disciplines in education and has expanded
d) Interaction and cooperation:: In creating a guest the scope of influence.
activity, learners need to complete their o wn Maker Project
in the form of a group. In the process of cooperation and The PBL model is based on the theory of constructivism
exchange, learners need to learn fro m each other, help each and mult iple intelligence theory. It emphasizes teacher-
other, and achieve happy learning and happiness. oriented, learner-centered, and problem-centered. It focuses
on problem formu lation, analysis, and resolution. It uses
e) Reasonable time schedule: Learners need to make independent learning and group collaboration to explore
full use of the time provided to comp lete the Maker Project learning as the main learning method is to raise the learner's
and improve the efficiency of time use. problem awareness, inquiry ability, communication ability,
f) Sharing of results: Sharing results with others can teamwork ability and thinking ability development. The
help learners to broaden their horizons and improve their basic process can be summarized into five stages: Asking
personal qualit ies. They can also make others more willing Questions - Analyzing Questions - Solving Problems -
to propose and share creative ideas they have held to help Reporting Results - Reflection and Evaluation [11]. In
them improve and improve their results [6]. general, PBL teaching model has the following imp lications
for maker education: First, it requires learners to actively
g) Novelty: The learner's projects comp leted by the construct the meaning of knowledge, develop the ability of
learners who participated in the maker act ivity are different, learners to discover and solve problems, and enhance the
and the applied knowledge is also different. learners' ability of independent learning and collaborative
learning. Put the theoretical knowledge in the book into a
III. SUCCESSFUL INT ELLIGENCE THEORY AND PBL'S real situation, and improve the ability of the learners' theory
IMPORT ANT ENLIGHT ENMENT T O M AKERS EDUCAT ION and practice. Third, the teacher-led, learner-centered
mainstay teaching structure is more conducive to teachers
A. The Important Inspiration of Successful Intelligence and learners. Interaction between the two.
Theory to Makers Education
Successful intelligence is an organic whole, with the goal IV. CONST RUCT ION OF MAKER EDUCAT ION M ODE BASED ON
PBL M ODE
analyzing and formulating programs, and imp lementing
programs to solve problems [7]. The three dimensions of A. Construction of Maker Education Mode Based on PBL
successful intelligence are interrelated. Creative intelligence Mode
helps us form good problems and ideas. Analytic intelligence
The highest goal of educational activities is to
helps us solve problems and identify the value of thinking
cultivate learners' high-level capabilities and achieve
individual and harmonious development. Innovation
ability, critical thinking ability, collaboration ability
and problem solving ability constitute high-level
capabilities. The Maker Education model based on
the PBL model takes the highest goal of achieving
educational activities as its mission and focuses on
the overall development of learners.
PBL-based maker education teaching process is
divided into seven steps, each step can be divided into Fig. 2. T he teaching process of creating guest education based on PBL
two separate steps, as shown in Fig.2. The teaching model
evaluation of this model main ly includes the self-
evaluation, mutual evaluation and the teacher's
comprehensive evaluation of each group.
Based on PBL's student-teacher education teaching
model, it focuses on the cultivation and balance of
analytical, creative, and practical abilities, and
focuses on the cultivation of students' comprehensive
abilit ies such as problem awareness, inquiry ability,
and teamwork ability. To provide a necessary
learning environment for maker education, such as
the creation of a learning environment, support for
group collaboration, provision of design tools,
support for production of works, support for learning
evaluation, and support for pres entation of results , as Fig. 3. T he characteristics of the education and teaching of creation based
on PBL model
shown in Fig.4.
In this teaching mode, teachers act as guides and In this process, learners raise questions based on the
assistants of the learning process, creating problem situation they created, which helps to increase
situations for learners, guiding learners to ask learners' problem awareness; analysis and discussion
questions about the situation created, and guiding can effectively cultivate learners' inquiry ability,
learners to spontaneously combine collaborative teamwork ability, and analytical ability; and
learning groups to guide learning. Analyze and throughout the entire practice process. It also allows
discuss issues and determine the goals of learning. learners to fully exercise their analytical, creative, and
Establish practical standards for learners, supervise practical abilit ies and achieve a balance between their
and observe learners' learning and practical operations, abilities.
and provide necessary guidance at the right time to
help learners publish and share results, and evaluate B. An Analysis of the Teaching Characteristics of Makers
Education Based on PBL Mode
Enable learners to more effectively understand the In the teaching process, the theory of successful
knowledge they have learned. intelligence is used as the guiding concept, and the three
As the main body of the learning process, learners
need to ask questions based on the situations created
by the teachers, and form collaborative learning concerned. Supported by the PBL model, the learners can
groups to solve problems together, analyze and fully mobilize their subjective initiat ive and actively
discuss and determine goals. The goals include the participate in the resolution of practical problems in the real
overall goals of the collaborative team and the goals problem situations. This helps to enhance learners' problem
of the members within the collaborative team. Under awareness, develop learners' problems, analyze problems,
the guidance of established goals, independent and and solve problems. The ability of the problem. The teacher-
independent learning and collaborative learning led and learner-centered teaching structure breaks the
among team members will be conducted to discuss traditional teacher-centered teaching structure and the
and formulate solutions to problems. The team learner-centered teaching structure model, which helps
members collaborated to complete the production of learners to actively construct the knowledge and teachers and
prototypes based on problem solving solutions and students. Interaction between the two. Collaborative learning
conducted practical tests on the results. Self- groups allow learners to express their own views on
evaluation and mutual evaluation are performed situational issues, form brainstorms, analyze and discuss, and
among the team members, and then the teacher determine learning goals, which can help facilitate
conducts a comprehensive evaluation of the entire collaboration and mutual learning among learners. The
learning practice process. The learners reflect and formulation of the problem solution helps to increase the
improve on the evaluations, and then present the awareness of the learner in thinking about the problem as a
solutions and design prototypes. Finally, they whole, formu late detailed plans for practice, make the goals
summarize the entire learning process and deepen the of each step more clear, and lay a good foundation for the
understanding of knowledge [11]. improvement of the later stage. For prototype production, it
needs to be imp lemented with 3D printing technology. The
production of the prototype can allow learners to see the
results of their own efforts more intuitively, to exercise Determine the goal: Students analyze and discuss and
learners' hands-on skills and to satisfy learners' curiosity and determine the overall goal of creating a ceramic water
sense of accomplish ment. The display of results needs to be cup model; each member's goal is to complete which
conducted both online and offline. Through the offline parts of the ceramic water cup to create.
display, learners can more intuitively see the results of
themselves and others; and through the online display, more Self-directed learning: Students review the
learning can be achieved. Participants participate in learning instructions that they studied before, and use the
activities and give their opinions or suggestions to better required instructions to find out and perform
improve their works. As shown in Fig. 3. proficiency.
Collaborative learning: The team members share the
V. CASE DESIGN AND EFFECT A NALYSIS results of independent learning and achieve the effect
of learning from each other.
A. PBL-based Makers Education Classroom Instruction
Formulate the plan: The group exchanges and
Design
discusses the steps of creating the model and the
Applying the PBL-based maker education model to the instructions to be used, and designs the complete
curriculu m constructed by the 3D model can better achieve scheme for creating a ceramic cup model.
the teaching objectives and promote the effective learning of
learners. There are 30 students in the entire class, 18 boys
and 12 girls. All students are freshman students. One
Prototype: Each member of the team used modeling
semester course, the class time is three classes per week. software to collaboratively create a model of a
Before this study, learners have already learned all the
ceramic water cup and print it out using a 3D printer.
instructions needed to make a cup model.
Practice test: students will be liquid (water) into the
Teaching Objectives include knowledge and skills,
cup model to see if there is a leakage phenomenon.
processes and methods, emotional attitudes and values.
Knowledge and skills refer to the mastery of feature Presentation of results: Each team presents the
commands such as "extrusion" and "target welding" in 3D models and objects it creates, either online or offline.
MAX software. The process and method refers to the ability
to use 3D MAX software to design works, and expand the Self-assessment and peer review: Within the group,
space thinking through the exchange, display and the team's model and physical objects are evaluated,
modification of the works. Emotional attitudes and values and the other group's models are evaluated in kind.
refer to the sense of joy that can be felt through the analys is Teacher Evaluation: The teacher evaluates the
of one's own thinking, the exchanges and cooperation of the student's model creation and physical display and
team, and the completion of the work. proposes amendments.
Learners have just come into contact with 3D thinking. Reflective imp rovement: Each group conducts
They are not sufficiently aware of 3D design, they have weak reflections based on self-evaluation, peer review, and
spatial imag ination, and they lack imagination of 3D objects teacher evaluation, and improves the models and
in daily life. objects created.
The instructional design process is mainly divided into
Learning to display: The team will demonstrate the
three double-cycle phases of determin ing objectives, learning
improved model and the physical again, and
and practice, and evaluation and improvement. Throughout
introduce the creation process and experience.
the teaching process, teachers should supervise and observe
Deepening the summary According to theoretical
guidance to learners. Double loop 1 includes four lin ks study and practical operation, summarize the
including situation design, asking questions, group knowledge and experience learned in this course and
integration, and determin ing goals. Double loop 2 includes deepen the effective learning of knowledge.
six lin ks including independent learning, collaborative
learning, formulating programs, prototype production, B. Analysis of the Effect of Maker Education Class Based
practice testing, and results display. The double loop 3 on PBL
includes four teaching links: self-evaluation, peer assessment,
teacher evaluation, reflection improvement, and learning At the end of the semester, through the investigation and
demonstration. The last step is to deepen the summary. research methods, learners learned about the effect of the 3D
modeling classroom for the maker education. A total of 30
Situation design: The teacher introduces the history of questionnaires were distributed and 30 were recovered. The
ceramic cups vividly and interestingly, and allows reliability and validity of the questionnaire were analyzed by
students to carefully observe the characteristics of SPPSS22.0. The Cronbach's Alpha value was 0.902 and the
ceramic cups and inspire students' research interests. normalized Cronbach's Alpha value was 0.903. Both
coefficient values were above 0.9, indicating that the
Ask the question: The student asks if he can use the questionnaire had high internal consistency. Higher
modeling software to create a model for any ceramic credibility. The value of KMO is 0.718, with a significant
cup. probability of 0.000, indicating that there are more co mmon
Team integration: Students are free to combine into factors among variables and it is more appropriate to do
collaborative learning groups. factor analysis. The statistical results of the learner's
evaluation of the effects of the maker education model are TABLE II. STUDENT P ERFORMANCE MATCHING SAMP LE T T EST
shown in Table 1.
Achieve ment Mid-term Te rminal
The survey results show that 77% of learners believe that Me an 78.27 83.60
the PBL-based maker education model applied to 3D N 30 30
modeling courses can increase problem awareness. 70% of 95% Lower limit -5.663
learners think that they can enhance their inquiry ability, and Pair confidence
73% of learners think that they can improve team difference interval for Upper limit -5.003
difference
collaboration skills. 70% of learners think that they can
t -33.042
enhance their analytical skills. 67% of learners think that
they can improve their creative ability, and 80% of learners df 29
think that they can practice their abilities. It can be seen that .sig .000
the process of maker education helps to
creative, practical and analytical intelligence. And it can VI. CONCLUSION
improve the learners' problem awareness, inquiry ability, This study is guided by the theory of successful
teamwork ability, and cultivate and balance the learner's intelligence and supported by the PBL model. It exp lores the
successful intelligence. current development mode of the guest education under the
The survey results also show that 86% of learners believe atmosphere of the guest education environment, and builds a
that the PBL-based maker education model applied to 3D teaching model for student education based on the PBL
modeling courses can enhance learning. In order to further model under the support of successful intelligence theory.
verify whether there is a difference between the 3D modeling The cultivation of innovative talents. At present, researchers
courses supported by the maker education model and the are conducting a series of empirical studies in related fields,
traditional teaching effects, the study compares the pre- applying the established teaching model to the school's
learner's mid-term achievement and the post-development maker education and teaching, gradually imp roving the
learner's final performance with the sample of the maker model, testing its effectiveness in practice, and applying
education model. By SPSS22.0 calculation and analysis, the actual education for maker education. Classroom teaching
reliability coefficient of the sample is 0.916>0.9, indicating provides reference.
that the reliability of the scale is good and the credibility is
high. Then the sample data were calcu lated and the paired REFERENCES
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PBL has a significant impact on the learner's performance. Cultivate Creative Culture. Chian: e-Education Research, 2015, pp.
The average score of the score is 83.60, which is higher than 5 13.
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that the score of learners after the imp lementation of the Support System of Maker Education. China: Modern Educational
T echnology, 2016, pp. 13 19.
maker education model based on PBL has a significant
increase. [5] Yang Xianmin, Li Jihong, The Value Potential and Controversy of
Makers' Education. China: Modern Distance Education Research,
2015, pp. 25.
TABLE I. PBL-BASED MAKER EDUCATION CLASSROOM EFFECT [6] He Kekang. On Maker Education and Innovation Education. China:
Educational Research, 2016, pp. 12 40
O ptions N Pece ntage Percentage of C ses [7] Yu Guoqing, Li Qiwei, Form the Triacrhic Theory of Human
Improve problem 23 17.56% 77% Intelligence to Sueeessful Intelligenee: Going Beyond IQ Again?
awareness China: Psychological Science, 2003, pp. 612 616.
Enhanced inquiry [8] R. J. Sternberg, Wu Guohong, Qian Wenyi, Successful Intelligence.
21 16.03% 70%
capabilities China. Shanghai:East China Normal University Press, 1999, pp. 116
Improve team 143.
22 16.79% 73%
collaboration
[9] Fu Zhiyong. China Maker Education Bluebook. China. Beijing:
Enhanced analysis
21 16.03% 70% Modern Educational T echnology Magazine, 2015, pp. 8.
capabilities
[10] Song Jun, Cheng Lian, Research on College English PBL Flipping
Improve creativity 20 15.27% 67%
Teaching Mode under MOOC Platform. China: Study and Practice,
Exercise ability 24 18.32% 80% 2015, pp. 136 140.
[11] Wei Donghai, Wu Tafan, Ma Ningfang, Application of Web-based
PBL Teaching Model (W-PBL) in Medical Education. China: Higher
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Analytical Practical Creative Problem Inquiry Teamwork Ability
Ability Ability Ability Consciousness Ability Ability Training
Put Analysis Self Evaluation

Formation Determine Autonomous Collaborative Formulate Practice Teacher Reflection and Study Deepen the Learner
Forward a and Prototyping and Mutual
Group the Goal Learning Learning a Scheme Test Evaluation Improvement Display Summary
Question Discussion Evaluation
Specific
Learner Cyclic
Network
The
Create a Provide Auxiliary Support
Support Group Support Environment
Learning Design Learning Results of Maker
Collaboration Work
Situation Tools Evaluation Display Education
Ability
Training
Create a Guide Students Organization Guide Analysis Guide the Setting up A Supervision and Reflection on
Problem to Ask Combined and Discussion Determination of Standard to Observation Evaluation of the Teacher
Situation Questions Learning Group of Problems Learning Goals Provide Support Timely Guidance Publication of Results
Holistic cycle mode Specific Cycle Mode
Fig. 4. T he mode of PBL based education and teaching

Classification of germinated parboiled rice (Hang
rice) Using Image Processing Technique
Songgrod Phimphisan Sarawoot Boonkirdram
Kalasin Thailand Sakon Nakhon Thailand

Abstract This research presents the classification and image knowledge, experience, and patience of the workers to
processing method of rice germination. Based on the size and evaluate the quality of rice from random samples and checking
shape of the image with digital image processing techniques. rice may be a mistake. If the examiner is lack of knowledge,
Especially the algorithm for finding edges to find edges and expertise and fatigue. Many researche have provided a system
reduce the background image noise. The system consists of three for classifying grain and grain recognition systems based on
main functions: 1) Find the edge. 2) Calculation of threshold varieties, shapes and sizes. [1-10,13-16]
image and 3) image classification. The experiments showed 3
types of Hang germinated rice, including Hom-nin rice, Hom- From the above reasons, we have studied and researched
Mari rice and Riceberry. The results of image processing and using the analysis of grain shape and size. Digital image
image classification are all three species rice. Hom-Mari 80.43 analysis of Hang rice to analyze and classify the physical
Homnin 62.89 and Riceberry 52.58 respectively. properties of Hang rice To reduce the time and increase the
accuracy of the quality of rice. It is also used as a more
Keywords edge detection, image classification, Hang rice accurate valuation information
I. INTRODUCTION II. RELATED WORK

Thailand is an agricultural country that produces a large Many researchers have studied and researched to identify
number of food products each year. Rice is the main life and each seed by using several techniques.
economy of the country and is an important staple food. At
present, competition in the global market is intensifying. Guzman and Peralta [1] Use neural networks to classify
There is more adulteration as well. In the Northeast, Thai rice Filipino grains according to their size and 52 rice grains
is grown in open systems. If the quality of rice is not good, varieties belonging to five groups in the Philippines by using
there is no contamination, it will make Thailand less rice image processing techniques. The system uses three groups of
exports, resulting in economic problems. Therefore, the data, each groups with 110 grains for each size, shape, and
quality of rice must be checked to be used as a standard for variety of grain The result is that 98.76% accuracy for size and
price determination. The quality of the rice is determined by 96.67% for shape. The accuracy rates for each type of rice
the moisture, color, size, shape of the grain, as well as other were 85.81, 94.58, 96.16 and 97.39% for irrigated lowland
contaminants mixed with the grain, such as seeds, grass, soil, areas, mixed brine and rice fields, respectively. The average
debris, etc. Hang rice is a rice that grows from rice, contains accuracy is about 70 percent for the classification of 52
nutrients, vitamins, minerals, fiber, and aroma from the shell varieties.
coating on the rice grain increases, so it has more nutrients Mladenov and Dejanov [2] development of a germination
than brown rice germ is nutritious higher than healthy grains. system using computer vision. Artificial neural networks for
And balance Increase immunity Help prevent germs or image segmentation, seed germination, depending on pattern
diseases that are not caused by pathogens. To test the quality and features (color, texture). Seed germination is divided into
of Hang rice, the quality is good, consisting of rice with germ, germination background and root zone. The accuracy rate
full of seeds, no fissures at the ends of seeds. The brown rice depends on the RBFN (Radial Basis Function Network)
may be darker or lighter depending on the rice variety and no standard and RBFN network modifications.
other rice varieties are added to the rice. Therefore, the quality
problems of Hang rice such as the contamination of other rice. OuYang et al. [3] Development of a system for identifying
Physical properties are factors affecting the price of Hang rice. different rice seeds varieties uses neural network techniques to
identify five rice varieties depending on color, quality and
Therefore, this research uses image processing techniques appearance. The accuracy classification rate of the five
instead of human capabilities. The traditional way to check varieties were 99.99% for No.5 "Xiannong", "Jinyougui"
quality depends on the human ability to spend time and labor 99.93% for "You166" 98.89%, No.8 "Xiannong" 82.82% and
in the process of monitoring and controlling the quality of the "Medium 463" 86.65%.
germinated rice. It can be seen that it takes time and
Shantaiya and Ansari [4] used artificial neural networks to recognition systems, many researchers use different forms for
find six rice varieties in the Chhattisgarh area using color, different purposes. For example, [6, 8] uses statistical pattern
morphology and texture characteristics. The nine colors, recognition. The use of pattern recognition or syntax [1-5, 7,
morphology and texture were main characteristics: color, size, 9-10]
shape and texture. RSGA uses neural network techniques to
predict plant germination. The accuracy rate is 93.06 percent, III. PROPOSED SYSTEM APPROACH
with a speed of 8.31 seconds per image. In the classification
analysis. The data set includes 60 sample images for training This research focuses on the quality of Hang rice. And to
and 60 sample images to test the data set. The classification distinguish the physical properties of good quality Hang rice
accuracies rates of 90, 88, 95, 82, 74 and 80 percent for 6 seed germ, consisting of rice germ, full of seeds, without fissures at
varieties. the seed tip. The Hang rice is different from normal rice is the
yield of germinated rice. Soak rice or brown rice in water for
Gujjar and Siddappa [7] applied neural networks to roots. The roots is approximately 0.5 to 1 millimeter, and then
identify six Basmati rice varieties in India based on texture heat through (steamed or boiled) and dehumidify. The image
and morphological. Morphological characteristics and color processing technique used is the CNN technique [11], a
characteristics. 9 colors and 9 morphological and textural technique that improves algorithms that can be reduced image
features were used for discriminant analysis and back noise.
propagation neural network-based classifier was developed to
identify. The classification accuracy rates are 90, 88, 95, 82, The CNN Method clearly created the ideal edge delineate
74 and 80% for six basmati rice varieties that are one-pixel wide and unbroken. The false caution rate of
clamor fluctuation likelihood for which an edge locator can
Silva and Sonnadara [9] use artificial neural networks to without much of a stretch pronounce an edge pixel given that
classify 9 rice species based on morphology, color and texture. there is no edge. The CNN parameters can be balanced and
Morphological and surface morphology features thirteen, six demonstrated to fathom Halfway differential conditions and
and fifteen, respectively. The system uses a set of unique most extreme probability issues for edge discovery. The CNN
features and feature sets together in a different neural network model image is show fig 1-4
model. The classification textural high accuracy than
morphological and color features. The whole accuracy rate is Fig. 1. Original good qaulity Hang rice image
92% for the combination feature set. Grain accuracy was 94,
98, 84, 100, 94, 68, 98, 94 and 94% for AT307, BG250,
BG358, BG450, BW262, BW267, W361, BW363 and BW364
respectively order.
B. Lurstwut and C. Pornpanomchai [10] Develop a
systematic program for germination analysis using image
processing and computer vision technology. This program is
called "Rice Seed Germination Analysis (RSGA)." This
experiment was conducted on six varieties of Thai rice
varieties: CP111, RD41, Chiang Phatthalung, Sang Yod
Phattalung, Phitsanulok 2 and Chai Nat 1 in Bangkok and Fig. 2. Edge detection of good qaulity Hang rice image
Chiangmai province of Thailand. RSGA used Artificial Neural
Network techniques and precision is 93.06 percent, with the
time speed 8.31 seconds per image.
Chetana V. Maheshwari, Kavindra R. Jain and
ChintanK.Modi [12] to present a new method for counting the
number of Gujarat-17. By comparing the size of rice seed.
They using image processing based on calculation area of rice
seed consist of major axis length, minor axis length and
eccentricity for counting normal seed and foreign element in
terms of long as well as small seed for a given sample. Finally,
they compared with human vision verification Fig. 3. Original no qaulity Hang rice image
Prashant Kumbharkar et al. [17] Application of Grading

and Evaluation of Grain Based on Seed Size and Shape Using
Image Processing Techniques Especially the edge detection
algorithm is used to find the boundaries of each cereal. This
application allows all the stake holders to be responsible for
making nearly 60% of the cereal food business in India.
Therefore, it is evident that there is an automatic system
for identifying or specifying the type of grain for various
purposes. For computer techniques in classification and
Fig. 4. Edge detection of no qaulity Hang rice image shape measurement is referred from laboratory manual on
Hang rice quality.
D. Algorithm of system and advantage system

1) Input: Hang Rice sample input image.
2) Output: Classified Hang rice quality grade.
3) Steps of algorithm
a) Step1: Convert the pre processed image to binary
image using threshold algorithm.
b) Step2: Edge detection of Hang rice using CNN
Model.
The flow of image processing algorithm is shown in fig. 5 c) Step3: Convert the image of step 3 to data format
which consists of some basic steps. Grains are randomly using AFF format.
placed on a black background to hold the image. The images
are taken and stored for further analysis. The first step is to d) Step4: Perform analysis on the quality using the
process the image to binary image. In the second step, the average values of the features extracted.
edge detection using CNN method to reduce image noise from e) Step5: Classify the sample for the Type and grade
the image. The third step is to transform the image data into based on the analysis.
AFF format data for training data. The fourth step is the
process of processing the data to achieve the desired result. f) Stop.
Learning the quality information of rice germination at each
E. Advantages
level prior to classification. In the fifth step of the algorithm
rice is classified according to its size and shape. It also includes false edges and reduced image noise.
Fig. 5. Flow diagram for image processing and classification system It gave good detection effect on the outline
It give better and accurate result.
Time require to analyze rice quality is minimum as
compared to traditional and manual method.
IV. RESULT
In the classification using SMO Neural and J48 method to
training and test. The results of the experiment on the quality
of Hang rice. The results of the analysis and calculation of the
SMO Neural and J48 algorithm can be classified as follows
table 1.
TABLE I. EXPERIMENTAL RESULT BASED ON VARIATION OF RICE SPECIES

Algorithm (accuracy)
Species
SMO Neural J48
Hom-Mari 80.43 77.17 76.89
Homnin 62.89 60.82 52.58
A. Image pre-processing Riceberry 49.48 52.58 51.55

User capture image using color camera which is saved in
the three dimensional RGB (red, green, blue) color space
Table 1 shows that the algorithm used to identify suitable
shown in fig 1,3.
Hang rice for Hom-Mari rice is SMO with an accuracy of
80.43. The appropriate algorithm for the classification of
B. Edge detetion Homnin rice is SMO with an accuracy of 62.89 and the
Edge detection helps to find out the region of boundaries appropriate classification algorithm for Riceberry rice was
of rice. We used CNN model method for edge detection in Neural network with an accuracy of 52.58.
proposed methodology show in fig 2,4.
V. CONCLUSIONS
C. Object classification
The quality of Hang rice was determined by using image
Classification requires all standard, measured and processing method. In this paper, various classification
calculated results. The standard database for rice size and
methods are analysed. How to use algorithms with multiple Electrical, Electronics and Power Engineering (ICTEEP'2012) July 15-
algorithms and how SMO creates the best classification. 16, 2012 Singapore.
[16]
ACKNOWLEDGMENT Computerand Communication Engineering(An ISO 3297: 2007

Certified Organization)Vol. 3, Issue 6, June 2015.
Throughout this research, the work has been supported by
[17] Prashant Kumbharkar, Priyanka Upale, Deepali, Megha Saste, Asha
the Faculty of Liberal of Art and Science, Kalasin University, Padwal Application for Rice Quality Assessment and Classification
Thailand and Community Enterprise Hang Rice Ban Jan Using Image Processing Technique International Journal of Innovative
Group. Research in Computer and Communication Engineering Vol. 4, Issue
10, October 2016
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Simulation
and Gaming
IEEE
Transactions on Learning Technologies

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A Scheme to Create Blockly-based Programming
Learning Games for Elementary Students
Jun-Ming Su* Wen-Ding Li Meng-Jhen Li
Department of Information and Learning Department of Information and Learning Department of Information and
Technology Technology Learning Technology
National University of Tainan National University of Tainan National University of Tainan
Tainan, Taiwan Tainan, Taiwan Tainan, Taiwan
Ting-Wei Lin
Department of Information and Learning
Technology
National University of Tainan
Tainan, Taiwan
[email protected]
Abstract To efficiently foster the Computational Thinking, a programming learning games are interesting but the content and
high level thinking ability, becomes the international trend. context is fixed and not able to be modified. Teachers can apply
Programming learning has been regarded as a useful method to them to teach the programming learning only but they cannot
train students to acquire them. The programing learning games edit or modify the content and context to meet the requirements
have also been developed to efficiently motivate and engage
of the teaching and learning. Moreover, it is also difficult and
students in the programming learning, especially for the
elementary students. However, the fixed learning and gaming time-consuming to develop the desired game-based
context of the existing games may not be able to meet the teaching programming learning activities for teachers by themselves,
requirements. Therefore, this study proposes a scheme of Blockly- and not to mention the non-technical teachers. Therefore, how
based Programming Learning Game (BPLG) to investigate the to propose a method to assist teachers in creating the game-
possibility of the teacher-created programming learning game. based programming learning activity by them-selves is our
The BPLG scheme adopts the Blockly programming method to concerns.
replace the text-based programming one, and integrates the This study designs a construction scheme of Blockly-based
interactive learning content to create the game-based context and Programming Learning Game (BPLG) to assist teachers in
content. Currently, a Blockly-based Programming Learning
creating their-own Blockly-based Programming Learning
Game based on BPLG scheme has been created to show the
workability. Game (BPLG) to meet the requirements. In order to facilitate
the programming learning for elementary students, the BPLG
Keywords Computational Thinking; Programming Learning scheme adopts the Blockly programming method to replace the
text-based programming one, and integrates the interactive
learning content to create the game-based context and content.
I. INTRODUCTION In BPLG scheme, the desired procedure of the Blockly-based
How to efficiently foster the Computational Thinking Programming Learning Game with the included learning and
(CT) [1], a high level thinking ability, becomes the international game content, e.g., the game stages, game levels, and the level
trend. Therefore, using programming learning to train the up rules, are able to be designed by means of the Interactive
computational thinking becomes the popular one of methods as Content Construction and the Blockly Programming Task
well. For the elementary students, the traditional text-based Design functions. Currently, the Blockly-based Programming
programming language [3] is too difficult to learn, so the Learning Game based on BPLG scheme has been created to
intuitive and easy-to-use Visual Programming Language (VPL) show the possibility and workability. Thereby, elementary
[4], e.g., Scratch [5] and Blockly [6], have been developed to students will be expected to be encouraged and motivated in
facilitate the programming learning. However, the elementary learning the programming through the teacher-created BPLG
students usual find the programming learning boring to easily and teachers can understand the learning status for improving
lose the learning motivation. Accordingly, the interactive and the teaching and learning performance.
interesting game-based programming learning activities have
also been designed and developed to motivate and engage them
in programming learning, such as CodeMonkey [12] and
CodeCombat [13] in Code.org [14]. Nevertheless, the existing
II. RELATED WORKS created by the previous work, CoDiVE system[10], allows that
Currently, the Computational Thinking the the desired context and content of the game can be efficiently
thought processes involved in formulating a problem and created by means of the authoring tools of the CoDiVE system.
expressing its solution(s), whereby a computer and human or Furthermore, the desired Blockly-based Programming
machine are able to effectively carry out [1] Learning Game can thus be constructed via the integration of
Decomposition, (2) Pattern Recognition, (3) Abstraction, and the IGC content and the Blockly-based programming tasks.
(4) Algorithm Design [2] and has also been paid much attention, Therefore, students are able to visually program the blockly
especially for the K-12 education [11]. In order to foster the code in the Blockly-based Programming Operation Module,
computational thinking ability, programming language [8] has and to address and complete the tasks and context of the game
become the important tool and method. However, students in the IGC Operation Module.
usually find programming difficult to image and learn well
through the Text-based programming tool and environment [3] B. Interactive Game Content Operation Module
because the programming concepts and skills are usually
The Interactive Game Content (IGC) in BPLG scheme can
abstract. Therefore, the visualized programming tools have
be constructed via our previous work, Collaborative Diagnostic
been developed to facilitate the programming learning for the
Virtual Experiment System (CoDiVE)[10]. CoDiVE offers a
novice and beginners [4], such as Scratch [5] and Blockly [6]. Visualized Reusable Object-based Construction Scheme
For the elementary students, their learning motivations are (VROCS) based on Object-Oriented Design Approach (OODA)
decreased easily, although the visualized programming tools
and Rule-Based Control Approach (RBCA) [9] to enhance the
are able to decrease the learning threshold. Therefore, the
Reusability and Extensibility. In CoDiVE system, a Web-based
interactive and interesting game-based programming learning
visualized authoring tool, as a WYSIWYG style, has been
activities have also been designed and developed to motivate developed to facilitate the Diagnostic Virtual Experiment
and engage them in programming learning, such as (DiVE) construction, which can be constructed by defining the
CodeMonkey [12] and CodeCombat [13] in Code.org [14].
associated attributes, actions, and control rules using the drop-
CodeMonkey is a fun online programming game that teaches
down menu and be presented by the 2D graphics using HTML5.
students how to code for addressing the game tasks. Its game
The constructed DiVE can be regarded as the third-party
elements and context successfully attracts the attention of
software component, i.e., Interactive Game Content (IGC), and
students. Consequently, it has been regarded as the thus be integrated to third-party system, i.e., BPLG scheme.
programming learning tool for teaching the elementary students. Accordingly, the IGC can be integrated and controlled through
Similarly, CodeCombat is also used to teach the the I/O protocol of CoDiVE in the BPLG scheme.
programming, but its targeted learners are required to have
much higher programming abilities compared with the
CodeMonkey. Accordingly, the game-based programming
learning approaches seems like the good scheme to motivate
and engage the students in the programming learning,
especially for the elementary students. However, most of
existing programming learning games are customized by
technical teams, so the context of gaming and learning are not
able to be modified and extended. Therefore, how to propose a
scheme to help teachers create the programming learning games
easily is our concern in this study.
III. SCHEME OF BLOCKLY-BASED PROGRAMMING LEARNING

GAMES
In order to find the method to help teachers easily create the
game-based programming learning activity with the Blockly
Fig. 1. Architecutre of the BPLG scheme
programming, this study proposes a scheme to create the
Blockly-based Programming Learning Games, called BPLG C. Blockly-based Programming Operation Module
scheme. The architecture and functionalities of BPLG are
Blockly-based Programming Operation Module provides
described below.
students with the block-based programming approach, i.e.,
A. Architecture of the BPLG Scheme Blockly, to visually write the program of the game tasks, where
Fig. 1 shows the Architecture of the BPLG scheme, where the usable Blockly-based instructions are defined in the
the Blockly-based Programming Operation Module can use the Blockly-based Instruction Set in advance to support the visual
Blockly-based code to replace the text-based programming programming. As mentioned above, BPLG scheme integrates
method for visually programing the code. The IGC Operation with the Interactive Game Content (IGC) created by CoDiVE
Module, integrated with the Interactive Game Content (IGC) system for the virtual interaction and playing of the BPLG
scheme. Accordingly, the programmed code in the Blockly- be completed using the proposed integration process of the
based Programming Operation Module must be able to control content and tasks of a game. For the evaluation, the Blockly-
the IGC content embeded in BPLG scheme (the left-hand side based Programming Learning Games based on BPLG scheme
of the Fig. 1) for the execution of the gaming and interaction. imitates the existing game, CodeMonkey, to show the
Therefore, the Blockly-based instruction defined in the workability. In the near future, an authoring tool based on
Blockly-based Instruction Set must be bound with the IGC BPLG scheme is going to be developed and facilitate the
content by means of the Blockly-IGC Communication Module, construction of BPLG-based games, each of which will be
which translates the Blockly program into the control procedure applies to teach and learn the programming in the actual classes
to control the IGC content based on the I/O Portocol for the evaluation.
(communication) of the CoDiVE system. Accordingly, the
students can easily use the Blockly method to write the program
for addressing and overcoming the game task in BPLG scheme.
IV. IMPLEMENTATION
In order to show the possibility and workability, the Blockly-
based Programming Learning Games according to the proposed
BPLG scheme and referring from CodeMonkey game have been
created using JavaScript, HTML5, and Java programming
approach based on the Web-based platform and interface, where
the Blockly-based Programmning Operation Module is based on
the BlocklyDuino [7] and the IGC Operation Module is based
on the previous work, CoDiVE system [10]. The corresponding
screenshots of the prototypical BPLG-based game based on the
architecture in Fig. 1 are shown from Fig. 2 to Fig. 4. In Fig 2.a, Fig. 2. Screenshots of Learning Interface in a BPLG-based game (referring
the Blockly-based Programming Operation Module offers the from one scene of CodeMonkey)
default Blockly-based instruciton (Fig. 2.d), which can be used
and draged to program the blockly code. Then, the blockly code
can be executed in the IGC Operation Module (Fig. 2.b) using
the "RUN !"button of the Block-IGC Communication Module
(Fig. 2.c) to show the corresponding game effets (Fig. 3).
V. SYSTEM ANALYSIS
A. Analysis of Creating the BPLG-based Learning Games
In order to analyze the possibility and workability of BPLG
scheme, the empirical development imitates the game of
CodeMonkey to create a BPLG-based game. As shown from
Fig. 2 to Fig. 4, the BPLG-based Learning Games can be
created and used for learning programming.
B. Analysis of Applying BPLG-based Learning Games to

Programming Learning
For the game-based programming learning using the BPLG
scheme, teachers can apply BPLG-based learning games to
help students visually learn the concepts of the programming,
and to motivate them and construct their ability through the
learning by playing manner.
VI. CONCLUSION
In this study, a scheme of the Blockly-based Programming
Learning Games (BPLG scheme) has been proposed to
facilitate the construction of game-based programming learning.
In BPLG scheme, the content of a game can be efficiently
created using our previous work, CoDiVE system, the tasks of
a game can be defined using the Blockly programming method Fig. 3. Screenshots of the game effecs in IGC Operation Module of Fig. 2
to replace the text-based programming, and the final game can
REFERENCES
[1]
Weintrop, D. (2015). Minding the gap between blocks-based and

text-based programming: Evaluating introductory programming
tools. SIGCSE 2015, Kansas City, Missouri, USA, 2015.
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8] PL. (2018). Programming language. Retrieved from:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_language
[9]
Fig. 4. Screenshots of Learning Interface in a BPLG-based game (referring
from another scene of CodeMonkey)
[10]
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This research was supported by Ministry of Science and
Technology of Republic of China under the number of MOST
106-2511-S-024-002-MY3 and MOST 105-2511-S-024-009 [11] Grover, S., & Pea, R. (2013). Computational Thinking in K-12: A
Review of the State of the Field. Educational Researcher, 42(1), 38-43.
[12] CodeMonkey. (2018), Retrieved from:
http://www.codemonkey.com.tw/
CodeCombat. (2018). Retrieved from: https://
codecombat.com/
Code.org. (2018). Retrieved from: https://code.org/
.
.
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A Graph-based Analytic Approach to Model the
Correlations between Air Quality and City Dynamics
Ren-Hao Chen Hsun-Ping Hsieh Min Tan
Institute of Computer and Communication Department of Electrical Engineering School of Computer Science and Technology
Engineering National Cheng Kung University Hangzhou Dianzi University
National Cheng Kung University Tainan, Taiwan(R.O.C) Hangzhou, China
Tainan, Taiwan(R.O.C) [email protected] [email protected]
[email protected]
Abstract The air quality of a location is possibly affected by possible to judge the AQI of a location simply using the AQI
many factors such as meteorology, local traffic and functions. values from its neighboring stations. We claim that the air
Some of them are static (e.g. demographic spatial features) while quality of a location is related to multiple factors, such as
some are dynamic (e.g. the temperature values evolve over time). meteorology, traffic, land use, and urban structure.
Faced with such heterogeneous, complex, and big data collected by
urban sensors, how to identify discriminative features and
incorporate them into a unified air-quality inference model is
difficult and what we aim to tackle. We find that the similarities of
temporal and spatial sensor features, have different correlations
with air quality labels. Therefore, we aim to find suitable
customized functions to accurately model the correlations between
AQI labels and features.
Keywords air quality inference, city dynamics, spatial-temporal

graph, correlation
INTRODUCTION
Information about urban air quality, i.e. the concentration of
PM2.5 and PM10, is used in understanding the status of pollution
for improving the urban life quality. The government establishes
monitoring stations to collect and management air quality Fig. 1. A real example that the distribution of air quality is not smooth.
information. The air quality measurement stations can report the
air quality of its geographical area at any time. The values of Air Given an arbitrary location in a city at any time, in order to
Quality Index (AQI) reported by monitoring stations are the infer the real-time air quality throughout a city based on different
commonly-used measurement of air quality. As the AQI values kinds of historical and real-time urban sensored data and a
rise up, an increasingly large percentage of the population is variety of urban sources that might affect the air quality, one
likely to experience drastically severe adverse health effects. direct thinking is applying some well-known machine leaning
Fig. 1 shows the PM2.5 air quality values of the 22 monitor techniques such as SVM, Neural Network, or other
stations in Beijing at 6/17/2013 17pm. The numbers within the classification-based and regression-based tools to model the
colored squares are the values of air quality index for each correlations between air quality and heterogeneous data. We
station at that moment. For example the AQI value of station S1 show in TABLE I for the details AQI values and their labels with
is 46). We can find that although some stations are very close to the corresponding levels of health concerns. The air quality
each other in geography, say stations S12 and S14, their inference problem can be treated as the classification problem
corresponding AQI values are quite different. Such situation with the abovementioned six AQI class labels.
reflects the fact that the distribution of air quality is not smooth TABLE I. The AQI vales and labels and the levels of health concern.
with respect to geo-distance. This observation also tells us it is AQI Values Levels of Health Concern AQI Label
non-trivial to correctly guess the air quality of a location using 0-50 Good C1
air quality information collected from existing monitoring 51-100 Moderate C2
stations. To claim that such observation is not occasional. We 101-150 Unhealthy for sensitive groups C3
further investigate the distribution of air quality deviations for 151-200 Unhealthy C4
201-300 Very unhealthy C5
stations S12 and S13. We record the AQI values every one hour 301-500 Hazardous C6
and find an interesting phenomenon: although stations S12 and
S13 are very close each other geographically and sometimes
their AQI values are similar, over 35% monitored instances have
the deviations higher than 80. Therefore, we believe that it is not
Fig. 2. Correlation matrix between meteorological features and AQI label (PM2.5)
However, we found that, for the most of inference cases, quality prediction. Machine learning methods can offer practical
some spatially-related features (e.g. position, numbers of parks, alternative to deterministic and statistical methods for predicting
and numbers of road intersection) and temporally-related air pollution concentrations. Based on the observed instances,
features (e.g. temperature, time and pressure) do not contribute the machine learning methods allow automatically searching for
positive or negative effects on air quality inference, which relevant input variables and then develop an optimal model.
means, adding these features could not boost the accuracy of There are several machine learning techniques which have been
the existing machine learning models. There might have some proposed as feasible and reliable ways for air quality inference,
such as artificial neural networks (ANNs) [15], and support
improvement ways for making use of those features.
vector machines (SVMs)[12]. ANNs have been used on
In this work, we first propose to build the weighted AQI- detecting some pollution sources, such as carbon monoxide
correlated Graph (ACG) to model the spatial correlation for (CO)[4], particles measuring PM10 [8] and sulfur monoxide (SO)
different locations and temporal correlation across different [1]. The kernel-based hyper plane separation technique as SVM
timestamps in terms of air quality. Correlations in ACG are is another reliable and cost-effective machine learning technique
determined using similarity measure of external heterogeneous [12] for classification and regression. The study [12] applied
features. Thus, we propose a good modeling procedure which SVM to infer air pollutant level in advancing time series based
can effectively map the relationship between feature-similarity on the air pollutant database in Hong Kong. Although ANN and
SVM have been used by many air quality prediction works, they
to AQI similarity. Here we consider environment features
still suffered from some limitations. Their models often make
including air quality values, previous temperature, pressure, assumption that the measurement stations are enough to provide
humidity, wind speed, and time. We also consider spatial much training data. However, for our proposed problem, the
features such as geographical distance, three kinds of road urban size is very big so that almost all locations in the city we
network features, and twelve kinds of POI features. do not have monitoring stations. We will show that they have
The devised graph-based analysis framework with feature bad performance in our experiments. The most relevant problem
engineering can serve as an explanation tool to benefit the related to this paper is U-Air [20]. The main difference between
government agencies to not only understand the fundamental U-Air and ours is two-fold. First, U-Air aims to predict the AQI
reasons about why an urban area is populated, but also facilitate labels of stations which already with partial historical
the deployment of urban planning. information of AQI labels, while our goal is to further infer the
AQI labels of stations without any historical information. This
makes our problem much more challenging because we are
REALTED WORK dealing with an unsupervised scenario. Second, technically, they
Recently, machine learning based techniques have been employ co-training approach combining conditional random
proposed as alternatives to traditional statistical ones on air field and artificial neural network to obtain the solution.
FEATURE EXTRACTION Road-network Features
In this section, we would like to introduce the features we The structure of a road network has a strong correlation with
utilize in this work. According to existing studies [18], some local traffic behaviors, therefore could affect the air quality. As
variables have a strong correlation with air quality. For the target demonstrated in Fig. 3, we proposed the following three
features we plan to analyze, we divide urban area into disjointed features for each region based on a road network database: 1)
regions (e.g. 1km*1km) and give some analysis to verfy their the length of highways within the region, 2) the length of low-
correlations with air quality. level road segments within the region, and 3) the number of
intersections within the region. Fig. 3 presents the portion of
Meteorological Features instances with different AQI levels (PM2.5) changing over
The concentration of air pollutants is influenced by length of road features, by visualizing the data we collected in
meteorology. We extract four features: temperature, humidity, Beijing city. The increase of road segments in a region brings
barometer pressure, and wind speed. Fig. 2 shows the portion of down the portion of good instances, enhancing the presence of
instances with different AQI labels (PM2.5) changing over the unhealthy and beyond instances. The length of highway and the
four meteorological features using the data we collected from number of intersections do not have obvious effects on PM2.5.
August 2012 to October. 2013 in Beijing, where each row
denotes a feature, each column denotes the season. Obviously, a POI Features
high wind speed disperses the concentration of PM2.5, and high The category of POIs and their density in a region indicate
humidity usually causes a high concentration. A high pressure the functions of the region, therefore they could contribute to
would result in a good AQI. The impact of temperature the inference of air quality. Some POI categories might have
individually is not obvious. However, we find that AQI is direct correlation with air quality. For example, if a region has
positively correlated with high temperature and low humidity, some vehicle services, its air quality might tend to be bad. Some
or high pressure and low temperate. In addition, the air quality parks exists in a grid, however, usually lead to good air quality.
is usually not as good in winter as in other seasons. Similar Accordingly, we extract the following 12 features (the number
trends are also reported in [20] for PM10. of POIs belonging to the types) in TABLE II for each grid.
Take the number of vehicle services as an example, Fig. 4
shows the portion of instances with different AQI classes (PM2.5)
changing over the number of vehicle services. The number of
vehicle services in a region has negative impact on the portion
of good instances. However, we found the distributions of other
features are not clear under such analysis.
TABLE II. The list of types of POIs in this paper.

T1: Vehicle Services (gas stations, T7: Sports
repair)
T2: Transportation spots T8: Parks
T3: Factories T9: Culture and education
T4: Decoration and furniture markets T10: Entertainment
T5: Food and beverage T11: Companies
T6: Shopping malls and supermarkets T12: Hotels and real estates
Fig. 3. Correlation matrix between Road-network related features and AQI
label (PM2.5).
LEARNING CORRELATION BETWEEN VARIABLES
Graph Construction
We propose to construct a graph to model spatial-temporal
correlations over regions. We divide an urban area into
disjointed grids (e.g. 1km*1km), and then construct an AQI-
correlated Graph (ACG) to model the spatial correlation for
different grids and temporal correlation of grids across different
graphs. The ACG is a weighted connected graph, in which only
few nodes we know their AQI information (i.e., those locations
established with monitoring stations) while other nodes have no
any AQI data. We connect two nodes if they are either spatially
correlated or temporally correlated. The spatial correlation is
Fig. 4. Correlation matrix between Road-network related features and AQI reflected by both the geographical distance and the demographic
label (PM2.5). spatial features.
In the following we elaborate the construction of ACG
using Fig. 5 as an example. Assume that in a certain urban area,
Fig. 5. A toy example to elaborate the construction of ACG to represent the spatial and temporal dependency between unlabeled and labeled nodes.
there are five locations {S1, S2, S3, S4, S5}, in which locations S2
Correlation between Environment Features and AQI
and S4 are monitor stations with observed AQI labels while
others are not, and we consider time stamps T=t-2, t-1, and t. Labels
The corresponding setting is shown in Fig. 5(a). In the first step, The AQI of a node in ACG could be similar to another node
for the timestamp T=t, since the AQI of an unobserved node S3 of similar dynamic features. We now would like to investigate
are spatially close to its three neighboring nodes, i.e., S1, S2, and the correlation between temporal features and AQI.
S5, we create edges that connect S3 to them in each layer, as We plot the average PM2.5 and PM10 AQI similarity between
shown in Fig. 5(b). Note that we do not assume that there exists nodes of different time stamp with green and orange points in
explicitly strong spatial correlations between these connected Fig. 6(a). The x-axis represents the time-difference between
nodes, instead we try to learn these correlation values (could be nodes. It is apparent that higher similarity given smaller time
either strong or weak) from data. It could turn out that S3 is not difference, which echoes the intuition that air quality is smooth
highly correlated with S1, as the learned weight between these over time. In addition, as observed from Fig. 6(a), the
two random variables can be close to zero. In the second step, distribution of the AQI similarity follows an obvious
we connect all the unlabeled nodes, to all the labeled nodes, as distribution. Inspired by this observation, we use the
shown in Fig. 5(c). Note that in the situation where there exists logarithmic distribution to model the AQI similarity to generate
decent amount of labelled stations, we do not need to connect the correlation.
the unlabeled ones to all of them as it would affect the
efficiency of computation, instead some filtering mechanism ø ÷ ø ÷ õ øï÷
can be implemented to remove the connections between seemly
uncorrelated nodes. In the third step, we model the temporal Maximum likelihood estimation [1] is used to estimate the two
dependency between nodes in layers of different time stamps. parameters a and b for both PM2.5 and PM10. Thus, the value of
Node S3 at time stamp t is connected to the corresponding nodes (1) becomes a feature to affect the edge weight (or correlation)
in its previous two layers t-1 and t-2, because recent layers tend of two nodes in the ACG graph.
to be temporally correlated. The resulting graph is then shown
in Fig. 5(d). We can perform similar analysis on the other types of
environment features. Fig. 6(b) shows the average PM2.5 and
The correlation (or graph weights) learning is critical since PM10 AQI similarity over temperature differences. Interestingly,
such correlation models the impact of the labeled nodes on the distribution of the AQI similarity almost follows a linear
unlabeled ones, as well as the impact between unlabeled nodes. distribution for both PM2.5 and PM10. We find a better way that
Correlations in ACG are determined using similarity measure the proposed graph-based analytic approach can model the
of external heterogeneous features. Thus, a good learning correlation between temperature and air quality. In Fig. 6(c), we
procedure must effectively map the relationship between illustrate the average PM2.5 and PM10 AQI similarity over
feature-similarity to AQI similarity. Here we consider humidity difference. The result also follows linear correlation.
environment features including air quality values, previous Similar results happened for pressure and wind speed
differences. The maximum likelihood estimator is also applied
temperature, pressure, humidity, wind speed and time. We also to find the parameters of these functions.
consider spatial features such as geographical distance, three
kinds of road network features, and twelve kinds of POI Correlation between Spatial Features and AQI Labels
features. For each feature, we would like to first investigate its
sole correlation with AQI without considering other factors. We can do similar analysis on the other types of spatial
features. For instance, we want to investigate whether the
similarity of POI distribution corresponds to the similarity of
AOIs. We apply such analysis on distance, three types of road
networks and twelve POI features as introduced in TABLE II.
1.2 1.5 1.2
AQI Similarity(PM10)
AQI Similarity(PM10) AQI Similarity(PM10) AQI Similarity(PM2.5)
0.8 AQI Similarity(PM2.5) AQI Similarity(PM2.5) 0.8
0.6 0.6
0.4 0.5 0.4
0.2 0.2
0 20 40 60 80 0 5 10 15 20 0 20 40 60 80
Timestamp difference (hour) Temperature difference Humidity difference
(a) (b) (c)
1.2 1.2 1.2
0.8 0.8 0.8

0.6 0.6 0.6
0.4 0.4 0.4
0.2 0.2 0.2
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 0 50 100 150 200 250 20 40 60 80 100
distance the difference of intersection number the difference of factory number
(d) (e) (f)
Fig. 6. Distribution of the Average AQI similarity considering the difference of features. (a) timestamp (b) temperature (c) humidity (d) distance (e) intersection
number (f) factory number
2
Fig. 6 (d) shows that the similarity function is closed to <0.7). Note that the analysis
linear when considering distance features both for two air shows that some features individually are not very correlated to
pollutions, especially for PM2.5. However, we believe that in air-quality, including the highway length and the categories of
many cases (e.g. the example of Fig. 1) distance feature is not POI: T1, T4, T5, T6, T7, T9, T10 and T11 listed in TABLE II.
the only factor to influence air quality. In Fig. 6 (e), we find that
the AQI similarity function of road intersection feature also Feature Weights Combination and Semi-supervised
roughly follows linear distribution for each kind of air pollution. Inference
Similar result for factory number is shown in Fig. 6(f). Assume each node has m features (i.e. the environmental
features and spatial features), represented by the correlation
TABLE III The list of function types of features in this paper. function . We assume the factors can be
Function Type Feature PM10 PM2.5 combined linearly to form edge weight between nodes Si and Sj
Temperature as:
Humidity
Wind speed
Distance øî÷
Road segment ãï
length
Number of We employ a state-of-the-art graph-based semi-supervised
linear
intersections
learning (SSL) classifier [21] with our integrated functions
Number of vehicle
services to predict the AQI labels. The overall inference
Number of parks is like information propagation process from labeled data points.
Number of hotels All the features proposed in this paper are exploited, and the
and real estates edge weights in the graph are estimated by the summation
Number of factories of in (2).
quartic Pressure
logarithmic Time EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
Our method is compared to six competitors. We have three
Based on the correlation analysis between diverse kinds of interpolation-based methods (Spatial kNN, IDW, and Ordinary
feature and air quality, we create TABLE III to summarize the Kriging), two conventional learning methods (ANN and SVR),
discovered types of the AQI similarity function for different and two semi-supervised learning methods (Co-training and
leveraged features. Here we utilize Coefficient of determination, RBF-SSL). We propose to exploit F-score evaluation metrics
R2 to report how well data fit our design function. in the experiments. F-score is the harmonic mean of precision
R2 is the square of the correlation coefficient between the and recall. Consider that there are N instances to be predicted,
outcomes and their predicted values. The R2 ranges from 0 to 1, and among them there are Nr instances whose AQI labels are
where larger numbers indicating better fits. In TABLE III, label accurately predicted (i.e., the inferred AQI labels are the same
2
stands as the corresponding ground truths). Then the recall is defined
as Nr/N. On the other hand, assume we have predicted Np ACKNOWLEDGMENT
instances, and among them there are Nc instances whose AQI This work was sponsored by Ministry of Science and
labels are accurately predicted. The precision is defined as Nc/
Technology (MOST) of Taiwan under Grants 106-2221-E-006-
Np. Therefore, F-score can be defined as the combination of
221.
precision and recall:
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Smart Orca: Using Interactive Toys as the English
Learning Analytics Tool to Evaluate Learner
Behavior
Tipajin Thaipisutikul Hui Lin Huei-Tse Hou Sheng-Chih Chen
National Central University Tamkang University National Taiwan University of National Chengchi University
Department of Computer Department of Innovative Science and Technology Master`s Program of Digital
Science & Information Information and Technology Graduate Institute of Applied Content and Technologies
Engineering Yilan County, Taiwan(R. O. C.) Science and Technology College of Communication
Taoyuan City, Taiwan(R. O. C.) [email protected] Taipei City, Taiwan(R. O. C.) Taipei City, Taiwan(R. O. C.)
Wei-Kuang Ho
Institute for Information Industry
The Innovative DigiTech-Enabled Applications & Services Institute (IDEAS)
Taipei City, Taiwan(R. O. C.)
[email protected]
Abstract Declining birthrate has become a serious issue Keywords learning analytics, learner behavior, interactive
impacting current society, because of that, every baby is the toys, learning effectiveness, english learning
most precious member of the family and attracting all the
attraction of his or her parents. In current society, the INTRODUCTION (HEADING 1)
house The application of technology-
are dual-earner households. Therefore, parents now have less education is increasing day by day, leading to more and more
time to take care of their child. Taking bath has been toys being integrated into home entertainment applications in
considered a good time for parents to interact with their modern home environment. In addition, under the social
children. In order find out if an interactive toy can used to trend of declining birthrate
improve the quality of parents-child interaction during bath
time. This project, we developed and created an interactive toy technology industries related to innovative toy products with
that can be operated by a smartphone application to improve
parents-child interaction. This study aims to develop a smart technological development in traditional toys becomes
toy for children to learn English and interactive learning on irresistible. As the development of science and technology,
there are various possibilities for integrating smart
the toy, the researchers can record a unique learning process
and emotional fluctuation from the children. By doing a
comprehensive evaluation, the analytical items include
nowadays have higher acceptance of technology products
s comprehensive
factors. capabilities, such as science and technology, while children
who have been exposed to many technology products since
The Smart Orca is inspired by a child memory- a birth are also likely to accept smart toys. In the academic
submarine in bathing tub, wind it up and it swims. Aside from field, academic theories and situated learning are integrated
swimming, the whale can adjust speed, make a turn, spout and i
make facial expressions by app and sound control. All these between humans and robots are widely used in educational
features are designed to increase the interaction between learning (Chen & Tsai, 2012).
The Smart Orca takes care in three ways: children, interaction

and learning. For children, the whale adds fun and diverts technology development. Modern toys have the functions of
bath-dislike- playing and learning. When children play with toys, they can
on the whale as an app controller or a sound-controller to gain happiness and learn from the toys, creating a new
interact with their children. For learning, the whale can speak interactive experience [1], [2], [3], [4], [5],
English and make facial expressions in an attempt to attract
children to learn English and interactive learning on science mental development.
education. In this study, the Smart toy we made that can make
different combinations of action by using its hands and tail, opportunities to learn, and many essential abilities can be
project out the lighting patterns to express various emotions by developed, such as sensory abilities, imagination, creativity,
its eyes, and play out the words and sentences of the story by attention, emotional expression, interpersonal
the voice player. According to the above functions, the toy communication, self-control, problem solving, curiosity, and
forms different ways of feedback. It is effective that children understanding of the surroundings. This study aims to
can develop an interest in the toy by the ways of touching and develop a smart interactive toy through sensors and chips on
saying in the process of game playing. the interactive devices, creating a situation in which children
are able to interact with toys by the mechanisms of
storytelling, emotion perception, sound, spray, and so on. In in love with learning. After the children possess the concepts
addition to the enjoyable interactive experience, children can of science, technology, engineering and mathematics, the
explore and learn from the game, and thus stimulate their concept of STREAM is further proposed. The added R
learning process of intelligent and digital environments. (Robot) represents that these learned knowledge will be
Smart toys, as a platform or tool for learning of science realized through physical robots. In other words, the
education, focus on the process of practice. Science education interacts with Artificial Intelligence (AI).
education develops people
learners to enhance the basic skills of scientific knowledge RESEARCH METHOD: PRE-TECHNOLOGY
and technology, and further expand their procedural DEVELOPMENT, SENSOR TESTING AND
knowledge [8], [9] . PROTOTYPING
This study adopts the perspective of scientific learning
and tries to find out how different interactions will cause The study develops the early planning for the prototyping
different effects on learning. This study intends to explore of smart toys. At this early stage, the process is oriented
whether smart toys with interactive technology can bring towards the pretest of interactive design [6], [7]. The
new scientific learning effects and interactive perceptual mechanism elements used in the process of prototyping
experiences, and whether children begin to explore and learn development include Arduino MEGA 2560, RGB LED
actively due to the different stimuli that interactive toys give MATRIX, Servo Motor, L298N control module, DC
in such new process of learning. With the development of a motor, BlueTooth HC-06, etc. (Figure 1).
smart toy, this research will discuss how the scientific
education knowledge is delivered through narrative digital Arduino MEGA 2560 is the microcontroller and
content and interactive operation methods to promote performs the core control functions in the interactive toy.
scientific learning. We will also discuss whether companion It can control the output materials of other mechanism
and educational smart toys can be a new learning method for elements through burning written programs. RGB LED
interactive programming. If so, what are the key factors and MATRIX, the matrix module of RGB LED, acts as the
mechanisms? The result proposes the elements for the eyes of the interactive toy and can switch between
construction of smart toys and scientific learning, and different colored lights. In addition, based on the LED
implements the development of the companion and matrix operation principle, RGB LED MATRIX can also
educational smart toy with artificial intelligence and demonstrate facial expressions for the interactive toy by
emotional perception. combining various lighting effects into different patterns
[10]. The main function of L298N control module is to
LITERATURE REVIEW adjust the voltage values of the DC motor, due to
This study proposes that smart toys are part of learning microcontroller I/O pin generally cannot carry the specific
and physical and mental development for children. They high voltage value for the motor. BlueTooth HC-06 can
provide fun while educating children. Toys not only improve be utilized as the medium for transmitting the voice
help recognition signals sent out by mobile phones to Arduino,
children acquire the skills they need in the future [6], [7]. which directly controls the signals by amplifying current.
According to a joint survey conducted by BSM and Digital In this study, Arduino is used as the processing back end
Kids Media, up to 65% of parents said that they are more and mobile interface application as input terminal. The
willing to spend money on smart toys that can improve Bluetooth HC-06 chip on Arduino nano is adopted for
STEM knowledge than traditional toys. The Toy Trends of signal transmission as well as touch input application
2016 released by the U.S. Toy Industry Association (TIA) along with six touch terminals. DFplayer is used as the
the toys hitting the market are ones that challenge kids and output, which functions as the processing end along with
foster their development, while maintaining an element of two Arduino minis. Sound is played via the Speaker after
DFplayer is driven. Then the two Arduino minis connect
Wonder Workshop, comes with 5 apps on a smart phone or OLED and servo motor in series respectively to process
-based coding game which the output lighting effects of OLED and the pendulum
replaces every instruction with a picture, allowing children to angle of the servo motor. At last, a power bank is adopted
for power supply of the entire hardware.
that allows kids to deal with variables and understand
operating situations. Unlike the operation of general remote
control, the operation of Dash & Dot let the children perform DEVELOPMENT OF INTERACTIVE
PERCEPTION TECHNOLOGY AND ESTABLISHMENT
flashing the light, and moving ahead after hearing the clap OF SMART MODULE
sound. Children aged 5 to 12 can complete logical thinking
training in various creative ideas. Since its launch in 2012, This research is implemented to develop a smart toy
Dash & Dot has been used in the computer science course in construction and operational design. The focus of the
over 6,000 schools across the United States. STEM research is placed on the integration of sensor elements and
education, an abbreviation for Science, Technology, techniques with the relevant scientific knowledge, as well as
Engineering, and Mathematics, is a popular term raised by the experiment of designing applications. This project may
the education field in the United States in 2004. The famous encounter the following difficulty: As the sensor modules in
the project included different technologies such as artificial
representatives of this type of education. STEM education intelligence and emotional perception, the scope of issues
keeps pace with times. As adding the concept of Art, STEM covered by the hardware design is very broad. For different
is turned into STEAM. The STEAM toys make children fall conceptual issues, when conducting experimental testing to
get started, choosing which one is the most appropriate
technology to be used is the key to the success of the project.
In order to avoid the difficulty, we plan to use
modularization and appropriate technologies in combination
with the STEAM Toys
conduct the research of single topic. Through the
applications and testing of different technologies, the related
factors in line with the expected situation can be concluded
and used as the basis for the subsequent development of
smart toys.
Function Description of Smart Orca: Wally, the Smart
Toy That This Study Plans to Develop: (Figure 1, Table 1)
Fig 2. The hardware architecture of this project
Fig 1. Appearance (3D Visual Simulation of Smart Orca: Wally)
TABLE I. The Functions Expected to be Developed in This Study

I Element Function Situation
t
e
m
1 LED on the Situational Lighting changes for various

Fin lighting interactive situations
2 Wifi Remote Use APP for video viewing

Camera viewing
3 Emotion Instantly capture images of

recognition emotional changes in children
4 BT 4.2 Broadcast of Broadcast the contents of the App

audio chip the story story
CONCLUSION
5 Broadcast of Instantly broadcast the
the recording recordings STEM education keeps pace with times. As adding the
concept of Art, STEM is turned into STEAM. The STEAM
6 Atomization Spraying Triggered by behavior pattern toys make children fall in love with learning. After the
module children possess the concepts of science, technology,
7 Stepper Caudal fin Simulate free oscillating in engineering and mathematics, the concept of STREAM is
motor oscillation water further proposed. The added R (Robot) represents that these
learned knowledge will be realized through physical robots.
8 Touch Touch Triggered by interactive
In other words, the education interacts with Artificial
module response behavior
Intelligence (AI), which is the future trend in the industry.
This study explores the development of smart toy system
and the interaction between children and toys, and the long-
HW Architecture diagram
term planning for the research is oriented towards learning
benefits. Motivation to learn is a potential factor in learning
behaviors or achieving learning objectives. According to the
definition proposed by Chang [11], motivation to learn
refers to the internal psychological process that arouses
students to conduct learning activity and maintain learning
activity, and leads the learning activity toward the goals set
children, playing games is as important as working for

adults, because it is the best way to promote the
development and learning for them. The process of game
but also makes children more interested in active learning.

In order to achieve sustainable development, the follow-
up research is expected to add user behavior analysis as the
feedback for interface designing, evaluate the establishment
of commercialization mechanisms and business models, and
establish Taiwan STEAM Toys Alliance to integrate the
supply chain across industries. Finally, we expect to publish
the research result and cooperate with the industry. We hope
to obtain sufficient resources and subsidies so that this study
can be fully implemented and carried out.
Acknowledgment
This study is gained the Research Project Grant issued by
the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST 106-2511-
S-004-007-) and jointly developed by the Innovative
DigiTech-Enabled Applications & Services Institute (IDEAS)
and Institute for Information Industry. We hereby express
our thanks to all individuals and organizations for their
assistance.
REFERENCES
[1] L. B. Swiniarski, Toys: Universals for teaching global education.
Childhood Education, 67(3), 1991, 161-63.
[2] T. O'Brien, Teaching fundamental aspects of science toys. School
Science and Mathematics, 93(4), 1993, 203-207.
[3] J. L. Sarquis, A. M. Sarquis, & J. P. Williams, Teaching chemistry
with toys, activities for grades K-9. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1995.
[4] M. Stein, & D. Miller, Teaching with toys. Science Teacher, 64(4),
1997, 22-25.
[5] J. Guemez, C. Fiolhais, & M. Fiolhais, Toys in physics lectures and
demonstrations-A brief review. Physics Education, 44(1), 2009, 12-23.
[6] R.-S. Chen, S.-C. Meng, W.-K. Ho, C.-H. Tsui, W.-F. Chen, & S.-C.
Chen, Using English Learning Toys as the Emotional Analysis Tool
to Evaluate Children Behavior. Chen, W. et al. (Eds.) (2017).
Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on Computers in
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[7] S.-C. Meng, S.-C. Chen, & T.-Y. Li, English learning android system
device for kids in bath. International Workshop on Advanced E-
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[8] H. Pol, E. Harskamp, & C. Suhre, Solving physics problems with the
help of computer-assisted instruction. International Journal of Science
Education, 27(4), 2005, 451-469.
[9] H.-P. Yueh, C.-C. Chang, & C.Liang, Are there differences between
science and engineering majors regarding the imagination-mediated
model? Thinking Skills and Creativity, 10, 2013, 79-90.
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*

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CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS

22-25 August 2018

Managed by Technically Co-sponsored By

Nanjing Normal University China Section

IEEE Explore Catalog number: CFP1843Z-ART ISBN: 978-1-5386-7155-9

Conference Website: http://2018.umediaconf.com/index.html

Copyright and Reprint Permission: Abstracting is permitted with credit to the

All rights reserved. Copyright ©2018 by IEEE.

Ubi-Media 2018 gathers many scientists’ contributions from related areas

The technical committees of the conference and workshops (Ubi-Media 2018)

Ubi-Media 2018 General Co-Chair

 Jianjun Gu, Nanjing Normal University, China

 Shusheng Shen, Nanjing Normal University, China

 Rustam Shadiev, Nanjing Normal University, China

 Bai Chang Zhong, Nanjing Normal University, China

 Jie Jiang, Nanjing Normal University, China

 Junhua Tian, Nanjing Normal University, China

 Mei Cao, Nanjing Normal University, China

 Xiaoling Ye, Nanjing Normal University, China

 Qiaoyun Chen, Nanjing Normal University, China

 Anan Banharnsakun, Kasetsart University Sriracha Campus, Thailand

 Petch Sajjacholapunt, Mahidol University, Thailand

Professor Susanto Rahardja, Ph.D., FIEEE

Professor George Ghinea

in areas such as eye-tracking, telemedicine, multi-modal interaction, and

1. Smart Handover between LTE and Wi-Fi Networks

12. CFPRec: A Content-Based Recommender Model Exploring Reseach Publication

1. An Augmented Reality-based Mobile Learning for A Personalized Learning

Shian-Shyong Tseng, Tsung-Yu Yang and Ai-Chin Lu………………………………255

1. A Third-Party Batch Auditor for Encrypted Cloud Storage Service

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