THE PHILIPPINE SETTING PRE-COLONIAL about 156 feet below the

PERIOD present levels.

 As a result, a vast are of land
was exposed and become sort
Archipelago of land bridges to the mainland
 The Philippine Archipelago is an of Asia. (Theory of Land
archipelago consisting of more Bridge).
than 7,000 islands and islets
stretching almost a thousand Land Bridge (Migration)
miles from north to south.  Negritos, proto-Malay and
people were the principal
People people of the Philippine
 The Filipino belongs to a Archipelago in pre-historic and
mixture of races, basically a ancient times.
Malay, it because of their  The Negritos are believed to
brown skinned. have migrated by land bridge
 If there is an inter-marriage some 30, 000 years ago during
between the Filipino and the the last glacial period.
foreigner particularly the white  Later, migrations were by
is is known as metizo class, water and took place over
they are also called the several thousand years
mestizoise repeated movements before or
after the start of the Christian
Filipino’s Common Traits era.
 Hospitality  During pre-historic Ice ages sea
 Close Family ties level dropped and exposed
 Respect for the elders land-bridges between Asia and
 Fatalistics or Fatalism Islands, Philippines, Indonesia
 Loyalty and Malaysia.
 Sensitive  When sea level rose, pecan
 Indolent waters covered this land
 Lack of initiative bridges, cutting off the islands
 Curious from the Asian main land. Early
 Jealousy settlers in the Philippines may
 Regionalistic have also arrives by boat.
 Pakikisama
Tabon Cave
 The discovery of Tabon Cave in
BEFORE CONQUEST Palawan in the year 1962 of a
skull cap and a portion of a jaw,
People in the Philippines presumed to be a human being,
 Early 1970’s, it had been shows conclusively that man
assumed that the Philippines came earlier to the Philippines
was part of mainland China. than Malay Peninsula, where
That during the Pleistocene or according to the old theory, it
Ice Age, the water surrounding is were the Filipinos came from.
what is now the Philippines fell
  Also the cave discovered by Dr.
Robert B. Fox and a team from Barter Trade System
National Museum of the
Philippines between 1962-1966.
 22,000 - 24, 000 years old.
 Neil Mclntosh also undertook
the analysis of the Tabon
Skullcap and Mandible in 1975
and discovered that the early
inhabitants of the islands died
due to a fall or a blow to the
head. (Tabon Man)

Archaeological Discoveries
 Manunggol Burial Jar -
considered as National Culture  In, Trade-Barter derived from
Treasure. There are 150 burial “baretor”.
jar found in Igang Cave.  Barter is a system of exchange
 Skull Cup of the Tabon Man, where participants in a
Earthenware transaction directly exchange
 Jade Ornaments, Jewelries goods or services for other
 Stone Tools, Animal Bones goods or services without using
 Human fossils dating back 47, a medium exchange of money.
000 years ago.  A barter system is an old
 Earliest human remains found method of exchange. This
in Tabon Cave system has been used for
centuries and long before
Garuda Gold Pendant money was invented.
 History of barter dates back
6000 BC.
 It was introduce by
Mesopotamia tribes, bartering
was adopted by Phoenicians
bartered goods to those
located in various other cities
across oceans.
 Goods were exchanged for
food, tea, weapons, and spices.
 Salt was another popular item
 Were found in Tabon caves
exchanged.
 An image of a golden Garuda of
Palawan
 The eagle bird who is the
mount of Hindu deity Vishnu.
 Discovery of Sophisticated
Hindu imagery and gold
artifacts in Tabon Caves.
 Early Customs and Practices

Laguna Copperplate Inscription Male Clothing

 The history of the Philippines  Male attire was composed of

between 900 AD and 1965 the upper and lower parts.
begins with the creation of the  Upper Parts - Kanggan
Laguna Copperplate Inscription  Was a black or blue
in 900 AD and ends with collarless jacket with short
Spanish Colonization in 1565. sleeves.
 The inscription records it date  The color of the jacket
of creation in the year 822 of indicated the rank of the
the Hindu Saka calendar, wearer.
corresponding to 900 AD on  Chief/Datu - wore red
the Gregorian System. jacket.
 The recovery of this document  Below his rank - blue or
marks the end of prehistory of black/ depending upon the
the Philippine archipelago. position in society.
 This document is the earliest  Lower Parts - Bahag
record of a Philippine language
and the presence of writing in Female Attire
the islands.
 Its contents also suggests the
existence of political dominion
and long-distance trade in the
Philippine Archipelago in the
9th century.

 Was composed of the upper

and lower parts.
 Upper - Baro or Camisa - was a
jacket with sleeves.
 Lower - Saya by the Tagalog
and Patadyong by the Visayan.
Putong Tattoo

 Male had a head gear consisting of

a piece of cloth called “Putong”,
 Adornment of the body.
which was wrapped around his
 As an exhibit of a man’s war record.
head.
 The more tattoos a man, the more
 The color of the Putong showed the
he was looked up in the society.
manliness of a man.
 Tattoo - considered as a man’s war
 Red Putong - the weared had killed
medal.
a man in a war.
 Writers called them Pentados or
 Embroidered Putong - a man who
the painted ones and their islands
killed at least 7 man in a war.
Islas del Pentados or Islands of the
Painted Ones.
Ornaments
Houses/Bahay Kubo

 It is an armlet called Kalumbiga.

 Pendants, bracelets, gold rings,
earrings, and even leglets.  Built to suit tropical climate, the
 These ornaments were made of ancient house was made of wood,
gold. bamboo and nipa palm.
 Antonio de Morga - Spanish jurist
and chronicle described the
average house, as he saw it at the
beginning of the 17th century.
Badjaos enjoyed by the other members of
society. In the Tagalog region they were
usually carried the title of Gat or Lakan
(Lakan Dula or Gat Maitan).
2. Freeman - Called Maharlika by the
Tagalogs. They were composed of free
men likewise dependents who had
earned their freedom.
3. Dependents - occupied the lowest
stratum known as Alipin among
Tagalogs, acquired low status in society
by inheritance, by captivity in war, by
 Badjaos or Sea Gypsies of Sulu, failing to pay his debts, by purchase or
made their houses in their boats, by committing a crime for which he was
for they were a sea-roving people duly sentenced.
whose life depended upon the
wealth of the seas. Among the Tagalogs: The Dependents
were either:
Balangay
 Aliping Namamahay
 Had his own family and house;
 Served his master during
planting and harvest season,
rowed for him;
 Helped in the construction of
his house; and
 Served his visitors.
 Aliping Sagigilid
 Had no property of his own;
 Lived with the master;
 Balangay also known as Barangay.  Could not marry without the
 Is a type of lashed-lug boat by masters approval.
joining planks edge to edge using
pins, dowels and fiber lashings. Visayan Dependent
They are found throughout the Three Kinds
Philippines and were used largely as 1. Tumataban - worked
trading ships up until the colonial for his master when
era. summoned to do so;
2. Tumarampuk - worked
Social Classes for one (1) day for his
- The Philippine Society were master;
divided into three (3) classes. 3. Ayuey - worked three
(3) days for his master.
1. Noble - the noble consisting of the
chiefs and their families, wielded
tremendous influence in the barangay
and enjoyed rights that were not usually
Position of a Women  The state of the courtship
immediately before the
Customary Laws marriage was and is still called -
 Gave them the right to be the “pamumulungan” or
equal of men, for they could “pamamalae”.
own and inherit property,
engage in trade and industry, Marriage Customs of the Muslims
and succeed to the  The first stage of courtship
chieftainship of a barangay in known as “panalanguni”, or
the absence of a male heir. betrothal, a group of a
tribesmen of the groom paid
Marriage Customs the girl a visit.
 A man’s wife was his legitimate  The second stage was set. It
wife and was called “asawa”. was called “pedsungud” or
While the other women were settlement of the dowry.
euphemistically called  Third stage was set;
“friends”.  Consisted of the wedding
 Before the marriage, the man festival known as
must meet several conditions: “pegkahawing”
 To give a dowry called  The “Hadji or Judge” - read
“bigay-kaya”, consisting of the so called instruction to
land, gold, or dependents. the couple.
 Must give the bride-to-be’s
parent a certain amount of The Dowry was of Seven (7) Kinds
money, known as
“panghimuyat”, as 1. Kawasateg - consisting of a big
payment for the mother’s amount of money to be given to the
nocturnal efforts in rearing close relatives of the bride.
the girl to womanhood. 2. Siwaka - consisting of brassware or a
 Another form of bribe few hundred pesos to be given to those
called “bigay-suso” was to who had helped in arranging the
be given to the girl’s wet- wedding.
nurse who fed the bride 3. Enduatan - consisting of brassware or
during her infancy with money or animals to be given to the
milk from her own-breast. village chief.
 The man must also give the 4. Pangtulian - consisting of jewelry to
girl’s parents another sum be given to the girl’s mother and aunts.
of money called 5. Tatas - consisting of a blade to be
“himaraw”, as given to the girls uncle.
reimbursement for the 6. Langkad - consisting of a special sum
amount spent in feeding of money to be given to the girl’s
the girl during her infancy. parents as a sort of a fine for having by
 Another bribe that the passed the elder sister of the bride, if
man must give to the girl’s she had any.
relatives, it was called 7. Lekat - consisting of an amount
“sambon”. equivalent to ten or more pesos to be
given to girls attendant.
Mixed Marriages
 A marriage between a freemen Blood Compact
and a dependent.
 If the married couple belong to
a different classes, let say a
freemen and a dependent,
their children were equally
divided among the parents in
so far as social status is
concerned.
 If the father was a freemen -
the eldest, the third and the
fifth, the seventh and soon,  Inter-Baranganic Relations
whether male or female  Consisted in carrying on
belonged to the father. The commerce between
second, the fourth, the sixth barangays and agreements
and so on, belonged to the concerning friendship and
mother. alliance.
 They started a treaty of
Barangay as a Government Unit friendship and alliance.
 The barangay was the unit of  This treaty of friendship by
government and consisted of means of the “blood
from 30 to 100 families. compact” or “sanduguan”
 The Tagalog word “barangay” in which the contracting
was derived from the Malay or parties drew blood from
Balangay, means a boat, which their arms and mixed the
transported them to these blood, drawn with the
shores. wine in the cup, the parties
 Each barangay was then drink the same cup,
independent and was ruled by making them blood-
a “chieftain” or “datu”. brothers.
 It was the prime duty of a
chieftain to rule and govern his Barangay Laws
subjects and to promote their  Laws either customary or
welfare and interests. written.
 Chieftain had wide powers, for  Customary Laws - were handed
he exercised all the functions of down orally from generation to
government. He was the generation and constituted the
executive, the legislature, and bulk of the laws of the
the judge. He was, the supreme barangay.
commander in time of war.  Example: Inheritance,
divorce, usury, partnership,
crime and punishment,
property rights, family
relations, adoptions and
loan.
  Written Law - were those that
the chieftain and his elders
promulgated from time to time Judicial Process in the Barangay
as necessary.
 Example: Code of
Kalantiaw - and Muslim
Law.

How Law was made in the Barangay

 When a chieftain of a barangay
wanted a law to be enacted in
order to prevent a commission
of a serious or minor crimes.  A court was composed of the
He called the elders of the “chieftain” as “judge” and the
community and told them “barangay elders” as a “jury”.
what he had in mind.  Conflicts arising between subjects
 The elders approved his plan, of a different barangays were
for it was meant to protect the resolved by arbitration in which a
society from the incursions of board composed of elders from
the bad elements. neutral barangays acted as
 Chieftain then made the “arbiter”.
necessary regulations or rules,
which the elders immediately Trial by Ordeal
approved.
 A public announcers - called
Umalohokan, was summoned
and ordered to go around the
barangay to announce the
promulgation of the new rules
and regulations, with a “bell” in
one hand, the Umalohokan
called the attention of the
subjects by ringing the bill
furiously.  The purpose is to determine the
 The Umalohokan will tell the guilt of a person.
crowd about the provisions of a  The trial by ordeal was resorted to
new law. in order to show that God in his
 Anybody violating the law will infinite wisdom always took side of
be arrested and brought before the innocents.
the chieftain to be judged
according to the merits of the
case.
  Diyan Masalanta - a god of
love.

Burial

 Another example: Bultong

 Bultong is an intense style of
wresting that is widely used
throughout the Philippines.
 Bultong is the Ifugao name for their  Belief in life after death and in the
sport of traditional wrestling. It is relation between the dead and the
often played during town and living made the ancient Filipinos
provincial fiestas. respectful of their dead.
 The deceased relatives was placed
Religious Belief in a wooden coffin and buried
 The ancient Filipinos believed under the house, complete with
in the immortality of the soul cloth, gold, and other valuable
and in life after death. things.
 Their rituals were based on
beliefs in a ranking deity whom Languages
they called Bathalang
Maykapal, and a host of other
deities in the environmental
spirits and in soul-spirits.
 Bathala the equivalent of the
Spanish dios, was supposed to
be the creator of the earth and
man and therefore superior to
all other deities.
 Idiyanale - also known as god
of agriculture.  There are more than a hundred
 Sidapa - also known as a god of languages and dialects in the
death. Philippines, eight of which may be
 Balangaw - also known as a considered major languages. They
rainbow god. are Tagalog (made the basis of the
 Mandarangan - also known as National Language); Iloko,
a war god. Pangasinan, Pampangan,
 Magwayen - a god of the other Sugbuhanin, Hiligaynon, Samarnon,
world. or Samar, Leyte and Maguindanao
 Lalahon - a goddess of harvest. and etc.
 Siginarugan - a god of hell.
System of Writing (Baybayin) Music and Dance

 The Filipinos before the arrival of

the Spaniards had a syllabary which  The Filipinos are born musicians, for
was probably of Sanskrit or Arabic they easily learn tunes by ear.
provenance.  Many Filipinos who play two or
 The syllabary consisted of more musical instruments have
seventeen (17) symbols, or which never been in music academies, nor
three (3) were vowels standing for have they any knowledge of the
the present five (5) vowels and musical notations except what they
fourteen (14) consonants. know by ear.

Literature Copper

 The literature of the early Filipinos

 Copper an ancient metal.
may be classified into floating or
 The first metal to be widely used by
oral literature and written literature.
the early Filipinos.
 The literature of the Tagalog.
 Example: Sawikain, Bugtong,
Suliranin, Kumintang.
INTRODUCTION TO HISTORY: DEFINITIONS,  History is for whom?
ISSUES, SOURCES AND METHODOLOGY  All this questions it can be
answered by
“Historiography”
 History - the common definition of  What is Historiography?
History is the “Study of the Past”.  Historiography is
 It was derived from the usually the History
Greek word “Historia” of History.
which means knowledge
acquired through inquiry History
and investigation.  Is the study of the past.
 Historian - is the “Arbiter of Facts”  Events that happened in the
and evidences in making past and the causes of such
interpretations and forming events.
historical narrative.
 Linguist - can also be helpful in Historiography
tracing historical evolutions; past  Object of study
connections among different  History itself
groups and flows or cultural  Books
influences by studying language  How was a certain historical text
and the changes. written.
 Who wrote it.
 What was the context of its
SOURCES OF HISTORY publication.
 What particular method was
 Historical Sources employed.
 Primary Source - are those  What was the source used.
sources produced at the same
time as the event, period or Historian
subject being studied.  Narrator
 Secondary Source - are those  Access representation of the
sources which were produced past through historical sources
by an author who used primary and evidences.
sources to produce the  Is a person of his own who
material. influence by his own context,
environment, ideology and
 Historical Methodology education.
 It comprises certain  Used methodology and relevant
techniques and rules that facts.
historians follow in order
to properly utilize sources Historian Job
and historical evidences in  Seek historical evidences and
writing history. facts.
 Interpret those facts.
 Issues of History  It is the job of the historian to
 What is History? give meaning to those facts and
 Why we study History? organize them into a timeline,
 establish causes and write that a particular knowledge is
history. true.
 Discipline in History “No
External and Internal Criticism document - No History”.
- Historian should be able to  Post Colonialism
conduct an external and internal  Emerged in early 20th century
criticism. when formerly colonized
nations grappled with the of
 External Criticism - is the creating identities and
practice of verifying the understand their societies
authenticity of evidence by against the shadows of their
examining its physical colonial past.
characteristics, consistencies  It tells the history of their nation
with the historical that will highlight their identity
characteristics of times when it free from that of colonial
was produced, and the discourse and knowledge.
material used for evidence.  Is to criticize the methods,
 Internal Criticism - is the effects and idea of colonialism.
examination of the truthfulness  Annales School of History
of evidence. It looks at the  Is a school of history born in
content of the sources and France that challenge the
examines the circumstance of canon of history.
its production.  This school of thought did a way
with common historical
Task of the Historian subjects that were almost
 Is to organize the past that is always related to the conduct
being created so that it can of states and monarch.
offer lessons for nations,
societies and civilization.
THE PHILIPPINE SETTING IS AN EXAMPLE OF
Historian Job PRIMARY SOURCES
 To seek for the meaning of
recovering the past to let the The Philippine Island
people see the continuing  An archipelago consisting of the
relevance of provenance, following numbers of islands.
memory, remembering and  Pre-Colonial - 7, 100
historical understanding for islands and islets.
both the present and the  Before - 7, 107 islands and
future events. islets.
 Present - 7, 641 islands
School of Thought in History and islets.
 Positivism  Categorized under the three
 18th and 19th century. geographical division; Luzon,
 This school of thought requires Visayas, and Mindanao.
empirical and observable  Manila City is the capital of the
evidence before one can claim Philippines.
Temperature Climate and Weather
 Based on the average of all
weather stations in the  Weather - what is happening in
Philippines, except Baguio, is the atmosphere on a given day,
26.6 Degree Celsius (79.9 in a specific place. Local
Degree Fahrenheit) forecasts include temperature,
 The coolest months fall in humidity, winds, cloudiness,
January with temperature of and prospects for storms or
25.5 Degree Celsius (77.9 other changes over the next
Degree Fahrenheit) few days.
 While the warmest month  Climate - is the average of these
occurs in the month of May weather ingredients over many
with temperature of 28.3 years.
Degree Celsius (82.9 Degree
Fahrenheit) Climate in the Philippines
 In Baguio with an elevation of  Tropical Climate
1,500 meters (4,900 ft) above  Two seasons: Wet season and
sea level, the main average is Dry season
18.3 Degree Celsius (64.9  Types of Climate
Degree Fahrenheit) or cooler  Type 1
by about 4.3 Degree Celsius (8  Type 2
Degree Fahrenheit).  Type 3
 Baguio Temperature: 17 Degree  Type 4
Celsius.
Type Dry Season Wet Season
Humidity 1 Nov - Apr Rest of the
 Humidity indicates a high year
amount of moisture or vapor in 2 No dry season Max rain
the air which directly affects period from
the temperature. Dec - Feb;
 The Philippines is considered as Min rainfall
highly humid which can be during the
attributed to the significant period from
level of evaporation from the Mar - May
seas flanking the country to the 3 Short dry season No very
various prevailing winds during either during the pronounced
the different seasons, and period from Dec max rain
lastly, due to the pressure of - Feb or from period
abundant rains in a tropical Mar - May
country such as ours. 4 No dry season Rainfall
 Example Humidity of Baguio - evenly
90% distributed
 Precipitation - 10% throughout
 Wind: 3 km/h the year.
Seasons  Limestone - which is
 Using temperature and rainfall as conducive for agricultural
bases, the climate of the country products such as corn,
can be divided into two major citrus, cassava, and banana
seasons: and is also best for grazing
1. The rainy season, from June to of animals due to its
November; and abundance of grass.
2. The dry season, from December  Volcanic Soil - which is
to May found in areas where past
volcanic eruptions
 The dry season may be subdivided occurred and is used for
further into: citrus and other upland
1. The cool dry season, from crops in Cavite, Batangas,
December to February; and nad Laguna, while in Bicol,
2. The hot dry season, from March the soil is suited for Abaka
to May and in Negros, the soiled is
suited for sugarcane.
Typhoons  Andesite and Basalt - soil
 An average of 20-23 tropical is generally found in
cyclones enter the Philippine Negros Occidental and is
Area of Responsibility (PAR) used for sugarcane
 Category of Typhoons plantations.
 Tropical Depression - 61  Mountain Soil - kind of soil
km/h where trees are found,
 Tropical Storm - 62-88 such as ipil, dao, molave,
km/h yakal, and narra, which are
 Severe Tropical Storm - 89- used for industrial,
117 km/h commercial and residential
 Typhoon - 118-220 km/h purposes.
 Super Typhoon - 220+  Water Sources
km/h  The country has many seas,
rivers, lakes, bays, and
General Resources straits, resulting to an
 The soil and its products. active fishing industry that
 Classification of Soils has been a source of
 Alluvial - soil which livelihood for many
produces agricultural Filipinos.
products such as abaka,  Two Kinds of Fishing Industry in
coconut, corn, and tobacco. the Country
 Shale and Sandstone -  Genetic Industry - covers fish
good for products like reproduction, fish culture, and
sugarcane, tobacco, corn, fishpond.
rice, and coconut, however,  Extractive Industry - covers
the harvest is lower direct fishing in shallow, high
amounts compared to seas and in coral areas.
products from alluvial soils.
 Mineral Resources 7. Western Visayas (Region VI)
 Rich in metallic, non metallic and 8. Central Visayas (Region VII)
fuel minerals 9. Eastern Visayas (Region VIII)
 Metallic - gold, iron, 10. Zamboanga Peninsula (Region IX)
manganeses, lead, mercury, 11. Northern Mindanao (Region X)
nickel, silver and chromite. 12. Davao Region (Region XI)
 Non-metallic - clay, cement for 13. SOCCSKARGEN (Region XII)
construction, pyrite, rock 14. Caraga (Region XIII)
phosphate, limestone, marble, 15. NCR (National Capital Region)
silica, asbestos, gypsum, and 16. CAR (Cordillera Administrative
sulphur. Region
 Mineral Fuels - carbon and 17. Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in
petroleum Mindanao
 CALABARZON - Cavite, Laguna,
Origins of the Philippine Archipelago Batangas, Rizal, Quezon
 Theories that explain how the  MIMAROPA - Occidental Mindoro,
Philippine Archipelago was Oriental Mindoro, Marinduque,
created. Romblon, Palawan
1. Volcanism - the eruption of the  SOCCSKARGEN - South Cotabato,
volcanoes caused the formation of Cotabato, Sultan Kudarat,
some islands in the country. Sarangani, General Santos
2. Diastrophism - the process of
movement of the earth’s crust that Filipino Character
resulted in the formation of  Hardworking and industrious
mountains and mountain ranges,  Brave, nationalistic, and
such as Sierra Madre, and Cordillera freedom loving
mountain ranges.  Pakikipag-kapwa tao - sense of
3. Gradation - it is the formation of hospitality
mountains and volcanoes after  Family orientation - putting high
which, erosion took place leading to value and importance of family
the creation of rivers, lakes, delta,  Joy and Humor - ability to be
and other land forms found all over happy even in adversity
the country.  Flexibility, adaptability, and
4. Land Bride - explains that the creativity
Philippines was once connected to  Faith and Religiosity - sense of
the mainland Asia through bridges believing in the power of the
of land form during the Pleistocene Almighty creator.
of Ice Age, 2,500,000 years ago.  Ability to Survive - ability to cope
up with every challenge
Regions of the Philippines  Friendly - sense of oneness and
- Divided in 17 regions connection to others
1. Ilocos Region (Region I)  Cleanliness - sense of self-
2. Cagayan Valley (Region II) actualization to hygiene
3. Central Luzon (Region III)  Loyalty to Friend - act of being
4. CALABARZON (Region IV-A) grateful to someone who has
5. MIMAROPA (Region IV-B) been dear and helpful
6. Bicol Region (Region V)
  Fatalistic - belief on fate and spread through the use of
destiny Chinese Vessel.
 Respect for Elders - high regard  Archeological Sites in Batangas,
for people older than you Laguna, Mindoro, Ilo-Ilo,
 Regionalistic Masbate, Palawan, Cebu, and
 Sensitivity to personal affront - Davao, where different types of
considerate towards the jars and porcelain were
feelings of others. unearthed, have been the living
statements of the existence of
the Chinese traders in the
THE DAWN OF THE PHILIPPINES AND THE country.
EARLY RELATIONS TO THE WORLD BEFORE  The strategic location of Tondo,
SPANISH COLONIZATION Manila as well as Pasig and
Laguna Lake, inevitably made it
major beneficiaries of foreign
 Philippines had been living as an trading.
isolated territory gifted with  Mirrors, scales, coins, Jades
abundance of original inhabitants were evidently exchanged and
or natives who yielded productive marketed by the Chinese and
raw materials. Arab traders.
 The agricultural gifts of the settlers
prompted the natives to exchange Chinese Influences in the Philippines
their local goods.  Manufacturing of gunpowder
 The discovery of Philippine Island  Method of gold mining
was due to the wind patterns  Art of metallurgy
encountered by the traders while  Use of porcelain, gong, silver, tin
navigating the seas. and other metals
 Blacksmithing, goldsmithing
The following reasons for the influx of  Kite flying
foreign ships on the open seas  Various forms of gambling, e.g.
Jueteng
1. To look for potential colonies and  Manner and mode of dressing
expansion of their territory. through the use of silk
2. To search for spices and other raw  The use of fan and umbrella
materials.  Culinary diet
3. To look for potential market of their  Brewing of tea, cooking of
native products. lumpia, pansit, mami,
4. To gain territorial hegemony. chopseuy, and ukoy
 The use of appetizer
Chinese in the Philippines  The use of slippers such as bakya,
 It was during the 9th and 10th a wooden shoes
Century A.D. when the  Social customs
economic ties of Chinese  Filial respect of children to
traders begun in the Philippine an older brother or sister,
territory. parents and elders.
 It was during the Sung dynasty  The use of firecrackers
when Chinese goods started to during New Year and other
 festivals to scare away evil
spirits and bad luck.
 Collection of tongs, a
percentage fee
 The use of gongs in Japanese Presence in the Philippines
celebrations and festivals.  Contacts with Philippine Islands
begun when Japanese traders
Indian Presence in the Philippines and merchants, during the 12th
 The expansion of Indian culture Century A.D., decided to go on
overseas actually started an economic-driven journey to
during the Srivajaya and the Philippines, particularly the
Majapahit empires form 9th- region of Luzon which they
10th Century. called Rusun.
 Their culture influenced other  Their travels to the Philippines
parts of Asia through the mostly compromised of barter
“Indianized” immigrants and trade of minerals such as gold
traders from Indochina, Siam, and pearls.
Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java
and other islands of Indonesia. Influences of Japanese Culture
 Manufacturing of weapon for
Artifacts unearthed from Various warfare.
Excavation Sites in the Philippines  Goldsmithing and jewelry
 Pottery adorned with making in Pagsanjan, Laguna.
decorations in various forms.  Breeding of ducks particularly
 Iron weapons such as knives, the Balut industry in Laguna de
dagger, spear, axes. Bay towns.
 Glass beads and bangles, in  Breeding of fishes like Bangus
green and blue colors. industry in Bulacan and other
 Beads made of semi-precious provinces.
stones.
 Copper image of Ganesha Arabian Presence in the Philippines
(Indian god of Elephants) was  Arab traders brought Islam to
found in Mactan in 1843. South East Asia, including the
 A garuda-designed pendant was Philippines.
discovered in 1961 in Palawan.  They intermarried with the
 This symbolized the mythical daughters of native chiefs to
bird of Vishu (Indian god of gain trading advantage,
Preservation). thereby raising small families of
Islam believers.
Indian Influence to Filipino Culture  Islam first gained its foothold in
 Languanges the Philippines, particularly in
 Literature Sulu, around 1310 A.D.
 Religious Beliefs
 Writings
 Customs
 Material Culture
Islam in Mindanao hastened the Islamic
 Islamic growth in Mindanao: conversion process
 Last quarter of the 13th through political alliances
century - there was already and intermarriages to the
an existence of Muslim daughters of local chiefs.
communities in Sulu. Based from the Mindanao
 Second half of the 14th tarsilas, Kabungsuan was
century - stage of the first sultan and the last
Makhdum where was Sultan Manggigin,
missionaries arrived in Sulu who began his reign in the
and accelerated the year 1896 and eneded in
conversion of the Muslim 1906.
in the area.  Muslim wrote their leaders’
 Beginning of the 15th history and their respective
century - Raja Baguinda reign and genealogy in
from Sumatra arrived in what they called Tarsilas
Sulu and believed to have and Khutabs.
married a Pamisuli -
respected title of a
chieftain’s daughter. With
him believed to be scholars
of the Islamic religion that
strengthened the work of
former Muslim
missionaries.
 Middle of the 15th century -
this is the foundation of
political institution such as
the Sultanate in the the
leadership of Sharif-ul-
Hashim, who took power
in 1450.
 The progress of Islam in Sulu moved
further northward in Mindanao
covering Maranao and Zambaonga
areas.
 Middle of the 15th century -
Muslim missionaries
settled in Pulangi basin,
namely Sharif Awliya and
Sharif Maraja and
intermarries with the
daughters of local
chieftains.
 In 1511, Sharif
Muhammad Kabungsuan
arrived from Jahore and
0SPANISH COLONIZATION  Spain - sailing via western or
southern route that made
serendipitous landfall in the west
Under Imperial Spain indies in the year 1942 and
 Spectacular change during the culminated the “rediscovery” of
Renaissance; the Philippines in the year 1521
 Opening of the world to European
Shipping; East meets West
 Propelled by Gospel, Gold, and  Reasons
Glory;  Making the food
 Improved Technology - New types (discriminating medieval tastes
of ships, sailing charts and maps, triggered the search spiced of
navigational instruments, all sorts);
gunpowder, and superior high -  Pepper, cinnamon, cloves,
powered arms; nutmeg and ginger which were
 The conquest of the two Iberian indigenous to the east;
Superpowers;  Spices accented the bland taste
 Spain of meat and fish, while
 Portugal preserving them;
 Expensive spices - like black
pepper - it could even buy land,
Spain and Portugal pay taxes, liberate a city, even
 Ultimate goals to discover the rest pay dowries;
of the world.  11th century - pepper was
 Accumulation of wealth counted as pepper-corns,
 Political authority cinnamon, and ginger as their
 Additional empirical knowledge on smallest priceless particles;
science and technology  Spices, gold, slaves, silver, and
 Support small economic elite silk brought them great wealth;
 Able to finance reconnaissance  Merchants - became richer and
enterprises in the vast unknown, powerful in trading cities of
undiscovered seas, untouched, Italy;
uncharted continents.  Gold, silver - not only funded
but also expanded the jewelry
Terra Incognita of Asia (15th Century) trade of rare pearls and rubies
 Started Maritime Discovery from India.
 New Sea Lane to the Southeast Asia
were chartered, which led to the The Lusitanian - Hispanic Rivalry in
“Spice Trade Route” Maritime Discovery
 Portugal - sailing via south eastern
route which made a break-through  Portugal - was the 1st country to
into the Indian ocean in the year use innovation in seamanship and
1488 and ended with the fall of boatbuilding, established by Henry
Malacca in the year 1511 and the “the navigator” of the 1st
Maluku or the Moluccas in the year navigational school in the globe at
1512 Sagres Point in 1419.
 Spain - was the 1st exploration in  Magellan’s original suggestion was
modern stimes, inspired by of reaching the Maluku (the spice
Florentino Map - maker Paolo islands) by sailing the westward but
Toscanelli to discover westward sea his suggestion was rejected by the
route to India. King of Spain.
 Christopher Columbus (Cristoforo  In the year 1518 - Magellan
Colombo) made a land-fall in convinced Charles V that he could
Guanahani it was identified as San find the shorter way to the Maluku
Salvador but in 1986 as Samana Cay Islands by sailing westwards via the
Island in October 1492 on the coast Americans.
of Cuba.  Reconnaissance voyage in 1511-
 This voyage, generated 1512 “Magellan visited the Spice
misapprehension and dispute Islands” and Magellan received a
between Spain and Portugal. Royal order to bring back a cargo of
the priceless spices.
Fixed Imaginary Line
 The two superpowers of the 15th It Started the Great Epics of Human
century finally fixed an imaginary Discovery
line drawn from the North and  When Magellan sailed from San
South Poles. Lucar, Spain in the year 1519,
1. Spain - owned lands lying in west Magellan and his men was on board
and the Cape verde Islands. five antiquated ships with a crew of
2. Portugal - owned lands lying to 235 men.
the east.  Magellan, skirting unknown and
 Both nation, agreed to propagate uncharted lands, he sailed around
the tenets of Christianity in their the southern tip of South America,
newly found land. across the vast Pacific Ocean after
98 days of sailing north westward,
Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) Magellan finally reached the
 Fixed imaginary line between Spain Philippines on March 17, 1521..
and Portugal diving the rights to
colonize all lands outside of Europe. Magellan Expedition
 It was signed which partitioned the  After the Portuguese reached the
non-Christian World into spheres of Maluku Islands in the year 1511,
influences; the earliest documented European
1. Papa Bull of 1493 - granting the expedition to the Philippine
new world to Spain. Archipelago was led by the
2. Africa and India - were reserved Portuguese Navigator Ferdinand
only for Portugal Magellan in the service of King
i. Later, Brazil - were also Charles V of Spain in 1521.
reserved to Portugal.  Magellan’s Expedition first arrived
at the Island of Homonhion at the
The Magellan (Magalhaes) Expedition mouth of the Leyte Gulf on March
(1518-1521) 16, 1521.
 Ferdinand Magellan (Fernao de  On Easter Sunday, March 31, 1521,
Magalhaes) - the Portuguese in the Islands of MAZAUA
serving the Spanish royalty. (Limasawa), Magellan solemnly
 planted a cross on the top of a hill to sail eastward across the Pacific
overlooking in the sea and claimed Ocean to the Isthmus of Panama.
for the King of Spain the possession 2. Victoria (ship) continue sailing
of the Islands he had encountered, westward, commanded by Juan
naming them Archipelago of Saint Sebastian Elcano, and managed to
Lazaruz as stated in the “First return to Sanluca de Barremeda,
Voyage Around the World” by one Spain in 1522.
of his companions, the chronicle of
Antonio Pigafetta. In Mactan
 Magellan sought alliances among  Magellan was defeated and killed in
the people in the Islands beginning battle in April 1521, as a
with Datu Zula of Sugbo Cebu, and consequence of his intervention in
took special pride in converting a dispute between Lapu-Lapu and
them to Christianity. Magellan got Zula, chieftains of Mactan.
involved in the political conflicts in
the islands and took part in a battle Lapu-Lapu
against Lapu-Lapu, chief of Mactan  Whose name was first recorded as
and the enemy of Datu Zula. Cilapulapu.
 He was a Datu of Mactan in the
The Battle of Mactan Visayas.
 The battle occured at dawn on April  The Modern Philippine Society
27, 1521. (MPS) regards hims as the First
 Magellan with 60 armed men and Filipino Hero because he was the
1,000 Visayan warriors had great first native to resist imperial
difficulty landing on the rocky shore Spanish Colonization.
of Mactan where Lapu-Lapu had an  He is the best known for the Battle
army of 1, 500 waiting on land. of Mactan that happened at dawn
 Magellan waded ashore with his on April 27, 1521, when he and his
soldiers and attacked Lapu-Lapu warriors defeated Portuguese
forces, telling Datu Zula and his explorer Ferdinand Magellan who
warriors to remain on the ships and was killed in battle.
watch.  Magellan’s death ended his voyage
 Magellan underestimated the army of circumvention and delayed the
of Lapu-Lapu, and grossly out Spanish Occupation of the islands
numbered, Magellan and 14 of his by over forty (40) years until the
soldiers wre killed. The rest expedition of Miguel Lopez de
managed to reboarded the ships. Legazpi in 1564.
 The Battle left the expedition with  The Monuments of Lapu-Lapu have
too few crewmen to man three been built in Cebu and Manila,
ships, so they abonded the while the Philippine National Police
Conception. The remaining ships - and the Bureau of Fire Protection
Trinidad and Victoria - sailed to the use his image as part of their
Spice Lands in Indonesia. official seals. 3
 From there, the expedition split in
two groups.
1. Trinidad (ship), commanded by
Gonzalo Gomez de Ezpinoza, tried
Maluku and the Philippines In the year 1564:
 Three Spanish expeditions followed  Leader - Miguel Lopez de
Magellan’s sailing from Mexico, Legazpi
which had become a Spanish colony;  Ships - San Pedro, San Pablo,
1. The Saavedra (1527-1529); San Juan and San Lucas.
2. The Villalobos (1541-1546)  Landing - first landed on Samar,
3. Most successful expedition was established colonies as part of
the The Legazpi Expedition (1564), Spanish Empire.
as a sequel to the Magellan voyage,
a large fleet of seven ships. Treaty of Zaragoza (1529)
 King Charles V ceded his alleged
rights to Maluku, to John III of
SHIPS USED IN SPANISH EXPEDITIONS Portugal of 350,000 ducats, not
REACHING THE PHILIPPINE ARCHIPELAGO knowing that they rightfully
belonged to the Portuguese area of
In the year 1521: responsibility as provided for in the
 Leader - Ferdinand Magellan Treaty of Tordesillas.
 Ships - Trinidad, San Antonio,  Treaty of Tordesillas - a line a
Conception, Santiago and demarcation was drawn from
Victoria. pole to pole, it consists at 297
 Landing - Homonhon, 1/2 leagues east of the Maluku,
Limasawa Cebu. as the western limit of Spain’s
colonial ownership.
In the year 1525:  Spanish goal in the “west” was
 Leader - Garcia Jofre de Loaisa limited only to the Philippines.
 Ships - Santa Maria de la  To stop Hispano-Lusitanian rivalry.
Victoria, Espiritu Santo,
Anunciada, San Gabriel, Jayson Villalobos Expedition (1542-1546)
Ponce, Santa Maria del Parral,  Under the command of Ruy Lopez
San Lesmes and Santiago. Villalobos six (6) ships and some
 Landing - Surigao, Visayas, 370 mean, departed from Juan
Mindanao. Gallego (Natividad), Mexico in
November 1542.
In the year 1527:  In 1543, they reached the eastern
 Leader - Alvaro de Saavedra coast of Mindanao.
Ceron  Extreme hunger due to absence of
 Ships - 3 unknown ship food supply, his men forced to eat
 Landing - Mindanao. all the available meat dogs, cats,
rats, rats, unknown plants, lizard
In the year 1542: and poisonous crabs.
 Leader - Ruy Lopez de  In Sarangani, had only minimal
Villalobos amount of food available, such as
 Ships - Santiago, Jorge, San rice, sago, few hens, hogs and three
Antonio, San Christobal, San (3) deer.
Martin and San Juan.  Villalobos leave Sarangani, and
 Landing - Samar, Leyte, surrendered to the Portuguese at
Sarangani.
 Amboina in the Maluku, where he could be slaves and peasants only,
succumbed to a malignant fever. or lowest rank group.
 Villalobos Expedition was the
naming of Tandaya of Kandaya Political Institutions During
(Leyte) in 1543 as Las Phelipinas Spanish Regime
(Las Islas Filipinas) in honor of the  In the year 1565-1821 - In the
crown prince Philip II, by Bernardo Philippines the captaincy-
de la Torre a commander of the general was administered by
Ship. the Spanish King through the
viceroyalty of Nueva Espana
Legazpi - Urdaneta Expedition (1564) (Mexico).
 February 1665 - Legazpi reached  All Spanish possessions were
Cebu and contracted blood governed by the Real y
compacts with Datu Si Katuna and Supremo Consejo de las Indias
Datu Si Gala of Bohol. (Royal and Supreme Court of
 Legazpi was instructed to bring the Indies) established in 1524
back to Mexico the samples of by Charles V.
Philippine - grown spices.
 To discover the return route to National Level
Mexico.  King - (seat power in
 To abide the 1529 Zaragoza treaty - Manila/Intramuros) through
not to proceed to Maluku. Consejo de las Indias, governed
 Fr. Andres de Urdaneta - Legazapi’s through his sole spokersperson
chief pilot, whose expertise was the and representative in the
seasonal winds, he just acquired Philippines;
while he is with Loaisa expedition.  Gobernador-General - a
 He discovered the “Urdaneta captain in general of the colony;
Passage” on his return Natividad  Was a commander in chief
via the Pacific. of the army and the navy;
 Urdaneta Passage - the lande, was  The President of the real
used by the Manila-Acapulco audiencia (Supreme Court),
Galleon until 19th century. the islands highest judicial
body, vice-real patron, he
The Making of the Spanish “Indio” had a power over
 Miguel Lopez de Legazpi - having a ecclesiastical
title of “Adelantado de Filipinas” appointments in the
granted by King Philip II. church and the right to
 Accomplish an almost supervise mission work.
bloodless conquest of the  Source of civil power for
Philippines. various levels of administration.
 It because of permanent  Salary - 40.000 per annum.
colonization by Legazpi - the
Indios lost the freedom earlier Provincial Level
enjoyed.  Alcadia - previously known as
 Indio - is a term by the 16th - 19th the encomienda
century Spaniards to refer to the  Alcalde Mayor - exercise
poor people in the Philippines who executive and judicial powers,
 special privilege of engaging on  Sequestration of properties; or
trade through indulto de  Imprisonment; or a
commercio (a privilege of  Combination of all
alcaldes enjoyed in the year penalties.
1751-1844)
 Provincia or Hukuman - (used Visita
by Bonifacios’s Katipunan - and  Conducted by a Visitador-General
later called Lalawigan), was the (those who are sent from Spain);
alcalde mayor (provincial  Investigation occur at the time
governor) for the pacified within the official’s term without
provinces and districts. notice.
 Corregimientos - or unpacified  Two kinds of Visita;
military zones (like Mariveles, 1. Specific Visita - meant an
Mindoro and Panay) were investigation of a single officer or a
headed by the Corregidores. province;
 Only the Spaniard could be an 2. General Visita - meant an
alcalde mayor or a Corregidor; investigation of the whole
who exercise as a judge, viceroyalty like Mexico or Captain-
inspector of encomiendas, General like Philippines.
chief of police, tribute collector,
vice-regal patron and a captain- Filipino Bureaucrats
general of the province.
 Executive and judicial Municipal Level
authority;  Little Governer of Gobernadorcillo
 Military authority in his - replaced by the Capitan Municipal
area of responsibility. of 1894;
 Answerable solely to the  Headed by the Pueblo or Municipio;
Governor-General and the  Qualification of a Gobernadorcillo;
Real Audencia in Manila.  Any Filipino or Chinese Mestizo;
 25 years old;
Two Ancient Castilian Institution  Literate in oral or written
1. Residencia (1501 - 1799); Spanish;
2. Visita (1499 - 18th Century)  Became a Cabeza de Barangay
 Function (Barrio Administrator) for four
 To check the abuse of power of (4) years.
royal officials.  The Gobernadorcillo was assited by
three supernumeraries or inspector
Residencia (tenientes de justicia) who
 It was a judicial review of supervised boundaries of cultivated
Residenciado (one judged) fields (sementeras), branding of
conducted at the end of his term of livestock (Ganado), and police
office, supervised publicly by a Jues (policia); constables (alguaciles: the
de Residencia. four tenientes segundos;
 If Residenciado found guilty of a lieutenants of districts (tenientes
public misconduct; the following del barrio), and a secretary
are the penalties; (directorcillo).
 Imposed heavy fines;
Barrio (Barangay) Government  Article 218 of the newly passed
penal code vouching for the right of
Cabeza de Barangay petition and assembly, a group of
 Main role was a tax and influential gobernadorcillos,
contributions collector for the principales, and residents of Manila,
Gobernadorcillo. they marched through the streets
 Cabezas were exempted from of the City to the Ayutamiento (City
taxation. Hall) demanding the expulsion of
 The title originally given by Philip II - friars in the Philippines, including
to show good treatment, to entrust Archbishop Pedro Payo himself,
the name, and the government. demonstrators, manifesto declared
 Manual del Cabeza de Barangay “Long Live the Queen! Long Live the
(1874) Army! Down with the friars!”
 Literacy in Spanish  Friars - they control all the
 Good moral character fundamental forces of society in the
 Property ownership - as Philippines.
qualifications for cabezas  They control the educational
 Served three (3) years terms system, for they own the University
 Mid 19th Century - Cabeza de of Sto. Tomas and they are local
Barangay who served for 258 years inspectors of every primary schools.
were exempted from forced labor.
Institutional Impact of Spanish Rule
Amalgamation of Church and State  When the Spanish settled
 It was in the exercise of political permanently in the Philippines in
power and economic powers of the the year 1565;
Spanish clergy, the disunity  They found the Filipinos living
between the Church and the State. either lineal or nucleated
 Church meddling in civil barangay settlement scattered
government and press censorship along water routes and river
pointed by some Filipino laborantes banks (in pattern of ilaya or
(reformers) as well as upstream ibaba or downstream)
revolucionarios in the 19th and mountain ridges.
centuries.
Economic Situations
Separation of Church and State  Taxation without representation;
 Became an outstanding innovations  Income - generating
of the Malolos Constitution in 1898. mechanisms were introduced
 Ten (10) years later; the first and by the Spanish Colonial
only ope anti-friar demonstration Government in the Philippines
against the intolerable church consisting of direct (personal
abuses took place in Manila on tribute and income tax);
March 01, 1888 - led by Doroteo  Indirect Tax;
Cortes, aided secretly by Marcelo  Such as customs duties and
H. del Pilar and Jose Ramos the bandala.
Ishikawa.  Monopolies (Rentals
 Newly Passed Penal Code; Article estancadas) of special
218. crops and items as
 spiritous liquors, nuts, during the conquest and
tobacco, explosives and pacification campaigns.
opiums.  Examples of these were
 Buwis (tribute) Pandacan, Sampaloc and
 May be paid in cash or kind, Macabebe; privately owned by
partly or wholly as palay or one Pedro de Chaves; Bataan
tobacco, chickens, textile, by Juan Esguerra, and Batangas
or even wax and special owned personally by Francisco
regional produce, Rodrigues.
depending on the area of
the place. Tribute of Collections
 Each encomendero collected
The Enconmienda System according to his personal whim.
 Encomiendas;  When gold is abundant and money
1. Royal; and was scarce, they demand cash or
2. Private reales; when the reales were
 Spaniards imposed encomienda to plentiful and there was security of
the natives, meaning to entrust, gold, they asked for gold, even
another term as “revenue-getting”. when poor Filipinos were coerced
 Encomienda came from the word to buy them.
encomendar, which means to  Encomenderos sometimes seized
entrust, and it was equivalent to the entire quantity of his rice from
“trust territory”. the Filipino without leaving him
grain to eat.

2 Kinds of Encomiendas Existed in the Problem in the Encomienda System

Philippines.  These are the source of pain and
suffering to the Natives/Filipinos;
1. The Royal or Crown (realenga or  Spanish encomenderos they
encomienda de la real corona); confiscate the crops and
 The Land reserved for the animals without just
crown and included the compensation of if the Filipino
principal towns and ports, like failed to pay heavy taxes.
Bagumabayan (now Luneta),  Excessive tribute of collection
Lagyo (approximately the site from the Filipino tenants.
of the present Plaza military,  Some of the encomenderos
between Malate and Ermita), were cruel and ruled with fear
Santa Ana de Sapa, Tondo, and force.
Navotas, and Malabon in  The Catholic Church owned
Manila and Lubao and Betis in cast lands in their own
Pampanga. encomienda, categorized as
2. The Private (encomienda de friar land, and with Filipino as
particulares) its farmers that paid taxes and
 The private encomiendas were share to the church and
granted to individuals who government.
were either the King’s proteges
or men who served with merit
Policies During Spain Colonization the forest to cut trees for logs. They
1. Reduccion called the worker POLITAS.
2. Repartimiento  Tributo (Tribute) - another form of
3. Instruccion taxes

Instruccion
Reduccion  Religious care for the natives inside
 The Spanish attempted to tame the the encomienda and make sure
reluctant Filipinos through Christian that all were indoctrinated and
indoctrination in a quite novel baptized in the Catholic church.
settlement pattern using the
convent/casa real/plaza complex as Congregation in the Philippines
the focal point.  Augustinians (1565)
 The reduccion, to the Spaniards  Franciscans (1577)
was no doubt, a civilizing device to  Jesuits (1581)
make the Filipino law abiding  Dominicans (1606)
citizens of the Spanish crown and in  Benedictines (1895)
a long run, to make them ultimately
little brown Spaniards in adopting
Hispanic culture and civilization. The Political System
 The Spanish king ruled the islands
Repartimiento through the viceroy of Mexico
 The settled Filipinos under Spanish which was then another Spanish
administration were following two Colony.
complementary laws and  Council of Indies (1565-1837)
regulations.  Overseas of Council (1837-1863)
1. Catholicism, they were obliged to  Ministry of the Colonies (1863-
follow by the faith, the teachings of the 1898) - a special government
church and what it demands, like the body that supervises matters
expenses in burial, offerings, marriage pertaining to the colonies
fees and donations. assisted by the King of Spain
2. As colony of Spain the Filipino were
deemed to follow its rules such as National Governmet
payment of taxes, forced labor,  Governor-General
monopoly of products and fight against  Acted as the Spanish King’s
Spain’s enemies inside and outside the representative to the
country. Philippines;
 He serves as the chief
Polo y Servicio executive of the country.
 It was a require force labor to all  His duties were as follows:
Filipino men aging 18-60 years old 1. Enforce the King’s royal
and must complete 40 days work. decrees, implement laws
They were assigned in various coming from Spain;
locations of work like shipyard for 2. Direct supervision of all
Galleon Ships, Constructions of government offices including
churches, roads, and bridges, or to tax collection; and
 3. Lastly,, to create and divide Visitador General
parishes and appoint priest. In  Sent by the Council of the Indies in
addition, he could also Mexico to observe conditions in the
disregard and suspend the colony.
implementation of Royal  The Visitador reported his findings
decrees and laws coming from directly to the King. But sometimes
Spain based on his valid abuses, oppressions and
reasons. malpractices to the natives were
 However, incidents seldom reported to the King.
may happen that the  Bribery became a large scale
governor may be business among the visitas and the
ousted or put behind governor-general.
bars due to some
issues concerning his Local Government
position.
Provincial Government
Royal Audencia
 Effective in May of 1583; by a Royal Alcadias
Decree.  Headed by the Spanish Alcalde
 Established as the Highest Court of Mayor assigned in provinces which
Justice in the Philippines. were already pacified, and people
 Composition of Royal Audenice; were peacefully settled in
1. The Governor-General as the designated places.
President;
2. Oidores (Justices) and fiscal. Corregimientos
 Its primary function is to address  Under the control of Corregidores
justice in the country by hearing or army officers led by a politico-
and deciding Civil and Criminal general, these are the places where
assess in court. provincial territories that were in
 To audit Annual Government the process of pacifications.
Finances, serves as consultation
body of the Governor. City Government
 Created Laws.  Spanish colonizer introduced in the
Philippines the European pattern of
Residencia civilization.
 A Special Judicial Court the  Ayuntamiento
scrutinizes the performance of a  Cities which consists of Alcalde
governor general who will be (Mayor), Rigidores (Councilors),
replaced. and Alguaciles (Chief of police
 The residencia, of which the of sheriff)
incoming governor general was
usually a member, submitted a
report of its finding to the King.
Municipal Government 3. Enjoyed the privilege of using the
 Pueble de Indios - municipality Spanish term “Don”.
headed by a Gobernadicillo. 4. The eldest son can avail a scholarship
 Gobernadorcillo’s duty given by the government where they
 Tax collection will be taught of the Christian doctrines,
 Enforce law in municipal and reading, writing and arithmetic.
countryside.
 Hear cases involving small
amount of money. Cadiz Constitution
 Four Lieutenants aided the In the year 1812
Gobernadorcillo  Was declared on March 19, 1812 at
 Teniente Mayor (Chief Cadiz, Spain.
Lieutenant)  Don Ventura de los Reyes, a native
 Teniente de Policia (Police merchant of Vigan, Ilocos Sur was
Lieutenant) one of the delegates who signed
 Teniente de Sementeras the consititution.
(Lieutenant of the fields)  After a year this was made known
 Teniente de Ganados in Manila on April 18, 1813, one of
(Lieutenants of the livestocks) the most important articles in the
constitution was exemption of the
Barangay Government natives from paying tributes and
 In 1573, the Augustinian bishops rendering public services.
recommended to the King of Spain  Also the termination of the galleon
to retain the barangay privileged trade on September 14, 1813.
class (Datu and Maharlika) in power  However, the restoration of the
and in 1954; throne of Fernando VII led to
 The title Cabeza de Barangay the abolition of the
originally came from King Philip II. constitution through the
 Under the provincial government Valencia Decree on May 4,
policy, the barangay would be 1814.
headed by a Cabeza de Barangay.
This would be the highest position The Social System
given to the natives in the 1. Peninsulares - Spaniard who were
Philippines. born in the Iberian Peninsula, they were
 Cabeza de Barangay’s duties called full blooded Spaniards.
 Collect Tribute Tax among 2. Criollos - Spaniard born in America.
members of their barangay. 3. Insulares - full-blooded Spaniards
 Implement in the barangay the born in the Philippines.
laws and royal decrees. 4. Mestizos - result of the intermarriage
of a native with a European or Chinese.
Privileges of a Cabeza de Barangay 5. Indios - native people in the country.
1. The headsman and the eldest son 6. Principalia - social and educated class
would be exempted from paying the in the towns.
annual tribute. 7. Ilustrados - native-born intellectual in
2. Free from rendering their service to the late 19th century.
the government.
Filipino Families during Spanish Regime reading, writing, arithmetic, music,
 Family is patriarchal and arts.
 Family relation was intimately close,
with Christian teachings, the Education Decree of 1963
member of the family, pray, eat,  Requiring the government to offer
and hear mass together. school institutions for boys and girls
 Cases of broken homes at that time in every town.
were very rare.  College was equivalent to a
 Father guides his male children. university during Spanish regime
 Mother taught her daughters and student graduated with a
household chores. degree of Bachelor of Arts.
 Governor General Narciso Claveria
issued a Decree in 1849, that all From 1570-1868
native families must adopt a  There was minimal government
Christian surname which is bases control in the first school
on the compiled names of Saint, established in the Philippines.
Flora, Fauna, and others.  The first college founded in the
 Calendar of activities were country was organized by a Jesuit
introduced by Spanish authorities Congregation which were mostly
and friars which were expected to school for boys, such as the College
celebrate these activities as part of of Manila later change to College of
being a Catholic Family. Saint Ignacio, College of San
1. Celebration of Christmas and Ildefonso in Cebu, and College of
misa de gallo San Jose in Manila.
2. New year celebrations
3. Semana Santa In 1859
4. Santacruzan  The government established
5. Todos Los Santos - All Saint’s Day Escuela Pia, then later on it was
6. Holidays (founding of the Spanish renamed Ateneo de Municipal in
Empire and giving respect to the Intramuros.
Spanish Queen and King)  This was a public school for boys
which was run by the Jesuit
Education under Spain Congregation.

Royal Order of King Charles in 1550 Dominican Friars

 Stating that all teachers and  Established school and colleges in
religious assigned in villages under 1611 it was College of Sto. Tomas
the dominion of the Spanish crown and in 1630 they founded another
should use the Spanish language as school, the San Juan de Letran in
medium of instruction and Manila
propagation of the Catholic faith, at  Augustinians founded Counciliar
the same time introduced the Seminary in Vigan. The subjects
European system of education. taught were humanities, pharmacy,
 First school that was established philosophy, theology, medicine,
was the parochial schools, with the natural science, geography, science
friars as their teachers. The children and mathematics.
were taught of Christian doctrines,
Education for Girls Sculpture
1. Colegio - a regular school for girls  Natives from the Cordillera were
2. Beaterio - a combination of school famous of their carving and
and nunnery (Potenciana in Manila, scuplture skills.
College fo Sta, Isabel; College of Sta.  When the Spaniards came, natives
Rosa, some of the Beaterio were as started to carve religious
follows; Beaterio de la Campanoa de personalities in wood and ivory.
Jesus, Beaterio de Santa Catalina and  Isabelo Tampingo, Jose Arrevalo,
Ignacia del Espiritu Santo in Binondo. Manuel Asuncion and Jose Rizal
Vocational and Special School for Literature
Specific Skills  Pasyon is a written piece of
1. Nautical Academy literature depicting suffering of
2. Academy of Fine Arts School Jesus Christ, was a popular reading
3. School of Botany among Filipinos in observance of
4. School of Agriculture the Holy Week.
5. School of Commerce  Written by Gaspar Aquino de Belen
in 1704 which was followed by the
A Royal Decree Implemented in later versions in 1750 by Luis Gian,
December 10, 1863 Father Mariano Pilapil in 1814 and
1. Compulsory education for children Father Aniceto de la Merced in
2. Subject taught must be Christian 1856.
Doctrine, Reading, Writing, Spanish,
Music, Agriculture, and Geography Theatre
3. Encourage the Study of Spanish  Zarzuela - is a musical acting,
Language singing with comedy that revolved
in a story of a certain time.
Painting  Cinaculo - is inspired by religious
 Filipinos exemplified their talent in story, portraying of the life and
painting, particularly of those in the suffering of Jesus Christ.
middle class;  Moro-moro - is a play presenting
the Muslim and Christian battles in
Damian Domingo - Father of Philippine Mindanao, ending the triumph of
Painting and opened the first school of Christianity.
painting in the Philippines named
Academia de Dibujo de Pintura Music and Dance
 Awit and Kurido - with musical
Juan Luna - is the one note Spolarium show, dances and songs depicting
the conversion of early Filipinos to
Felix Resurrecion Hidalgo and Juan Christianity.
Luna - both painters studied painting  Kundiman - most romantic
from Spain and became known for their entertainment was a combination
stroke of brush in the Philippines and in of romantic worlds and mellow
Europe tunes interpreted through songs.
 Rigudon, Carinosa, Polka - Spanish
Isidro Arceo and Miguel Zaragoza - dance
were both notable painters.
 Every district in the islands has its Galleon Trade
own folk dance interpreted  1565 - 1815
attractively in festivals and local 1. Prevented rich trade with other
shows. Asian countries such as Japan,
China, India, and Vietnam.
Economic Trade 2. Though the trade was a rich
Galleon Trade source of income, it only benefited
 It was the trade monopolized by few individuals and institutions like
the Spanish government from 1565 the Catholic Church, businessmen,
to 1815 government agents and middlemen.
 Using a Galleon Ship with a route of 3. It exploited the Filipinos through
Acapulco, Mexico to Manila, the Polo, by building ships to
Philippines. owned by the government for
 All trader especially Chinese who Galleon trade use.
would like to engage business to
any Spanish colony needed to use Silk Industry in the Philippines
the Galleon Ship for transportation  Governor General Jose Basco
of their goods. encouraged the natives to produce
 They would not allow any traders to more goods and exports. He
go in if they would not use their encourage the large scale
Galleons. production of cotton and silk, with
 The Spanish took taxes from the this in Camarines a large land were
goods at the same time the planted to mulberry trees to feed
transport fee for the Galleon Ship. silk worms.
These trading lasted for almost 250  Scientific methods of farming were
years. introduced to the natives for the
increase of production.
Abuses behind the Successful Galleon
Trade Tobacco
1. Vandala - is more oppressive than  In March 1782, Gov. Gen. Jose
the polo. Vandala was a compulsory Basco implemented the Royal
sale of products to the government. Decree of King Charles III. The
 Every province was given governor placed some areas in the
quotas, and since the treasury country exclusively for Tobacco
was in no position to pay, only farming.
token payment and promissory  The selected provinces were Ilocos,
notes were given to the natives. Cagayan Valley, and Marinduque
2. Polo y Servicio  Farmers in these provinces
3. Falla - purchase exemption for Polo were required to sell their
4. Chinese Immigration - is substantially tobacco products to the
altered the ethnic composition of the government through its agents.
Philippines.
Excessive Taxation
 Tributes - surpassed the official
tariff which was one peso in 1589.
The list of tax payers was not up to
date, and often the sons often pay
the tax of their dead father.
 Sanctuarium - taxes paid by the
Filipinos to the Catholic Church,
which was used for personal friar
expenses, church construction and
repair.
 Donativo de Zamboanga - taxes
paid by Filipinos to pay the Spanish-
Filipino expeditions against
Muslims in Jolo and Maguindanao.
 Cedula - at first, the aim of
implementing the cedula was to
regulate the coming of the
foreigners in the Philippine Island.
Another, it was to avoid the
astonishing increase of racial
diversity in the country.

Western Infrastructure
 Spanish architecture found its way
in the Philippines through the
building of stone houses and
churches built through the efforts
of Filipino labors.
 Some of these structure still stand
today like the Manila Cathedral,
Quiapo Church, Basilica de Ston.
Nino in Cebu and Paoay Church in
Ilocos Norte.
THE PHILIPPINE AMERICAN WAR
THE BENEVOLENT ASSIMILATION
(1899-1902) (PROCLAMATION)

AMERICANS OCCUPIED ALL THE

PROVINCES OF THE PHILIPPINES
 Contrary to the expectations of the
Americans, the occupation of the
Philippines and its control took
more time and violence to
accomplish.
 The Filipinos, though lacking in
arms and munitions, fought
 President McKinley is the US
valiantly throughout the country.
President at that time:
 He said:
MARIANO SANTOS
1. What should I do in the
Philippines?
2. God, please enlighten me, on
what to do with the Philippines.

BENEVOLENT ASSIMILATION
 Before the signing the Treaty of
Paris, President McKinley said he
did not know what to do with the
Philippines.
- He was a veteran of the revolution of  He added that one night he felon
1896 Philippine-American War, recalled his knees to pray to God to
when interviewed in 1976 at age 101. enlighten him on what to do with
the Philippines.
 The Colonial motives of the United
States over the Philippines were PRESSURE GROUPS
economic, politico-military, and  Are interested in the Philippines.
religious.  Pres. McKinley was surrounded by
 The Filipinos, facing a fully several men who had interests in
equipped and trained army for making the Philippines an American
conventional warfare, were badly colony.
beaten. But the Filipino ably
sustained the resistance through The following are the pressure groups
guerrilla warfare. who worked hard to make the
 The U.S responded with repressive Philippines an American Colony:
and violent measures to end the
war - using water cure, re- 1. The American businessmen whose
concentration, and scorched - earth interests included the Philippines not
tactics. only as a market for American products,
 The people, threatened by but also as a steppingstone to Asia’s
starvation and diseases that were markets.
related to the war, opted for peace.
2. The military and naval pressure group,
who wanted the Philippines as a base REACTIONS OF THE FILIPINO’S ABOUT
for American ships and as a first line of THE PROCLAMATION
defense.
3. The religious pressure group, who
wanted the Philippines as a base for
protestant missionaries.

 President McKinley issued the so-

called “Benevolent Assimilation”
Proclamation.
 McKinley officially announced the
American Policy regarding the
Philippines.
 It clearly indicated the intention of
the United States to exercise
sovereignty over the entire
Philippines, making it a United
States colony.  Unfortunately for General Otis, &
 That the United States, will exercise General Marcus P. Miller, who was
sovereignty over the entire in Iloilo, they published the original
Philippines. proclamation.
 That the Philippines, will be one of  Copies of the unchanged version of
the colony of the United States. the proclamation fell into the hands
of the Filipinos.
GENERAL WESLEY MERRITT
ATTEMPTS TO RELAX THE TENSION

 General Merritt, did not published

the Full Text of McKinley’s
proclamation for fear of arousing  Aguinaldo knew very well that the
the anger of the Filipinos. war with the United States would
 Instead, he changed some words to bring hardship and suffering to the
soften the language of the people.
proclamation so as not to  Aguinaldo tried to relax the tension
antagonize the people. by suggesting to General Otis that
their representatives should meet
 to discuss ways and means of because they were found within the
avoiding a conflict. Filipino lines.
 On February 2, General MacArthur
OTI’S THREE (3) REPRESENTATIVE protested the presence of the some
Filipino soldiers within the
American lines, The Filipino soldiers
withdrew, and MacArthur was
satisfied.
 On the night of February 4, 1899,
Private Willie G. Grayson shot a
Filipino soldier on the corner of
Sociego and Silencio Streets in
Santa Mesa, Manila.
 The Filipino answered with rifle and
 General Otis appointed his three (3) the Philippine American War was
representatives which were on!
compose of three (3) military
officers. THE INCIDENT INVESTIGATED
 The Filipino commander of the
 Aguinaldo also appointed his three sector where the firing started was
representatives. in Malolos, together with other
 The six representatives met for officers, attending a dance.
almost a month, but nothing came Aguinaldo sent an emissary to
out of the meetings because the inform General Otis that the “Firing
American representatives were on our side the night before had
stalling, which heightened the been against my order.” But
tension between the two panels. General Otis, haughty and arrogant,
 The Filipino military officers said that the “Fighting, having
believed that the Americans were started, must go on the grim end.”
only fooling the Filipinos and that  Aguinaldo, wanting to know how
they were not interested in keeping the incident happened, ordered an
the Filipino-American diplomatic investigation to determine the
relations. truth.
 Subsequent investigation showed
THE SHOT THAT THE WAR STARTED that even as early as February 2 and
 Some incidents which were 3, the Filipino employees in the
originally minor in themselves service of American ships had been
became serious in the face of the dismissed; that in the morning of
mounting tension between the two February 4, between 200 and 300
peoples. American soldiers boarded two
 On February 1, 1899 a group of Casco for Cavite.
American engineers was arrested
by Filipino troops.
 It because of that incident General
Otis protested, but Aguinaldo
replied that the Americans were
not arrested but merely detained
THE AMERICAN DRIVE TO THE NORTH THE BATTLE OF BAGBAG
 Because of their advanced  The capture of Malolos by
preparations and superior arms, the MacArthur led by General Luna to
American troops easily captured retreat farther North of Luzon. He
town in what is now Rizal Province. established his headquarters in
Earlier in the north of Manila, the Calumpit, the town immediately
Americans won victories in the north of Malolos. Here he prepared
Battle of La Loma, near the Chinese his defenses against the Americans
Cemetery, where Major Jose Torres who were pursuing him. General
Bugallon died in combat. Luna sent a Telegram to General
 With La Loma in his hands, Tomas Mascardo in Guagua asking
MacArthur proceeded to Caloocan for reinforcements.
where he was met by General  But, General Mascardo refused.
Antonio Luna’s force. In the battle This angered General Luna and
that ensued, Luna was defeated. ordered his officers to leave for
The superior arms of the Americans Guagua to punish Mascardo. He
could not be neutralized by bravery brought with him the artillery units,
and courage alone. Luna then the cavalry, and elemts of the
planned to recapture Manila on infantry battalion. During Luna’s
March 22, he lead the attack on the absence, General Gregorio Del Pilar
city. commanded the sector at Bagbag,
 American reinforcements arrived in Calumpit.
February and March. General Otis  The Americans swarmed all over
took the offensive in the north, the place and defeated Del Pilar.
while General Henry Lawton When General Luna returned to
started his offensive in the south. In Calumpit at twilight, the Americans
a few days, Pulo feel to the had already captured a large
Americans and by March 30, they portion of the town. Luna retreated
were at the door of Malolos. farther north, to Pampanga, and
Meanwhile, Aguinaldo evacuated made preparations to meet the
Malolos and transferred the Capitol advancing enemy.
to San Isidro, Nueva Ecija.
 The Filipinos had very few victories, THE FALL OF THE MABINI CABINET
but these victories were costly to  Mabini was the next most powerful
the Americans. On March 25, the man in the country, after Aguinaldo.
Filipino troops repulsed General He was president of the Cabinet
Lloyd Wheaton in the Battle of Pulo and, as such, he was Prime Minister.
and killed an American colonel. In He was also Secretary of Foreign
Quingua (now Plaridel), Major Bell Affairs. Aguinaldo depended on him
of the American cavalry was killed because he was honest,
in combat with the troops led by hardworking and incorruptible. He
General Gregorio Del Pilar. never used his high position to
enrich himself in office. He was
poor when he entered the
government service. He was very
poor when died.
 When the Americans tried to win by the colonial government; and on
over the Filipinos by promising his way back to the Philippines in
them freedom and autonomy, 1898, he passed by Hongkong. He
Mabini said this was a trick of the asked Felipe Agoncillo, a family
enemy. He was for the friend, to give him a letter of
independence of the Philippines. recommendation to General
He would not accept anything less Aguinaldo.
than independence. However, his  When the Philippine-American War
enemies, like Pedro A. Paterno, broke out, Luna was Chief of
Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista, Felipe military zone that included many
Buencamino, and many others who provinces of Central Luzon. He
belonged to the wealthy and the made many enemies because of his
powerful, opposed him. short temper. He slapped Felipe
 They believed that autonomy Buencamino, Aguinaldo’s Secretary
would be good for the Filipinos. So of Foreign Affairs, who disagreed
they accepted the American offer with his. He also slap soldier due to
of Autonomy. Since the group knew standard.
that Mabini was opposed to their  Aguinaldo recognized his brilliance
views, they persuaded Aguinaldo to and appointed him to a high
remove Mabini from office. position in the army. Luna saw that
 On May 7, Aguinaldo informed the army had no discipline. So he
Mabini that Paterno was forming a tried to instill discipline in the army,
New Cabinet. Mabini knew what it but the common soldiers
meant. particularly the Kawit regiment did
 So he sent in the resignation of the not like him for it.
entire Cabinet he was heading.  While he was in Bayambang,
Mabini spent his last years in his Pangasinan inspecting the defenses
armchair writing articles against the against the advancing Americans,
Americans, and his memoirs of the he received a telegram from
Philippines struggle for Cabanatuan saying that he was
independence. wanted there. So he went there
with his aide, Colonel Francisco
THE ASSASSINATION OF GENERAL Roman and some soldiers. On June
ANTONIO LUNA 5, 1899, He reached the
 General Antonio Luna was the most Aguinaldo’s Headquarters in
brilliant among the Filipino military Cabanatuan, he got angry.
officers. Belonging to an educated  Then he heard a rifle shot, rushed
and a wealthy family of Ilocos Norte, downstairs, cursed the soldiers, and
Antonio Luna was born in San slapped one of them. A captain
Nicolas, Manila. He studied named Pedrong Kastila from Cavite,
pharmacy in Manila and in Spain, hacked Luna with a Bolo.
where the identified himself with  The other soldiers, seeing that he
the propagandists. He was also a was wounded, started hacking him
good writer in Spanish. as well with their bolos and some
 The members of the Luna Family fired gunshots at him. Luna drew
had in common; he was short- his revolver but he fell outside the
tempered. He was exiled to spain convent and died saying, “Cowards!
 Assassins!” he died with more than American President did not take it
forty wounds in his body and head. seriously and nothing came out of it.

THE CONQUEST OF THE VISAYAS THE KIRAM-BATES TREATY

 The Conquest of the Visayas  The Kiram-Bates Treaty, upon
Meanwhile, General Otis instructed learning that the Spaniards failed to
Miller to invade Iloilo. To Miller’s completely subjugate the Muslims,
demand that the Filipino troops the Americans dealt with them in a
surrender, the Visayan patriots diplomatic way in order to
under the leadership of General neutralize their offensive. General
Martin Delgado decided to fight John C. Bates tried to win the
instead. To prevent the enemy friendship of the Muslims by
from capturing the city, Delgado negotiating with them and treating
ordered his men to burn it. The them equals.
Cebu patriots, however, did not  The Sultan of Jolo, Datu Kiram,
give up the fight easily. insisted that the Americans must
 They resorted to guerilla warfare not be allowed to occupy any other
under the command of General part of Sulu except the town proper
Arcadio Maxilom and Landro Fullon. of Jolo. Furthermore, the Sultan
It took some time and much effort insisted in collecting customs duties
for the Americans to completely in place that were not occupied by
subdue the brave Cebuanos. the Americans.
Meanwhile in Negros, many  On August 20, 1899 an agreement
wealthy Negrenses sympathized was signed by General Bates,
with the Americans. When the representing the United State and
enemy came, they raised the the Sultan of Jolo and Datus,
American flag. representing the Sulu Sultanate.
 A committee composed of  The American promised not to
prominent Negrenses was sent to interfere in religious matters and
Manila to ask General Otis to allow no to persecute anybody on
them to arm a battalion to maintain account of his religious beliefs. The
peace and order. General Otis Americans also agreed to pay the
approved the petition, for it was a Sultan and his leading Datus
unusual act of collaboration with monthly salaries. With the
the Americans. neutralizations of the Muslims, the
 On March 1, General Otis issued an Americans proceeded with the so-
order providing for the creation of a called pacification of the Christian
military district to include Panay, areas of the Philippines.
Negros and Cebu.
 This was known as the Visayan AGUINALDO RETREATS TO PALANAN
Military District. The Negrenses  With the death of General Luna,
were allowed to meet in a many Filipino field commanders
convention to frame a constitution. were demoralized. A number of
Known as the Negros Constitution, Aguinaldo’s Generals surrendered
it was submitted to President to the enemy. This development
McKinley for approval. The led General Otis to make plans to
entrap, the recognized leader of the
 Filipino people and his army In the morning of December 2,
General Emilio Aguinaldo. 1899 Major Peyton March and his
 Because, the Americans were not well-armed men proceeded toward
familiar with the local terrain and Del Pillar’s position. The Filipino
not used to the tropical climate troops guarding the narrow pass
would be put to a great fired at the Americans who had no
disadvantage with this tactic. recourse but to retreat.
Meanwhile, Aguinaldo and with  Unfortunately, an Igorot guided the
some selected men, his son, wife, Americans to a secret trail leading
mother, and sister fled to to Del Pilar’s men. The Americans
pangansinan. The Americans slowly and quietly went up the trail
followed him and tried to catch him, and surprised the Filipino troops. A
but they failed. fierce battle ensued and Del Pilar
 People cooperate to Aguinaldo; was killed by a bullet that passed
they contributed money, food and through his neck.
other supplies to the Revolutionary  The American soldiers rushed to
Army. Later, he left his family the dead body of the young general
behind in order to spare them from and looted his personal belongings
the hardships of travelling. for souvenirs. The American left the
Aguinaldo and a handful of faithful body there and for two days it
followers walked to Tierra Virgen, remained unburied. On the third
Cagayan. On September 6, 1990, he day, the Igorots buried his remains
and his men reached Palanan, in a shallow grave.
Isabella where he established his
Headquarters. THE STAGE OF GUERRILLA WARFARE
 Aguinaldo was no longer an
THE BATTLE OF PASONG TIRAD effective leader at this stage of the
 While fleeing the Americans, war. Through surprise attacks or
Aguinaldo reached the Mountain ambush, and with the support of
Province. He ordered his trusted the townspeople including many of
General Gregorio Del Pilar, to the elites, the war lasted longer
remain behind as they continued to than expected. Many Filipino
advance. Del Pilar was to intercept military officers were emboldened
the Americans who were tracking to fight with renewed enthusiasm.
them.  They took advantage of the
 After the departure of Aguinaldo, cooperative attitude of the wealthy
Del Pilar chose to delay the enemy Filipinos to help the people in the
at Pasong Tirad, a narrow pass of resistance. Faced with the effective
4,500 feet high where he had a guerrilla warfare, Americans used
good view of the surrounding cruel methods to persuade the
country. So narrow was the trail Filipinos to cooperate with them.
that only one man at a time could For Example, they used the “Water
climb it. It was in this place that Del Cure” on many Filipinos to punish
Pilar and sixty loyal soldiers or extract information from them.
positioned themselves.  This form of torture was done by
 The American troops under Major forcing water into the stomach of a
Peyton march to pursued Aguinaldo. person until it gets filled. Then the
 person would be made to lie on his
back and an American soldier THE END OF GUERRILLA WARFARE
would jump on his stomach.  Upon Aguinaldo’s capture many
Another form of torture was placing Filipino field commanders
a rope around a person’s neck and surrendered, while the wealthy
then twisting it to choke him. Filipinos happily collaborated with
 Another form of torture was the Americans. However, there
beating the victim until he became were still a few Filipino generals
blue in the face. In Samar, the who refused to give up the fight.
Americans also resorted to  General Miguel Malvar of Batangas
massacre to avenge the death of took over the leadership of the
their comrades who were killed by Filipino Government and fought the
the Filipino Guerrillas under the enemy in running battles. He was
command of General Vicente so successful that the Americans
Lukban. tried to frighten the civilian
 The Americans also burned down population by re-concentrating
the whole town of Balangiga and them in a place where food supply
killed all men and even boys over was supposedly assured.
ten years old. Many are  To live outside thse zones or sona
surrendered/died because they meant lack of protection and sure
could not take any more of these hunger. At this time,
brutalities. Virus(rinderpest) killed over 90% of
carabaos, thus, rice planting was
THE CAPTURE OF AGUINALDO greatly affected causing severe
 With the help of a Spaniard, Lazaro shortage of food. The American
Segovia, who joined the Filipino continued their relentless campaign
forces against the Americans, against the guerrillas.
Colonel Frederick Funston planned  On February 27, 1902, they
the capture of Aguinaldo. The captured General Vicente Lukban in
Spaniard led some men from Samar. This was the end of the
Macabebe and pretended to have guerrilla war-face in that province.
captured some American soldiers. Two months later, April 16, 1902
 They walked to Palanan and General Malvar surrendered in
informed Aguinaldo through a order to save his people from the
courier that they were bringing in brutality of the enemy and from
the American captives. Aguinaldo hunger.
was happy to hear the news and  With the surrender of General
made preparations for the soldiers Malvar, systematic opposition to
who had captured the enemy. American sovereignty ceased. The
 When Segovia arrived in the house case of Macario Sakay, patriots
where Aguinaldo was staying, he refused to surrender, but at this
and his men signaled to their point, their effect on the Americans
comrades to start firing. When was negligible. The guerrilla war-
Aguinaldo rushed to the window to face was crushed.
see what was happening, Funston
and his men told Aguinaldo to
surrender.
 Province warfare would continue
PACIFYING THE LADRONES, NON- for a decade up to 1916.
CHRISTIAN AND MORO PEOPLE  The brutal military campaigns of
 Despite the official declaration of the U.S. against them was revealed
the end of the war by President in the massacre at Bud Dajo in 1906
Theodore Roosevelt on July 4, 1902, in Sulu, where after four days of
recent studies point to the fierce fighting, the U.S forces
continuation of the fight against the suffered 20 casualties and 70 men
colonizers by politico-religious wounded. All the Tausugs – men,
groups called ladrones by the women and children about a
Americans, which means thieves thousand of them, were all killed.
and bandits.
 Composed of the poor and
uneducated peasants, these groups
continued to harass the newly-
organized Philippine Scounts or the
Filipinos now serving in the U.S.
Army. These groups who believed
in the power of prayers, rituals, and
amulets (Antinganting) were not
only anti-foreigners (Friars, Spanish
and Americans) but also anti-
caciques and landlords.
 Among them were the samahans
and confradias of Ruperto Rios in
Tayabas; Apo Ipe Salvador in
Bulacan, Pampangan, Nueva Ijica,
Tarlac and Pangasinan; and Papa
Isio of Negros who was greatly
feared by the elite who welcomed
the Americans and put up their own
Republic.
 There were also the Pulajanes in
Cebu (led by the Tabal brothers),
“Dios-Dios” in Leyte led by Faustino
Ablan and by Papa Pablo in Samar.
War was ended in these places in
piecemeal fashion 1903 to 1913,
using violent means.
 The Non-Christian Filipinos like
those in the Cordilleras of Luzon
and the Muslims in the Sulu
archipelago on the south, were
“Pacified” through the creation of
two special provinces; The Moro
Province in 1903 and the Mountain
Province in 1908. In the Moro
 would not establish permanent
control over Cuba.
SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR  The United States declared war on
Spain on April 25, 1898.
 The Spanish-American War was
THE WAR
lasted only about ten weeks in 1898.
 Although Cuba played a key role in
However, the war had far-reaching
the start of the war, the battles
effects for both the United States
between the U.S. and Spain took
and Spain.
place around the world.
 The Spanish-American War was an
 In fact, the first hostilities took
1898 conflict between the United
place in the Philippines on May 1,
States and Spain the ended Spanish
1898 in the Battle of Manila Bay.
Colonial Rule in the America and
Fighting did not occur in Cuba until
resulted in U.S. acquisition of
June 1898; a key battle took place
territories in the western Pacific
on July 1, 1898.
and the Latin America.
 One of the leaders of U.S. forces in
this battle was Lieutenant Colonel
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
Theodore Roosevelt, who led a
cavalry regiment known as the
CAUSES OF THE WAR
Rough Riders.
 The conflict had complex
 In May, U.S. troops landed in
beginnings.
Puerto Rico, where they faced little
 In the year 1890’s, Cuba had
Spanish opposition. By August 2,
unsuccessfully battled Spain for
1898 the Spanish and the
independence for many years.
Americans began to negotiate an
 In 1895, the Cuban revolutionary
end to the conflict, with the
Jose Marti led an expedition to the
Spanish accepting the peace terms
island, attempting to seize power
laid out by President McKinley.
from Spain.
 Hostilities formally ended on
 As a result of US had economic
August 12, 1898.
interests in Cuba, the US
 The Treaty of Paris, ending the
government was negotiated
Spanish-American War, was signed
between the United States and
on December 10, 1898.
Spain by which Cuba would become
 Spain gave up Guam, Puerto Rico,
self-governing on January 01, 1898.
its possessions in the West Indies,
 On January 1898, During the riot in
and the Philippines in exchange for
Havana, President William
a U.S. payment of $20 million.
McKinley sent the USS Maine to
 The United States occupied Cuba
Havana to protect U.S. citizens and
but, as provided for in the Teller
interests.
Amendment, did not try to annex it.
 On February 15, 1898 an explosion
sank the Maine, killing 266 men on
board.
 On April 19, 1898 the congress
passed the Teller Amendment,
which said that the United States
 Motion pictures began to move
from being seen as a fad to an
MEDIA COVERAGE accepted method of documenting
 The war helped fuel major changes historical events- even though
in U.S. news media. U.S. some films depicting events from
newspapers covered the war with the war were actually re-
Gusto. Technological innovations enactments.
changed reportage and
documentation. New technology AFTERMATH OF THE WAR
that made it easier for newspapers  Victory in the Spanish-American
to publish photographs allowed the War transformed the United States,
papers to publish more illustrations a former colony, to an imperial
and less text. power. Many Americans saw this
 Some reporters in the field in Cuba development as a natural part of
provided excellent, firsthand the nation’s “Manifest Destiny” the
reporting. Reporters who used belief that expansion of the United
telegraphs as the basis for their States was both right and inevitable.
stories, however, typically relied on  Opposition to this new role also
secondhand information. existed. In June 1898, the American
 Major newspaper owners - Anti-Imperialist League was
including Joseph Pulitzer of the formed to fight annexation of the
New York World and William Philippines. Its members included
Randolph Hearst of the New York former President Grover Cleveland,
Journal - viewed public interest in industrialist Andrew Carnegie,
the war as an opportunity to sell author Mark Twain, and labor
newspapers. The papers, in a leader Samuel Gompers.
circulation war, featured  A recognized war hero, Theodore
sensational coverage and attention- Roosevelt instantly became
grabbing photographs of events in credible as a political candidate.
Cuba. Roosevelt was elected governor of
 Although the cause of the explosion New York in 1898 and vice
of the USS Maine was unknown, for president of the United States in
example, New York newspapers 1901.
blamed Spain. Historians once held  Theodore Roosevelt became the
that biased coverage of the war, youngest president to date later
often referred to as yellow that year, when President McKinley
journalism, was a cause of the war. was assassinated just months into
Today, however, historians find less his second term.
evidence for that claim.
 At the time of the war’s outbreak, THE RETURN OF AGUINALDO
film was a new medium, and the
conflict became a popular topic. THE DECLARATIONS OF THE PHILIPPINE
Short films showed such scenes as INDEPENDENCE
servicemen exercising, Theodore  During the Spanish-American War,
Roosevelt and the Rough Riders on Filipino rebels led by Emilio
their horses, and funeral Aguinaldo proclaim the
processions of dead soldiers.
 independence of the Philippines  In April 1898, the Spanish-American
after 300 years of Spanish rule. War broke out over Spain’s brutal
 By mid-August, Filipino rebels and suppression of a rebellion in Cuba.
U.S. troops had ousted the Spanish,  The first in a series of decisive U.S.
but Aguinaldo’s hopes for victories occurred on May 1, 1898,
independence were dashed when when the U.S. Asiatic Squadron
the United States formally annexed under Commodore George Dewey
the Philippines as part of its Peace annihilated the Spanish Pacific fleet
Treaty with Spain. at the Battle of Manila Bay in the
 The Philippines, is a large islands Philippines.
archipelago situated off Southeast  From his exile, Aguinaldo made
Asia, was colonized by the Spanish arrangements with U.S. authorities
in the latter part of the 16th to return to the Philippines and
century. assist the United States in the war
 Opposition to Spanish rule began against Spain. He landed on May 19,
among Filipino priests, who rallied his revolutionaries, and
resented Spanish domination of the began liberating towns south of
Roman Catholic churches in the Manila.
islands.  On June 12, he proclaimed
 In the late 19th century, Filipino Philippine independence and
intellectuals and the middle class established a provincial
began calling for independence. government, of which he
 In 1892, the Katipunan, a secret subsequently became head.
revolutionary society, was formed  The rebels, meanwhile, had
in Manila, the Philippine capital on encircled the Spanish in Manila and,
the island of Luzon. Membership with the support of Dewey’s
grew dramatically, and in August squadron in Manila Bay, would
1896 the Spanish uncovered the surely have conquered the Spanish.
Katipunan’s plans for rebellion, Dewey, however, was waiting for
forcing premature action from the U.S. ground troops, which began
rebels. Revolts broke out across landing in July and took over the
Luzon, and in March 1897, 28-year- Filipino positions surrounding
old Emilio Aguinaldo became leader Manila.
of the rebellion.  On August 8, the Spanish
 By late 1897, the revolutionaries commander informed the United
had been driven into the hills States that he would surrender the
southeast of Manila, and Aguinaldo city under two conditions: The
negotiated an agreement with the United States was to make the
Spanish. advance into the capital look like a
 In exchange for financial battle, and under no conditions
compensation and a promise of were the Filipino rebels to be
reform in the Philippines, Aguinaldo allowed into the city.
and his generals would accept exile  On August 13, the mock Battle of
in Hong Kong. The rebel leaders Manila was staged, and the
departed, and the Philippine Americans kept their promise to
Revolution temporarily was at an keep the Filipinos out after the city
end. passed into their hands.
 The Americans occupied Manila Palanan and captured the rebel
and planned peace negotiations leader.
with Spain, Aguinaldo convened a  Aguinaldo took an oath of
revolutionary assembly, the allegiance to the United States and
Malolos, in September. They drew called for an end to the rebellion,
up a democratic constitution, the but many of his followers fought on.
first ever in Asia, and a government During the next year, U.S. forces
was formed with Aguinaldo as gradually pacified the Philippines.
president in January 1899.  In an infamous episode, U.S. forces
 On February 4, what became on the island of Samar retaliated
known as the Philippine against the massacre of a U.S.
Insurrection began when Filipino garrison by killing all men on the
rebels and U.S. troops skirmished island above the age of 10. Many
inside American lines in Manila. women and young children were
Two days later, the U.S. Senate also butchered. General Jacob
voted by one vote to ratify the Smith, who directed the atrocities,
Treaty of Paris with Spain. was court-martialed and forced to
 The Philippines were now a U.S. retire for turning Samar, in his
territory, acquired in exchange for words, into a “howling wilderness.
$20 million in compensation to the  In 1902, an American civil
Spanish. government took over
 In response, Aguinaldo formally administration of the Philippines,
launched a new revolt–this time and the three-year Philippine
against the United States. The insurrection was declared to be at
rebels, consistently defeated in the an end. Scattered resistance,
open field, turned to guerrilla however, persisted for several
warfare, and the U.S. Congress years.
authorized the deployment of  More than 4,000 Americans
60,000 troops to subdue them. perished suppressing the
 By the end of 1899, there were Philippines–more than 10 times the
65,000 U.S. troops in the number killed in the Spanish-
Philippines, but the war dragged on. American War. More than 20,000
Many anti-imperialists in the United Filipino insurgents were killed, and
States, such as Democratic an unknown number of civilians
presidential candidate William perished.
Jennings Bryan, opposed U.S.  In 1935, the Commonwealth of the
annexation of the Philippines, but Philippines was established with
in November 1900 Republican U.S. approval, and Manuel Quezon
incumbent William McKinley was was elected the country’s first
reelected, and the war continued. president. On July 4, 1946, full
 On March 23, 1901, in a daring independence was granted to the
operation, U.S. General Frederick Republic of the Philippines by the
Funston and a group of officers, United States.
pretending to be prisoners,
surprised Aguinaldo in his
stronghold in the Luzon village of
 hearing of Rizal’s arrest, Bonifacio
THE HISTORY OF THE PHILIPPINE and his fellows founded the
REVOLUTION Katipunan. The anti-colonial secret
 The Philippine Revolution is one of organization eventually attracted
the most important events in the people from lower and middle
country’s history, awakening a classes across the country,
proud sense of nationalism for enjoining them in an armed revolt
generations of Filipinos to come. In against Spain.
a period of heavy struggle and  Rizal, the country’s national hero,
conflict, Filipinos of different refused to participate. Bonifacio
backgrounds united with a common believed timing wasn’t on their side
goal: to resist colonialism. and the nation was still unprepared.
 The revolution against Spain was In spite of his friend’s reservations,
sparked in 1896 after Spanish Bonifacio and his fellow
authorities discovered the Katipuneros continued with their
“Katipunan,” a Filipino plan.
revolutionary society plotting  Yet, on August 1896, a Spanish friar
against their colonizers. found them out.
 It ended in 1902, where Spain lost
and ceded sovereignty of the
Philippines to the United States. A SERIES OF BLOODY REVOLTS
 After the discovery of the
THE KATIPUNAN: THE SECRET Katipunan, Spanish authorities
ORGANIZATION THAT INITIATED THE made several arrests to identify
REVOLT their members. Bonifacio and his
 Andres Bonifacio was the Supreme fellows were planning a nationwide
of the Katipunan (association), or as revolt.
it was also known: Kataas-taasan,  This led to an event called the ‘Cry
Kagalang-galang Katipunan ng mga of Pugad Lawin’, where
Anak ng Bayan (Highest and Most revolutionaries took part in a mass
Venerated Association of the Sons tearing of cedulas (community tax
and Daughters of the Land). certificates), symbolizing their fight
 The organization drew inspiration against Spain.
from Dr. Jose Rizal, whose literary  Bonifacio simultaneously planned
works, particularly Noli Me Tangere an attack on Manila. However they
and El Filibusterismo, exposed the were caught off guard, as though
cruelties of the Spanish colonizers. the revolutionaries were greater in
Before Katipunan was established, number, the Spanish authorities
both Bonifacio and Rizal were part were more armed.
of ‘La Liga Filipina’ – a progressive  According to historical accounts,
organization initiated by Rizal that Bonifacio continued with his plan
sought peaceful reforms. despite the failure in his first
 After Rizal’s arrest and deportation attempt.
to Dapitan, La Liga Filipina dissolved.  The revolt flared up in the
This was later replaced by a call for surrounding provinces, including
aggressive reforms, put forward Central Luzon, San Juan del Monte
and favored by Bonifacio. Upon and Southern Tagalog (which is why
 this is also known as the Tagalog
War). THE RIVAL GOVERNMENT
 After several unsuccessful revolts,  Bonifacio soon set out to Naic,
rebels in Cavite finally had a taste Cavite, where he established a rival
of victory. Under Emilio Aguinaldo government against Aguinaldo.
(mayor of Cavite El Viejo) and Newly recognized as the leader of
Mariano Alvarez (Bonifacio’s uncle), the revolution, he issued a coup
the Philippine Revolution was in full d’etat against Aguinaldo’s
swing. government. Upon learning this,
 The revolution dragged down the Aguinaldo ordered the official
name of Rizal. He was accused of arrest of Bonifacio.
being associated with the secret  Bonifacio was captured and found
militant society. Charged with guilty of sedition and treason by the
sedition, conspiracy and rebellion, War Council. They were soon
Rizal was sentenced to death by executed near Maragondon.
firing squad.  Aguinaldo and his fellows soon
established the Republic of Biak-na-
INTERNAL STRUGGLES, CONFLICTS, Bato and drafted the first
AND A SURPRSING TURN OF EVENTS constitution
 Alongside the Spanish authorities,  They came up with a pact that
Katipuneros were soon fighting called for an end to the revolution,
amongst themselves. Rivalries which was positively favored by the
emerged between commanders Spanish Governor-General. The
and territories, creating big rifts in pact’s agenda included: the
the association. surrender of weapons to
 The Katipunan divided into two revolutionaries, amnesty, exile for
councils, namely the Magdiwang leaders, and payment to the
and Magdalo – that is, those who revolutionaries worth $400,000
favored Aguinaldo and those who USD.
favoured Bonifacio.  While the Spanish kept their word,
 To settle the leadership dispute, other revolutionary generals took
the Tejeros Convention was arms – the Philippines was still not
established. independent.
 This assembly of officials was
intended to unite the two factions THE ARRIVAL OF THE AMERICANS AND
and elect officers for the THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE
revolutionary government.  April 1898 marked the second
 After a makeshift election, phase of the Philippine Revolution.
Bonifacio lost to Aguinaldo and After a US Navy warship exploded
leadership was turned over to him. and sunk in Havana harbor, the
 Bonifacio was given the role of Americans declared a war against
Director of the Interior, but his Spain known as the Spanish-
qualifications were questioned. American War.
Under this further scrutiny he left  The US Navy’s Asiatic Squadron, led
the assembly – Aguinaldo took oath by Commodore George Dewey,
as President the following day. sailed to Manila and defeated the
Spanish Navy. In just a few hours all
 Spanish ships were destroyed and
the US gained control of the
Philippine capital.
 Meanwhile, Aguinaldo became
friendly with the United States.
Aguinaldo met with a US consul
who advised him to cooperate with
the Americans. And so, from his
exile in Hong Kong, Bonifacio
eventually returned to the
Philippines and resumed the
attacks against the Spanish
authorities.
 And, On June 12, 1898, Aguinaldo
declared the country’s
independence and the birth of the
Philippine Republic. From his
balcony in his house in Kawit,
Cavite, the Philippine flag was
unfurled. The Philippines’ National
Anthem, “Lupang Hinirang” was
first heard by the Filipino people.
 It was December of that year when
the Spanish government ceded the
Philippines to the United States
through the Treaty of Paris.
 While it ended the Spanish-
American War, the Americans took
possession of the Philippines.
Independence had not really been
achieved.
EAC-C SCHOOL OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
Readings in Philippine History|1st Semester S.Y. 2021-2022

History of the Philippine

Flags
The Phillipine Flags - It has been common since
the 1960’s to trace the development of the
Philippine flag to the various war standards of
the individual leaders of the Katipunan, a
pseudo-masonic revolution movement that
opposed Spanish rule in the Philippines and led
the Philippine Revolution. However, while some
symbols common to the Katipunan flags would
be adopted into the iconography of the
Revolution, it is inclusive whether these war
standards can be considered precursors to the
present Philippine flag.

Synthesis of Philippine Flag  This flag, created by Benita Rodriguez

with the aid of the wife of Bonifacio,
 The current Philippine National Flag Gregoria de Jesus.
evolved out of many earlier versions.  With K white in a horizontal alignment.
 All of these flag are traced their origin
from the Common endeavors of the
Philippine Revolutionaries to show their
love for the country.

KATIPUNAN MOVEMENT

 Had a single K on it.

 These flag has been constructed as being
related to the Klu Klux Klan.

 The first Philippine flag was the war

banner adopted by Andres Bonifacio in
1892.
 It was a rectangular piece of red cloth with
three white K’s arranged to form three
angles of an equilateral triangle.

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RPH| Midterm Period History of the Philippine Flags

MAGDALO FACTION
THE 1895 FLAG WITH WHITE TRIANGLE

 In October 1896, General Aguinaldo

fashioned out a banner consisting of a
 Red flag with a white triangle on the hoist rectangular field, with sun in the middle.
with K K K in three corners and a sun  The sun had eight rays representing the first
behind an outline hill. eight provinces (Manila, Bulacan, Tarlac,
 An 1895 version attributed to General Pio Pampanga, Nueva Ecija, Laguna, Batangas
Del Pilar has a slight resemblance to the and Cavite) to take up arms against the
Spaniards.
present flag. Rather than a red and blue
 In the middle of the white sun was a white K,
stripe the field except for the triangle of
in the ancient Tagalog script.
white is red.
 K from the pre-Hispanic Philippine Alphabet.
 The gold stars and sun being replaced by
the red K’s and a red sun rising behind a
mountain. The sun has 8 rays.
MAGDIWANG FACTION
KATIPUNAN STANDARD

 When the revolution heated up, the

 Bonifacio’s Banner, as the Father of the Magdiwang faction of the Katipunan,
Katupunan. which operated in Cavite under Mariano
 Several months before the outbreak of the Alvarez, adopted a flag consisting of a red
revolution in 1896, Bonifacio had another banner with a white sun with the baybayin
flag made. the ancient Tagalog script letter la (for K)
 This flag was a red rectangular field with at the center.
white 16 rayed sun in the middle and three
white K’s below it.

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RPH| Midterm Period History of the Philippine Flags

THE FLAG OF THE ASSOCIATION

“KATIPUNAN”

 Modification of Magdalo Faction

 Sovereign and Venerable Association of
the Children of People.
 This group was founded in Manila (July 07,
KATIPUNAN FLAG OF 1897 1892) and it fought against the Spaniards
troops for Independence of the Philippines.

TAGALOG FLAG AT THE NOVELETA

BRIDGE

 New Flag adopted by the Katipunan.

 On March 17, 1897 Emilion Aguinaldo a
new banner at the Naic Assembly.
 This was a rectangular red cloth, with a
white mythological sun in the middle  The central Tagalog letter is the K. Red
adorned with eyes, nose, and mouth. seems to be the background color. There
 Radiating from the sun were eight group of are several red flags but not single blue
rays, each group consisting of three rays. flags. The sun can be white or yellow; the
 This flag was used in the Truce of Biak- most frequent is white, but in preserved
na-Bato on December 14-15, 1897. flags.
 This flag was also used by the mutineers
in July 2003. It represents the use of some
very significant symbols in Philippines
national iconography. The sun harks back
to the mythical sun used in the flags of the
Katipunan (the secret organization that
began the Philippine revolution in Spain in
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RPH| Midterm Period History of the Philippine Flags
1896). The letter “I” in the middle is in
“alibata” or ancient Tagalog script, and  Pambansang Watawat (Philippine Flag)
represents the letter “K,” symbolizing  Adopted: June 12, 1898 used by the First
“Kalayaan” or “freedom.” The sun and Philippine Republic.
letter K are all over the flags of the  Design: A horizontal bicolor of blue and
Katipunan and its various leaders and red with a white equilateral triangle based
provincial cells. at the hoist containing three, five-pointed
gold stars at its vertices, and an eight-
rayed gold sun at its center.
GENERAL GREGORIO DEL PILAR’S  The flag of the Philippines is the National
FLAG Flag of the Republic of the Philippines.
 It is a horizontal flag bicolor with equal
bands of royal blue and crimson red with a
white, equilateral triangle at the hoist.
 In the center of the triangle is a golden-
yellow sun with eight primary rays, each
representing a Philippine province.
 At each vertex of the triangle is a five-
pointed golden-yellow star, each of which
representing one of the country’s three
main island groups- Luzon, Visayas,
Mindanao.
 The white triangle at the flag represents
liberty, equality, and fraternity.
 A unique feature of this flag is its usage to
indicate a state of war if it is displayed with
the red side on top, which is effectively
achieved by flipping the flag upside-down.

 Blue triangle in hoist, red horizontal upper

and black below.
 The flag of General Gregorio del Pilar, the
“Boy General” flown during the Battle of
Tirad Pass, Ilocos Sur.
 General del Pilar’s forces allowed General
Aguinaldo’s retreating army to escape.
The “Boy General” died at age 24
defending the pass on December 02, 1899.

REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES

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RPH| Midterm Period History of the Philippine Flags

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EAC-C SCHOOL OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
Readings in Philippine History|1st Semester S.Y. 2021-2022

The War Years - Japan Colonization

the Commonwealth, prevailed upon
Japanese Occupation General Douglas McArthur to become
 The United States declared war against Field Marshal of the Philippine Army.
Japan and the War in the Pacific was  MacArthur concept of defense was to
formally on. build up a Filipino army sufficiently
 As a consequence of this war, the strong to repel a foreign invasion.
Philippines was occupied by the  On July 26, 1914; The Philippine reserve
Japanese. and regular forces were incorporated
 For the three (3) years the Filipinos into the United States Army under the
suffered the rigors of war. command of General MacArthur. The
 Civil liberties were suppressed by the combined forces were called the
enemy, the economy was geared to United States Army in the Far East
the demands of the Japanese war (USAFFE).
efforts, education was re-vamped to  In September 1941, Japan, apparently
re-orient Filipino thinking along to discuss American- Japanese
Japanese lines, and political life was problems in a peaceful manner, sent
limited to the Japanese-sponsored Admiral K. Nomura to Washington.
Republic.  It was believed that Nomura would
propose peace to the American
Background of Pearl Harbor officials in order to avert war. It was
 One of the factors that led the while Nomura was presenting his
Americans to acquire the Philippines government’s peace proposals to
was the belief that the colony would Secretary of State Cordell Hull that the
be of strategic importance to the Japanese bombers surprised Pearl
United States. Harbor in Hawaii and sank the cream
 It was then thought that with of the American Navy.
Philippines under the United States, no  The bombing occurred in the early
foreign power would dare to morning of December 7, 1941,
antagonize it. Hawaiian Time.
 President Theodore Roosevelt
expressed this view in January 1906
when in a letter to Major-General President Roosevelt and the War
Leonard Wood, he declared that  The treacherous bombing of Pearl
“Japan had no immediate intention of Harbor drove the American people to
moving against the United States.” frenzied anger.
 On July 06, 1906, President Theodore  The American naval and military losses
Roosevelt wrote again a letter to at Pearl Harbor, total of 2,897 men. The
General Wood, then in command in tragedy struck deep into the hearts of
the Philippine in a case of a Japanese the Americans.
attack.  On December 8, 1941, Prime Minister
 Japan was a fast rising power in the Winston S. Churchill of England faced
Pacific and the Philippine defenses the House of Commons and
were rather inadequate to thwart any announced to the world that Great-
hostile attempt to invade the country. Britain would declared war on Japan.
 The American military’s apprehensions  The European War, which commenced
were quieted when President Manuel L. in the year 1939, now expand to
Quezon, soon after the inauguration of become the second World War.
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RPH| Midterm Period The War Years - Japan Colonization

The Japanese Offensive Plan Quezon in Corregidor

 The general offensive plan of the  Manuel L. Quezon, President of the
Japanese was to strike immediately at Commonwealth was a very sick man
the rich Dutch and British possessions when the war broke out.
in Southeast Asia, specially Malaya and  Thousands were killed as a results of
the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia). indiscriminate bombings of the enemy
 The Japanese Naval and air forces had and thousands more were hospitalized
to destroy the American Pacific fleet at for wounds received from enemy
Pearl Harbor in order to neutralize it, bombs and bullets.
and then to attack the Philippines in  On December 24, 1941, MacArthur
order to cut America’s lines of informed Quezon that he and and
communication in the Pacific. some of his officials, as well as the
 The subjugation of the Philippines was members of his family were to leave for
a part of the general plan of Corregidor.
conquering the rich countries of  Japanese bombers were still hitting the
Southeast Asia so that their natural Port Area in Manila at the time Quezon
resources could be used to bolster up and his party were scheduled to leave.
Japan’s war machine.  On December 30, 1941, Quezon took
 In the Philippines, four hours after the his oath of office as President of the
sneak attack on Pearl Harbor, the Commonwealth, marking the end of
Japanese bombed several places in the his first term and the beginning of his
Philippines simultaneously. second term.
 Clark field was bombed in the morning
of December 8, 1941 and American The Fall of Bataan and Corregidor
planes on the ground were destroyed.  MacArthur’s retreat to Bataan was a
Air attacks were conducted against brilliant maneuver, for in the process
Davao, Baquio and Aparri. he outwitted General Masaharu
Homma, the Japanese commander-in-
Occupation of Manila chief, who failed in his attempt to
 The Japanese preparation for the war, encircle the USAFFE as contemplated.
particularly the attack on the  Maneuvering in a limited territory,
Philippines, was planned carefully. Even MacArthur succeeded in keeping his
before their planes could take off to army intact and well coordinated.
attack targets in the Philippines, three Several times, the Japanese launched
task forces were already on their way their offensive against Bataan only to
to the Philippines; two were to land in be repulsed with heavy losses.
Northern Luzon and one in Batan  It was the strategy of the Japanese
Island. Imperial Command to subjugate the
 At dawn of December 8, 1941, the Philippines within a short period of
Japanese landed at Batan without any time in order to proceed immediately
opposition. Two days later, enemy to the conquest of other parts of Asia.
landing were made at Aparri and  The heroic defense of the Filipino-
Pandan, near Vigan. Similar landing American troops on Bataan irritated
made in Davao and Jolo on December the Japanese.
20, 1941.  Japanese leaflets asking the Filipino
 On December 22, 1914, The Japanese soldiers to surrender and to desert
made a major landings at Lingayen, their American comrades-in-arms were
Damortis, Rosario and on Central dropped on Bataan to demoralize the
Luzon. USAFFE, but the courageous Filipino
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RPH| Midterm Period The War Years - Japan Colonization

soldiers ignored the Japanese Reorganization of the Government

propaganda.  On January 3, 1942, a day after Manila
 On April 9, 1942, General Edward P. became an occupied city, the
King, commander of the forces on Commander-in-chief of the Japanese
Bataan, surrendered. Some 78,000 of Imperial Forces, General Masaharu
General Kings forces were include in Homma, issued a proclamation
the surrender negotiations. Around announcing the end of the American
2,000 escaped to Corregidor and to Occupation and the purpose of the
the surrounding provinces. Wainwright, Japanese Expedition.
as USAFE commander-in-chief, was in  The Japanese avowed purpose was to
Corregidor. King’s surrender on Bataan, “emancipate you [the Filipinos] from
therefore, was an individual surrender, the oppressive domination of the U.S.A,
and not the surrender of the entire letting you established the Philippines
USAFFE force. Thus, ended the Battle for Filipinos” as a member of the Co-
of Bataan which resounded throughout prosperity sphere in the Greater East
the world. Asia and making you enjoy your own
prosperity and culture”.
Bataan Death March  On February 1942, the Japanese were
 The Bataan Death march was when the ready to institute sweeping reforms in
Japanese forced 76,000 captured allied the administration of the government.
soldiers (Filipinos and Americans) to  The National government was re-
march about 80 miles across the named the Central Administrative
Bataan Peninsula. Organization, composed of six
 The March took place on April of 1942 executive departments: Interior;
during World War II. Finance; Justice; Agriculture and
 The surrendered Filipino-American Commerce; Education; Health and
troops were forced at gunpoint to Public Welfare; and Public Works and
march from Bataan to San Fernando, Communications. Each departments
Pampanga, under the hot tropical sun. was headed by a Commissioner, whose
 Those who could not march because of duty was to execute and administration
physical weakness were shot down or within his jurisdiction under the control
bayoneted. of the Chairman of the Executive
 So inhuman was the forced march that Commission.
the event has been called the “Death  The limitations upon the powers and
March”. In Capas, the prisoners were prerogatives of the Commissioners
huddled together like animals, hungry were assured for the Japanese when
and sick. the same order provided the “Each
 The forced march has been called a department shall have a Japanese
Death March. adviser and Japanese Assistant
 Japanese stepped up their offensive advisers’.
against Corregidor. From Bataan, now
under the Japanese, from the sea, and
from Cavite, the island fortress was
subjected to intense fire.
 The fall of the Philippines, at least
officially, was now complete.

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RPH| Midterm Period The War Years - Japan Colonization
Laurel added the fundamental principle
Education Re-Orientation of militant nationalism.
 The Japanese educational policy was  Educational reforms were instituted by
embodied in Military Order No.2, requiring teachers to obtain licenses
dated February 17, 1942. after undergoing a rigid examination.
 Its basic points were the propagation The teaching of Tagalog, Philippine
of Filipino Culture; the dissemination of History, and character education was
the principle of the Greater East Asia reserved for Filipinos.
Co- Prosperity Sphere; the spiritual
rejuvenation of the Filipinos; the The Republic
teaching and propagation of
Nippongo; the diffusion of vocational  The Japanese authorities realized that
and elementary education; and the it was difficult to channel Filipino
promotion of love of labor. sympathy toward them and
 The motive behind this educational consequently did everything in their
policy was not only to create an power, from threats to caress, to
atmosphere friendly to Japanese dissipate the Filipinos’ hostility.
intentions and war aims, but also to  It was important to them, for
erase the Western Cultural Influences, propaganda purposes, that the
particularly British and American on Filipinos were made to believe that
Filipino Life and Culture. Japan’s intention was to see the
 To carry out this policy, the Japanese Philippines become a Republic.
Commander-in-Chief instructed the
Commissioner of Education, Health KALIBAPI
and Public Welfare to reopen the  Founder: Philippine Executive
Schools, requiring, at the same time, Commission.
that teachers and students be made to  Founded: December 08, 1942
pledge themselves to the support of  Dissolved: 1945
the new educational policy.  The announcement was the cue to the
 Priority was given to the re-opening of Filipino officials to make preparations
Elementary Schools obviously because for the event.
the Japanese believed that the mind of  On June 18, 1943, the KALIBAPI
the young could be easily moulded (Kapisanan sa Paglilingkod sa Bagong
into the patterns of the Japanese Pilipinas) was instructed to form the
concept. Preparatory Commission for Philippine
 Next to the elementary Schools priority Independence.
was given to the re-opening of  The KALIBAPI promptly announced the
vocational and normal schools, and composition of the body the next day.
those institutions of higher learning It was organized on June 20, 1943 with
giving courses in agriculture, medicines, Jose P. Laurel as President and Benigno
fisheries and engineering. S. Aquino Sr. and Ramon AvanceÑa as
 In accordance with Japanese mandates, Vice- President.
the Department of Education, Health  The Commission then prepared the
and Public Elementary Schools draft of the proposed Constitution,
beginning in June 1942. which was approved on September 4,
 Japanese- Sponsored Republic was 1943, and ratified by a popular
proclaimed on October 14, 1943. the convention days later.
Educational set-up did not change  The Constitution provided for
much. However, President Jose P. unicameral National Assembly, whose

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RPH| Midterm Period The War Years - Japan Colonization

delegates were chosen on September were isolated by the rapid advance of

20, 1943. the enemy organized guerrilla units.
 The studied enthusiasm over the  In Central Luzon, the guerrillas flocked
approaching independence was now under the banner of several leaders,
climbing to its climax. some of whom were civilians.
 On September 25, 1943, the National  In the Visayas, the most prominent
Assembly elected Jose P. Laurel guerrilla leaders were Colonel Ruperto
President of the Future Republic. Kangleon, who operated in Samar and
Amidst the simulated applause and Leyte; Colonel Macario Peralta, of
hurrahs of the Filipino audience who Tarlac, led the Panay guerrillas, with
had no choice in the matter, the Governor Tomas Confesor as the
Declaration of Independence was read, civilian leader.
the Republic inaugurated, and  In Mindanao, the guerrillas were
President Jose P. Laurel inducted into headed by Tomas Cabili, Wendell
office, October 14, 1943. Fertig and Salipada Pendatun. Jesuit
priests in Mindanao- Father Edward
The Liberation Haggerty, John Pollock, Clement
 Three (3) years of Japanese Occupation Risarcher, Harold Murphy.
were also years of resistance
movement. The Guerrillas performed three important
 Even before the Japanese entry into functions:
Manila, Guerrilla units had been
formed in anticipation of what was 1. To ambush or otherwise kill enemy
then believed as the short stay of soldiers and civilians;
enemy in the Philippines. 2. To relay important intelligence reports to
MacArthur in Australia, such as size of the
Guerrilla Warfare enemy army, troop movements, number of
 The Commander-in-Chief of the Japanese ships, disposition of troops,
Japanese Army warned the Filipinos activities of the Japanese Military
against offering resistance or Administration and other information
committing hostile acts against the necessary to gauge the strength and
Japanese forces in any manner. weakness of the enemy;
 Any such act on the part of the 3. And to liquidate spies and Japanese
Filipinos would lead to the destructions sympathizers.
of the Philippines. The Japanese
proclamation threatened with death  Many guerrillas met death in the
those who would disturb the minds of performance of their duties, but those left
the officials and the people. behind carried on as if nothing happened.
 The severity of the proclamation cowed There was only one thought uppermost in
majority of the Filipinos into silence. their minds, and it was to help drive away
Those who refused to place themselves the invaders from Philippine Soil.
under the authority of the Japanese
Military Administration fled to the Guerrilla Newspapers
mountains to join the guerrillas.  Truthful news report about the war was
impossible under the enemy, for the
USAFFE press and the radio were controlled. It
 With the retreat of the USAFFE to was natural that the Japanese should
Bataan, the officers and soldiers who resort to Propaganda lies to achieve
their purpose of demoralizing the

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RPH| Midterm Period The War Years - Japan Colonization
Filipinos and making them believe on  Panay had several guerrilla papers.
the invincibility of Japan. Most famous was the Kalibo War
 People who read the “Tribune” and Bulletin which came out after Pearl
other Japanese-Controlled magazines Harbor.
read between the lines. But such
reading was not sufficient to slake their The Leyte Landings
thirst for real news.  October 20, 1944 December 26, 1944 –
 Two ways were open to the Filipinos to The Battle of Leyte.
get real news; first, by tuning in their  The leyte landings in the Philippines
radios to Radio San Francisco at the were to be carried out by the forces
risk of being caught on the act and under General MacArthur. Such a task
then beheaded by the enemy; and meant the convergence of troop
second, by reading, also at the risk of transports, supply ships, fire support
being beheaded, the guerrilla ships, escort carriers, mine craft,
“newspapers”. landing craft, and cargo ships.
 “Upon his arrival, MacArthur gave a
Matang Lawin speech in which he famously promised
 The need for keeping up the faith in “I shall return” to the Philippines. After
the democratic tradition and for more than two years of fighting in the
counteracting Japanese propaganda Pacific, he fulfilled that promise. For his
led some guerrilla outfits to put out defense of the Philippines, MacArthur
their “newspaper”. was awarded the Medal of Honor.
 These were not printed but
mimeographed, sometimes, The Return of the Commonwealth
typewritten.  When it finally determined that a large
 Colonel Guillermo Nakar, operating in part of the island was in American
the Seirra Madre near Nueva Vizcaya, hands, MacArthur ordered the
put out the mimeographed newspaper organization of civil municipal
“Matang Lawin” or Hawk Eye. government.
 This paper, aside from giving news  The temporary seat of the
about the last days of Bataan, also Commonwealth Government was
informed the people that like the hawk, established in Tacloban, Leyte, on
the guerrillas would watch over the October 23, 1944.
welfare of the people and at the same  On November 15, 1944, on the 9th
time take cognizance of the activities anniversary of the Commonwealth,
of the spies. President Sergio OsmeÑa addressed
the Filipinos, sayong in part: “The cause
The Liberator of democracy and liberty, the right of
 One of the most widely- circulated every people to govern itself and to be
guerrilla papers was “The Liberator”, secure against aggression, the great
put out and edited by Leon O. Ty of moral issues of justice and
the Philippines Free Press. righteousness and human dignity are
 The Liberator circulated in Cavite, being fought in the Philippines today.
Manila, Rizal and Bulakan.  President Sergio OsmeÑa said that: I
 Some of its writers were caught by the am proud of the way the American
Japanese circulating the little news soldier is fighting this battle. I am also
magazine and were executed, but Leon proud of the way the Filipinos are
Ty and a few of his companions aiding in that fight.
escaped the enemy dragnet.

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RPH| Midterm Period The War Years - Japan Colonization

The End of the War

 The Philippines having been liberated
from the enemy, MacArthur proposed
to carry the war right at Japan’s door.
Hundreds of B-29’s, the superforts,
bombed the mainland of Japan,
reducing the latter’s war potential.
 Important Japanese ports and cities
like Tokyo, Nagoya, Osaka, and Kure
were bombed day and night, giving
the enemy no respite.
 On July 26, 1945, the Allies, through
President Truman and Prime Minister
Churchill, issued the Potsdom
Proclamation calling upon Japan to
surrender inconditionally or face
“prompt and utter destruction”.
 Japan, proud the strength and prouder
still of Samurai spirit, refused to
surrender.
 On August 6, 1945, Tokyo time, the
United States Air Force unleased the
deadly atomic bomb on Hiroshima,
demolishing almost one half of the city
and killing thousands of inhabitants.
 On August 9, 1945, another atomic
bomb was dropped on Nagasaki. To
make things more difficult for the
Japanese, Russia declared war against
Japan on the same day. Faced with
total annihilation, Japan
unconditionally accepted the Allies
demand for surrender on August 15,
1945.
 On September 2, 1945, Japan signed
the terms of surrender on board the
battleship Missouri at Tokyo Bay. THE
WAR WAS OVER.

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RPH| Midterm Period The War Years - Japan Colonization

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RPH| Midterm Period The War Years - Japan Colonization

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EAC-C SCHOOL OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
Readings in Philippine History|1st Semester S.Y. 2021-2022

Content and Contextual Analysis of Selected Primary Sources

in Philippine History
Historical Sources Here, the example of Primary sources that
 Is to ascertain historical facts. we are going to examine are the following:
 Such facts are then analyzed and
1. Antonio Pigafetta’s First Voyage around the
interpreted by the historian to weave
world;
the narrative.
2. Emilio Jacinto’s Kartilya ng Katipunan;
3. The Declaration of Philippine Independence;
Primary Sources
4. Political Cartoon’s Alfred McCoy’s Philippine
 It consist of documents, memoir,
Cartoons;
accounts, and other materials that
5. Political Caricature of the American Era
were produced at the period of the
(1900-1941); and
events or subject being studied.
6. Corazon Aquino’s speech before the U.S
Congress
2 Kinds of Criticism
1. External Criticism - examines the
authenticity of the document or the  These primary sources range from
evidence being used. chronicles, official documents, speeches,
i. This is important that the and cartoons to visual arts.
primary source is not fabricated.  Different types of sources necessitate
2. Internal Criticism - examines the different kinds of analysis and contain
truthfulness of the content of the different levels of importance.
evidence.
i. This criticism requires that the
act must be established the A Brief Summary of the First Voyage around
truthfulness and the accuracy; the World by Magellan by Antonio Pigafetta
and
ii. Examination of primary sources  The source was taken from the chronicles
in terms of the context of its of contemporary voyagers and navigators,
production. one of them was an Italian Nobleman
Antonio Pigafetta, who accompanied
Ferdinand Magellan in his fateful
Primary Sources from Different Historical
circumnavigation of the world.
Periods
 Pigafetta’s work instantly became a classic
that prominent literary men in the west.
How?
 Pigafetta’s travelogue is one of the most
 To evaluate the documents content
important primary sources in the study of
in terms of historical value;
the precolonial Philippines.
 To examine the content of their
 Pigafetta’s account was also a major
production.
referent to the events leading to
Magellan’s arrival in the Philippines,
Magellan’s encounter with local leaders,
Magellan’s death in the hands of
Lapulapu’s forces in the Battle of Mactan,
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RPH| Midterm Period Content and Contextual Analysis of Selected Primary Sources in
Philippine History
and in the departure of what was left of  Pigafetta recounted that after 2 days,
Magellan’s fleet from the islands. nine men came to them and showed
 In examining the document reveals joy and eagerness in seeing them.
several insights not just in the character of  Magellan realized that the men were
the Philippines during the Precolonial reasonable and welcomed them with
Period. food, drinks and gifts.
 Also, the European encounter with  Pigafetta characterized the people as
unfamiliar terrain, environment, very familiar and friendly and willingly
people, and culture. showed them different islands and
 Locating Pigafetta’s account in the the names of these Islands.
context of its writing warrants a familiarity  Then the fleet went to Humunu
of age of exploration, which pervaded Islands (Homonhon) and there they
Europe in the 15th and 16th century. found what Pigafetta referred to as
 In History, the primary source used in the the “Watering Place of Good Signs”.
subsequent written histories depart from  It is in this place where Pigafetta
certain perspective. wrote that they found the first signs
 In Pigafetta’s account was also written of gold in the Islands.
from the perspective of Pigafetta himself  They named the island with the
and was a product of the context of its nearby islands as the Archipelago of
production. St. Lazarus.
 The First Voyage Around the World by  They left the Island, then on March
Magellan was published after Pigafetta 25th, Pigafetta recounted that they
returned to Italy. saw two balanghai (Balangay), a long
 The Chrnonicles of Pigafetta as he wrote boat full of people in Mazzava/
his first observation and general Mazaua.
impression of the Far East including their  After a few days, Magellan was
experiences in the Visayas introduced to the King (Rajah) Raia
 Also, In Pigafetta’s account, their fleet Siagu, they went to this islands,
reached what he called the Ladrones of reported to them that this islandthey
that we called these three islands the saw mines of Gold.
Ladrones Islands or the Islands of the  Magellan ordered the chaplain to
Thieves. preside a Mass by the shore, the King
 The Ladrones Islands is presently known heard this plan and later on attended
as the Marianas Islands. the Mass, Pigafetta explain that
 These islands are located in the Magellan and the King participated
south-southeast of Japan, west-south the Mass.
west of Hawaii, north of New Guinea,  After the Mass, Magellan ordered
and east of Philippines. that the cross be brought with nails
 10 days after they reached Ladrones and crown in place. Magellan explain
Islands, Pigafetta reported that they that the cross would be beneficial for
reached what Pigafetta called the Isle of their people because once other
Zamal, now Samar but Magellan decided Spaniards saw this cross, then they
to land in another uninhabited island fir would know that they had been in
greater security where they could rest for this land and would not cause them
few days. troubles, and any person who might
be held captives by them would be
released.
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RPH| Midterm Period Content and Contextual Analysis of Selected Primary Sources in
Philippine History

 The King allowed the cross to be shown in his description of leaders

planted. wearing gold rings and golden daggers
 This Mass would go down in history and of rich gold mines.
as the first Mass in the Philippines,  An empire also like Spain would indeed
and the cross would be famed search for new lands where they could
Magellan’s Cross still preserved at acquire more gold and wealth to be on
present day. top of all the European nations. The
obsession with spices might be odd for
Analysis of Pigafetta’s Chronicle Filipinos because of its ordinariness in the
Philippines, but understanding the
 The Chronicle of Pigafetta was one of the context would reveal that spices were
most cited documents by historians who scare in Europe and hence were seen as
wished to study the precolonial prestige goods.
Philippines.  In that Era, Spain and Portugal coveted
 As one of the earliest account, Pigafetta the control of Spice Islands because it
was seen as a credible source for a period would have led to a certain increase of
which was prior unchronicled and wealth, influence and power.
undocumented.  This contexts should be used and
 It was believed that Pigafetta’s writings understood in order to have a more
account for the purest precolonial society. qualified reading of Pigafetta’s account.
 Pigafetta’s work is of great importance in
the study and writing of Philippine The KKK and the “Kartilya ng Katipunan”
History .
 In the case of Pigafetta, the reader needs  The Kataastaasan, Kagalanggalangang
to understand that he was a chronicler Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan (KKK)
commissioned by the King of Spain to or Katipunan is arguably the most
accompany and document a voyage important organization formed in the
intended to expand the Spanish empire. Philippine History.
 These attributes influenced his narrative,  While, Anti-colonial movements, efforts,
selection of details to be included in the and organizations had already been
text, his characterization of the people established centuries prior to the
and of the species that they encountered, foundation of the Katipunan, it was only
and his interpretation and retelling of the this organization that envisioned;
events. A scholar of cartography and  A united Filipino nation that would
geography, Pigafetta was able to give revolt against the Spaniards for;
details on Geography and climate of the  The total independence of the
places that their voyage had reached. country from Spain.
 In Pigafetta’s description of the people,  Previous armed revolts had already
one has to keep in mind that he was occurred before the foundation of the
coming from 16th century a European Katipunan, but none of them envisioned a
perspective. unified Filipino nation revolting against
 System measure the wealth of kingdoms the colonizers.
based on their accumulation of bullions  For example; Diego Silang was
or precious metals like gold and silver. known as an Ilocano who took up his
 Pigafetta would always mention the arms and led one of the longest
abundance of gold in the islands as running revolts in the country.

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RPH| Midterm Period Content and Contextual Analysis of Selected Primary Sources in
Philippine History
 Silang, was mainly concerned about fourteen rules that instruct the way a
his locality and referred to himself as Katipunero should behave, and which
El Rey de Ilocos (The King Ilocos). specific values should he uphold.
 The imagination of the nation was  The rules stated in the Kartilya can be
largely absent in the aspirations of classified into two;
the local revolts before Katipunan.  The first group contains the rules that
 The propaganda movements led by will make the member an upright
the ilustrados like Marcelo H. del Pilar, individual; and
Graciano Lopez Jaena, and Jose Rizal  The second group contains the rules
did not envision a total separation of that will guide the way he treats his
the Philippines from Spain, but only fellow men.
demanded equal rights,
representation, and protection from
the abuses of the friars. Rules in Kartilya
 One of the most important Katipunan
documents was the Kartilya ng Katipunan. I. The life that is not consecrated to a lofty and
 The original title of the document was reasonable purpose is a tree without a shade,
“Manga [soc] Aral Nang [sic] Katipunan if not a poisonous weed.
ng mga A.N.B” or “Lessons of the II. To do good for personal gain and not for its
Organization of the Sons of Country”. own sake is not virtue.
III. It is rational to be charitable and love one’s
The document was written by Emilio Jacinto in fellow creature, and to adjust one’s conduct,
the 1896 acts and words to what is in itself reasonable;
IV. Whether our skin be black or white, we are
 Jacinto was only 18 years old when he all born equal; superiority in knowledge,
joined the movement. wealth and beauty are to be understood, but
 He was a law student at the Universidad not superiority by nature.
de Santo Tomas. V. The honorable man prefers honor to
 Andres Bonifacio recognized the value personal gain; the scoundrel, gain to honor.
and intellect of Jacinto that Jacinto’s VI. Xxxxx……………
Kartilya was much better than the
Decalogue, he wrote, he willingly favored  As the primary governing document,
that the Kartilya be distributed to their which determines the rules of conduct in
fellow Katipuneros. the Katipunan, properly understanding
 Jacinto became the secretary the the Kartilya will thus help in
secretary of the organization and took understanding the values, ideals,
charge of the short-lived printing of the aspirations and even the ideology of the
Katipunan. organization.
 On 15th of April 1897
 Andres Bonifacio appointed Jacinto
as a commander of the Katipunan in Analysis of the “Kartilya ng Katipunan”
Northern Luzon.
 Jacinto was 22 years old at that time.  As a document written for a fraternity
He died of Malaria at a young age of whose main purpose is to overthrow a
24 in the town of Magdalena, Laguna. colonial regime, we can explain the
 The Kartilya can be treated as the content and provisions of the Kartilya as a
Katipunan’s code of conduct. It contains reaction and response to certain value
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RPH| Midterm Period Content and Contextual Analysis of Selected Primary Sources in
Philippine History

systems that they found despicable in the  The proclamation commenced with a
present state of things that they struggled characterization of the conditions in the
against with. Philippines during the Spanish Colonial
 For example; the 4th and 13th rules in Period. The document specifically
the Kartilya are an invocation of the mentioned abuses and inequalities in the
inherent equality between and colony.
among men regardless of race,  The declaration says:
occupation, or status.  “... Taking into consideration, that
 In the context of the Spanish Colonial Era their inhabitants being already weary
where the indios were treated as the of bearing the ominous yoke of
inferior of the white Europeans, the Spanish domination, on account of
Katipunan saw to it that the alternative the arbitrary arrests and harsh
order that they wished to promulgate treatment practiced by the Civil Guard
through their revolution necessarily to the extent of causing death with
destroyed this kind of unjust hierarchy. the connivance and even with the
 Katipunan’s recognition of women as express orders of their commanders,
important partners in the struggle, as who sometimes went to the extreme
reflected not just in Kartilya but also in an of ordering the shooting of prisoners
organizational structure of the fraternity under the pretext that they were
where a women’s unit was established, in attempting to escape,xxx…..in
an endeavor advanced for its time. violation of the provisions of the
 All in all, the proper reading of the Regulations of their Corps, which
Kartilya will reveal a more thorough abuses were unpunished and on
understanding of the Katipunan and the account of the unjust deportations,
significant role that it played in the especially those decreed by General
revolution and in the unfolding of the Blanco, of Eminent personages and of
Philippine history, as we know it. high social position, at the instigation
of the Archbishop and friars interested
in keeping them out of the way for
Reading the “Proclamation of the Philippine their own selfish and avaricious
Independence” purpose, deportations which are
quickly brought about by a method of
 Every year, the country commemorates procedure more execrable than than
the anniversary of the Philippine of the Inquisition and which every
Independence proclaimed on June 12 civilized nations rejects on account of
1898, in the province of Cavite. a decision being rendered without a
 Such event is a significant turning point in hearing of the person accused”.
the history of the country because it  The passage of the declaration
signaled the end of the 333 years of demonstrate the justifications behind the
Spanish Colonization. revolution against Spain. Specifically cited
 The declaration was a short 2,000- word are the abuse by the Civil Guards and the
document, which summarized the reason unlawful shooting of prisoners whom they
behind the revolution against Spain, the alleged as attempting to escape.
war for independence, and the future of
the New Republic under Emilio Aguinaldo.

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RPH| Midterm Period Content and Contextual Analysis of Selected Primary Sources in
Philippine History
 The passage also condemns the unequal States of America regarding the
protection of the law between the Filipino ownership of the Philippine Islands
People and the eminent personages. and other Spanish colonies in South
 The passage also condemns what they America. The agreement ended the
saw as the unjust deportation and short-lived Spanish- American War.
rendering of other decision without The Treaty was signed on December
proper hearing, expected of any civilized 10, 1898, 6 months after the
nation. revolutionary government declared
 The proclamation proceeded with a brief the Philippine Independence. The
historical overview of the Spanish Philippines was sold to the United
Occupation since Magellan’s Arrival in States at $20 million and effectivity
Visayas until the Philippine Revolution, undermined the sovereignty of the
with specific details about the latter, Philippines immediately which
especially after the Pack-of-Biak-Na-Bato resulted in the Philippine- American
had collapsed. War that lasted until the earliest years
 The revolt also reached Visayas; thus, the of the 20th century.
independence of the country was ensured.  The treaty proclamation also gives us the
 The document also mentioned Rizal’s impression on how the victorious
execution, calling it unjust. revolutionary government of Aguinaldo
 The document also narrates about the historicised the struggle for
Cavite Mutiny of January 1872 that caused independence.
the infamous execution of the martyred  The official records and documents like
native priests Jose Burgos, Mariano proclamation of independence, it is the
Gomez, and Jacinto Zamora, whose task of the historian, to analyze the
innocent blood was shed through the content of these documents in relation to
intrigues of those so-called religious the dominant politics and the contexts of
orders that incited the three secular people and institutions surrounding it.
priests in the said mutiny.  Primary Sources like official government
 The Philippine Flag was first waved. records within the circumstances of this
production.

Analysis of the Proclamation of the Philippine

Independence A Glance at Selected Philippine Political
Caricature of Alfred McCoy’s Philippine
 Re-examination of the document on the Cartoon: Political Caricature of the American
declaration of Independence can reveal Era (1900-1941)
some often overlook the historical truths
about this important event in Philippine
History.
 The document reflects the general
revolutionary sentiment of that period.
 It because of inequality before the
law reflect the most compelling
sentiments represented by the
revolutionary leadership.
 The Treaty of Paris was an agreement
signed between Spain and the United
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RPH| Midterm Period Content and Contextual Analysis of Selected Primary Sources in
Philippine History

 Political cartoons and caricature are a commentary to the workings of Manila

rather recent art form, which veered away Police at that period.
from the classical art by exaggerating  The cartoons shows a Filipino child stole a
human features and poking fun at its skinny chicken because he had nothing to
subjects. eat.
 Such Art genre and technique become a  The police officer was relentless pursuing
part of the print media as a form of social the said child.
and political commentary.  A man wearing a salakot, labaled Juan de
 Cartoons became an effective tool of la Cruz was grabbing the officer, telling
publicizing opinions through heavy use of him to leave the small-time pickpockets
symbolism, which is different form a and thieves and to turn at the great
verbose written editorial and opinion thieves instead.
pieces.  He was pointing to hug warehouses
 The unique way that a caricature containing bulks of rice, milk and grocery
represents opinion and captures the products.
audience’s imagination is reason enough
for historians to examine these political
cartoons. Analysis of the Political Caricatures during the
 Commentaries in mass media inevitably American Period
shape public opinion and such kind of
opinion is worthy of historical  The transition from the Spanish Colonial
examination. period to the American Occupation
 In Philippine Cartoons: Political Caricature period demonstrated different strands of
of the American Era (1900-1941), Alfred changes and shifts in culture, society and
McCoy, together with Alfredo Roces, politics.
compiled political cartoons published in  The selected cartoons illustrate not only
newspaper dailies and periodicals in the the opinion of certain media outfits about
aforementioned time period. the Philippine society during the
American period but also paint a broad
image of society and politics under the
United States.
 The Cartoons as illustrated the conditions
of poor Filipinos in the Philippines now
governed by the United States.
 By controlling their consciousness and
mentality, Americans got to control and
subjugate Filipinos.

Revisiting Corazon Aqquino’s Speech Before

the US Congress

 Cartoons of War against the Speculators  Corazon “Cory” Cojuangco Aquino

was published on 16th of June 1917. functioned as the symbol of the
 The Cartoons was drawn by Fernando restoration of democracy and the
Amorsolo and was aimed as a overthrow of the Marcos Dictatorship in
the year 1986.

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RPH| Midterm Period Content and Contextual Analysis of Selected Primary Sources in
Philippine History
Law Orchestrators themselves, Juan
 The EDSA People Power, which installed Ponce Enrile and Fidel V. Ramos, plotted
Cory Aquino in the Presidency, put the to take over the presidency, until civilians
Philippines in the International spotlight heeded the call of then Manila
for overthrowing a dictator through Archbishop Jaime Sin and other civilian
peaceful means. leaders gathered in Edsa. The
 Cory was easily a figure of the said overthrowing presence of civilians in
revolution, as the widow of the slain EDSA successfully turned a coup into a
Marcos oppositionist and former Senator civilian demonstration.
Benigno “Ninoy” Aquino Jr. Cory was  The thousands of people who gathered
hoisted as the antithesis of the dictator. overthrew Ferdinand Marcos from the
 Cory was able to capture the imagination presidency after 21 years.
of the people whose rights and freedom  Cory added that the country had
had long been compromised throughout experienced the calamities brought
the Marcos regime. about by the corrupt dictatorship of
 Cory came from a rich haciendero family Marcos, no commensurate assistance
in Tarlac and owned vast estates of sugar was yet to extended to the
plantation and whose relatives occupy Philippines.
local and national government positions.  Cory even remarked that given the
peaceful character of EDSA People
Power Revolution, “ours must have
The People Power Revolution been the cheapest revolution ever”.
 Cory demonstrated that Filipino
 Was widely recognized around the world people fulfilled the “most difficult
for its peaceful character. When former conditions of the debt negotiation”,
senator Ninoy Aquino was shot at the which was the “restoration of
tarmac of the Manila International Airport democracy and responsible
on 21 August 1983, the Marcos regime government”.
greatly suffered a crisis of legitimacy.
Protests from different sectors frequently Analysis of Cory Aquino’s Speech
different areas in the country.
 Marcos’ credibility in the international  Cory Aquino’s speech was an important
community also suffered. Paired with the event in the political and diplomatic
looming economic crisis, Marcos had to history of the country because it has
do something to prove to his allies in the arguably cemented the legitimacy of the
United States that he remained to be the EDSA government in the international
democratically anointed leader of the arena.
country. Marcos called for a snap Election  The ideology or the principles of the new
in February 1986, where Corazon democratic government can also be seen
Cojuangco Aquino, the widow of the slain in the same speech. Aquino was able to
senator was convinced to run against draw the sharp contrast between her
Marcos. government and her predecessor by
 The canvassing was rigged to Marcos’s expressing her commitment to a
favor but the people expressed their democratic constitution drafted by an
protests against the corrupt and independent commission.
authoritarian government. Leading
military officials of the regime and Martial
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RPH| Midterm Period Content and Contextual Analysis of Selected Primary Sources in
Philippine History

 Cory claims that the Constitution upholds

and adheres to the rights and liberty of
the Filipino people.
 Cory also hoisted herself as the
reconciliatory agent after more than two
decades of a polarizing authoritarian
politics.
 Readings through Aquino’s speech, we
can easily take cues, not just on Cory’s
individual ideas and aspirations, but also
the guiding principles and framework of
the government that she represented.

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RPH| Midterm Period Content and Contextual Analysis of Selected Primary Sources in
Philippine History

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RPH| Midterm Period Content and Contextual Analysis of Selected Primary Sources in
Philippine History

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RPH| Midterm Period Content and Contextual Analysis of Selected Primary Sources in
Philippine History

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EAC-C SCHOOL OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
Readings in Philippine History|1st Semester S.Y. 2021-2022

List of Presidents of the Philippines

PRESIDENT EMILIO AGUINALDO PRESIDENT MANUEL L. QUEZON

 Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy was a Filipino  Manuel Luis Quezon y Molina, also referred
revolutionary politician, and military leader to by his initials MLQ;
who is officially recognized as the first and  He was a Filipino statesman, soldier and
the youngest President of the Philippines in politician who served as President of the
the year 1899-1901 and the first President of Philippines from 1935 – 1944;
a Constitutional Republic in Asia.  He was the first Filipino to head a
 He led Philippine forces first against Spain government of the entire Philippines.
in the latter part of the Philippine  He was considered as the second President
Revolution in the year 1896 – 1898; of the Philippines, after Emilio Aguinaldo.
 Then he led the Spanish- American War in  Previous executive experience, he became a
the year 1898; and Governor of Tayabas.
 Finally, he led war against the United States
during the Philippine – American war in the PRESIDENT JOSE P. LAUREL
year 1899-1901.

 EXECUTIVE EXPERIENCES
 Gobernadorcillo of Cavite el Viejo
 President of the Tejeros Revolutionary
Government
 President of the Biak-na-Bato Republic
 Dictator of the Dictatorial Government
 President of the Revolutionary

 Jose Paciano Laurel y Garcia was a Filipino

politician and judge;
 He was the President of the Second
Philippine Republic;
 He became a Japanese Puppet State when
he occupied during World War II from 1943
– 1945.
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RPH| Midterm Period List of Presidents in the Philippines
 During the administration of the President
Diosdado Macapagal in the year 1961 – PRESIDENT MANUEL ROXAS
1965, Jose P. Laurel has been officially
recognized by later administrations as a
former President of the Philippines.
 Previous Executive Experience, he became a
Secretary of Interior.

PRESIDENT SERGIO OSMEÑA SR.

 Manuel Açuña Roxas was fifth President of

the Philippines who served from 1946 until
his death in the year 1948.
 He served as the third and the last
President of the Commonwealth of the
Philippines from May 28, 1946 – July 4, 1956.
 Manuel Roxas became the first President of
 Sergio Osmeña Sr. was a Filipino politician the Independent Third Philippine Republic
who served as the fourth President of the after the United States ceded its sovereignty
Philippines from 1944 – 1946. over the Philippines.
 Sergio Osmeña Sr. was Vice President  Previous executive experience, he became a
under Manuel L. Quezon. Upon Quezon’s Governor of Capiz.
sudden death in the year 1944, Osmeña
succeeded him at the age of 65, becoming PRESIDENT ELPIDIO QUIRINO
the oldest person to assume the Philippine
Presidency during that time.
 He was the founder of the Nacionalista
Party.
 He was also the first Visayan to become
President at that time.
 Previous Executive Experience; he became a
Governor of Cebu, Secretary of Public
Instruction, Vice President of the Philippines.

 Elpidio Quirino y Rivera was a Filipino

lawyer and politician who served as the
sixth President of the Philippines from 1946
– 1953.
 A lawyer by profession, Quirino entered
politics when he became a representative of
Ilocos Sur from 1919 to 1925.
 He was then elected as senator from 1925 –
1931.

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RPH| Midterm Period List of Presidents of the Philippines

 In the year 1934, he became a member of  Previous executive experience, he became

the Philippine Independence Commission military governor of Zambales, Secretary of
that was sent to Washington D.C., which National Defense.
secured the passage of Tydings-McDuffie
Act to American Congress. PRESIDENT CARLOS P. GARCIA
 In the year 1935, he was also elected to the
convention that drafted the 1935
Constitution for the newly established
Commonwealth.
 In the new government, he served as
secretary of the interior and finance under
President Manuel Quezon’s cabinet.
 Previous executive experience, he became a
Vice President of the Philippines.

PRESIDENT RAMON MAGSAYSAY

 Carlos Polistico Garcia was a Filipino teacher,

poet, orator, lawyer, public official, political
economist, guerrilla, and Commonwealth
military leader who was the eight President
of the Philippines.
 Previous Executive Experience, he became
Governor of Bohol, Vice President of the
Philippines.

PRESIDENT DIOSDADO MACAPAGAL SR.

 Ramon del Fierro Magsaysay Sr. was a

Filipino statesman who served as the
seventh President of the Philippines from
December 30, 1953 until his death in an
aircraft disaster.
 An automobile mechanic by profession..
 Magsaysay was appointed military governor
of Zambales after his outstanding service as
a guerrilla leader during the Pacific War.
 Magsaysay served two terms as Liberal
party congressman for Zambales at-large
district before being appointed Secretary of  Diosdado Pangan Maacapagal Sr. was the
National Defense by President Elpidio ninth President of the Philippines, serving
Quirino. from 1961 to 1965 and the sixth Vice-
 Magsaysay was elected as President under President serving from 1957 to 1961.
the banner of Nacionalista party.  Diosdado Macapagal Sr. also served as a
 Magsaysay was the first Philippine President member of the House of Representatives
born in the 20th century and the first to be and headed the Constitutional Convention
born after the Spanish Colonial Era. in the year 1970.

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RPH| Midterm Period List of Presidents in the Philippines
 He was the father of Gloria Macapagal
Arroyo, who also became a President in the PRESIDENT CORAZON AQUINO
year 2001 to 2010.

PRESIDENT FERDINAND MARCOS SR

 Maria Corazon Cojuangco Aquino,

popularly known as Cory Aquino, she was a
Filipino politician who served as the 11th
 Ferdinand Emmanuel Edralin Marcos Sr. President of the Philippines. The first
was a Filipino politician, a lawyer and woman to hold that office.
kleptocrat who served as the 10th President  Corazon Aquino was the most prominent
of the Philippines from 1965 to 1986. figure of the 1986 People Power Revolution,
 Marcos espousing an ideology of which ended the 20-year rule of President
“Constitutional Authoritarianism” under the Ferdinand Marcos and led to the
New Society Movement he rule as a establishment of the current democratic
dictator under martial law from 1972 until Fifth Philippine Republic.
1981 and kept most of his martial law
powers until he was deposed in the year PRESIDENT FIDEL V. RAMOS
1986.
 He was one of the most controversial
leaders of the 20th century.
 Previous Executive Experience, he became
“Major in the 14th Infantry Division of the
US Armed Forces in the Philippines”.

 How Long did Martial Last in the Philippines?

 On September 23, 1972 President
Marcos announced that he had placed
the Philippines under Martial Law. 14-
years of One- Man Rule. Marcos was
then exiled from the country on  Fidel Valdez Ramos, popularly known as
February 24, 1986. FVR and Eddie.
 How Long Ferdinand Marcos Regime?  He is a retired Filipino General and a
 From the start of his term Ferdinand politician who served as the 12th President
Marcos ended the 20-year rule. of the Philippines from 1992 to 1998.
 Fidel Ramos is the only one who had a
career in military who reached the rank of
five-star general/ admiral de jure who rose
from second lieutenant up to commander-
in-chief of the armed forces.

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RPH| Midterm Period List of Presidents of the Philippines

 During his six (6) years in office, Ramos was PRESIDENT GLORIA MACAPAGAL ARROYO
widely credited and admired by many for
revitalizing and renewing international
confidence in the Philippine economy.
 At the age of 93, he is currently the oldest
living former Philippine president.
 Fidel Ramos previous Executive Experience,
he became a Chief of Staff of the Armed
Forces of the Philippines, Secretary of
National Defense.

PRESIDENT JOSEPH ESTRADA

 Maria Gloria Macaraeg Macapagal Arroyo,

often referred to by her initials GMA is a
Filipino academic and politician who served
as the 14th President of the Philippines from
2001 until 2010.
 After her presidency, she was elected as the
representative of Pampanga’s end district in
2010 and later became the Speaker of the
House of Representatives from 2018 until
her retirement in 2019.
 Joseph Ejercito Estrada, also known by the  Gloria Macapagal Arroyo is the first woman
nickname Erap, is a Filipino politician and to hold two highest offices in the country;
former actor who served as the 13th who became a Vice President and the
President of the Philippines from 1998 to Speaker of the House.
2001, 9th vice president of the Philippines
from 1992 to 1998, and the 26th mayor of
the city of Manila, the country’s capital from  Previous Executive Experience
2013 to 2019.  Vice President of the Philippines
 Joseph Estrada was the first President in  Secretary of Social Welfare and
Asia to be impeached from an executive Development
role and resigned from power.  Under Secretary of Trade and Industry
 Previous Executive Experience, he became  Assistant Secretary of Trade and
Mayor of San Juan, Vice President of the Industry
Philippines, Chairman of the Presidential
Anti- Crime Commission.

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RPH| Midterm Period List of Presidents in the Philippines

PRESIDENT BENIGNO AQUINO III  Previous Executive Experience

 Mayor of Davao

 He was bor in Maasin, Southern Leyte.

 Duterte studied Political Science at the
Lyceum of the Philippine University,
graduating in the year 1968, before
obtaining a law degree from San Beda
College of Law in the year 1972.
 Rodrigo Duterte then worked as a lawyer
and was a prosecutor for Davao City, before
becoming a Vice Mayor and subsequently,
mayor of the city in the wake of the 1986
 Benigno Simeon Cojuangco Aquino III, also
People Power Revolution.
known as “Pnoy” or “Noynoy”, is a Filipino
 Duterte won seven terms and served as
politician who served as the 15th President
mayor of Davao for over 22 years.
of the Philippines from 2010 until 2016.
 Duterte went to Laboon Elementary School
 Aquino is a fourth- generation politician
in Maasin, for a year.
and was the chairman of the liberal party
 Duterte spent his remaining elementary
from 2010 – 2016.
days at Santa Ana Elementary School in
 Previous Executive Experience, he became a
davao City, where he graduated in the year
Manager for field services of the Central
1956.
Azucarera de Tarlac.
 Rodrigo Duterte finished his secondary
education in High School Department of
PRESIDENT RODRIGO DUTERTE
the Holy Cross College of Digos (Now Cor
Jesu College) in today’s city of Digos in the
now-defunct Davao province, after being
expelled twice from previous schools,
including one in the Ateneo de Davao
University (AdDU) High School due to
Misconduct.
 Duterte graduated in the year 1968 with a
Bachelor of Arts degree in Political Science
at the Lyceum of the Philippines in Manila.
 Duterte obtained a law degree from San
Beda College of Law in 1972. in the same
year, he passed the bar exam. Duterte
 Rodrigo Roa Duterte, also known as Digong
and Rody, is a Filipino politician who is the eventually became a Special Counsel at the
City Prosecution Office in Davao City from
current President of the Philippines and the
1977 to 1979, fourth assistant city
first from Mindanao to hold the office.
He is the chairperson of PDP-Laban, the prosecutor from 1979 to 1981, third assistant

city prosecutor from 1981 to 1983, and
ruling party in the Philippines.
Duterte took office at the age of 71 on June second assistant city prosecutor from 1983

to 1986.
30, 2016, making him the oldest person to

assume the Philippine Presidency; the
record was previously held by Sergio
Osmeña at the age of 65.

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EAC-C SCHOOL OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
Readings in Philippine History|1st Semester S.Y. 2021-2022

Revenue System
Policies on Agrarian Reform 3. Spanish encomenderos, those mandated
 Agrarian reform is essentially the to manage the encomienda or the lands
rectification of the whole system of given to them, where Filipinos worked and
agriculture, an important aspect of the paid their tributes to the encomendero.
Philippine economy because nearly half of a) Filipinos were not given the right to
the population is employed in the own land, and only worked in them so
agricultural sector, and most citizens live in that they might have a share of the
rural areas. crop and pay tribute.
 Agrarian reform is centered on the  The encomienda system was an unfair and
relationship between production and the abusive system as "compras y vandalas"
distribution of land among farmers. became the norm for the Filipino farmers
 It is also focused on the political and working the land—they were made to sell
economic class character bf the relations of their products at a very low price or
production and distribution in farming and surrender their products to the
related enterprises, and how these connect encomenderos, who resold this at a profit.
to the wider class structure. Through  Filipinos in the encomienda were also
genuine and comprehensive agrarian required to render services to their
reform, the Philippines would be able to encomenderos that were unrelated to
gain more from its agricultural potential farming.
and uplift the Filipinos in the agricultural  Filipinos fought the Philippine Revolution in
sector, who have been, for the longest time, a confluence of motivations, but the
suffering in poverty and discontent. greatest desire for freedom would be the
necessity of owning land.
Land Ownership in the Philippines  Upon the end of the Philippine Revolution,
under Spain the revolutionary government would
 When the Spaniards colonized the country, declare all large landed estates, especially
they brought with them a system of pueblo the confiscated friar lands as government
agriculture, where rural communities, often property. However, the first Philippine
dispersed and scattered in nature, were republic was short-lived.
organized into a pueblo and given land to  The entrance of the Americans would signal
cultivate. a new era of colonialism and imperialism in
 Families were not allowed to own their the Philippines.
land—the King of Spain owned the land,
and Filipinos were assigned to these lands Land Ownership in the Philippines
to cultivate them, and they paid their under the Americans
colonial tributes to the Spanish authorities  The Americans were aware that the main
in the form of agricultural products. cause of social unrest in the Philippines was
landlessness, and they attempted to put an
Laws of the Indies end to the deplorable conditions of the
 Through the Law of the Indies, the Spanish tenant farmers by passing several land
crown awarded tracts of land to; policies to increase the small landholders
1. Religious orders; and distribute ownership to a bigger
2. Repartamientos for Spanish military as number of Filipino tenants and farmers.
reward for their service; and  The Philippine Bill of 1902 provided
regulations on the disposal of public lands.

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RPH|Final Period Revenue System
A private individual may own 16 hectares of establishment of the Partido Sakdalista in
land while corporate landholders may have 1933.
1,024 hectares. Americans were also given
rights to own agricultural lands in the
country. The Philippine Commission also Common Government
enacted Act No. 496 or the Land  During the years of the Commonwealth
Registration Act, which introduced the government, the situation further worsened
Torrens system to address the absence of as peasant uprisings increased and
earlier records of issued land titles and landlord-tenant relationship became more
conduct accurate land surveys. and more disparate.
 In 1903, the homestead program was  President Quezon laid down a social justice
introduced, allowing a tenant to enter into program focused on the purchase of
an agricultural business by acquiring a farm haciendas, which were to be divided and
of at least 16 hectares. This program, sold to tenants.
however, was limited to areas in Northern  President Quezon administration also
Luzon and Mindanao, where colonial created the National Rice and Corn
penetration had been difficult for Corporation (NARIC) to assign public
Americans, a problem they inherited from defenders to assist peasants in court battles
the Spaniards. for their rights to the land, and the Court of
 Landownership did not improve during the Industrial Relations to exercise jurisdiction
American period; in fact, it even worsened, over disagreements arising from
because there was no limit to the size of landowner-tenant relationship. The
landholdings people could possess and the homestead program also continued
accessibility of possession was limited to through the National Land Settlement
those who could afford to buy, register, Administration (NLSA).
and acquire fixed property titles.  Efforts toward agrarian reform by the
 Not all friar lands acquired by the Commonwealth failed because of many
Americans were given to landless peasant problems such as budget allocation for the
farmers. Some lands were sold or leased to settlement program and widespread
American and Filipino business interest. peasant uprisings. World War Il put a halt to
 This early land reform program was also all interventions to solve these problems as
implemented without support the Japanese occupied the country.
mechanisms—if a landless peasant farmer
received land, he only received land, Post-War Intervention towards
nothing more. Agrarian Reform
 Rehabilitation and rebuilding after the war
Sakdal or Sadalista were focused on providing solutions to the
 The Sakdal (or Sakdalista) Uprising was a problems of the past.
peasant rebellion in Central Luzon that  The administration of President Roxas
lasted for two days, May 2—3, 1935. passed Republic Act No. 34 to establish a
 It was easily crushed by government forces 70-30 sharing arrangement between tenant
then, but this historical event tells of the and landlord, respectively, which reduced
social inequality brought about by issues in the interest of landowners' loans to tenants
land ownership and tenancy in the country. at six percent or less.
 The Filipino word sakdal means "to accuse"  The government also attempted to
which is the title of the newspaper helmed redistribute hacienda lands; falling prey to
by Benigno Ramos. Benigno Ramos rallied the woes of similar attempts since no
support from Manila and nearby provinces support was given to small farmers who
through the publication, which led to the were given lands.

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RPH| Final Period Revenue System

 Under the term of President Elpidio Quirino, 1. To establish owner- cultivatorship and the
the Land Settlement Development economic family-size farm as the basis of
Corporation (LASEDECO) was established to Philippine agriculture and, as a
accelerate and expand the resettlement consequence, divert landlord capital in
program for peasants. This agency later on agriculture to industrial development;
became the National Resettlement and 2. To achieve a dignified existence for the
Rehabilitation Administration (NARRA) small farmers free from pernicious
under the administration of President institutional restraints and practices;
Ramon Magsaysay. 3. Xxxxx……………….
 Magsaysay saw the importance of pursuing  This Code abolished share tenancy in the
genuine land reform program and Philippines and prescribed a program to
convinced the Congress, majority of which convert tenant-farmers to lessees and later
were landed elites, to pass legislation to on owner-cultivators.
improve the land reform situation.  It also aimed free tenants from tenancy and
 Republic Act No. 1199 or the Agricultural emphasize owner cultivatorship and farmer
Tenancy Act was passed to govern the independence, equity, productivity
relationship between landholders and improvement, and public land distribution.
tenant farmers, protecting the tenurial  Despite being one of the most
rights of tenants and enforced tenancy comprehensive pieces of land reform
practices. legislation ever passed in the Philippines,
 Through this law, the Court of Agricultural Congress did not make any effort to come
Relations was created in 1955 to improve up with a separate bill to fund its
tenancy security, fix land rentals of tenanted implementation, despite the fact that it
farms, and resolve land disputes filed by the proved beneficial in the provinces where it
landowners and peasant organizations. was pilot tested.
 The Agricultural Credit and Cooperative
Financing Administration (ACCFA) was also Agrarian Reform efforts under
created mainly to provide warehouse Marcos
facilities and assist farmers in marketing  President Marcos declared Martial Law in
their products. 1972, enabling him to essentially wipe out
 NARRA accelerated the government's the landlord-dominated Congress.
resettlement program and distribution of  Through his "technocrats," he was able to
agricultural lands to landless tenants and expand executive power to start a
farmers. It also aimed to convince "fundamental restructuring” of government,
members of the Huks, a movement of including its efforts in solving the deep
rebels in Central Luzon, to resettle in areas structural problems of the countryside.
where they could restart their lives as  Presidential Decree No. 27 or the Code of
peaceful citizens Agrarian Reform of the Philippines became
 A major stride in land reform arrived during the core of agrarian reform during Marcos
the term of President Diosdado Macapagal Regime.
through the Agricultural Land Reform Code
(Republic Act No. 3844.) Primary Source: Presidential Decree
No. 27, 21 October 1972
Primary Source: Declaration of  This shall apply to tenant farmers of private
Policy Under RA No. 3844 or agricultural lands primarily devoted to rice
Agricultural Land Reform Code and corn under a system of sharecrop or
 Source: Section 2. Declaration of Policy—It lease-tenancy, whether classified as landed
is the policy of the State: estate or not;

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 The tenant farmer, whether in land program with the same name
classified as landed estate or not, shall be (Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program
deemed owner of a portion constituting a or CARP).
family-size farm of five (5) hectares if not  It enabled the redistribution of agricultural
irrigated and three (3) hectares if irrigated. lands to tenant-farmers from landowners,
 The total cost of the land, including interest who were paid in exchange by the
at the rate of six (6) per centum per annum, government through just compensation
shall be paid by the tenant in fifteen (15) and allowed them to retain not more than
years of fifteen (15) equal annual five hectares. Corporate landowners were,
amortizations. however, allowed under law to voluntarily
 In case of default, the amortization due divest a proportion of their capital stock,
shall be paid by the farmers' cooperative in equity, or participation in favor of their
which the defaulting tenant-farmer is a workers or other qualified beneficiaries
member, with the cooperative having a instead of turning over their land to the
right of recourse against him. government.
 The Department of Agrarian Reform  CARP was limited because it accomplished
through its Secretary is hereby empowered very little during the administration of
to promulgate rules and regulations for the Aquino. It only accomplished 22.5% of land
implementation of this Decree. distribution in six years owing to the fact
 Operation Land Transfer on lands occupied that Congress, dominated by the landed
by tenants of more than Seven hectares on elite, was unwilling to fund the high
rice and corn lands commenced, and compensation costs of the program. It was
through legal compulsion and an improved also mired in controversy, since Aquino
delivery of support services to small farmers, seemingly bowed down to the pressure of
agrarian reform seemed to be finally her relatives by allowing the stock
achievable. redistribution option. Hacienda Luisita
 Under the rice self-sufficiency program reorganized itself into a corporation and
"Masagana 99, farmers were able to borrow distributed stocks to farmers.
from banks and purchase three-hectare  Under the term of President Ramos, CARP
plots of lands and agricultural inputs. implementation was speeded in order to
However, the landlord class still found ways meet the ten-year time frame, despite
to circumvent the law. limitations and constraints in funding,
logistics, and participation of involved
Post 1986 Agrarian Reform sectors.
 The overthrow of Marcos and the 1987
Constitution resulted in a renewed interest CARPER and the Future of Agrarian
and attention to agrarian reform as in the Philippines
President Corazon Aquino envisioned  The new deadline of CARP expired in 2008,
agrarian reform to be the centerpiece of leaving 1.2 million farmer beneficiaries and
her administration's social legislation, which 1.6 million hectares of agricultural land to
proved difficult because Aquino be distributed to farmers.
background betrayed her—she came from  In 2009, President Arroyo signed Republic
a family of a wealthy and landed clan that Act No. 9700 or the Comprehensive
owned the Hacienda Luisita. Agrarian Reform Program Extension with
 On 22 July 1987, Aquino issued Presidential Reforms (CARPER), the amendatory law that
Proclamation 131 and Executive Order 229, extended the deadline to five more years.
which outlined her land reform program. In  Section 30 of the law also mandates
1988, the Congress passed Republic Act No. that any case and/or proceeding
6657 or the Comprehensive Agrarian involving the implementation of the
Reform Law (CARL), which introduced the provisions of CARP, as amended, which

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may remain pending on 30 June 2014 Filipinos, similar to what had been practiced
shall be allowed to proceed to its in all colonies in America. The purpose is to
finality and executed even beyond such generate resources to finance the
date. maintenance of the islands, such as salaries
 From 2009 to 2014, CARPER has distributed of government officials and expenses of the
a total of 1 million hectares of land to clergy.
900,000 farmer beneficiaries. After 27 years  The difficulty faced by the Spaniards in
of land reform and two Aquino revenue collection through the tribute was
administrations, 500,000 hectares of lands the dispersed nature of the settlements,
remain undistributed. which they solved by introducing the
 The DAR and the Department of system of reduccion by creating pueblos,
Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) where Filipinos were gathered and awarded
are the government agencies mandated to plots of land to till. Later on, the
fulfill CARP and CARPER, but even the settlements will be handled by
combined effort and resources of the two encomenderos who received rewards from
agencies have proved incapable of fully the Spanish crown for their services.
achieving the goal of agrarian reform in the  Exempted from payment of tributos were
Philippines. the principales: alcaldes, gobernadores,
cabezas de barangay, soldiers, members of
Evolution of the Philippine Taxation the civil guard, government officials, and
 In Today’s World, taxation is a reality that all vagrants.
citizens must contend with for the primary  Toward the end of the sixteenth century,
reason that governments raise revenue the Manila-Acapulco Trade was established
from the people they govern to be able to through the galleons, a way by which the
function fully. Spaniards could make sure that European
 In exchange for the taxes that people pay, presence would be sustained.
the government promises to improve the  Once a year, the galleon would be loaded
citizens' lives through good governance. up with merchandise from Asia and sent to
 Taxation, as a government mechanism to New Spain (Mexico), and back. This
raise funds, developed and evolved through improved the economy of the Philippines
time, and in the context of the Philippines, and reinforced the control of the Spaniards
we must understand that it came with our all over the country.
colonial experience.  Tax collection was still very poor and
subsidy from the Spain would be needed
Taxation in Spanish Philippines through the situado real delivered from the
 The Philippines may have abundant natural Mexican treasury to the Philippines through
resources even before the encroachment of the galleons. This subsidy stopped as
the Spaniards, but our ancestors were Mexico became independent in 1820.
mainly involved in a subsistence economy,  In 1884, the payment of tribute was put to a
and while the payment of tribute or taxes stop and was replaced by a poll tax
(buhis/ buwis/handug) or the obligation to collected through a certificate of
provide labor services to the Datus in some identification called the cédula personal.
early Filipino communities in the Philippines This is required from every resident and
may resemble taxation, it is essentially must be carried while traveling. Unlike the
different from the contemporary meaning tribute, the payment of cédulas is by person,
of the concept. not by family. Payment of the cédula is
 The arrival of the Spaniards altered this progressive and according to income
subsistence system because they imposed categories.
the payment of tributos (tributes) from the

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RPH|Final Period Revenue System
 Two direct taxes were added in 1878 and principales and the heavily taxed peasants
imposed on urban incomes. made the rich richer and the poor poorer.
 Urbana is a tax on the annual rental
value of an urban real estate; and Taxation under the Americans
 Industria is a tax on salaries, dividends,  The Americans who acquired the
and profits Philippines aimed to make the economy
 These taxes were universal and self-sufficient by running the government
affected all kinds of economic with the smallest possible sum of revenue
activity except agriculture, which and create surplus in the budget. From 1898
was exempt to encourage growth. to 1903, the Americans followed the Spanish
 Indirect taxes such as customs duties were system of taxation with some modifications,
imposed on exports and imports to further noting that the system introduced by the
raise revenue, especially during the Spaniards were outdated and regressive.
nineteenth century when economic growth  The military government suspended the
increased exponentially. There were no contracts for the sale of opium, lottery, and
excise taxes collected by the Spaniards mint charges for coinage of money. Later
throughout the years of colonialism. on, the Urbana would be replaced by tax on
 The colonial government also gained real estate, which became known as the
income from monopolies, such as the sale land tax. The land tax was levied on both
of stamped paper, manufacture and sale of urban and rural real estates.
liquor, cockpits, and opium, but the biggest  The problem with land tax was that land
of the state monopolies was tobacco, which titling in the rural area was very disorderly:
began in 1781 and halted in 1882. the appraising of land value was influenced
 Forced labor was a character of Spanish by political and familial factors and the
colonial taxation in the Philippines and was introduction of a taxation system on
required from the Filipinos. It proved useful agricultural land faced objections from the
in defending the territory of the colony and landed elite.
augmenting the labor required by  Tax evasion was prevalent, especially
woodcutting and shipbuilding especially among the elites.
during the time of the galleon trade.  The Internal Revenue Law of 1904 was
 Through the polo system, male passed as a reaction to the problems of
Filipinos were obliged to serve, a collecting land tax. It prescribed ten major
burden that resulted in an increase in sources of revenue:
death rate and flight to the mountains, 1. Licensed taxes on firms dealing in
which led to a decrease in population alcoholic beverages and tobacco;
in the seventeenth century. 2. Excise taxes on alcoholic beverages and
 Taxation in the Philippines during the tobacco products;
Spanish colonial period was characterized 3. Taxes on banks and bankers;
by the heavy burden placed on the Filipinos, 4. Document stamp taxes;
and the corruption of the principales, or the 5. The cédula;
former Datus and local elites who were co- 6. Taxes on insurance and insurance
opted by the Spaniards to subjugate and companies;
control the natives on their behalf. 7. Taxes on forest products;
 The Principales who were given positions 8. Mining concessions;
such as cabezas de barangay or alcaldes in 9. Taxes on business and manufacturing;
the local government were able to enrich and
themselves by pocketing tributos and/or 10. Occupational licenses.
fallas, while the peasants were left to be  The cedula went through changes in the
abused. Taxation appeared progressive but new law as the rate was fixed per adult
the disparity between the less taxed male, which resulted in a great decline in

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revenues. In 1907, some provinces were introducing major changes in the new tax
authorized to double the fee for the cédula system, as;
to support the construction and 1. The normal tax of three percent and the
maintenance of roads. surtax on income was replaced by a single
 The Industria Tax was levied on the tax at a progressive rate.
business community and became a highly 2. Personal exemptions were reduced.
complex system that assigned a certain tax 3. Corporation income tax was slightly
to an industrial or commercial activity increased by introducing taxes on inherited
according to their profitability. The new act estates or gifts donated in the name of
also imposed a percentage tax on sales dead persons.
payable quarterly. 4. The cumulative sales tax was replaced by
 In 1913, the Underwood-Simmons Tariff Act a single turnover tax of 10% on luxuries.
was passed, resulting in a reduction in the 5. Taxes on liquors, cigarettes, forestry
revenue of the government as export taxes products, and mining were increased.
levied on sugar, tobacco, hemp, and copra 6. Dividends were made taxable.
were lifted.  As World War Il reached the Philippine
 To make up for the loss, then Governor shores, economic activity was put to a stop
General Francis Burton Harrison urged that and the Philippines bowed to a new set of
tax receipts be increased to make up for administrators, the Japanese.
the loss. Minor changes were made to the  The Japanese military administration in the
1904 Internal Revenue Act such as the Philippines during World War Il immediately
imposition of taxes on mines, petroleum continued the system of tax collection
products, and dealers of petroleum introduced during the Commonwealth, but
products and tobacco. exempted the articles belonging to the
 In 1914, an income tax was introduced; in Japanese armed forces.
1919, an inheritance tax was created; and in  Foreign trade fell and the main sources of
1932, a national lottery was established to taxation came from amusements,
create more revenue for the government. manufactures, professions, and business
However, these new creations were not licenses. As the war raged, tax collection
enough to increase government revenues. was a difficult task and additional incomes
of the government were derived from the
Taxation during Commonwealth sales of the National Sweepstakes and sale
Period of government bonds.
 New measures and legislation were
introduced to make the taxation system Fiscal Policy from 1946 to Present
appear more equitable during the  The impact of the war on the Philippine
Commonwealth. economy was effectively disparate, as
 Income tax rates were increased in 1936, Manila, the capital, was razed to the ground
adding a surtax rate on individual net while the rest of the Philippines was
incomes in excess of 10,000 pesos. relatively untouched. But the highly
 Income tax rates of corporations were also agriculture- based economy was disrupted.
increased.  The United States may have declared the
 In 1937, the cédula tax was abolished, which Philippines independent, but as the country
appeared to be a progressive move; but in needed rehabilitation funds from the
1940, a residence tax was imposed on every United States, the dependency of the
citizen aged 18 years old and on every Philippines to the Americans was an
corporation. opportunity to be taken advantage of by
 In 1939, the Commonwealth government the former colonial administrators.
drafted the National Internal Revenue Code,

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RPH|Final Period Revenue System
 The economic situation was so problematic  Collection of taxes remained poor; tax
that by 1949, there was a severe lack of structure was still problematic; and much of
funds in many aspects of governance, such public funds were lost to corruption, which
as the military and education sectors. No left the government incapable of funding
efforts were made to improve tax projects geared toward development.
collection and the United States advised the  Under the Marcos authoritarian regime, the
adoption of direct taxation. The tax system remained regressive. During the
administration of President Manuel Roxas latter part of the Marcos's years (1981—
declined the proposal because it did not 1985), the tax system was still heavily
want to alienate its allies in Congress. dependent on indirect taxes, which made
 The impetus for economic growth came up 70% of total tax collection.
during the time of President Elpidio  The tax system also remained
Quirino through the implementation of unresponsive. Taxes grew at an
import and exchange controls that led to average annual rate of 15% and
import substitution development. generated a low tax yield. Tax effort,
 This policy allowed for the expansion of a defined as the ratio between the share
viable manufacturing sector that reduced of the actual tax collection in gross
economic dependence on imports. domestic product and predictable
 New tax measures were also passed, which taxable capacity, was at a low 10.7%.
included higher corporate tax rates that  As Corazon Aquino took the helm of the
increased government revenues—tax government after the EDSA Revolution, she
revenue in 1953 increased twofold reformed the tax system through the 1986
compared to 1948, the year when Quirino Tax Reform Program.
first assumed presidency.  The aim was to improve the
 While the succeeding presidencies of responsiveness of the tax system,
Magsaysay, Garcia, and Macapagal promote equity by ensuring that
promised to study the tax structure and similarly situated individuals and firms
policy of the country (through the creation bear the same tax burden, promote
of a Tax Commission in 1959 by means of growth by withdrawing or modifying
Republic Act No. 2211) to make way for a taxes that reduce incentives to work or
more robust and efficient tax collection produce, and improve tax
scheme, post-war fiscal policy remained administration by simplifying the tax
regressive, characterized by the system and promoting tax compliance.
overburdening of the lowest classes while  A major reform in the tax system
the landed elite who held business interests introduced under the term of Aquino was
were in Congress to ensure that taxes the introduction of the value-added tax
would not be levied to them who belonged (VAT), with the following features:
to the higher classes of society. 1. Uniform rate of 10% on sale of domestic
 The period of the post-war republic also and 'imported goods and services and
saw a rise in corruption. From 1959 to 1968, zero percent on exports and foreign-
Congress did not pass any tax legislation currency denominated sales;
despite important changes in the economy 2. Ten (10) percent in lieu of varied rates
and the vested interests of Filipino applicable to fixed taxes (60 nominal rates),
businessmen in Congress would manifest in advance sales tax, tax on original sale,
many instances such as the rejection of subsequent sales tax, compensating tax,
taxes on imports. Indirect taxation still miller's tax, contractor's tax, broker's tax,
contributed to three quarters of tax film lessors and distributor's tax, excise tax
revenues and the Omnibus Tax Law of 1969 on solvents and matches, and excise tax on
did not increase the ratio of income tax to processed videotapes;
general tax revenue.

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3. Two percent tax on entities with annual 4. Rationalize the grant of tax incentives,
sales or receipts of less 5,200; which was estimated to be worth 531.7
4. Adoption of tax credit method of billion pesos in 1994.
calculating tax by subtracting tax on inputs  The VAT base was also broadened in 1997
from tax on gross sales; to include services, through Republic Act
5. Exemption of the sale of basic 7716. The features of the improved VAT law
commodities such as agriculture and were as follows:
marine food products in their original state, 1. Restored the VAT exemptions for all
price-regulated petroleum products and cooperatives (agricultural, electric, credit or
fertilizers; and multipurpose, and others) provided that the
6. Additional 20% tax on non-essential share capital of each member does not
articles such jewelry, perfumes, toilet waters, exceed 515,000 pesos.
yacht, and other vessels for pleasure and 2. Expanded the coverage of the term
sports. "simple processes" by including broiling
 The VAT law was signed in 1986 and put to and roasting, effectively narrowing the tax
effect in 1988. While it was a reliable source base for food products.
of Revenue for the government, new tax 3. Expanded the coverage of the term
laws would reduce its reliability as legislated "original state" by including molasses.
exemptions grew. 4. Exempted from the VAT are the following;
 Along with Tax Reform came the a) Importation of meat;
Administrative Reforms, such as the b) Sale or importation of Coal and
restructuring of the Department of Finance Natural Gas in whatever form or State;
and its attached agency, the Bureau of c) Lease of residential unites with monthly
Internal Revenue (BIR) through the rental;
Executive Order 127. d) Sale, importation, printing or
 Tax collection and tax audits were publication of Books and any
intensified; computerization was introduced; newspaper.
and corruption was relatively reduced,  The succeeding term of President Joseph
which improved the trust in the BIR in Estrada in 1998 was too short to constitute
general. As a result of the tax reform of the any change in the tax system.
Aquino administration, both tax and  Then Vice President Gloria Macapagal-
revenue effort rose, increasing from 10.7% Arroyo was swept to power through
in 1985 to 15.4% in 1992. another EDSA Revolution.
 Greater political stability during the  As president, she undertook increased
administration of Fidel Ramos in 1992 government spending without
allowed for continued economic growth. adjusting tax collections.
The Ramos administration ventured into its  his resulted in large deficits from 2002
own tax reform program in 1997 through to 2004. The government had to look
the Comprehensive Tax Reform Program, for additional sources of revenue, and
which was implemented to; in 2005, the Expanded Value-Added
1. Make the tax system broad-based, simple, Tax (E-VAT) was signed into law as
and with reasonable tax rates; Republic Act 9337.
2. Minimize tax avoidance allowed by  This expanded the VAT base,
existing flaws and loopholes in the system; subjecting to VAT energy products
3. Encourage payments by increasing tax such as coal and petroleum products
exemptions levels, lowering the highest tax and electricity generation, transmission,
rates, and simplifying procedure; and and distribution.
 Select professional services were also
taxed. In February 2006, the VAT tax

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RPH|Final Period Revenue System
rate was also increased from 10% to  The TRAIN Act is aimed to generate
12%. revenue to achieve the 2022 and 2040
 As President Benigno Aquino III succeeded vision of the Duterte administration,
President Arroyo in 2010, he promised that namely, to eradicate extreme poverty,
no new taxes would be imposed and to create inclusive institutions that will
additional revenue would have to come offer equal opportunities to all, and to
from adjusting existing taxes. achieve higher income country status.
 The administration ventured into the  TRAIN Law took effect on January 1,
adjustment of excise tax on liquor and 2018. The TRAIN aims to make the
cigarettes or the Sin Tax Reform, Philippine Tax System simpler, fairer,
motivations for which was primarily fiscal, and more efficient to promote
public health, and social order related investments, create jobs and reduce
considerations. poverty.
 Republic Act 10351 was passed, and
government revenues from alcohol and
tobacco excise taxes increased.
 Collections from tobacco and alcohol
in 2015 made up 1.1% of the Gross
Domestic Product and the
improvement in tax collection resulted
in the Philippines receiving a credit
rating upgrade into investment grade
status.
 The Sin Tax Reform was an exemplar on
how tax reform could impact social services
as it allowed for the increase of the
Department of Health budget (triple in 2015)
and free health insurance premiums for the
poor people enrolled in PhilHealth
increased (from 55.2 million in 2012 to 515.4
million in 2015).
 The administration of the new President
Rodrigo Duterte promised tax reform,
particularly in income taxes as it vowed to
lower income tax rates shouldered by
working Filipinos.
 The present income tax scheme of the
country is the second highest in
Southeast Asia and the current laws on
income taxes were outdated as they
were drafted two decades ago.
 The proposed tax reform also seeks to
limit. VAT exemptions and increase
excise taxes on petroleum products
and automobiles. It is hoped that
reforms in the country's tax policy will
result in the much-desired economic
development that will be felt even by
the lowest classes in society.
 Train Law

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EAC-C SCHOOL OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
Readings in Philippine History|1st Semester S.Y. 2021-2022

Social, Political, Economic and Cultural Issues in Philippine

History
The Evolution of the Philippine of Government and Representatives of the
Constitution people.
 The constitution is defined as a set of  The Constitution of Biak-na-Bato was never
fundamental principles or established fully implemented, since the truce, Pact of
precedents according to which a state or Biak-na-Bato, was signed between the
other organization is governed. Spanish and the Philippine Revolutionary
 The Constitution of the Philippines, the Army.
supreme law of the Republic of the
Philippines, has been in effect since 1987. Primary Source: Preamble of the
There were only three other constitutions Biak-na-Bato Constitution:
that have effectively governed the country:  The separation of the Philippines from the
the 1935 Commonwealth Constitution, the Spanish monarchy and their formation into
1973 Constitution, and the 1986 Freedom an independent state with its own
Constitution. government called the Philippine Republic
has been the end sought by the Revolution
1897: Constitution of Biak-na-Bato in the existing war, begun on the 24th of
 The Constitution of Biak-na-Bato was the August, 1896; and, therefore, in its name
provisionary Constitution of the Philippine and by the power delegated by the Filipino
Republic during the Philippine Revolution, people, interpreting faithfully their desires
and was promulgated by the Philippine and ambitions, we the representatives of
Revolutionary Government on 1 November the Revolution, in a meeting at Biak-na-
1897. bato, November 1, 1897, unanimously
 The constitution, borrowed from Cuba, was adopted the following articles for the
written by Isabelo Artacho and Felix Ferrer constitution of the State.
in Spanish, and later on, translated into
Tagalog. 1899 Malolos Constitution
 The organs of the government under the  After the signing of the truce of Biak-na-
Constitution of Biak-na-Bato were: Bato, the Filipino revolutionary leaders
1. The Supreme Council, which was vested accepted a payment from Spain and went
with the power of the Republic, headed by to exile in Hong Kong.
the president and four department  Upon the defeat of the Spanish to the
secretaries: the interior, foreign affairs, Americans in the Battle of Manila Bay on 1
treasury, and war; May 1898, the United States Navy.
2. The Consejo Supremo de Gracia Y transported Aguinaldo back to the
Justicia (Supreme Council of Grace and Philippines.
Justice), which was given the authority to  The newly reformed Philippine
make decisions and affirm or disprove the revolutionary forces reverted to the control
sentences rendered by other courts and to of Aguinaldo, and the Philippine
dictate rules for the administration of justice; Declaration of Independence was issued on
and 12 June 1898, together with several decrees
3. The Asamblea de Representantes that formed the First Philippine Republic.
(Assembly of Representatives), which was to  The Malolos Congress was elected, which
be convened after the revolution to create a selected a commission to draw up a draft
new Constitution and to elect a new Council constitution on 17 September 1898, which
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RPH| Final Period Social, Political, Economic and Cultural Issues in Philippine History
was composed of wealthy and educated  Executive power was vested in the president
men. and elected by a constituent assembly of
 The document they came up with, the Assembly of Representatives and
approved by the Congress on 29 November special representatives. The president will
1898, and promulgated by Aguinaldo on 21 serve a term of four years without re-
January 1899, was titled The Political election. There was no vice president, and
Constitution of 1899 and written in Spanish. in case of a vacancy, a president was to be
 The constitution has 39 articles divided selected by the constituent assembly.
into 14 titles, with eight articles of  The 1899 Malolos Constitution was never
transitory provisions, and a final enforced due to the ongoing war.
additional article.  The Philippines was effectively a territory of
 The document was patterned after the the United States upon the signing of the
Spanish Constitution of 1812, with Treaty of Paris between Spain and the
influences from the charters of Belgium, United States, transferring sovereignty of
Mexico, Brazil, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, the Philippines on 10 December 1898.
and Guatemala, and the French
Constitution of 1793. 1935 The Commonwealth
 According to Felipe Calderon, main author Constitution
of the constitution, these countries were  After the Treaty of Paris, the Philippines was
studied because they shared similar social, subject to the power of the United States of
political, ethnological, and governance America, effectively the new colonizers of
conditions with the Philippines. the country. From 1898 to 1901, the
 Prior constitutional projects in the Philippines would be placed under a
Philippines also influenced the Malolos military government until a civil
Constitution, namely; government would be put into place.
1. The Kartilya and the Sanggunian  Two acts of the United States Congress
Hukuman, the charter of laws and morals of were passed that may be considered to
the Katipunan written by Emilio Jacinto in have qualities of constitutionality.
1896; 1. The Philippine Organic Act of 1902, the
2. The Biak-na-Bato Constitution of 1897 first organic law for the Philippine Islands
planned by Isabelo Artacho; that provided for the creation of a popularly
3. Mabini's Constitutional Program of the elected Philippine Assembly.
Philippine Republic of 1898; 2. The Philippine Autonomy Act of 1916,
4. The provisional constitution of Mariano commonly referred to as "Jones Law," which
Ponce in 1898 that followed the Spanish modified the structure of the Philippine
constitutions; and government through the removal of the
5. The autonomy projects of Paterno in Philippine Commission, replacing it with a
1898. Senate that served as the upper house and
its members elected by the Filipino voters,
Primary Source: Preamble of the the first truly elected national legislature.
Political Constitution of 1899  In 1932, with the efforts of the Filipino
 The form of government, according to Title independence mission led by Sergio
Il, Article 4 is to be popular, representative, Osmeña and Manuel Roxas, the United
alternative, and responsible, and shall States Congress passed the Hare-Hawes-
exercise three distinct powers—legislative, Cutting Act with the promise of granting
executive, and judicial. The legislative power Filipinos' independence.
was vested in a unicameral body called the  By 1934, another law, the Tydings-McDuffie
Assembly of Representatives, members of Act, also known as the Philippine
which are elected for terms of four years. Independence Act, was passed by the
United States Congress that provided

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RPH| Final Period Social, Political, Economic and Cultural Issues in Philippine History

authority and defined mechanisms for the that the President himself dictated
establishment of a formal constitution by a some provisions of the Constitution,
constitutional convention. The members of manipulating the document to be able
the convention were elected and held their to hold power for as long as he could.
first meeting on 30 July 1934, with Claro M.  On 29 November 1972, the convention
Recto unanimously elected as president. approved its proposed constitution.
 The draft of the constitution was approved  The constitution was supposed to introduce
by the constitutional convention on 8 a parliamentary-style government, where
February 1935 and ratified by then U.S. legislative power was vested in a unicameral
President Franklin B. Roosevelt on 25 March National Assembly, with members being
1935. Elections were held in September elected to a six-year term. The president
1935 and Manuel L. Quezon was elected was to be elected as the symbolic and
President of the Commonwealth. ceremonial head of state chosen from the
 The Commonwealth was briefly interrupted members of the National Assembly.
by the events of the World War Il, with the  President Marcos issued Presidential Decree
Japanese occupying the Philippines. No. 73 setting the date of the plebiscite to
Afterward, upon liberation, the Philippines ratify or reject the proposed constitution on
was declared an independent republic on 4 30 November 1973. This plebiscite was
July 1946. postponed later on since Marcos feared
that the public might vote to reject the
1973 Constitutional Authoritarianism constitution.
 In 1965, Ferdinand E. Marcos was elected  The constitution was amended several
president, and in 1967, Philippine Congress times. In 1976, Citizen Assemblies, once
passed a resolution calling for a again, decided to allow the continuation of
constitutional convention to change the Martial Law, as well as approved the
1935 Constitution. Marcos won the re- amendments: an Interim Batasang
election in 1969, in a bid boosted by Pambansa to substitute for the Interim
campaign overspending and use of National Assembly, the president to also
government funds. become the Prime Minister and continue to
 Elections of the delegates to the exercise legislative powers until Martial Law
constitutional convention were held on 20 was lifted and authorized the President to
November 1970, and the convention began legislate on his own on an emergency basis.
formally on 1 June 1971, with former  The situation in the 1980s had been very
President Carlos P. Garcia being elected as turbulent. As Marcos amassed power,
convention president. Unfortunately, he discontent has also been burgeoning. The
died, and was succeeded by another former tide turned swiftly when in August 1983,
president, Diosdado Macapagal. Benigno Aquino Jr., opposition leader and
 Before the convention finished its work, regarded as the most credible alternative
Martial Law was declared. to President Marcos, was assassinated while
 Marcos cited a growing communist under military escort immediately after his
insurgency as reason for the Martial return from exile in the United States. There
Law, which was provided for in the was widespread suspicion that the orders to
1935 Constitution. Some delegates of assassinate Aquino came from the top
the ongoing constitutional convention levels of the government and the military.
were placed behind bars and others  A small group of military rebels attempted
went into hiding or were Voluntary to stage a coup, but failed; however, this
exiled. triggered what came to be known as the
 With Marcos as dictator, the direction EDSA People Power Revolution of 1986, as
of the convention turned with accounts people from all walks of life spilled onto the

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RPH| Final Period Social, Political, Economic and Cultural Issues in Philippine History
streets. Under pressure from the United
States of America, who used to support
Marcos and his Martial Law, the Marcos Attempts: Changing of Constitution
family fled into exile. His opponent in the  Changing the Constitution is a perennial
snap elections, Benigno Aquino Jr.'s widow, issue that crops up, and terms such as
Corazon Aquino, was installed as president "Cha-Cha," "Con-Ass," and "Con-Con" are
on 25 February 1986. regularly thrown around. Article WII of the
1987 Constitution provides for three ways
1987 Philippine Constitution after by which the Constitution can be changed.
Martial Law  Congress (House of Representatives and
 President Corazon Aquino's government the Senate) may convene as a Constituent
had three options regarding the Assembly (or Con-Ass) to propose
constitution: revert to the 1935 Constitution, amendments to the Constitution. It is not
retain the 1973 Constitution and be clear, however, if Congress is to vote as a
granted the power to make reforms or start single body or separately. How the
a new and break from the vestiges of a Congress convenes as a Con-Ass is also not
disgraced dictatorship. provided for in the Constitution.
 In March 1986, President Aquino
proclaimed a transitional constitution to last Attempts to Amend or Change the
for a year while a Constitutional 1987 Constitution
Commission drafted a permanent  The 1987 Constitution provided for three
constitution. This transitional constitution, methods by which the Constitution can be
called the Freedom Constitution, amended, all requiring ratification by a
maintained many provisions of the old one, majority vote in a national referendum.
including in rewritten form the presidential These methods were Constituent Assembly,
right to rule by decree. Constitutional Convention, and People's
 In 1986, a constitutional convention was Initiative. Using these modes, there were
created, composed of 48 members efforts to amend or change the 1987
appointed by President Aquino from varied Constitution, starting with the presidency of
backgrounds and representations. Fidel V. Ramos who succeeded Corazon
 The convention drew up a permanent Aquino.
constitution, largely restoring the setup  The second effort happened in 1997, when
abolished by Marcos in 1972, but with new a group called PIRMA hoped to gather
ways to keep the president in check, a signatures from voters to change the
reaction to the experience of Marcos's rule. constitution through a people's initiative.
The new constitution was officially adopted Many were against this, including then
on 2 February 1987. Senator Miriam Defensor-Santiago, who
 The Constitution begins with a preamble brought the issue to court and won—with
and eighteen self-contained articles. It the Supreme Court judging that a people's
established the Philippines as a "democratic initiative cannot push through without an
republican State" where "sovereignty enabling law.
resides in the people and all government  The succeeding president, Joseph Ejercito
authority emanates from them”. It allocates Estrada, formed a study commission to
governmental powers among the executive, investigate the issues surrounding charter
legislative, and judicial branches of the change focusing on the economic and
government. judiciary provisions of the constitution. This
 The Legislative Power resides in a Congress effort was also blocked by different entities.
divided into two houses; the senate and the  After President Estrada was replaced by
house of representative. another People Power and succeeded by
his Vice President, Gloria Macapagal Arroyo,

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RPH| Final Period Social, Political, Economic and Cultural Issues in Philippine History

then House Speaker Jose de Venecia

endorsed constitutional change through a
Constituent Assembly, which entails a two-
thirds vote of the House to propose
amendments or revision to the Constitution.
This initiative was also not successful since
the term of President Arroyo was mired in
controversy and scandal, including the
possibility of Arroyo extending her term as
president, which the Constitution does not
allow.
 The administration of the succeeding
President Benigno Aquino Ill had no
marked interest in charter change, except
those emanating from different members
of Congress, including the Speaker of the
House, Feliciano Belmonte Jr., who
attempted to introduce amendments to the
Constitution that concern economic
provisions that aim toward liberalization.
This effort did not see the light of day.

Federalism
 Federalism in the Philippines was supported
by President Duterte in the 2016
presidential elections, saying that it will
evenly distribute wealth in the Philippines
instead of concentrating it in Manila, the
capital of the country.
 As a form of government, a central
governing authority and constituent
political units constitutionally share
sovereignty. Applied to the Philippines, the
country will be broken into autonomous
regions. Each region will be further divided
into local government units.

Philippines Current System

 Our current system is that of a Unitary Form,
where administrative powers and resources
are concentrated in the national
government. Mayors and governors would
have to rely on allocations provided to
them.

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EAC-C SCHOOL OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
Readings in Philippine History|1st Semester S.Y. 2021-2022

Philippine History: Spaces for Conflicts and Controversies

Historical Interpretation  Interpretations of the past, therefore, vary
 History is the study of the past, but a more according to who reads the primary source,
contemporary definition is centered on how when it was read, and how it was read.
it impacts the present through its  Interpretations of historical events
consequences. change over time; thus, it is an
 Geoffrey Barraclough defines history as the important skill for a student of history
attempt to discover, on the basis of to track these changes in an attempt to
fragmentary evidence, the significant things understand the past.
about the past.
 He also notes "the history we read, Multiperspectivity
though based on facts, is strictly  This can be defined as a way of looking at
speaking, not factual at all, but a series historical events, personalities,
of accepted judgments”. developments, cultures, and societies from
 Such judgments of historians on how different perspectives.
the past should be seen make the  Historical writing is, by definition, biased,
foundation of historical interpretation. partial, and contains preconceptions.
 The historian decides on what sources
The Code of Kalantiaw to use;
 The Code of Kalantiaw is a mythical legal  What interpretation to make more
code in the epic history Maragtas. Before it apparent, depending on what his end
was revealed as a hoax, it was a source of is.
pride for the people of Aklan.  Historians may misinterpret evidence,
 In fact, a historical marker was installed in attending to those that suggest that a
the town of Batan, Aklan in 1956. certain event happened, and then
 Datu Bendehara Kalantiaw, he was the third ignore the rest that goes against the
Chief of Panay, born in Aklan, established evidence.
his government in the peninsula of Batang,  Historians may omit significant facts
Aklan Sakup. Considered the First Filipino about their subject, which makes the
Lawgiver, he promulgated in about 1433 a interpretation unbalanced.
penal code now known as Code of  Historians may impose a certain
Kalantiaw containing 18 articles. ideology to their subject, which may
 Don Marcelino Orilla of Zaragoza, Spain, not be appropriate to the period the
obtained the original manuscript of Code of subject was from.
Kalantiaw from an old chief of Panay which  Historians may also provide a single
was later translated into Spanish by Rafael cause for an event without considering
Murviedo Yzamaney. other possible causal explanations of
said event.
 Historians utilize facts collected from  These are just many of the ways a
primary sources of history and then draw historian may fail in his historical
their own reading so that their intended inference, description, and
audience may understand the historical interpretation.
event, a process that in essence, makes  With Multiperspectivity as an approach in
sense of the past. history, we must understand that historical
interpretations contain discrepancies,

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RPH| Final Period Philippine History: Spaces for Conflict and Controversies
contradictions, ambiguities, and are often Existing routes to Asia were mainly by
the focus of dissent. land and cost very expensive.
 A sea route to Asia means that
Where did the First Catholic Mass Europeans could access the spice trade
Take Place in the Philippines? directly, greatly reducing costs for
 It must be noted that there are two primary traders.
sources that historians refer to in identifying  Spain's major foray into the exploration
the site of the first Mass. was through Christopher Columbus,
1. The first one was, the Log kept by who proposed to sail westward to find
Francisco Albo, a pilot of one of Magellan’s a shortcut to Asia. He was able to
ship Trinidad. He was of the 18 survivors reach the Americas, which was then
who returned with Sebastian Elcano on the cut-off from the rest of the known
ship Victoria after they circumnavigated the world
world.
a) The Butuan has long been believed as What Happened in the Cavite Mutiny?
the site of the First Mass. This has been  The year 1872 is a historic year of two
the case for three centuries, events:
culminating in the erection of 1. The Cavite Mutiny; and
monument in 1872 near Agusan River, 2. The martyrdom of the three priests:
which commemorates the expedition’s Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos, and Jacinto
arrival and celebration of Mass on April Zamora, later on immortalized as
8, 1521. GOMBURZA.
b) The Butuan claim has been based on a  These events are very important milestones
rather elementary reading of primary in Philippine history and have caused
sources from the event. ripples throughout time, directly influencing
2. The second one, is the more complete, it the decisive events of the Philippine
was the account by Antonio Pigafetta, Revolution toward the end of the century.
Primo Viaggio Intorno Al Modo (First  The events of the Cavite Mutiny, a major
Voyage Around the World). factor in the awakening of nationalism
a) Pigafetta, like Albo, was a among the Filipinos of that time.
member of the Magellan expedition
and an eyewitness of the events, Spanish Accounts of the Cavite
particularly of the First Mass. Mutiny
b) The first documented Catholic  The documentation of Spanish historian
Mass in the Philippines was held on Jose Montero y Vidal centered on how the event
March 31, 1521, Easter Sunday. It was was an attempt in overthrowing the Spanish
conducted by Father Pedro de government in the Philippines.
Valderrama of Ferdinand Magellan’s a) Jose Montero y Vidal as a historian, his
expedition along the shores of what account of the mutiny was criticized as
was referred to in the journals of woefully biased and rabid for a scholar.
Antonio Pigafetta as “Mazaua”.  Another account from the official report
written by then Governor General Rafael
Age of Exploration Izquierdo implicated the native clergy, who were
 The Age of Exploration is a period of then, active in the movement toward
competition among European rulers to secularization of parishes.
conquer and colonize lands outside their  The GOMBURZA is the collective name of
original domains. the three martyred priests Mariano Gomez,
 The goal was to find alternative routes Jose Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora, who were
by sea to get to Asia, the main source tagged as the masterminds of the Cavite
of spices and other commodities. Mutiny.

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RPH|Final Period Philippine History: Spaces for Conflicts and Controversies

 They were prominent Filipino priests members decided to band together to

charged with treason and sedition. establish the Katipunan a few days after
 It is believed that the Spanish clergy Rizal's exile on 7 July 1892.
connected the priests to the mutiny as part  Rizal may not have been officially part of
of a conspiracy to stifle the movement of the Katipunan, but the Katipuneros showed
secular priests who desired to have their great appreciation of Rizal work toward the
own parishes instead of being merely same goals. Out of the 28 members of the
assistants to the regular friars. leadership of the Katipunan (known as the
 The GOMBURZA were executed by garrote Kataas-taasang Sanggunian ng Katipunan)
in public, a scene purportedly witnessed by from 1892 to 1896, 13 were former members
a young Jose Rizal. of La Liga Filipina.
 Their martyrdom is widely accepted as the  Katipuneros even used Rizal's name as a
dawn of Philippine nationalism in the password.
nineteenth century, with Rizal dedicating his  In 1896, the Katipuneros decided to inform
second novel, El Filibusterismo, to their Rizal of their plans to launch the revolution,
memory. and sent Pio Valenzuela to visit Rizal in
Dapitan.
Did Rizal Retract?  Valenzuela's accounts of his meeting with
 Jose Rizal is identified as a Hero of the Rizal have been greatly doubted by many
revolution for his writings that center on scholars, but according to him, Rizal
ending colonialism and liberating Filipino objected to the plans, saying that doing so
minds to contribute to creating the Filipino would be tantamount to suicide since it
nation. The great volume of Rizal's lifework would be difficult to fight the Spaniards
was committed to this end, particularly the who had the advantage of military
more influential ones, Noli Me Tangere and resources.
El Filibusterismo. Rizal essays vilify not the  Pio Valenzuela added that the leaders of
Catholic religion, but the friars, the main the Katipunan must do everything they
agents of injustice in the Philippine society. could to prevent the spilling of Filipino
 It is understandable, therefore, that any blood. Valenzuela informed Rizal that the
piece of writing from Rizal that recants revolution could inevitably break out if the
everything he wrote against the friars and Katipunan were to be discovered by the
the Catholic Church in the Philippines could Spaniards.
deal heavy damage to his image as a  Rizal advised Valenzuela that the Katipunan
prominent Filipino revolutionary. should first secure the support of wealthy
 Such document purportedly exists, allegedly Filipinos to strengthen their cause and
signed by Rizal a few hours before his suggested that Antonio Luna be recruited
execution. This document, referred to as to direct the military movement of the
"The Retraction”, declares Rizal's belief in revolution.
the Catholic faith, and retracts everything
he wrote against the Church. Where the Cry of Rebellion
Happened?
Rizal Connection to the Katipunan  Momentous events swept the Spanish
 Rizal's Connection to the Katipunan is colonies in the late nineteenth century,
undeniable—in fact, the precursor of the including the Philippines.
Katipunan as an organization is the La Liga  Journalists of the time referred to the
Filipina, an organization Rizal founded, with phrase "El Grito de Rebelion" or "Cry of
Andres Bonifacio as one of its members. Rebellion" to mark the start of these
 But La Liga Filipina was short-lived as the revolutionary events, identifying the places
Spaniards exiled Rizal to Dapitan. Former where it happened.

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RPH| Final Period Philippine History: Spaces for Conflict and Controversies
 In the Philippines, this happened in August
1896, northeast of Manila, where they
declared rebellion against the Spanish
colonial government.
 These events are important marks in the
history of colonies that struggled for their
independence against their colonizers.
 Prominent Filipino historian Teodoro
Agoncillo emphasizes the event when
Bonifacio tore the cedula or tax receipt
before the Katipuneros who also did the
same.
 Some writers identified the first military
event with the Spaniards as the moment of
the Cry, for which, Emilio Aguinaldo
commissioned an "Himno de Balintawak" to
inspire the renewed struggle after the Pact
of the Biak-na-Bato failed.
 A monument to the Heroes of 1896 was
erected in what is now the intersection of
Epifanio de los Santos (EDSA) Avenue and
Andres Bonifacio Drive-North Diversion
road, and from then on until 1962, the Cry
of Balintawak was celebrated every 26th of
August.

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RPH|Final Period Philippine History: Spaces for Conflicts and Controversies

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RPH| Final Period Philippine History: Spaces for Conflict and Controversies

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EAC-C SCHOOL OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
Readings in Philippine History|1st Semester S.Y. 2021-2022

Types of Government of Each President in the Philippines

1. President Emilio Aguinaldo y
Famy Spanish-American War

ERA: First Republic Date: May 1, 1899

Term of Office: January 23, 1899 - March 23, Result: U.S Victory
1901 Belligerents: United States and Kingdom of
2 years and 59 days Spain
Election: 1899 Commanders: George Dewey and Patricio
Montojo also known as Patricio Montojo y
The Dictatorial Government of Pasaron
Emilio Aguinaldo
 George Dewey was the admiral of the navy
at that time He is the best known for his
 The Dictatorial Government of the victory at the Battle of Manila Bay during
Philippines was an insurgent government in the Spanish- American War.
the Spanish East Indies inaugurated during  Location: Near Manila, Philippines
the Spanish–American War by Emilio
Aguinaldo in a public address on May 24,
1898 on his return to the Philippines from Background: The Battle of Manila
exile in Hong Kong, and formally Bay
established on June 18, 1898.
 The government was officially a dictatorship  1492, Spain was the first European nation to
with Aguinaldo formally holding the title of sail westward across the Atlantic Ocean,
“Dictator”. explore and colonize nations on the
 The government was succeeded by a Western Hemisphere.
revolutionary government which was  Amongst their colonies back then, Cuba
established by Aguinaldo on June 23, 1898. was the first to initiate a struggle for
 In 1896, the Philippine Revolution began. independence.
 In December 1897, the Spanish Government  Commodore George Dewey sailed from
and the revolutionaries signed a truce, the Hong Kong.
Pact of Biak-na-Bato, requiring that the  The Spanish fleet under Rear Admiral
Spanish pay revolutionaries 800,00 pesos Patricio Montojo was destroyed.
and that Aguinaldo and other leaders go
into exile in Hong Kong. Aguinaldo’s Return
 In April 1898, at the outbreak of the
Spanish- American War, Commodore  Emilio Famy Aguinaldo returned to Manila
George Dewey aboard the U.S.S. Olympia with thirteen of his staff on May 19 aboard
sailed from Hong Kong to Manila Bay the American revenue cutter McCulloch,
leading the Asiatic Squadron of the U.S. Aguinaldo reassumed command of Filipino
Navy. rebel forces.
 On May 1, 1898, the United Sates defeated  When General Emilio Famy Aguinaldo
the Spanish in the Battle of Manila Bay. returned to the country from his exile in
 Emilio Aguinaldo decided to return to the Hong Kong in May 1898, the truce signed
Philippines to help forces defeat the between Filipino revolutionists and
Spaniards. The U.S. Spaniards at Biak-na-Bato in December

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RPH| Final Period Types of Government of Each President in the Philippines
1897 had been broken in many parts of the  With the exception of Muslim areas on
country. Mindanao and nearby islands, the Filipinos
 Five days after his arrival, on May 24, upon had taken effective control of the rest of the
the advise of Ambrosio Rianzares, Philippines.
Aguinaldo temporarily established a  Aguinaldo's 12,000 troops kept the Spanish
dictatorial government, but plans were soldiers battled up inside Manila until
afoot to proclaim the independence of the American troop reinforcements could arrive.
country.
Declaration of Independence
Aguinaldo and Commodore Dewey  On June 12, 1898, Aguinaldo proclaimed
Philippine Independence from the window
 Emilio Aguinaldo once said that: "The of his house in Kawit, Cavite, and waved the
Admiral “United States” had come to the Philippine Flag officially for the first time to
Philippines to protect the natives and free the martial strains of the new national
them from the yoke of Spain. He said, anthem.
moreover, that America is exceedingly well
off as regards territory, revenue, and The Philippine National Flag
resources and therefore needs no colonies,  The event saw the unfurling of the National
assuring me finally that there was no Flag of the Philippines, made in Hong Kong
occasion for me to entertain any doubts by Marcela Agoncillo, Lorenza Agoncillo
whatever about there cognition of the and Delfina Herboza.
Independence of the Philippines by the  The original design of the flag adopted a
United States.“ mythical sun with a face, a symbol common
 Aguinaldo, in his book, "A Second Look At to several former Spanish Colonies.
America," admitted he naively believed that  The flag of Cuba influenced the design of
Dewey "acted in good faith" on behalf of the flag of the Philippines as a Cuba’s
the Filipinos. Revolution against Spain inspired, to some
 In late May, Dewey was ordered by the U.S. degree, the Philippine Revolution.
Department of the Navy to distance himself
from Aguinaldo lest he make untoward Philippine Flag:
commitments to the Philippine forces.
 Dewey referred to the Filipinos as "the
Indians" and promised Washington, D.C.
that he would "enter the city (Manila) and
keep the Indians out.“

The Dictatorial Government

 Filipino rebels routed the Spaniards in

Alapan, Cavite. Cuba Flag:
 By early June, with no arms supplied by
Dewey, Aguinaldo's forces had
overwhelmed Spanish garrisons in Cavite
and around Manila, surrounded the capital
with 14 miles of trenches, captured the
Manila waterworks and shut off access or
escape by the Pasig River. Links were
established with other movements
throughout the country.

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RPH| Final Period Types of Government of Each President in the Philippines

Eight (8) Provinces that First Started the 1896  During televised boxing matches
Philippine Revolution: featuring Filipino boxer Manny
Pacquiao, singers have been both
1. Manila praised and criticized by the National
2. Cavite Historical Institute (NHI) for singing too
3. Bulacan slow or too fast.
4. Pampanga  The NHI says that the proper tempo is
5. Nueva Ecija a two-fourths beat and 100
6. Tarlac metronomes and that it should last 53
7. Laguna seconds.
8. Batangas
Declaration of Independence
Flag in a Half-Mast  The Act of the Declaration of Independence
 Upon the official announcement of the was prepared, written, and read by
death of the President or a former President, Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista in Spanish. The
the flag should be flown at half-mast for ten Declaration was signed by 98 people
days.  Aguinaldo issued several important decrees
 The flag should be flown at half-mast for reorganizing the government in the
seven days following the death of the Vice liberated provinces: the decree of June 18
President, the Chief Justice, the President of reorganized municipalities and provinces,
the Senate or the Speaker of the House of through the election of Popular Assemblies,
Representatives. whose heads the town chiefs then elected
 The flag may also be required to fly at half- the provincial councils. The decree also
mast upon the death of other persons to be provided for the election of delegates to
determined by the National Historical the Revolutionary Congress by the town
Institute, for a period less than seven day. chiefs.
 The flag shall be flown at half-mast on all  August 1, 1898, town officials assembled at
the buildings and places where the Bacoor, then the seat of the Revolutionary
decedent was holding office, on the day of government, and ratified the newly
death until the day of interment of an proclaimed Philippine independence.
incumbent member.
Struggle for Independence
Marcha Filipino Magdalo  The declaration was never recognized by
 Marcha Filipina Magdalo, now known as either the United States or Spain.
Lupang Hinirang (Chosen Land), was  Later in the year 1898, Spain ceded the
originally written as incidental music, it did Philippines to the United States in the 1898
not have lyrics when it was adopted as the Treaty of Paris that ended the Spanish-
anthem of the revolutionary first Philippine American War.
Republic and subsequently played during
the proclamation of the Philippine 1898 Treaty of Paris
Independence on June 12, 1898.  The Treaty of Paris of 1898, was an
 The lyrics were then adopted from the agreement made, that resulted in the
Spanish Poem Filipinas written by Jose Spanish Empire's surrendering control of
Palma in 1899. Cuba and ceding Puerto Rico, parts of the
 R.A 8491 Spanish West Indies, the island of Guam,
 Lupang Hinirang "shall be in and the Philippines to the United States.
accordance with the musical  The cession of the Philippines involved a
arrangement and composition of Julián payment of $20 million from the United
Felipe.“ States to the Spanish Empire.

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RPH| Final Period Types of Government of Each President in the Philippines
 The treaty was signed on December 10, the Philippines. It also aims for the future
1898, and ended the Spanish-American War. establishment of the real republic.
 The Treaty of Paris signaled the end of the  On June 20,1898, Aguinaldo issued a decree
Spanish Empire in the Americas and the organizing the judiciary, and on June 23,
Pacific Islands, and it marked the beginning 1898, again upon Mabini’s advice, major
of the age of the United States as a world changes were promulgated and
power. implemented:
1. Change of government from Dictatorial
The Revolutionary Government of to Revolutionary;
Emilio Aguinaldo 2. Change of the Executive title from
 Emilio Aguinaldo led a revolutionary Dictator to President;
movement against the Spanish colonial 3. Appointment of delegates to the
government in the Philippines. Revolutionary Congress from the non-
 He cooperated with the U.S. during the liberated provinces;
Spanish-American War but subsequently 4. Establishment of four major departments
broke with the U.S. and led a guerrilla including that of foreign affairs, navy and
campaign against U.S. authorities during commerce;
the Philippine-American War. 5. War and public works;
 Philippine Revolution, (1896–98), Filipino 6. Agriculture and manufacture industries;
independence struggle that, after more 7. Appointment of delegates to the
than 300 years of Spanish colonial rule, Revolutionary Congress from the non-
exposed the weakness of Spanish liberated provinces;
administration but failed to evict Spaniards 8. Creation of the Executive Board of the
from the islands. Revolutionary Committee at Hong Kong.
 The Spanish-American War brought Spain’s  As Mabini envisioned it, the Revolutionary
rule in the Philippines to a close in 1898 but Congress created by the June 18, 1898
precipitated the Philippine-American War, a decree had several aims: to promote the
bloody war between Filipino revolutionaries interest of the Filipinos through the passage
and the U.S. Army. of relevant laws and to serve as the
 After the U.S. Navy commodore George Executive’s advisory body.
Dewey annihilated the Spanish fleet in  On September 15, 1898 Aguinaldo formally
Manila Bay on May 1, 1898, Aguinaldo opened the revolutionary congress at the
immediately returned to the Philippines. church of Barasoain in Malolos.
 Emilio Aguinaldo, began the revolution, in  Later the representatives elected their
this time against the United States, which officers:
had assumed title to the Philippines as a  PRESIDENT: Pedro Paterno
result of the Spanish defeat.  VICE-PRESIDENT: Benito Legarda
 Aguinaldo was captured in 1901 and  FIRST SECRETARY: Gregorio Araneta
subsequently appealed to Filipinos to cease  SECOND SECRETARY: Pablo Ocampo
fighting and accept U.S. sovereignty.  It was not long after their first convening
that the Malolos Representatives ran into
Revolutionary Government conflict with Mabini, who believed that the
 The Revolutionary Government is another times demanded not the writing of a
government established by General Emilio supreme law, which required the luxury of
Aguinaldo on the 23rd day of June in the time, but an executive made strong by
year 1898, replacing the government. congressional support.
 This government aims to struggle for the  In the end Congress prevailed over Mabini,
Philippine Independence until the foreign and began their constitutional work.
countries including Spain will recognized  There were three draft constitutions
presented by:

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RPH| Final Period Types of Government of Each President in the Philippines

 Pedro Paterno The Fall of Bataan and

 Apolinario Mabini Corregidor
 Felipe Calderon  MacArthur’s retreat to Bataan was a brilliant
 Calderon’s draft, influenced by constitutions maneuver.
of various South American nations, was  General Masaharu Homma, Japanese
eventually chosen.  Commander-in-chief, failed in his attempt
to encircle the USSAFE.
2. President Manuel Luis Quezon y  MacArthur succeeded in keeping his army
Molina intact and well coordinated.
(1878-1944)  The Japanese Imperial Command subjugate
the Philippines as their strategy to
immediately conquest the other parts of
ERA: Commonwealth Asia.
Term of Office: November 15, 1935- August 01,  The heroic defense of the Filipino-American
1944 troops in Bataan irritated the Japanese. As a
8 Years and 260 days result, the Japanese returned to attack but
Election: 1935 and 1941 the Bataan line held heroically.
 The Japanese asked the Filipino soldiers to
Quezon in Corregidor surrender but they ignored the Japanese
 Manuel L. Quezon is the President of the propaganda.
Commonwealth.  The United States and Great Britain agreed
 He is very sick man and the suffering of the on the “Europe-First Policy”.
people increased his worries which  Demoralization was the effect to Bataan
contributed to his physical breakdown. and it leads the USSAFE to disintegrate
 Thousands were affected by the bombings under the pressure of continued enemy
and bullets so General MacArthur planned attacks.
to retreat to Bataan Peninsula to save his  Mid-March 1942;
army and to hold back the Japanese.  Supply of foods become light which
 Quezon was ordered to save his army and leads to malnutrition.
take their military units to Bataan was  Diarrhea, malaria, and avitaminosis(lack
carried out masterfully. of vitamins) are the other problems at
 On December 24, 1941 that time.
 MacArthur finally informed Quezon  At that time, the men suffering from
that they will leave for Corregidor. the rigors of war began too lose hope
 Quezon called the last meeting of his because of the poor supply of
Cabinet and informed them about the medicines.
decision to hole up in Corregidor.  On, March 11, 1942;
 Jose Abad Santos, Sergio Osmeña, Basilio  President Roosevelt left for Australia
Valdez, and Colonel Manuel Nieto and become the commander of
 They were chosen to accompany USSAFE.
Quezon to Corregidor.  On, February 18, 1942;
 As Quezon and his party were supposed to  President Quezon had earlier left for
leave, Japanese bombers were still hitting Australia and picked up by the
the Port Area in Manila. submarine Swordfish.
 The S.S. Mayon took Quezon’s party to
Corregidor.
 On December 30, 1941;
 Quezon took his oath as the President
of the Commonwealth.

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RPH| Final Period Types of Government of Each President in the Philippines
 Lieutenant- General Masaharu Homma
On April 09, 1942 declared Jorge B. Vargas as the
 General Edward P. King, commander of the Chairman of the Executive Commission.
forces on Bataan, surrendered.  The national government was re-
 78,000 of General King’s forces were named as the Central Administrative
included in the surrender negotiation while Organization, composed of six
around 2,000 escaped to Corregidor and to departments: Interior; Finance; Justice;
the surrounding provinces. Agriculture and Commerce; Education,
 King’s surrender was an individual and not Health and Public Welfare; and Public
the surrender of the entire USSAFE force Works and Communications.
that ended the Battle of Bataan which  The departments was headed by a
resounded throughout the world. Commissioner.
 Those Filipino-American troops who  On, January 29, 1942;
surrender were forced to march from  Council of State was created as an
Bataan to San Fernando, Pampanga. And advisory body.
those who could not march because of
physical weakness were shot down. The
forced march has been called Death March.
 In Capaz, the prisoners were huddled
together like animals, hungry and sick.

The Corregidor
 Corregidor was subjected to intense fire
that cause the enemy bombings to be
continuous day and night.
Education Re-Orientation
 On May 6, 1942;
 On, February 17, 1942;
 General Wainwright addressed a
 Military Order No.2; Japanese
message to General Homma, through
Educational Policy;
the “Voice of Freedom”, offering to
 Propagation of Filipino culture;
surrender.
 Dissemination of the principle of the
 General Jonathan Mayhew Wainwright
Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
said that only the men under him will
-spiritual rejuvenation of the Filipinos
surrender but General Masaharu
teaching and propagation of
Homma insisted on the surrender of all.
Nippongo -diffusion of vocational and
 The fall of the Philippines was now
elementary education;
completed.
 Promotion of love labor;
 The motive behind the educational
Reorganization of the Government
policy was not only to create an
 On, January 3, 1942;
atmosphere friendly to Japanese
 A day after Manila became an
intentions and war aims, but also to
occupied city, General Masaharu
erase the Western cultural influences.
Homma, Commander-in-Chief of the
 The Japanese Commander-in-Chief
Japanese Imperial Forces, announced
instructed the Commissioner of
the end of American occupation.
Education, Health and Public Welfare
 During the first month of Japanese
to reopen the schools to support the
occupation, the status of the provinces
new educational policy.
remained the same as during the
 Priority was given to the reopening of
Commonwealth years.
elementary schools.
 On, January 23, 1942;
 Next to the elementary schools priority
was given to the re-opening of
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RPH| Final Period Types of Government of Each President in the Philippines

vocational and normal schools, and  Then he became a clerk for the Code
those institutions of higher giving Committee, where he also met Thomas
courses. Atkins Street, a future member of the
 Japanese military authorities did not Philippine Supreme Court and who served
reopen the law degree courses as his mentor.
because they thought lawyers were  Jose Laurel had 9 children with wife
useless. Paciencia, whom among his children also
 On, March 31, 1942; enter politics.
 Re-opening of public elementary  Laurel received his law degrees from the
schools beginning in June 1942. University of the Philippines in 1915 and
 The total enrolled in elementary grades from Yale University in 1920 and he became
as of March 1943 was 267,977. a lawyer.
 On, October 14, 1943;  He was then elected as the Philippine
 Proclamation of the Japanese- Senate in the year 1925.
sponsored Republic;  Jose P. Laurel was appointed as associate
 President Jose P. Laurel added the justice of the supreme court in the year
fundamental principle of militant 1936.
nationalism and encouraged the  He was the third President of the Republic
propagation of Tagalog as the national of the Philippines by the National Assembly
language by using it as the official on September 25, 1943, inducted on
language; October 14, 1943.
 He also required that majority of the  This was during the Japanese Occupation of
governing board of any school, college the Philippines in the year 1942- 1945 in
or university be Filipino citizens. World War II.
 Jose P. Laurel also took special courses in
International law at Oxford University in
3. President Jose Paciano Laurel y England and the University of Paris in
Garcia France before returning to the Philippines in
(1891-1959) the year 1921.
 Jose P. Laurel was also an educator, having
founded the Lyceum of the Philippines.
ERA: Second Republic  Jose P. Laurel offered his services to the
Term of Office: October 14, 1943 - August 17, Japanese Imperial Army when it occupied
1945 the country. It was because of his criticism
1 Year and 307 Days of U.S. rule of the Philippines that the
Election: 1943 Japanese appointed him to a series of high
posts during the three years of military rule.
 Born on March 9, 1891 in Tanauan, Batangas.  Jose P. Laurel was also favoured by the
 A son of Sotero Laurel and Jacoba Garcia. Japanese for being the only Filipino to hold
 His father who was also the secretary of the an honorary degree from Tokyo Imperial
Interior of Emilio Aguinaldo’s cabinet and a University.
signatory to the Malolos Constitution.  Jose P. Laurel; Retirement and death;
 Jose P. Laurel’s father was a prisoner during  After retiring from politics, Laurel
the Filipino- American War and died in focused on managing the Lyceum of
captivity in the year 1902 when Jose P. the Philippines, which he founded on 7
Laurel was only 11 years old. July 1952.
 He work as an altar boy and chorister;  During that time, he also served as the
 He was a part- time labourer at the Bureau president of the Philippine Banking
of Forestry when he turned 18. Corporation.

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RPH| Final Period Types of Government of Each President in the Philippines
 He died on 6 November 1959 of a  Senator of the Philippines from the 10th
massive heart attack and stroke.  Senatorial District . (1922 – 1935)
 Attend to U.S as part of OsRox
Mission(1933) to secure passage of the
4. President Sergio Osmeña Sr. Hare Hawes Cutting Independence Bill
(1878-1961) suspended by Tyding McDuffie Act in
1934.

ERA: Commonwealth Osmeña’s on Japanese Colonization

Term of Office: August 01, 1944 - May 28, 1946  Osmeña’s on Japanese Colonization;
1 Year and 300 Days  December 1941 , The Japan invade
Election: 1941 the Philippines .
 The Philippines Commonwealth
 Government – In – Exile took place
 Born on September 9,1878 in Cebu City. on U.S Mainland.
 His Mother is Juana Osmeña gave birth  Liberation of the Philippines
to him at 14.  Landing at Leyte: A Historical event
 An illegitimate child, his father unknown. of Osmeña came back as the
 A Chinese - Filipino citizen. President after Quezon died in U.S
 Married Estefania Chiong Veloso on April together with General Douglas Mc
10, 1901 and have 10 children. Arthur and liberation allied forces.
 Osmeña again married in 1920 but to
Esperanza Limjap after his first wife died Osmeña’s “ACT”
two years. The couple had three children.  Bell Trade Act - The Bell Trade Act of 1946,
 Died on October 19, 1961 ( age 83 ) in also known as the Philippine Trade Act, was
Breast cancer and Liver failure at an act passed by the United States
Veterans Memorial Hospital in Quezon Congress specifying policy governing trade
City. between the Philippines and the United
 Buried in the Manila North Cemetery. States following independence of the
 Osmeña graduate Elementary at Colegio Philippines from the United States.
de San Carlos .
 In San Juan de Letran: He first met  The Tydings–McDuffie Act, officially the
manuel l. Quezon as well as Juan Philippine Independence Act, enacted on
Sumulong and Emilio Jacinto. March 24, 1934.
 Study in University of Sto. Tomas and  Is a United States federal law that
2nd place in Bar Examination in 1903. established the process for the
Philippines, then an American colony,
Osmeña’s Life on American to become an independent country
Colonization after a ten-year transition period.
 Founded the newspaper ‘ El Nuevo Dia’
a Cebu newspaper in 1900. History of Tydings-McDuffie Act
 American colonial administration  In 1934, Manuel L. Quezon, the President of
appointed him as Governor of Cebu in the Senate of the Philippines, headed a
1904 - 1907. "Philippine Independence mission" to
 Founded the Nationalist Party. Washington, D.C. It successfully lobbied
 Member and Speaker of National Congress and secured the act's passage.
Assembly in 1907 – 1916.  In 1935, under the provisions of the act, the
 Member and Speaker of the House of 1935 Constitution of the Philippines was
Representatives from Cebu’s 2nd district drafted and became law, establishing the
(1907 1922) Commonwealth of the Philippines with an

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RPH| Final Period Types of Government of Each President in the Philippines

elected executive, the President of the Effects:

Philippines. 1. The country was paralyzed.
 In accordance with the act, President Harry 2. Commerce was experiencing recession.
S. Truman issued Proclamation 2695 of July 3. Transport efficiency was down.
4, 1946 officially recognizing the 4. Weakened the educational system.
independence of the Philippines. 5. There was a crime rate hike.
 Representatives from the Philippine
Independence Mission in 1924 (left to right): Primary Problems
 Isauro Gabaldon;  Low Output Growth;
 Sergio Osmena;  Production became low because farms
 Manuel L. Quezon; and factories were ruined. Production
 Claro M. Recto; of rice, sugar, coconuts, abaca, coconut
 Pedro Guevara; and oil, cigars, tobacco, gold and chrome,
 Dean Jorge Bocobo and manganese and lumber was put to
a halt because of the destruction of
manufacturing facilities.
 High- Unemployment Rate;
 Because businesses were closing, there
were no more jobs available for people.
Unemployment rates were rising at a
fast pace.
 Education severely weakened
  School buildings were destroyed and
instruments to teach children were
obliterated.
 Western Influences
5. President Manuel Acuña Roxas  Policies done by Roxas were highly
(1892-1948) influenced by US officials. These
ERA: Commonwealth and Third Republic policies mostly benefited the welfare of
Term of Office: May 28, 1946 - April 15, 1948 their country.
1 Year and 323 days
Election: 1946 Promises during the Elections and
Inauguration
 The Fifth President;  Because of these influences allowed by the
 The First President of the Independent Third former president, the HUKBALAHAP
Republic; movement still created immense riot and
 He was inaugurated on July 4, 1946, the day commotion in the country.
the US Nacionalista government granted  Economically, he wants to concentrate on
political liberal party 1919-1945; production. He wants an income from
Independence to its colony 1945- 1948. exports to buy machines, hire technically
skilled people, and buy food. He wants to
Conditions of the Philippines: revive the production of rice, sugar,
Causes: coconuts, abaca, coconut oil, cigars,
1. World War II just ended. tobacco, gold and chrome, and manganese
2. Farms and factories were ruined. and lumber.
3. Bombed roads and bridges.  For employment, he wants to give
4. 80% of the school buildings were ruined. encouragement to Filipinos to participate in
5. Some Filipinos patronized “American the new economy;
Gangsters”.

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RPH| Final Period Types of Government of Each President in the Philippines
 He believes that the foundation stone of  January 28, 1948 - General Amnesty was
national rehabilitation can be achieved by; given to all those arrested for conniving
 Feeding the hungry; with Japan.
 Healing the sick;  March 11, 1947 - Parity Amendment was
 Caring for widows and orphans; ratified.
 Waging war against inflation and
unemployment (by increasing higher Beneficiaries of the Laws and
wages and production) ; Programs
 He wants assistance from America and
believes that the United States is the  Parity Amendment
source of most finances of all these  It gave American citizens and
organizations; corporations equal rights to Filipinos to
 International Monetary and utilize natural resources and operate
Rehabilitation Bank; public utilities.
 United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation  The Treaty of General Relations
Administration (for financial aid)  Both countries benefited Americans
 A new tenancy law will take effect and usury surrendered their rule over the country;
will be halted.  Military Bases Agreement became
 “Lands will be purchased by the advantageous to the Americans. It
Government and resold to tenants; allowed them to have US military bases
new agricultural areas will be opened in the country., 23 of those bases were
to settlement and modern method of leased for 99 years which means that
agriculture will be taught. It is his aim they can leave the Philippine soil only
to raise the status of the farm worker, by 2045.
to increase his earnings, to spread wide  General Amnesty;
the benefits of modern technology.”  Guerillas and people who served in key
(Roxas, 1946). positions during the Japanese
occupation may be reinstated in the
Laws and Programs government.
 In 1946, the US congress offered 800 million  Bell Trade Act (Parity Amendment);
dollars as rehabilitation money in exchange  As mentioned, Americans were given
for the ratification of the Bell Trade Act. equal rights as Filipinos to exploit the
 Bell Trade Act; country’s natural resources.
 The Philippine peso followed the US
dollar currency.
 U.S. citizens and corporations were 6. President Elpidio Quirino y Rivera
granted equal access to the natural (1890-1956)
resources of the country. ERA: Third Republic
 “a curtailment of Philippine sovereignty, Term of Office: April 17, 1948 - December 30,
virtual nullification of Philippine 1953
independence” (1946, OSMEÑA). 5 Years and 257 Days
 March 14, 1947 -The Treaty of General Election: 1949
Relations was signed.  In 1911, Elpidio Quirino graduated from high
 Treaty of General Relations; school and also passed the civil service
 The proclamation of Philippine exam, first grade.
independence written by Pres. Harry  After his graduation from the College of
Truman was read by Paul McNutt. Law, UP, he served as a clerk in the
 An agreement on peace and amity Philippine Commission and then as
between the US and the Philippines. secretary to Senate president Manuel
Quezon.

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RPH| Final Period Types of Government of Each President in the Philippines

 In 1919, Quirino won the post of fruitless) in solving deep-rooted social

congressional representative from the first injustice and exploitation inherent in the
district of Ilocos Sur. country’s semifeudal economy.
 In 1925, he was elected Senate. Quezon  Although Quirino saw the need for
appointed him chairman of the Committee increasing the appeal for loans from the
on Accounts and Claims and to other United States and establishing controls to
important congressional bodies. protect local Filipino industries and
 In 1931, he was reelected Senate. He conserve natural resources, he failed to act
became secretary of finance. And then vigorously and sincerely in implementing
became the secretary of interior. drastic agrarian reforms.
 In 1941, he was elected Senator-at-large.  Quirino was elected president in 1949, when,
 When WW II broke out, Quirino refused to according to historians and news reports,
join the puppet government of Jose Laurel widespread terrorism and violation of legal
and became an underground leader of the electrocal processes occurred.
Filipino resistance movement against the
Japanese. He was captured and imprisoned Achievements
by the Japanese military police in Fort  Supported the establishments of several
Santiago, and his wife, two daughters, and a industrial plants and projects at strategic
son were murdered by the Japanese forces. point all over the country, thereby
 On the inauguration of the Philippine mobilizing its economic resources and
Republic in 1946, he occupied the post vice ushering in an era of industrialization.
president and first secretary of foreign  Burgos irrigation project in Zambales
affairs.  Hydroelectric project in Lanao
 In 1947, Quirino urged the adoption of the  Roads all over Mindanao
anomalous ( irregular, strange, abnormal,  The cement factory in Bacnotan and La
inconsistent, unusual) “party amendment” Union
(adjustment, improvement, correction,  Other new necessary industries which
change) imposed by the U.S. government in provided employment to thousands
the exchange of independence, war  Amnesty for the Huks;
damage payments, and other loans.  Quirino negotiated with Luis Taruc in
 When President Manuel Roxas died on April Malacanang;
15, 1948, Quirino succeeded him as  The result of this negotiation was
president of the republic. For his weakness granting Amnesty for the Huks.
in tolerating in rampant graft and  Social Justice Program;
corruption in his party, permitting  He established the Presidential Action
immortality in the armed forces, and Committee on Social Amelioration
neglecting the improvised plight of the (PACSA);
majority of Filipinos, he was very unpopular,  This agency provided protection for
and in 1953 he was defeated by Ramon Huk victims and to all those who were
Magsaysay. caught fighting;
 President Quirino, was accused by many  It also provided food, medicines,
Filipinos for being extremely pro-American clothes, and jobs for the unemployed.
and even subservient (obedient, compliant)  Improvement of Economy;
to alien economic interests.  Quirino launched an Economic
 To maintain peace and order for the sake of Mobilization program to industrialize
national unity, he granted amnesty (official the country and give more jobs to the
pardon, general pardon, forgiveness) to the Filipinos;
Huk guerillas on June 21, 1948; but this  Built more irrigation systems and farm-
measured proved futile (useless, ineffective, tomarket roads to help the farmers;

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RPH| Final Period Types of Government of Each President in the Philippines
 Labor relations also improved with him Southeast Asian neighbors and convened a
signing of the Magna Carta of Labor summit with the leaders of Indonesia and
and the Minimum Wage Law; Malaysia in the hope of developing a spirit
 Increased tariff rates in order to earn of consensus, which did not emerge.
more dollars.
 Economic relations with the United States 8. President Carlos Polistico Garcia
 President Quirino and G. William Foster (1896-1971)
of the U.S. signed the Quirino-Foster ERA: Third Republic
Agreement which implemented the Term of Office: March 18, 1957 - December 30,
recommendations of the Bell Mission. 1961
 Under this agreement, the U.S. and the 4 Years and 287 days
Philippines would cooperate to Election: 1957
develop the economy of the nation.
 The U.S. would provide funds and
technology while the Philippines would  Garcia was born in Talibon, Bohol to
supply manpower. Policronio García and Ambrosia Polistico
(who were both natives of Bangued, Abra).
7. President Ramon del Fierro  Garcia grew up with politics, with his father
Magsaysay Sr. serving as a municipal mayor for four terms.
(1906-1957) He acquired his primary education in his
ERA: Third Republic native Talibon, then took his secondary
Term of Office: December 30, 1953 - March 17, education in Cebu Provincial High School.
1957  Initially, Garcia pursued his college
3 years and 77 days education at Silliman University in
Election: 1953 Dumaguete City, Negros Oriental, and later
studied at the Philippine Law School (now
 Populist Ramon Magsaysay of the Philippine College of Criminology) where he
Nacionalista Party was elected president in earned his law degree in 1923. He was
1953 and embarked on widespread reforms among the top ten in the bar examination.
that benefited tenant farmers in the  He practice law right away, he worked as a
Christian north while exacerbating hostilities teacher for two years at Bohol Provincial
with the Muslim south. High School. He became famous for his
 The remaining Huk leaders were captured poetry in Bohol, where he earned the
or killed, and by 1954 the movement had nickname "Prince of Visayan Poets" and the
waned. "Bard from Bohol".
 After Magsaysay’s death in an airplane  In 1924 he married to Leonila Dimataga
crash in 1957, he was succeeded by Vice they had a daughter namely Linda Garcia-
President Carlos P. Garcia. Garcia was Ocampos. Fondly known as "Inday", the
elected in his own right the same year, and native of Opon (now LapuLapu City), Cebu,
he advanced the nationalist theme of was a professional pharmacist. As First Lady,
“Filipinos First,” reaching agreement with García became active in cultural and social
the United States to relinquish large areas activities in line with her husband's "Filipino
of land no longer needed for military First Policy."
operations.
 In 1961 the Liberal Party candidate, Garcia Administration
Diosdado Macapagal, was elected president.  On December 30, 1957, President Carlos P.
Subsequent negotiations with the United Garcia and Vice-President Diosdado
States over base rights led to considerable Macapagal were inducted into office.
anti-American feelings and demonstrations. Underscoring the socioeconomic problems
Macapagal sought closer relations with his that confronted the country, President

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RPH| Final Period Types of Government of Each President in the Philippines

Garcia anchored his program of

government in austerity, which involves 9. President Diosdado Pangan
temperate spending, less imports and less Macapagal Sr.
extravagant consumption. (1910-1997)
 President Garcia expressed himself as
against alien domination in the national ERA: Third Republic
economy. Term of Office: December 30, 1961 - December
 On August 28, 1958, the National Economic 30, 1965
Council passed Resolution No. 204, officially 4 years
promulgating the Filipino First Policy of the Election: 1961
administration.
 Not surprisingly, Garcia’s nationalistic  On December 30,1961 Diosdado Macapagal
policies caused disapproval from foreign with his running mate Emmanuel Pelaez
business quarters. were inducted into office.
 On November 16, 1958, a coup d’ eta plan  In addressing the Congress on January
of a group of military men was revealed by 22,1962, President Macapagal targeted the
Bartolome Cabangbang, Congressman from following areas for his administration:
Garcia’s home province of Bohol.  Self-sufficiency in the staple food of
 Garcia’s administration was also criticized the people.
for graft and corruption.  Condition that will provide more
 As a result of the publications of income.
Cabangbang’s revelations, libel suit was  Well-formulated socioeconomic
filed against him by Colonel Nicanor program.
Jimenez, one of those alleged to have been  When Macapagal occupied Malacanang, he
involve. vowed that he would root out graft and
 There was the revival of Filipino Culture. corruption in the government.
Filipino folk dance group like the Bayanihan  On March 3,1962, Secretary of Justice Jose
Dance Troupe were encouraged. The W. Diokno ordered the National Bureau Of
government sponsored the annual Republic Investigation(NBI) agents to raid the offices
Cultural Heritage Awards for Filipino of the Industrial and Business Management
scientist, artists, musician, fiction writers, Corporation on San Luis Street (now
and historian. Teodoro M. Kalaw St.)
 The Dr. Jose Rizal Centennial Commission  Harry S. Stonehill and his associates John L.
was created to supervise the compilation of and Robert P. Brooks was arrested.
writings of Dr. Rizal.  Seized during the raids were huge amount
 In the presidential election of November 14, of cash, electronic devices, which included
1961, the results showed that Garcia’s telephone-tapping instrument and
zealous campaign had not garnered telephone-jamming device and most
adequate electoral support. importantly, the so-called BLUE BOOK
 Graft and corruption in the bureaucracy  Six months after his election, President
continued to plague the society. Macapagal issued an executive order
 The Liberal Party once again mounted to shifting Philippine Independence from July
power. 4 to June 12.
 July 4 was declared the Philippine-American
Friendship Day.
 He was called the “Champion of the
Common Man” because of his
accomplishments in improving the plight of
the masses.

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RPH| Final Period Types of Government of Each President in the Philippines
 On August 8,1963, Republic Act No. 3844 or great again”, won the hearts of Filipino
the Act Land Reform Code was signed into people.
law after stormy debates in the Congress.  In the presidential election of November 9,
 President Macapagal also sponsored 1965, Liberal Party lost.
notable projects like the construction of  The Nacional Party once more became the
North and South Expressway, housing for party in power.
soldiers and government employees,
beautification of Rizal Park, and
establishment of the Philippine Veterans 10. President Ferdinand Marcos Sr.
Bank. (1917-1989)
 In external affairs, the Philippines had been ERA: Marcos Dictatorship/New Society
cultivating closer relations with the Asian Term of Office: December 30, 1965 - February
Countries. President Macapagal proposed a 25, 1986
conference among the leaders of 20 years and 57 days
Philippines, Indonesia and Malaya. Election: 1965, 1969, 1973, 1977, 1981
 On August 6, the three national leaders
issued the Manila Declarations, which laid
down the principles of that would direct  During the first term of his administration
their countries known as MAPHILINDO (1965-1969), President Ferdinand E. Marcos
(Malaya, Philippines and Indonesia). met the enormous task of restructuring the
 In the 17th century Sabah was given to the country’s social and economic conditions.
Philippines as a part of the agreement  Prior to his term of office, the national
between the sultan of Sulu and sultan of treasury was primarily empty due to heavy
Brunei. government spending. The government
 The contract of least of 1878 used the word owned bank itself, the Philippine National
“padjack” which means “lease” according to Bank (PNB) was nearly insolvent, due to
Dutch, American, and Spanish scholars . unpaid loans to government corporations,
 On September 6,1963, the Philippines which amounted to more than P400 million.
severed diplomatic ties with Malaysia.  President Marcos was able to stabilize the
 Malaysia closed its embassy in Manila as government finances by means of effective
well. MAPHILINDO ceased to operate. collection of taxes and getting loans from
 The President’s integrity and impressive foreign banks and government.
record of accomplishments made it possible  Building of more roads, bridges,
for him to lead his people and withstand schoolhouses, and other structures like the
the pressing needs of the nation. Cultural Center of the Philippines (CCP)
 Nacionalista Party took advantage of public complex in 1969, which consists of a theater
displeasure on some issues like the for the performing arts, museum, and an art
administrations decontrol policy, which library were likewise done to best serve the
favored foreign investors and the floating needs of a growing population.
rate of the peso. Instead of P2 to $1, the  Vigorous campaign against smuggling,
peso devaluated to the dollar at a P3.90. kidnapping, drug trafficking, and other
 Many hopeful candidates exercised various crimes was also given emphasis.
political schemes in upcoming election.  President Marcos was re-elected on 1969.
 Senate President Ferdinand Marcos had his  He was the only President of the Philippines
film biography shown titled Iginuhit ng to be reelected for second time.
Tadhana (Written by Fate).  The Philippines allowed to give military
 In 1964, Marcos joined the Nacional Party support to the United State in the Vietnam
and he became the party’s presidential bet. War.
Marcos popular maxim, “This nation can be  Late in 1964, when Marcos still the Senate
President, he opposed the bill providing for

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RPH| Final Period Types of Government of Each President in the Philippines

the sending of military engineering the political arm of the Communist Party of
battalion to Vietnam. the Philippines. It was given the duty to
 President Marcos succeeded in including in make strategic alliances with militant,
the communique that aid to South Vietnam government, and other opposition groups.
refers not to military but to the economic The NPA became the military force (Hukbo)
and social assistance. of the CCP.
 Any Philippine effort to increase her aid to  The political dissension reached its peak in
South Vietnam shall be subjected to the so-called “Plaza Miranda Massacre” on
constitutional and congressional ethics. the evening of August 21, 1971 during the
 With the global economic crisis brought proclamation rally of the Liberal Party (LP)
about by the rising of oil price, the candidates for the local elections scheduled
Philippine economy was adversely affected on November 8, 1971.
in the 1970s. Aside from economic recession,  Unidentified men on the platform hurled
civil unrest caused by the ascendancy of two fragmentation grenades and killed 8
dirty politics, graft and corruption persons and injured 120, including most of
continued to afflict the nation. the opposition senatorial candidates.
 Due to deplorable condition of the country,  President Marcos blamed the communists
student militarism became intense. for the bombing incident. He vowed to
Realizing the need for unification and the impost martial law if the communist attacks
importance of knowing the issues, student persist.
organization, councils, and fraternities were  On the same day, President Marcos issued
formed. a Proclamation No. 880, suspending the
 Among the militant groups were the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus.
Kabataang Makabayan (KM) And the  On September 11, two explosions hit the
National Union of Students of the main office of the Manila Electric Company.
Philippines (NUSP) In January 1970,  Facing leftist insurgency and mass unrest,
President Marcos met NUSP President Marcos declared martial law.
Edgar “Edjop” Jopson of the Ateneo de  On September 23, 1972, at 7:30 pm,
Manila and other student leaders in President Marcos appeared on nationwide
dialogue at Malacanang. radio and television to formally announce
 Other confrontation occurred between riot that he had placed the entire Philippines
police and about 2,000 demonstrator under martial law.
outside the Palace. The demonstrator were  The implementation of martial law in the
attempting to ram a fire truck through Gate country was pursuant to Proclamation No.
4 of Malacanang. This is now known as the 1081, which he had signed on September 21,
“Battle of Mendiola” 1972. This law was declared by the President
 The following month, the Movement for a “to save the Republic” from lawlessness and
Democratic Philippines organized a civil strife.
People’s March, a 23 kilometer march from  Under martial law, President Marcos being
Quezon City Manila Rotonda along the the Chief Executive had emergency power.
streets of Manila and ending at the Post  Mass media was closed and place under
Office building (Plaza Lawton) in Manila. military control. Some of them were later
 By the early 1970s two separatist groups, permitted to reopen butt under strict
the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) censorship. Even pubic utilities and
and the communist New People’s Army industries were seized and placed under
(NPA) waged guerilla warfare against the government control.
Marcos administration.  Student demonstrations, public political
 Founded two years thereafter was the meetings, and labor strikes were strictly
National Democratic Front (NDF), serving as prohibited.

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RPH| Final Period Types of Government of Each President in the Philippines
 All schools were closed for one week. Lipunan Improvement of Sites and Services)
 Curfew was imposed from midnight to 4 was established on June 11, 1978.
am.  Several opposition groups including the
 Travel ban was imposed to those who church hierarchy sought for the end of
wanted to go abroad. martial law.
 President Marcos took forceful steps  Finally on January 17, 1981, President
against the heightening illegal drug trade. Marcos signed Proclamation No. 2045
 On January 3, 1973, he ordered the ending martial law in the country. Changes
immediate execution of Lim Seng by firing in 1981 gave birth to the “New Republic”,
squad for drug trafficking. historically speaking, the Fourth Philippine
 The new constitution was promulgated. The Republic.
1973 Constitution established a modified  On June 16, 1981, the first presidential
parliamentary form of government with the election after the lifting of martial law was
Prime Minister as the head of the held.
government and the President as the  President Marcos won a new six-year term.
ceremonial head of state.  Senator Benigno Aquino,Jr. , a leading
 Mr. Marcos ruled as President and Prime oppositionist to President Marcos was
Minister under martial law power until 1981. brutally murdered by a shot from behind
 The transitory provisions of the constitution while going down the plane of China
legalized all decrees, proclamation and Airlines (CAL) on August 21, 1983 at around
orders of the President, and extended his 1:00 pm.
term of office beyond 1973.  The opposition members of the Batasan
 The President claimed that martial law was took the step in filing the case for the
the prelude to creating a Bagong Lipunan impeachment of the President for graft and
(New Society) based on new social and corruption, culpable violence of the
political values. Constitution, gross violation of his oath
 He proposed reforms for the building of office, and other high crimes.
this New Society are based on the acronym  On August 14, 1985, the impeachment
PLEDGES. signatories filed the resolution.
 P- Peace and Order  On the same date, the pre-government KBL,
 L- Land Reform with the majority vote of 105 decided to
 E - Economic Development reject the resolution of impeachment.
 D - Development of Moral Values  In 1985, the Philippine political and
 G - Government Reforms economic scenario worsened. There was a
 E - Educational Reforms slow down of economic activities largely
 S - Social Services brought about by the increase of oil price in
 Before conducting the first national election the world market.
under Martial Law, President Marcos  To have enough supply of foreign exchange
implemented a new Election Code of 1978. and to restructure the country’s foreign
Marcos formed the Kilusang Bagong debts, President Marcos negotiated with he
Lipunan (KBL or New Society Movement) , foreign creditors, which include the World
headed by Mrs. Imelda Romualdez Marcos. Bank, International Bank for Reconstruction
 In 1975, the Metro Manila Commission was and Development, and the International
organized through Presidential Decree No. Monetary Fund (IMF).
824 to supervise community development  The country’s foreign debt has reached $26
and services in the National Capital Region. billion.
Its first governor was Mrs. Marcos.  There were several opposition leaders who
 To provide the low-cost shelter facilities to would like to run for presidency and one of
urban families, the BLISS program ( Bagong them was former Senator Salvador “Doy”
Laurel’ son of the late President Jose P.

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RPH| Final Period Types of Government of Each President in the Philippines

Laurel who was nominated in June 1985 by  Helicopters to Clark Air Base in Pampanga,
the United Nationalist Democratic then to Guam and finally to Honolulu,
Organization (UNIDO) Hawaii by U.S. military planes.
 Majority of the opposition and other anti  When Marcos left the Philippines, the
Marcos groups proposed Mrs. Corazon country was burdened with $27 billion in
“Cory” Aquino. external debt.
 Mrs. Aquino agreed to run if at least one  In 1988, Marcos was indicated by a U.S.
million people would sign a petition urging grand jury in New York on federal
her to run for that position. racketeering charges relating to his years in
 The snap presidential election of February 7, office.
1986, witnessed for the first time, a woman  Marcos died in Honolulu on September 28,
candidate under the joint UNIDO-PDP- 1989.
Laban Party (United Nationalist Democratic  The Philippine government allowed Imelda
Organization-People’s Democratic Party- Marcos to return to the Philippines and
Lakas ng Bayan). place Marcos remains in a refrigerated crypt
 According to COMELEC Marcos and in Ilocos Norte in 1991.
Tolentino won
 There were reports of fraud, ballot box 11. President Maria Corazon
snatching, vote buying and intimidation Cojuanco Aquino
during the snap election. (1933-2009)
 On February 5, 1986, the Catholic Bishops’ ERA: Fourth Republic/Provisional Government
Conference of the Philippines issued a Term of Office: February 25, 1986 - June 30, 1992
pastoral letter to be read in all Catholic 6 Years and 126 days
churches, saying that the government had Election: 1986
lost its moral basis due to pieces of
evidence of electoral fraud. The Aquino Years and Beyond
 The following day, Cory Aquino led a rally  Corazon Aquino had wide popular support
called Tagumpay ng Bayan. She proclaimed but no political organization. Her vice
a victory for the people despite the president, Salvador H. “Doy” Laurel, had an
proclamation of Marcos as the winner. organization but little popular support.
 On February 22, 1986, at 6 pm, Minister Enrile and Ramos also had large stakes in
Juan Ponce Enrile admitted that it was Mrs. what they saw as a coalition government.
Aquino who won the elections. Marcos had  The coalition unraveled quickly, and there
won through fraud. were several attempts, including
 On the same day, thousand of people went unsuccessful military coups, to oust Aquino.
to EDSA to form a human barricade. She survived her fractious term, nd was
 Mr. Marcos, by that time was advised by U.S succeeded in the 1992 election by Ramos,
Senator Paul Laxalt to “cut now and cut who had served loyally as chief of staff of
clean” meaning, he should now step down the armed forces and secretary of national
and leave. defense under Aquino.
 On the morning of February 25, 1986  President from 1986 to 1992, she is
Ferdinand Marcos took his oath of office at associated with the EDSA Revolt.
the Malacanang Palace grounds. At around  No one could have imagined that Cory
7am, a clash between the loyal government Aquino would become a president of the
troops and the reformist took place. Philippines. Although she was born to the
 By 9:00 pm, of the same day, Marcos and landed class in Tarlac, her background was
his family and some friends fled to so disparate from the patterns that cut
Malacanang Palace and were taken by four presidential figures.
U.S.

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RPH| Final Period Types of Government of Each President in the Philippines
 In 1946, her family left for the U.S. and she Angelita RamosJones, Josephine Ramos-
enrolled at Ravenhill Academy in Samartino (1957–2011), Carolina Ramos-
Philadelphia. She finished her junior and Sembrano, Cristina Ramos-Jalasco and
senior years at Notre Dame College in New Gloria Ramos.
York.  The Presidency of Fidel V. Ramos spanned
 In 1949, she entered Mount Saint Vincent for six years from June 30, 1992 to June 30,
College also in New York where she finished 1998.
a Bachelor of Arts course, major in French .  Fidel Ramos was the second oldest person -
 In 1953, she returned to the Philippines to following Sergio Osmeña - to become
take up law at the Far Eastern University. President of the Philippines at the age of 64.
But, the following year, she met and  Ramos received secondary education at the
married Benigno Ninoy Aquino. Centro Escolar University in Manila.
 Subsequently, she became content to live in  He also graduated from the United States
her husband’s shadow and took the role of Military
wife and mother to her five children.  Academy with Bachelor of Science in
However, Ninoy’s assassination in 1983 University of Illinois, with masters degree in
swept aside this role and catapulted her to civil engineering.
the top position of the country after the  He also holds a master's degree in National
tumultuous events which followed the EDSA Security Administration from the National
revolution in February 1986. Defense College of the Philippines and a
 She refused to run for reelection in the 1992 Master's degree in Business Administration
presidential elections; but instead endorsed (MBA) from the Ateneo de Manila
and worked very hard for her chosen University.
candidate – Fidel V. Ramos.  He was the 12th President of the Philippines
from 1992 to 1998
 The only Filipino to receive an honorary
12. President Fidel V. Ramos British Knighthood from the United
Born: 1928 Kingdom, the Knight Grand Cross of the
Order of St Michael and St George, which
ERA: Fifth Republic bestowed to him by Queen Elizabeth II in
Term of Office: June 30, 1992 - June 30, 1998 1995.
6 Years  Ramos is the first and only non-Catholic
Election: 1992 President of the Philippines. He belongs to
the Protestant United Church of Christ in
the Philippines.
 Born on March 18, 1928 in Lingayen,  The first few years of his administration
Pangasinan. (1992–1995) were characterized by
 Popularly known as FVR. economic boom, technological
 His father, Narciso Ramos (1900–1986), was development, political stability and efficient
a lawyer, journalist and 5-term legislator of delivery of basic needs to the people.
the House of Representatives, who  He is also the first Protestant President of
eventually rose to the position of Secretary the country and the only Filipino officer in
of Foreign Affairs. history to have held every rank in the
 His mother, Angela Valdez-Ramos (1905– Philippine military from Second Lieutenant
1977), was an educator, woman suffragette to Commander-in-Chief.
and daughter of the respected Valdez clan
of Batac, Ilocos Norte making him a second
degree cousin to Ferdinand Marcos.
 Married to Amelita Martinez, on October 21,
1954. The couple had five daughters named

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RPH| Final Period Types of Government of Each President in the Philippines

Land Reform Projects  (Agriculture and Fisheries

 When President Fidel V. Ramos formally Modernization Act AFMA) – Plugged
took over in 1992, his administration came the legal loopholes in land use
face to face with publics who have lost conversion.
confidence in the agrarian reform program.  AN ACT PRESCRIBING URGENT
His administration committed to the vision RELATED MEASURES TO MODERNIZE
“Fairer, faster and more meaningful THE AGRICULTURE AND FISHERIES
implementation of the Agrarian Reform SECTORS OF THE COUNTRY IN ORDER
Program. TO ENHANCE THEIR PROFITABILITY,
 Republic Act No. 7881, 1995; AND PREPARE SAID SECTORS FOR THE
 Amended certain provisions of RA CHALLENGES OF GLOBALIZATION
6657 and exempted fishponds and THROUGH AN ADEQUATE, FOCUSED
prawns from the coverage of CARP. AND RATIONAL DELIVERY OF
 AN ACT AMENDING CERTAIN NECESSARY SUPPORT SERVICES,
PROVISIONS OF REPUBLIC ACT NO. APPROPRIATING FUNDS.
6657, ENTITLED "AN ACT INSTITUTING  Republic Act 8532, 1998;
A COMPREHENSIVE AGRARIAN  (Agrarian Reform Fund Bill) – Provided
REFORM PROGRAM TO PROMOTE an additional Php50 billion for CARP
SOCIAL JUSTICE AND and extended its implementation for
INDUSTRIALIZATION, PROVIDING THE another 10 years.
MECHANISM FOR ITS  AN ACT STRENGTHENING FURTHER
IMPLEMENTATION AND FOR OTHER THE COMPREHENSIVE AGRARIAN
PURPOSES. REFORM PROGRAM (CARP), BY
 Republic Act No. 7905, 1995; PROVIDING AUGMENTATION FUND
 Strengthened the implementation of THEREFOR, AMENDING FOR THE
the CARP. PURPOSE SECTION 63 OF REPUBLIC
 AN ACT TO STRENGTHEN THE ACT NO. 6657, OTHERWISE KNOWN
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE AS "THE CARP LAW OF 1988“.
COMPREHENSIVE AGRARIAN REFORM
PROGRAM, AND FOR OTHER 13. President Joseph Estrada
PURPOSES. Born: 1937
 Executive Order No. 363, 1997; ERA: Fifth Republic
 Limits the type of lands that may be Term of Office: January 30, 1998 - January 20,
converted by setting conditions under 2001
which limits the type of lands that may 2 Years and 204 days
be converted by setting conditions Election: 1998
under which specific categories of
agricultural land are either absolutely  Estrada gained popularity as a film actor,
non-negotiable for conversion or playing the lead role in over a hundred
highly restricted for conversion. films in an acting career spanning some
 ADMINISTRATIVE ORDER NO. 363 - three decades, and model, who was started
PRESCRIBING GUIDELINES FOR THE as a fashion and ramp model at the age of
PROTECTION OF AREAS NON- 13.
NEGOTIABLE FOR CONVERSION AND  Estrada use his popularity as an actor to
MONITORING COMPLIANCE WITH make gains in politics, serving as Mayor of
SECTION 20 OF THE LOCAL San Juan from 1969 to 1986, as Senator
GOVERNMENT CODE. from 1987 to 1992, then as Vice President
 Republic Act No. 8435; under President Fidel V. Ramos from 1992
to 1998.

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RPH| Final Period Types of Government of Each President in the Philippines
 Estrada was elected president in 1998 with a second term in 2004 which ended pursuant
wide margin of votes separating him from to the provisions of the 1987 Constitution in
the other challengers and was sworn into 2010.
the presidency on June 30, 1998.
 In 2000 he declared an "all-out-war" against 15. President Benigno Simeon
the Moro Islamic Liberation Front and Cojuangco Aquino III
captured its headquarters and other camps. (1960-2021)
 Allegations of corruption spawned an ERA: Fifth Republic
impeachment trial in the Senate, and in Term of Office: June 30, 2010 - June 30, 2016
2001 Estrada was ousted by "People Power 6 Years
2" after the prosecution walked out of the Election: 2010
impeachment court when the senator-
judges voted "no" in the opening of the
second enveloped.  The Presidency of Benigno S. Aquino III
began at noon on June 30, 2010, when he
14. President Maria Gloria became the fifteenth President of the
Macaraeg Macapagal Arroyo Philippines, succeeding Gloria Macapagal-
Born: 1947 Arroyo. Since the start of his presidency, he
ERA: Fifth Republic has also been referred to in the media as
Term of Office: January 20, 2001 - June 30, 2010 PNoy.
9 Years and 161 days  He died at the age of 61.
Election: 2004  The presidential transition began on June 9,
2010, when the Congress of the Philippines
 The daughter of former President Diosdado proclaimed Aquino the winner of the 2010
Macapagal, she studied economics at Philippine presidential elections held on
Georgetown University in the United States, May 10, 2010, proclaiming Aquino as the
where she began a lasting friendly President-elect of the Philippines.
relationship with her classmate and future  President Aquino's administration was
U.S. President Bill Clinton. criticized during and after Typhoon Haiyan
 Gloria Macapagal Arroyo became a (Yolanda) in November 2013 for the
professor of economics at Ateneo de government's "slow" response to aid the
Manila University, where her eventual victims.
successor, President Benigno Aquino III, was  This criticism resulted in countries like
one of her students. Canada to provide humanitarian aid to the
 She entered government in 1987, serving as victims of the typhoon through non-
the assistant secretary and undersecretary governmental organizations and not the
of the Department of Trade and Industry Philippine government, wherein the
upon the invitation of President Corazon Canadian Ambassador to the Philippines,
Aquino, Benigno's mother. Neil Reeder cited "the speed, because of
 After serving as a senator from 1992 to 1998, the need to move quickly, and because we
she was elected to the vice presidency don’t, as a government, want to be involved
under President Joseph Estrada, despite in the details, nor do we think it’s efficient
having run on an opposing ticket. to have other governments involved.
 The Presidency of Gloria Macapagal Arroyo,  Senate 2007-2010;
also known as the Arroyo Administration,  Barred from running for re-election to
spanned nine years from January 20, 2001 the House of Representatives of the
to June 30, 2010. Philippines, to represent the 2nd
 She served the remainder of her district of Tarlac, due to term limits,
predecessor Joseph Estrada's term after he Aquino was elected to the Senate of
was deposed, and she was elected to a full the Philippines in the 2007 Philippine

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RPH| Final Period Types of Government of Each President in the Philippines

midterm election on May 15, 2007,  Duterte has been linked by human rights
under the banner of the Genuine groups such as Amnesty International and
Opposition (GO), a coalition Human Rights Watch to extrajudicial killings
comprising a number of parties, of over 1,400 alleged criminals and street
including Aquino's own Liberal Party, children by vigilante death squads.
seeking to curb attempts by President  In the April 2009 UN General Assembly of
Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo to amend the the Human Rights Council, the UN report
1986 Philippine Constitution. said, "The Mayor of Davao City has done
 In Aquino's political ads, he was endorsed nothing to prevent these killings, and his
by his younger sister, TV host Kris Aquino, public comments suggest that he is, in fact,
and his mother, the late former President supportive.
Corazon Aquino. Although a Roman  Duterte has denied responsibility for the
Catholic, Aquino was endorsed by the extrajudicial killings. He has also frequently
pentecostal Jesus Is Lord Church, one of the announced his support for them.
largest Protestant churches in the  In 2015, Duterte confirmed his links to
Philippines.[17][18][19] With more than 14.3 extrajudicial killings in Davao, and warned
million votes, Aquino's tally was the sixth that, if elected president, he may kill up to
highest of the 37 candidates for the 12 100,000 criminals. After the said
vacant seats elected from the nation at confirmation, Duterte challenged human
large. Aquino assumed his new office on rights officials to file a case against him if
June 30, 2007. they could provide evidence of his links with
vigilante groups.
16. President Rodrigo Roa Duterte
Born: 1945 Constitutional Reform
ERA: Fifth Republic  Rodrigo Duterte campaigned for
Term of Office: June 30, 2016 - Present decentralization and a shift to a federal
4 Years and 298 days government during the 2016 presidential
Presidency until 2022 election.
Election: 2016  In an October 2014 forum organized by
Federal Movement for a Better Philippines
 Pres. Duterte is the chairperson of PDP– in Cebu City prior to joining the presidential
Laban, the ruling political party in the race, the then-mayor of Davao City called
Philippines. Duterte took office at age 71 on for the creation of two federal states for
June 30, 2016, making him the oldest Moro people as a solution to the problems
person to assume the Philippine presidency; besetting Mindanao.
the record was previously held by Sergio  Mayor Duterte said that Nur Misuari and his
Osmeña at the age of 65. Moro National Liberation Front don't see
 Born in Maasin, Southern Leyte, Duterte eye-to-eye with the Moro Islamic Liberation
studied political science at the Lyceum of Front which the administration of President
the Philippines University, graduating in Benigno Aquino III had inked a peace deal
1968, before obtaining a law degree from with.
San Beda College of Law in 1972.  Duterte also said that the "template of the
 He then worked as a lawyer and was a Bangsamoro Basic Law is federal", but what
prosecutor for Davao City, before becoming is granted to the Bangsamoro should also
vice mayor and, subsequently, mayor of the be granted to other Moro groups and other
city in the wake of the 1986 People Power regions in the country.
Revolution. Duterte won seven terms and  In a dialogue with the Makati Business Club
served as mayor of Davao for over 22 years. prior to the elections, Duterte said he is
open to "toning down the Constitution" to

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RPH| Final Period Types of Government of Each President in the Philippines
accommodate more foreign investors to the anything as a mayor." He then clarified that
Philippines. he still believed in God, but not in religion.
 Duterte also said he is open to up to 70  On June 26, 2016, Duterte said he's
percent foreign ownership of businesses in Christian, but also said that he believes "in
the country and foreign lease of lands up to one God Allah".
60 years but will "leave it to Congress to  In July 2018, he called himself "spiritual" and
decide. expressed his belief in "one Supreme
God“ but stated he "can't accept"
War on Drugs Catholicism or organized religion. He was
 Following his inauguration, Duterte started quoted as saying: "a part of me which is
a nationwide anti-drug campaign, urging Islam".
the Filipinos, including the New People's
Army to join the fight against illegal drugs. Tax Reforms
 According to former Philippine National  Duterte's tax reform program has garnered
Police Chief and future senator Ronald Dela both support and criticism. Critics have
Rosa, the policy is aimed at "the argued that the administration's tax policy
neutralization of illegal drug personalities would burden the poor.
nationwide".  The implementation of the TRAIN Law. On
 Estimates of the death toll vary. Officially, December 19, 2017, President Rodrigo R.
5,100 drug personalities have been killed as Duterte signed into law a “Comprehensive”
of January 2019. Tax Reform Program (CTRP) also known as
 Some news organizations and human rights the Tax Reform for acceleration and
groups claim the death toll is over 12,000 or inclusion (TRAIN) as Republic Act No. 10963.
over 20,000.  The program cite its appeal to foreign
investors and economic benefits as the
COVID-19 Pandemic main reasons behind tax reform.
 The Leftist groups and other organizations
have criticized the government's handling
of the COVID-19 pandemic in the country.
 Amid the COVID-19 pandemic, the first case
of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the Philippines
was confirmed on January 30, 2020.
 This triggered outrage on local social media
platforms.
 Other criticisms include Duterte's remarks
of ordering to "shoot" persons who violate
quarantine protocols and the delay of the
vaccines to arrive in the Philippines were
also condemned.

Religion
 Despite being raised as a communicant of
the Catholic Church, on January 19, 2016,
while meeting with businessmen in Binondo,
Manila, Duterte clarified that he has not
attended Mass for quite some time already
since he deemed it incompatible with his
mayoral responsibilities: "If I listened to the
Ten Commandments or to the priests," said
Duterte, "I would not be able to do

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RPH| Final Period Types of Government of Each President in the Philippines

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RPH| Final Period Types of Government of Each President in the Philippines

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EAC-C SCHOOL OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
Readings in Philippine History|1st Semester S.Y. 2021-2022

Indigenous People of the Philippines

 The Philippines consist of a large number of Who are Indigenous People?
indigenous ethnic groups living in the  According to the United Nations, there are
country. They are the descendants of the approximately 400 million Indigenous
original inhabitants of the Philippines. They people worldwide, making up more than
were not absorbed by centuries of Spanish 5,000 distinct tribes. Together we are one of
and Unites States colonization of the the largest minority groups in the world,
Philippines archipelago, and in the process spanning over 90 countries. While
have retained their customs and traditions. Indigenous Peoples total only about 6% of
the world’s population, we represent 90%
Father of Cultural Anthropology of the cultural diversity.

RA 8371: The Indigenous Peoples’

Rights Act (IPRA)
 Some ten million people or 15% of the
Philippine population belong to distinct
indigenous communities or cultures and
retain a close link with their traditions. To
honor their identities, the Indigenous
Peoples’ Rights Act (IPRA) was passed on
 Henry Otley Beyer was an American October 29, 1997. This law recognized the
anthropologist, who spent most of his adult ancestral land rights of the Indigenous
life in the Philippines teaching Philippine people. This law also creates the National
indigenous culture. He is known as the Commission on Indigenous Peoples (NCIP)
Father of Philippine Anthropology. an office under the Office of the President
and shall be the primary government
Demographics agency responsible for the formulation and
 In the 1990s, there were more than 100 implementation of policies, plans, and
highland tribal groups constituting programs to recognize, protect, and
approximately 3% of the population. The promote the rights of the Indigenous
upland tribal groups were a blend in ethnic Cultural Communities/Indigenous Peoples.
groups origin like other lowland Filipinos,  The Indigenous Peoples’ Rights Act (IPRA) is
although they did not have contact with the modeled on the provisions of the UN Draft
outside world. Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous
Peoples.
Culture and Arts  The National Commission on Indigenous
 They displayed a variety of social Peoples (NCIP) is a governmental agency of
organization, cultural expression and artistic the Philippines that is responsible for
skills. They showed a high degree of addressing issues regarding and concerns
creativity, usually employed to embellish of the country’s indigenous peoples. The
utilitarian objects, such as bowls, baskets, NCIP is composed of seven Commissioners,
clothing, weapons and spoons. The tribal one of whom is the Chairperson.
groups of the Philippines are known for  The Republic Act 8371 or Indigenous
their carved wooden figures, baskets, Peoples’ Rights Act of 1997 was enacted
weaving, pottery, and weapons. into law on October 29, 1997, creating the
National Commission on Indigenous

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RPH| Final Period Indigenous People of the Philippines
Peoples (NCIP) merging the ONCC and Kalinga: Head Hunting
OSCC as its organic offices.  Esteemed as “the strong people of the
Cordilleras”, Kalingans, simultaneously
 The Austronesian-speaking peoples are profoundly cherish family and kinship. A
various populations in Southeast Asia and Kalinga household consists of a nuclear
Oceania that speak languages of the family and sometimes, an aged
Austronesian family. They include grandparent; generally speaking, they show
Taiwanese aborigines; the majority ethnic great respect towards elders and, are
groups of Malaysia, East Timor, the clannish. Thus, the household, extended
Philippines, Indonesia, Brunei, Madagascar, household of the kinship circle, and
Micronesia, and Polynesia, as well as the territorial region are significant units of
Polynesian peoples of New Zealand and Kalinga society.
Hawaii, and the non-Papuan people of
Melanesia. Balangao ethnic Group
 The Balangao, also known as Boliwons were
Luzon the early settlers of the Eastern Mountain
Province in central Cordillera.
Mountain Province Concentrations of this ethnolinguistic group
are found in the town of Barlig, Natonin,
Igorot and Paracelis.
 Igorot, or Cordillerans, is the collective
name of several Austronesian ethnic groups Ibaloi
in the Philippines, who inhabit the  The Ibaloi or Nabaloi is an indigenous
mountains of Luzon. Theses highland ethnic group found in the Northern
peoples inhabit the six provinces of the Philippines. The Ibaloi are one of the
Cordillera Administrative Region: Abra, indigenous peoples collectively known as
Apayao, Benguet, Kalinga, Ifugao, Nueva Igorot, who live in the mountains of the
Vizcaya and Mountain Province, as well as Cordillera Central on the island of Luzon.
Baguio City.
Sagada
Bontoc Tribe  Led by the elders and followed by the
 Bontoc is home to the Bontoc Tribe, a younger men of Sagada.
feared war-like group of indigenous people
who actively indulged in tribal wars with its Pugot, N. Apayao
neighbors up until the 1930s. Every Bontoc
male had to undergo a rites of passage into
manhood, which may include head hunting,
where the male has to journey (sometimes
with companions) and hunt for a human
head.

Ifugao
 The Ifugao call themselves as “I-pugao” or
“inhabitants of the known earth”; other
variations of the name are Ifugaw, Ipugao,
Yfugao. They live primarily in Central
Cordillera, in Northern Luzon. .

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RPH|Final Period Indigenous People of the Philippines

Apayao Isnag
Ata of Pampanga

Ga’Dang Ivatan of Batanes

 The Gaddang are in indigenous people
from the area of Solano in the province of
Nueva Vizcaya, in the region of Cagayan
Valley also known as Region II, in the
Philippine Islands. The Gaddang tribe was
first discovered by the Spaniards in the
early 1600s.

SEA & ASEAN Games

Tagbanwa Palawan
 Jason Balabal made a scene in the opening
ceremony wearing nothing but a piece of
loincloth of his native Ifugao.

Sierra Madre

Ilongots
 The Ilongots in the Southern Sierra Madre
and Caraballo Mountains on the east side
of Luzon particularly Nueva Ecija and Nueva
Vizcaya. Batak people (Philippines) Northern Palawan
 The Batak are one of about 70 indigenous
Remontados peoples of the Philippines. They are located
 The Remontados, identified as a Negrito in the northeastern portions of Palawan, a
ethnolinguistic group. relatively large island in the southwest of
the archipelago. There are only about 500
Batak remaining. Also called Tinitianes, the
Aeta of Zambales Batak are considered by anthropologists to
be closely related to the Ayta of Central
Luzon, anaother Negrito tribe.

Mangyan Tribe Culture

 Mangyan culture practices are in danger of
vanishing because of the influence of
modern lowland culture. The literature and
traditions of the different Mangyan groups
are short of documentaries; thus,
mainstream society lack awareness of the
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RPH| Final Period Indigenous People of the Philippines
beauty of Mangyan culture and its
relevance to Filipino culture as a whole. Eskaya People Bohol
 The Eskaya, less commonly known as the
Visayan Indigenous People Visayan-Eskaya, is the collective name for
the members of a cultural minority found in
Magahat Bukidnon of Negros Bohol, Philippines, which is distinguished by
its cultural heritage, particularly its literature,
language, dress and religious observances.

Negritos of Negros Oriental

 More than 100 tribal chieftains and leaders
from the two major and recognized
indigenous groups in Negros Oriental,
namely the Ata Negritos Tribe. The total
population of recognized IPs in Negros
Oriental has yet to be determined by an
ATA Community Boracay ongoing census but with the Ata Negritos
 Boracay Island - The National Commission alone, there is a rough estimated
on Indigenous Peoples (NCIP), the primary population about 260,00 in the province.
government agency responsible for the
formulation and implementation of policies, Karay-a People Antique
plans and programs to promote and  The Karay-a are part of the wider Visayan
protect the rights and well-being of ethnolinguistic group, which constitute the
Indigenous Cultural largest Filipino ethnolinguistic group.
Communities/Indigenous Peoples (ICCs/IPs)
and the recognition of their ancestral
domains as well as their rights. In line with Pre - Spanish in the Visayan
NCIPs mandate, officials and staff led by
Chairperson Leonor O. Quintayo, recently
conducted an affirmation of Ancestral
Domain Sustainable Development
Protection Plan (ADSDPP) and full
delineation and demarcation of Certificate
of Ancestral Domain Title (CADT) on the
ground in favor of the Ati in Boracay Island
covering approximately 2.1 hectares in
Manoc-Manoc, Boracay, Malay, Aklan.

Sulodnon Tribe of Panay

Mindanao
 The Tumandok or Suludnon (also known as
Panay-Bukidnon or Panayanon Sulud) is an
Yakan People Basilan
indigenous Visayan group of people who
 Basilan is home to the Yakan Tribes, also
reside in the Capiz-Lambunao mountainous
known as one of the finest weavers in
area of Panay in the Visayan islands of the
Philippines.
Phiilippines. They are the only culturally
indigenous group of Visayan language-
B’laan
speakers in the Western Visayas.
 The B’laan are one of the indigenous
 The tig-babai is a wedding dance.
peoples of Southern Mindanao in the
Philippines. They are famous for their
brassworks, breadwork, and t’nalak weave.
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RPH|Final Period Indigenous People of the Philippines

Bagobo livelihood solely on the sea as expert

 The Bagobo are proud people with proto fishermen, deep sea divers, and navigators.
Malayan features. They have ornate
traditions in weaponry and other metal arts. Tausug
They are noted for their skill in producing  The Tausug or Suluk people are an ethnic
brass articles through the ancient lost-wax group of the Philippines, Malaysia, and
process. Indonesia. The Tausug are part of the wider
political identity of Muslims of Mindanao,
Mandaya Sulu and Palawan known as the Moro
 The Mandayas are a group of non-Christian ethnic group, who constitute the third
tribe, non-Islamic people living in Eastern largest ethnic group of Mindanao.
Mindanao, Philippines. They hand down
from generation to generation the art of Sarangani
weaving cloth from the fibers of abaca plant,
colored with root and mud dyes with
intricate figures and patterns depicting the
folklore and religion of the tribe.

Pulangiyen
 Living in the Pulangi River headwaters in
the southern part of Bukidnon, the
Pulangiyen is one of the many indigenous
natives of the province. Lumad People
 The Lumad is a group of indigenous people
Matigsalug of the Southern Philippines. It is a Cebuano
 The Matigsalug are the Bukidnon groups term meaning “native” or “indigenous”. The
who are found in the Tigwa-Salug Valley in term is short for Katawhang Lumad (literally
San Fernando, Bukidnon. “Matigsalug” is a “indigenous peoples”), the autonym
term which means “people along the River officially adopted by the delagates of the
Salug”. Lumad Mindanao Peoples Federation
(LMPF) founding assembly on June 26, 1986.
Samal
 The Samal are the poorest and least Maranao
independent of the major Muslim groups.  The life of the Maranaos is centered on
They serve as the “loyal commoners” in the Lake Lanao, the largest in Mindanao, and
hierarchy of Muslim minorities. Their lives the second largest and deepest lake in the
are literally over the sea, where the villages Philippines.
stand on stilts above the coastal waters.
Maranao Royal Family
Badjao
 Widely known as the “Sea Gypsies” of the
Sulu and Celebes Seas, the Badjao are
scattered along the coastal areas of Tawi
Tawi, Sulu, Basilan, and some coastal
municapalities of Zamboanga del Sur in the
ARMM. Amongst themselves, they’re known
as Sama Laus (Sea Sama) and are found
living on houseboats where they make their

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RPH| Final Period Indigenous People of the Philippines

T’boli
 The T’boli Tribe is an indigenous tribe living
in the highlands of Lake Sebu in South
Cotabato in the Southern part of the
Philippines.
 The T’boli people believe in many Gods,
their high regards with the spirits of nature
is very much evident in their way of living.

Higaunon
 The Higaunon is one of the mountain tribes
in the Philippines. Most Higaunon still have
a rather traditional way of living. Farming is
the most important economic activity.

Bilaan
 The Bilaan were in Mindanao way before
Islam came to the islands in the 14th Century.
How about their right to self determination?
They were there way before a single
Mosque was built in Mindanao. Why their
own “entity”.
 Or should they rise up in arms first?
 Bilaan Group from the Otley Beyer
Collection.

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RPH|Final Period Indigenous People of the Philippines

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RPH| Final Period Indigenous People of the Philippines

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EAC-C SCHOOL OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
Readings in Philippine History|1st Semester S.Y. 2021-2022

Philippine History and Politics Government

 A government may change, its form may
change, but the state, as long as its
Origins of States essential element are present, remains the
 Divine Right Theory – is the belief that God same.
gave Kings the right to rule.
 it holds that the state is of divine Purpose and Necessity of
creation and the ruler is ordained by Government
God to govern the people.  Advancement of the public welfare
 Necessity or Force Theory – it maintains  Protection of society and its members
that states must have been created through  Advancement of the physical,
force, by some great warriors who imposed economic, social, and cultural well-
their will upon the weak. (Battle of the being of the people.
Fittest).  Consequence of absence; Anarchy, disunity
 Paternalistic Theory – the government is a and chaos.
figurative father in which the government’s
role and justification is by way of being a Functions of the Government
method of caring for and ensuring good 1. Protect and regulate the sustainable natural
conduct by the people within its area of resources of the land
jurisdiction. 2. Foreign Relations
 It attributed the origin of states to the 3. Develop business strengths and potentials
enlargement of the family which 4. Determine and enforce civil laws of property
remained under the authority of the and conduct
father and mother. By natural stages, 5. Implement and regulate fair and responsible
the family grew into a clan, then business practices
developed into a tribe which 6. Provide public goods and services for the
broadened into a nation, and the well-being of the community as a whole
nation became a state.
 Social Contract Theory Forms of Government
 The agreement among individuals by  Monarchy - a form of government in which
which society becomes organized and the sovereignty or power resides in one
invested with the right to secure person or ruler.
mutual protection and welfare.  Absolute Monarchy – the ruler
 Individuals waived their liberty or rights exercises absolute sovereign powers.
for protection. He is the chief executive, the legislator
 It asserts that the early states must and the judge at the same time.
have been formed by deliberate and  Constitutional Monarchy or Limited
voluntary compact among the people Monarchy – the ruler rules in
to form a society and organized accordance or must guide by the body
government for their common good of rules and customs which are
generally embodied in a written
State Distinguish from Government constitution.
 The government is only the agency through  Aristocracy and Oligarchy – a form of the
which the state articulate its will. government in which the supreme power
 A state cannot exist without a government, resides only to a few persons; whose
but it is possible to have a government privileges arises from birth, wealth, superior,
without a state. wisdom or priestly functions. It can also be
called as government by elite of the society.
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RPH|Final Period Philippine History and Politics Government
 Communism – refers to the communal pleasures, for limited period of time, or
ownership of all property. during good behavior
 De Facto – government acquired by force
and used from the legally constituted Definition of State
power and authority.  A community of persons more or less
 De Jure – it is a government by right, lawful numerous, permanently occupying a
and legitimate, with the general support of definite portion of territory, having a
the people and its recognition of government of their own to which the great
supremacy. body of inhabitants render obedience, and
 Dictatorship – the power is centralized in enjoying freedom from external control.
the hands of a single individual and exercise
power and authority characterized by the Elements of State
development and its political ideology.  People – the first and most important
 Socialist – can also be considered as a element of a state.
semi-democratic system and a touch of  Territory – fixed portion of the surface of
communism wherein they control the big the earth land and water inhabited by the
companies for the welfare and interest of people of the state. – includes not only the
their economic activities. land over which the jurisdiction of the state
 Parliamentary – the government is extends, but also the rivers and lakes
centralized, conferring to the legislature all therein, a certain area of the sea, upon its
the power and authority of the State. The coasts and the air space above it.
Chief Executive is only titular in function;  Government – is an agency through the will
members of the Cabinet are also members of the state is formulated, expressed and
of the legislature and the ruling political carried out.
party in power.  The machinery of the state;
 Authoritarian System – a way of governance  The regulator and instrumentality of
that recognizes some civil rights of the the state for authorities that obeyed by
people. its people;
 Totalitarian System – a way of governance  The implementer of the state policies
in which people have no rights. Their civil for the welfare of the people.
rights extended to them only as a promise.  Sovereignty – the supreme power of the
 Democracy – a form of government in state to command and enforce obedience
which the ruling power belongs to the to its will from people within its jurisdiction.
majority party. It is the government of the  Free from external control
people, for the people and by the people. A
country that has a government which has Three Inherent Powers of the State
been elected by the people of the land. It is  Police Power – the power of the state to
a system in which everyone is equal before enact laws and regulations in promoting the
law and has the right to vote, make decision general welfare of the people and the
etc. Two kinds of democracy: common good in relation to the basic
 Direct – the people govern themselves human rights of a person.
directly and not indirectly through  Example; Statues and Ordinance
choses representatives.  Must be in line to the interest of
 Representative – the people select or the public and its purpose should
choose somebody to represent the not be oppressive on individuals.
interests of another, the chosen  Power of Eminent Domain – it is the power
representative derives all the powers, of the state to take private property for
directly or indirectly from the majority public use upon payment of a just
of the people and is administered by compensation.
person holding their offices during

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RPH| Final Period Philippine History and Politics Government

 Article 3 Section 9 of the 1987 Government During the Spanish

Constitution; Period
 Who may exercise it?  Spain’s title to the Philippines - it was based
 Congress of the Philippines; on the discovery made by Ferdinand
 President of the Philippines; Magellan in 1521, consummated by its
 Local Legislative; conquest by Miguel Lopez de Legazpi 45
 Public Corporations; years later and long possession for almost
 Quasi- Public Corporations. four centuries, until it was terminated in
 Power of Taxation – it is the power of the 1898, when by the Treaty of Paris, the
state to impose and collect taxes for public Philippines was ceded to the United States.
purposes.  Spanish colonial government - From 1565
 The state imposes taxation to attain its to 1821, the Philippines was directly
purpose and objectives. governed by the King of Spain through
Mexico because of the distance of the
The Government of the Philippines Philippines from Spain. From 1821 to 1898,
in Transition the Philippines was ruled directly from
Spain. The Council in Spain responsible for
The Pre-Spanish Government the administration of the Philippines was
 The Unit of Government - prior to the the Council of indies. In 1837, it was
arrival of the Spaniards, the Philippines was abolished and legislation for the Philippines
composed of settlement or villages, each was temporarily performed by the Council
called balangay, a Malayan word meaning of Ministers. From 1863, the Ministry of
“boat” Ultramar (colonies) exercised general
 Datu - Each barangay was rulled by a chief powers of supervision over the Philippine
called datu in some places, and rajah, sultan, affairs.
or haji in other. He was the chief executive,  A basic principle introduced by Spain
law giver, chief justice, and military head. In to the Philippines was the union of the
the performance of his duties, however, he church and the state
was assisted usually by a council of elders  Government in the Philippines unitary - the
(maginoos/pantas) which served as his government which Spain established in the
advisers. One could be a datu chiefly by Philippines was centralized in structure and
inheritance, wisdom, wealth or physical national in scope. The barangays were
prowess. consolidated into towns (pueblos) each
 Social Classes in barangay – the people of headed by the governadorcillo (little
the barangay were divided into four classes, governor), popularly called Kapitan, and the
namely : maharlika, timawa, aliping towns into provinces, each headed by a
namamahay and aliping sagiguilid. governor who represented the Governor
 Early Laws - a legal system already existed General in the province. Cities governed
in the Philippines even in pre-colonial times. under special charters were also created.
The early Filipinos had both written and Each of these cities had an ayuntamiento or
unwritten laws. cabildo (city council) .
 Comparison with other ancient  The Governor-General - the powers of the
governments - it can be said that the laws government were actually exercised by the
of the barangay were generally fair. The Governor-General who resided in Manila.
system of government. Although defective He was “GovernorGeneral”, “Captain-
was not so bad considering the conditions General” and “vice-royal patron.” as a
in other lands in the age during which it Governor-General, he had executive,
flourished. administrative, legislative, and judicial
powers. As a Captain-General, he was

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RPH|Final Period Philippine History and Politics Government
Commander-in-Chief of all the Armed Aguinaldo, in view of the chaotic conditions
Forces of the Philippines. As the vice-royal in the country, established the dictatorial
patron, he exercised certain religious government on May 23, 1898. The most
powers. Because of these broad powers, it important achievement of the Dictatorial
has been said that the Governor-General Government were the proclamation of
enjoyed more powers than the King of Philippine Independence at Kawit, Cavite on
Spain himself. June 12, 1898 and the reorganization of
 The Judiciary - the Royal Audiencia which local government.
was established in 1583 was the Supreme
Court of the Philippines during the Spanish Revolutionary Government
times. Its decision was final except on  On June 29, 1898, Gen. Aguinaldo
certain cases of great importance which established the Revolutionary government
could be appealed to the King of Spain. It replacing the Dictatorial Government with
also performed functions of executive and himself as President and a Congress whose
legislative nature. function was advisory and ministerial. The
 Evaluation of the Spanish government in decree making such change stated that the
the Philippines Spain ruled the Philippines aims of the new government were “to
from 1571 to 1898. The government which struggle for the independence of the
Spain established in the Philippines was Philippines, until all nations including Spain
defective. It was a government for the will expressly recognize it,” and “to prepare
Spaniards and not for the Filipinos. The the country for the establishment of a real
Spanish officials were often inefficient and Republic.” It sent diplomatic note to foreign
corrupt. The union of church and state nations, requesting them to accord formal
produced serious strifes between the recognition to the Philippines as a free and
ecclesiastical and civil authorities. Equality independent nation.
before the law was denied to the Filipinos.
The First Philippine Republic
The Government Revolutionary Era  On Sept 15, 1898 a revolutionary congress
of Filipino representatives met in Malolos,
Katipunan Government Bulacan at the call of the Revolutionary
 The Katipunan was secret society that Government. After the promulgation of the
precipitated our glorious revolution on so-called Malolos Constitution on Sept 15,
August 26, 1896. It was organized by 1898, The Malolos Congress ratified on Sept
Andres Bonifacio, who, together with a 29, 1898 the proclamation of Philippine
group of Filipino patriots, signed the Independence made by Gen. Emilio
covenant of the Katipunan with their own Aguinaldo in Kawit, Cavite on June 12,1898.
blood on July 7, 1892. This Constitution was the democratic
constitution ever promulgated in the whole
The Biak-Na-Bato Republic Asia. It established a “free and independent
 On Nov 1, 1897, a republic was established Philippine Republic” which was inaugurated
by Gen. Aguinaldo in Biak-na-Bato. It had a on January 23, 1899 with Gen. Aguinaldo as
constitution which was to take effect for President defining its structure and
two years only. It declared that the aim of articulating its vision.
the revolutions was to “separation of the
Philippines from the Spanish monarchy and
their formation into an independent state.”

The Dictatorial Government

 Following the outbreak of the Spanish-
American war on April 25, 1989, Gen.

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RPH| Final Period Philippine History and Politics Government

The Government During the The Government During the

American Period Japanese Occupation

The Military Government  The Japanese Military Administration - it

 The American military rule in the Philippines was established in Manila on January 5,
began on August 14, 1898, the day after the 1942, one day after its occupation. Under a
capture of Manila. The existence of war proclamation issued by the Japanese High
gave the President of the United States the Command, the sovereignty of the United
power to established a Military Government State over the Philippines was declared
in the Philippines, as the Commander-in- terminated.
Chief of all Armed Forces of the United  The Philippines executive Commission - A
States. His authority was delegated to the civil government known as the Philippine
military governor who exercise as long as Executive Commission composed of the
war lasted, all power of government – Filipinos with Jorge B. Vargas as chairman,
executive, legislative and judicial. was organized by the military forces of
occupation. The Commission exercised both
The Civil Government the executive and legislative powers. The
 The Civil Government - Pursuant to the so- laws enacted were, however, subject to the
called Spooner Amendment which ended approval of the Commander-in-Chief of the
the military regime in the Philippines, the Japanese Forces. The judiciary continued in
Civil Government was inaugurated in Manila the same form as it was under the
on July 4, 1901, headed by a Civil Governor. Commonwealth. However, it functioned
The Civil Governor also exercised legislative without the independence which it
powers. He remained as President of the traditionally enjoyed.
Philippine Commission, the sole lawmaking  The Japanese-sponsored Republic of the
body of the government from 1901 to 1907. Philippines - On October 14, 1943, the so-
called Japanese-sponsored Republic of the
The Commonwealth Government Philippines was inaugurated with Jose P.
 The next stage in the political development Laurel as President. It was of the same
of the Filipinos was the establishment of the character as the Philippines Executive
Commonwealth Government of the Commission. Like the latter, the ultimate
Philippines pursuant to an act of the United source of its authority was the Japanese
States Congress on March 24, 1934, military authority and government. On
commonly know as the Tydings-Mc-Duffie August 17, 1945, President Laurel
Law. The commonwealth status was a form proclaimed the dissolution of the Republic.
of government in transition toward
independence. Among other things, the law The President of the Philippine
provided for a transition period of ten years Republic
during which the Philippine Commonwealth
would operate and at the expiration of said  Manuel Roxas - was the First President of
period on July 4, 1946, the independence of the Second Republic and having been
the Philippines would be proclaimed and inaugurated as President before the
established granting of independence, strengthened
political and economic ties with the united
States in the controversial Philippine-US
trade Act.
 Elpidio Quirino - was sworn in as Second
president of the Second Republic after the
death of Roxas. His six years as President
were marked by notable postwar
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RPH|Final Period Philippine History and Politics Government
reconstruction, general economic gains,  Executive Oder no. 1- Truth
and increased economic aid from the Commission
United States.  Executive Order no.2- removal of all
 Ramon Magsaysay - the Third President of midnight appointees
the Second Republic, his campaign was  K-12 education
massively supported by CIA, both financially  Rodrigo Duterte - 16th President of the
and through practical help in discrediting Philippines
his political enemies.
 Carlos Garcia - Garcia’s administration was
anchored in his austerity program. It was
also noted for its Filipino First Policy- an
attempt to boost economic independence.
He sought to expand ties to its Asian
neighbors, implement domestic reform
programs, and develop and diversify the
economy.
 Diosdado Macapagal - he focused on
fighting graft and corruption in the
government.
 Ferdinand Marcos - embarked on a massive
spending in infrastructural development,
such as road, health centers and school as
well as intensifying tax collection which
gave the Philippines a taste of economic
prosperity throughout the 1970’s. He built
more schools than all his predecessors
combined
 Corazon Aquino - her assumption into
power marked the restoration of democracy
in the country.
 Fidel Ramos - declared “national
reconciliation his highest priority. He
legalized the Communist Party and created
the National unification Commission to lay
the groundwork for the talks with
communist insurgents, Muslim separatist,
and military rebels.
 Joseph Estrada - Estrada’s wayward
governance took a heavy toll on the
economy. Unemployment worsened, the
budget deficit grew, the currency plunged.
Eventually, the economy recovered but at a
much slower pace than its Asian neighbors.
 Gloria Arroyo - 14th President of the
Philippines. – Policies and Programs: E-Vat
Law and BEAT THE ODD’S.
 Benigno Simeon Cojuangco Aquino - first
president to make build Bahay Pangarap his
official residence.
 No wang-wang policy

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RPH| Final Period Philippine History and Politics Government

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RPH|Final Period Philippine History and Politics Government

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