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    Philippine Prehistory

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    Philippine Prehistory

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    Ace Choice
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    2. Philippine Prehistory

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    Philippine Prehistory

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    PHILIPPINE PREHISTORY

    PHILIPPINE PREHISTORY
    DR. LARS UBALDO
    TOPICS
    • Definition
    • Sources
    • Periodization
    • Significant Scholarly Works
    • Sample Activity
    SOURCES
    SOURCES
    • Artifacts: anything made or modified by
    humans
    – Lithics: (most common artifacts) stone tools
    – Ceramics: pots and other items from baked clay
    – Wood and bone tools
    – Shell tools
    – Glass tools
    Lithics (Palawan)
    (Cagayan)
    Ceramics (Pambansang Museo)
    Burial Jars (Maitum, Saranggani)
    Porcelein (Laguna)
    SOURCES
    • Ecofacts: natural objects that have been used
    or affected by humans
    – Animal bones that people have eaten
    – Pollen found in archaeological sites
    – Remains of insects/pests
    Buto ng Usa (Mindanao)
    SOURCES
    • Fossil: impression of an insect/leaf etc on a
    muddy surface that is now a stone or an
    actual hardened remains of an animal skeletal
    structure
    – Contribution of volcanic ash, limestone,
    mineralized ground water.
    Fossilized Shells (Sagada)
    Fossilized Dugong (Palawan)
    SOURCES
    • Features: a different kind of artifact that
    cannot be easily removed from archaeological
    sites
    – Hearth: intrinsic feature of a site
    – Pits: holes dug by humans
    – Living floors: where humans live and work
    – Midden: deep area of debris
    Bequibel Shell Midden (Butuan)
    Tabon Cave Flooring
    DATING METHOD
    • Radiocarbon/ Carbon-14/ 14C Dating:
    Based on the principle that all living matter
    possesses a certain amount of a radioactive
    form of carbon (14C)

    – Purpose: to determine the amount of 14C left in


    an organism by counting the beta radiations
    emitted per minute, per gram
    DATING METHOD
    • Potassium-Argon: Potassium-40(40K)
    Radioactive form of potassium decays and
    forms Argon-40 (40Ar).
    – May be used to date samples from 5,000 years up
    to 3 billion years old.
    – Used to date potassium-rich minerals in rock
    DATING METHOD
    • Uranium Series Dating: decays of two kinds of
    uraniums (235U) and (238U) into other isotopes
    such as 230TH (thorium)
    TERMS
    • Before Present (BP): years is a time scale in
    archaeology, geology etc.
    PRESENT=1950
    • Before the Common Era, sometimes Current
    Era (BCE): dates before the year 1 CE

    • Before Christ (BC):before 1 AD


    Folklore

    • Manners, customs,
    observances, superstitions,
    ballads, proverbs, etc.
    which would throw light
    about the past.
    • Folk: any of people who share at least one
    common factor

    • Lore: common denominator = ‘product of


    human invention’
    • Myths
    • Legends
    • Folktales
    • Jokes Proverbs
    • Riddles
    • Chants
    • Charms
    • Blessings
    • Curses
    • Oaths
    • Insults
    • Taunts
    • Tongue-twisters
    • Greetings/leave-taking formulas
    • Costume
    • Folk drama
    • Folk art
    • Folk belief
    • Folk music
    • Folk metaphors
    • Folk poetry (epics)
    • Games
    • Gestures
    • Prayers
    • Folk etymologies
    • Food recipes
    • Traditional ornaments
    • Other art forms
    Survivals of past custom and
    belief may be embedded in
    the various genres of lore
    SE Asia Reconstructions
    50-0 Ma

    © Robert Hall 1995


    50
    46
    45
    41
    40
    6
    5
    1
    0
    EARLY LIFE FORMS
    Awidan Mesa Formation, Solana,
    Cagayan (750,000-500,000 years ago)
    • Fossilized elephas jaw & molar
    Callao Cave
    • 250, 000 BCE
    • Stone flake tools
    • Fossils
    • (?) Homo erectus
    philippinensis
    Philippine Paleolithic
    • ca. 70,000-10,000 BCE
    • use of flaked stone tools
    • Evidence come from the remains of three
    individuals at Tabon Caves, Lipuun Point,
    Quezon, Palawan, excavated by Dr. Robert
    Fox, chief archaeologist of the National
    Museum.
    • Bone fragments included Tabon Woman
    (43,000 years BP)
    TURNING POINTS
    Callao Cave
    Excavation site, 2003-2007
    Third metatarsal (R) or foot bone
    • metatarsus or
    metatarsal bones are a
    group of five long bones
    in the foot located
    between the tarsal
    bones of the hind- and
    mid-foot and the
    phalanges of the toes.
    • metatarsal or foot bone, 67,000 years old
    (Homo sapiens)
    • native brown deer (Cervus Mariannus),
    • the Philippine warty pig (Sus Philippensis)
    Tabon Cave

    • 43,000-
    47,000 BP
    Lipuun Point
    Tabon Bird
    Tabon [Wo]man (Mandible & Jaw
    Bone), 43,000BP
    Philippine Neolithic
    • ca. 5,000 – 1,000 BCE
    • marked by the use of polished stone and shell adzes
    • beginnings of permanent settlements owing to the
    domestication of plant and animal species
    • Riziculture/rice
    • pottery
    • stone adze, hinges of the giant clam, Tridacna gigas
    (Taklobo), Conus shells
    • betel nut chewing
    TURNING POINTS
    AUSTRONESIAN ARRIVAL

    7,000 BC Austronesian Migration from


    SOUTHERN PART OF CHINA to the
    Philippine archipelago

    4,500 BC Austronesian dispersal from the


    Philippine archipelago going to (south)
    and Pacific (east)
    AUSTRONESIA(N)
    • Latin auster “south wind”
    • Greek nêsos “island”

    • ancestors of the Philippine


    Austronesian speakers, Pacific and
    other insular Southeast Asian people
    BASIS OF AUSTRONESIAN MOVEMENT
    • inherent transportability and reproducibility of
    the agricultural economy
    • “frontier zone” available for colonization
    • tradition of sailing-canoe construction and
    navigation
    • culturally-sanctioned desire to found new
    settlements in order to become a revered or
    even deified founder ancestor in the
    genealogies of future generations
    CONTRIBUTIONS
    1. Horticulture (rootcrops)
    2. Agriculture (rice)
    3. Domestication of animals (chicken, pig)
    4. Navigation/boat-building
    5. Language
    Oryza sativa
    Oryza sativa
    Payoh/Rice Terraces
    Colocasia esculenta
    Alocasia
    Dioscorea esculenta
    Artocarpus altilis/Artocarpus camansi
    Saccharum L.
    Metroxylon sagu
    Pandanus utilis
    Sus L.
    ALTERNATIVE THEORY
    • Wilhelm G. Solheim II: Nusantao Maritime
    Trading and Communication Network
    (NMTCN)
    Wilhelm G. Solheim II
    • ‘Nusantao’ (from ‘nusa’ for ‘island’ and ‘tau’
    for ‘man’ or ‘people’)
    • ‘Nusantao’ trading network would have
    originated from the edges of the Celebes Sea
    including northeastern Borneo, the northern
    Celebes and southwestern Mindanao
    • territory expansion: TRADING ACTIVITIES of
    the maritime-oriented Nusantao.
    5,000 BC
    • earliest communities of Nusantao would have
    sailed northward to trade in/at Taiwan
    • Other seafarers would have simultaneously
    spread toward the Wallacea, the Pacific
    islands and Indochina.
    Bolobok Rock Shelter, Sanga-Sanga,
    Tawi-Tawi (5,745-5,300BC)
    • Polished shell tools
    • Red slipped pottery
    • Tridacna (Taklobo) shell
    tools
    Tridacna/Taklobo
    Duyong Cave, Palawan
    (3,675-3,015 BC)
    • Flake tools
    • Shell disks
    Rabel Cave, Peñablanca, Cagayan
    (3,385-825 BC)
    • Flake tools
    • Earthenware pottery
    Leta-Leta Cave, El Nido, Palawan
    (3,372 BC)
    • Earthenware jar
    • Earthenware goblet
    Palanan Bay, Isabela
    • 3, 170 BP
    • Stone flake tools
    • Grinders
    • mortars
    Talikod Island, Davao
    • 2,700 BP
    • Stone flake tools
    Andarayan, Cagayan (1,450-1,290 BC)
    • Rice husk
    Manunggul Cave, Palawan
    (895-775 BC)
    • Burial Jar for
    secondary
    internment
    Philippine Metal Age
    • ca. 1,000 BC – 900 AD
    • metal-using communities
    • gold, bronze, copper, iron
    • socketed axes, spearheads, arrowheads, knives, and
    needles (earliest metals), particularly in Palawan, 800
    and 600 BC.
    • casting molds for recasting and recycling metals
    imported outside of the country.
    • Continuation of pottery production
    • Glass beads
    TURNING POINTS
    Maitum Cave, Saranggani
    (5 BC-370AD)
    • Anthropomorphic
    Jars
    Libertad, Butuan, Agusan del Norte
    (320 AD)
    • Balangay (boat)
    Tigkiw na Saday, Gubat, Sorsogon
    (200 BC-200 AD)
    • Iron
    • Backstrap loom (weaving)
    • Glass beads
    IRON TOOLS (200 AD)
    EARLY PHILIPPINE COMMUNITIES
    Orientation
    • Consanguine (related by blood, kinship,
    common origin, or marriage)

    • With specific geographic boundaries


    (rivers, seas, mountains, islands)

    • “Ethnos”: group sharing a common


    cultural and linguistic orientation
    TERMS
    • Ilocos/Cordillera- ILI/BALOY
    • Pangasinense-BALEY
    • Tagalog- BAYAN
    • Kapangpangan- BALEN
    • Bicol/Visayas- BANUA
    • Waray-BONGTO
    • Visayas- LUNGSOD
    Realms/Head
    • Politics (DATU/HARI/RAJAH)
    • Religion & Culture (BABAYLAN)
    • Armed Forces/Warriors(BAYANI)
    • Professionals (Potters, Weavers, Carvers,
    Blacksmith)
    • Datu

    • Hari/Ari/Adi/Hadi

    • Rajah

    • *Kamaharlikahan
    (gat, ginoo, lakan)
    • Babaylan (Visayas)

    • Bailan/Balian

    • Katalonan(Tagalog)

    • Baglan (Ilocano)

    • Bayok (Zambal)
    • Bagani
    (Visayas/Mindanao)

    • Bayani (Tagalog)

    • Bannuar (Ilocano)
    PANDAY
    Weavers (Pedal loom)
    • Abel (Ilocano)

    • Habi (Tagalog)

    • Habol/Abol/Hablon
    (Visayas/Mindanao)
    Pottery
    Carver/Boatbuilder
    RESEARCHERS & THEIR WORK
    Dr.Robert Bradford Fox (1918-1985)
    • Anthropologist of
    the National
    Museum, 1948 to
    1975
    • Head of the
    Anthropology
    Division, National
    Museum of the
    Philippines
    F. Landa Jocano
    Peter Bellwood
    • Wilhelm G. Solheim
    II:pioneer in the study of
    Philippine and Southeast
    Asian prehistoric
    archaeology
    • best known, however, for
    hypothesizing the
    existence of the Nusantao
    Maritime Trading and
    Communication Network
    (NMTCN)
    William Henry Scott
    SAMPLE ACTIVITY
    FACT:YOU CAN CHECK IT!
    BASIS: cultural traits take on a life of their
    own, spanning over generations.

    • Sociofact: practices governing people’s


    behavior
    • Mentifact (aka “psychofact”): “things in the
    head”, the most appropriate way to define the
    concept of culture.
    • Cultural artifact or artefact: anything created
    by humans which gives information about the
    culture of its creator and users.
    OBJECTIVES
    • Identify manifestations of our precolonial
    cultural orientation
    • Concretize our knowledge of precolonial
    culture
    • Synthesize/establish relationships between
    ARTIFACT
    SOCIOFACT
    MENTIFACT

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