International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)

ISSN (Online): 2319-7064

Index Copernicus Value (2015): 78.96 | Impact Factor (2015): 6.391

The Analysis of Export Determinant of Indonesian

Pepper in the International Market
Ika Inayah1, Rina Oktaviani2, Heny K Daryanto3
1, 2, 3
Management and Business, School of Business, Bogor Agricultural University, Jl Raya Pajajaran, Bogor, Indonesia

Abstract: Indonesian pepper is well known as the king of spices because its position is more important than other spices in Indonesia,
in terms of production and export. Indonesia become the second largest of pepper exporter in international market. The largest
producer and exporter of pepper is Vietnam. But, in 2015, about 39% of Indonesian pepper were exported to Vietnam whereas Vietnam
already known as the largest exporter in the world. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to determine factors that may affect the
trade flow of Indonesian pepper in the international market, in order to know the appropriate strategy to develop export of Indonesian
pepper in the international market. This study uses export demand approach to analyze the determinant of Indonesian pepper trade
flow. The objects of this study are whole pepper and ground pepper using the 6-digit classification of harmonized system (HS) code,
with code 090411 for whole pepper and 090412 for ground pepper. The result shows factors that statistically significant in affecting
export demand of Indonesian pepper are the GDP per capita of importing countries, economic distance, export price, real exchange
rate, and participation in FTA. GDP per capita of the importing countries shows positive effect to the export volume of Indonesian
pepper. Meanwhile, the economic distance, export price, real exchange rate, and participation in FTA have a negative effect to the
export volume of Indonesian pepper.

Keywords: export, pepper, trade flow, export demand

1. Introduction exporter of pepper in the world. On the other hand, the

destination countries of Vietnam pepper are similar with the
Indonesia is an agricultural country which has a lot of natural destination countries of Indonesian pepper such as United
resources. As an agricultural country, agriculture sector is States, Singapore, and Germany. The free on board (FOB)
one of the most important sector to encourage the economic price of Indonesian pepper to those countries is higher than
growth in Indonesia. The agricultural sector accounts for the FOB price to Vietnam [3]. Therefore, Indonesia has an
13.52% of Indonesia‟s total gross domestic product (GDP). opportunity to increase its export to United States, Singapore,
Plantation subsector is the largest contribution to the and Germany directly so that Indonesia could gains the
Indonesia‟s GDP of the agricultural sector. The percentage higher export values.
contribution of this subsector reaches 95.61% of the total
value of exports of agricultural commodities [1]. Table 1: Export volume and FOB price of Indonesian pepper
to the main importing countries in 2015
One of the main commodities in the plantation subsector is Destination Countries Volume (kg) FOB price (USD/kg)
pepper. Indonesian pepper is well known as the king of Vietnam 22 694 608 7.93
spices because its position is more important than other United States 10 114 410 10.36
spices in Indonesia, in terms of production and export. Singapore 6 631 828 11.79
Pepper is one of the main export commodities in Indonesia. India 4 272 659 7.40
Germany 2 866 198 11.36
The production of pepper is higher than other spices and has
China 2 149 012 10.16
a widely plantation in Indonesia. Therefore, Indonesian
Netherland 1 895 254 12.57
pepper is one of the main commodities which has a good
Japan 1 820 325 13.18
potential to be developed.
Based on the description above, the main objective of this
Nowadays, globalization occurs to the countries through
study is to determine factors that may affect the trade flow of
international trade. It caused increasing the dependent
Indonesian pepper in the international market, in order to
relationship between countries [2]. Two countries participate
know the appropriate strategy to develop export of
in international trade through the export and import activities.
Indonesian pepper in the international market.
A country gains benefit from this activities, such as to fulfill
the necessity of its society for importing activities and to gain
higher income and expand its commodities market for 2. Literature Review
exporting activities.
International trade is the process of exchange goods and
Indonesia is the second largest of pepper exporter in the services across the countries. International trade gives the
international market, while Vietnam is the largest exporter opportunities for entrepreneur to gain the advantages
and become an Indonesia‟s competitor in exporting pepper to between two countries [4]. It is also needed for a country to
the world. But, the data in 2015 [1] showed that most of get the benefit from product specialization by producing
Indonesian pepper (39%) were exported to Vietnam, whereas goods and services efficiently, while buying the goods and
Vietnam is already known as the largest producer and services that not producing in that country [5]. International

Volume 5 Issue 11, November 2016

www.ijsr.net
Licensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY
Paper ID: ART20163261 DOI: 10.21275/ART20163261 1856
 International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)
ISSN (Online): 2319-7064
Index Copernicus Value (2015): 78.96 | Impact Factor (2015): 6.391
trade occurs between two countries because the different using the 6-digit classification of harmonized system (HS)
condition in their countries in fulfilling their needs. code, with code 090411 for whole pepper and 090412 for
Theoretically, international trade occurs because of two main ground pepper. The respective data is obtained from several
reasons. First, the countries are basically different from each sources, such as the United Nations Commodity and Trade
other. Second, the countries take advantage to achieve (UNCOMTRADE), the World Bank, and the Asia Regional
economies of scale in production [6]. In addition, some Integration Center (ARIC).
factors that led to international trade are the desire to the
marketing expand of export commodities, the acceptance for 3.2 Data Analysis
development activities, the differences in supply and demand
between countries, the differences in the relative costs, and In this study, the data was analyzed using a model of export
every country could not provide everything for its society [7]. demand. The dependent variable of this study is volume of
the pepper export, meanwhile the independent variables are
Trade flow is the movement of goods and services between the GDP per capita of importing countries, the economic
countries through export and import activities. Trade flow is distance between countries, the real exchange rate, the export
an analysis to explain the relationship between the volume of price of goods, and dummy variable of the participation in
trading products and the affecting factors. Bilateral trade of free trade agreement. The model equation of export demand
two countries has a positive correlation to the GDP and a can be written as follow:
negative correlation to the distance [8]. Most of studies used ln Xij = bo + b1 ln Yj + b2 ln Dij + b3 ln Pj + b4 ln ERij + b5
export as the dependent variable to explain the trade flow [9] FTAi + eij (1)
[10]. The equation of trade flow has developed using the Where:
export total as the dependent variable and GDP per capita Xij : the export volume of Indonesian pepper to country j
and the distance between two countries [11], [12]. Another (ton)
study explained international trade using the GDP per capita, Yj : GDP per capita in the country j (USD)
distance, price, and exchange rate as the independent Dij : the economic distance between Indonesia and country j
variables [13]. Pj : the export price of Indonesian pepper in country j
(USD/ton)
Rinaldi [14] conducted a study about the trade flow of main ERij : the real exchange rate between Indonesia to country j
export commodities in Indonesia to the South Africa. The (IDR/local currency unit, LCU)
study is aimed to determine the factors affecting the trade FTAi: the dummy variable of free trade agreement
flow of Indonesian export commodities to the South Africa. participation between Indonesia and country j
The result showed that the factors affecting the trade flow to bo : intercept
the South Africa were the real GDP of importing countries, bn : estimated parameter (n=1,2,…5)
export tariff, export price, and dummy of non-tariff barrier. eij : error term
The real GDP of importing countries had a positive
significant effect to the export volume of Indonesian To clarify the variables are written in equation (1), the
agricultural products, while the tariff barriers, export price, operational definitions of these variables are:
and dummy of non-tariff barriers had a negative significant 1. Export volume (X) is the export total of Indonesian
effect to the export volume of Indonesian agricultural pepper to the importing country that is expressed in ton.
products. 2. GDP per capita (Y) is a measurement of total GDP per
year divided by the total of population in the importing
The other study [15] analyzed trade flow of canned tuna country.
using the production of tuna, GDP of importing countries, 3. The economic distance (D) is an approach that
remoteness, exchange rate, free trade agreement, and food represents the cost of transportation between Indonesia
safety standard as the variables. The result showed that the and destination countries. It is measured by the
tuna production, GDP of importing countries, and free trade geographic distance between the economic center of
agreement had a positive impact to export value of canned Indonesia and the economic center of destination
tuna. Meanwhile, the exchange rate and food safety standard country, divided by GDP of destination country to the
had a negative impact to the export value of canned tuna. total of GDP in destination country during the observed
period, expressed in terms of USD. Economic distance is
3. Methods obtained by the formula:

3.1 Types and Sources of Data

4. Export price is the free on board (FOB) price of
This study uses secondary data in panel dataset that consists Indonesian pepper in the destination country. It is
of both time series and cross-sectional data. The number of obtained by dividing the value of exports in year t with
an observational period as the time series data are 13 years, total production in the same year.
from 2002 to 2014. The cross-sectional data consists of seven 5. Real exchange rate (ER) is the real exchange rate of the
countries, which are the main export destination countries of currency of Indonesian Rupiah (IDR) to the destination
Indonesian pepper such as United States, Vietnam, country. It is calculated by the multiplication between
Singapore, Germany, India, Japan, and Netherland. The nominal exchange rate of IDR to the destination country
objects of this study are whole pepper and ground pepper and ratio of consumer price index (CPI) of destination

Volume 5 Issue 11, November 2016

www.ijsr.net
Licensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY
Paper ID: ART20163261 DOI: 10.21275/ART20163261 1857
 International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)
ISSN (Online): 2319-7064
Index Copernicus Value (2015): 78.96 | Impact Factor (2015): 6.391
country to the CPI of Indonesia, expressed in IDR/ LCU. export volume can be explained by the independent variables
It can be formulated as follow: in the model, while 3.23% of the change can be explained by
other factors outside the model.

The results of t-statistic shows that GDP per capita, economic

6. Free trade agreement (FTA) is dummy variable of the distance, and real exchange rate have a significant effect at
participation in free trade agreement between Indonesia 5% of the significant level, while export price and free trade
and the destination country. It is valued as 1 if there is agreement variables have a significant effect at 10% of the
free trade agreement between Indonesia and the significant level. The estimation model of Indonesian pepper
destination country, and as 0 if there is no free trade export demand can be written as follow:
agreement between Indonesia and the destination
country. Ln Xij = -24.8403 + 7.5849 Ln Yj – 5.6224 Ln Dij – 0.1625
Ln Pj – 0.7267 Ln ERij – 0.1724 FTAi + eij (2)
The panel data regression has three regression models as the
results, such as pooled least square (PLS), fixed effect model 4.1 GDP per Capita of the Importing Countries
(FEM), and random effect model (REM). The best model of
panel data regression is selected using Chow test (test for GDP per capita is a variable that shows the level of income
choosing model between PLS and FEM), Hausman test (test and the total of expenditure of goods and services in a
for choosing model between FEM and REM), and Lagrange country [18]. GDP per capita of importing countries shows
Multiplier test (test for choosing model between REM and the purchasing power of the specific goods and services.
PLS). Based on the estimation model, GDP per capita of importing
countries has a positive effect and statistically significant to
The selected regression model has to meet the classical the volume of Indonesian pepper export. The estimated
assumptions based on Gauss-Markov theory, to get the best coefficient of this variables is 7.5849, which implies that a
linier unbiased estimator. If the best model were PLS or 1% increase in the GDP per capita of importing countries
FEM, the model must have no heteroskedastic and will lead to a 7.5849% increase in the export volume of
autocorrelation. The heteroskedastic test and the Indonesian pepper, ceteris paribus. This result consistent with
autocorrelation test are not necessary if the best model was the theory that shows the purchasing power and absorptive
REM. If the PLS or FEM still has heteroskedastic and capacity of importing countries of Indonesian peppers. It
autocorrelation, the Generalized Least Square (GLS) can be implies that as the GDP per capita of importing countries
used in the model because this method assumes no increases, it will likely increase the demand of Indonesian
heteroskedastic and autocorrelation problem in the model pepper as well. The previous studies using GDP per capita as
[16], [17]. REM is the model without heteroskedastic and the variables in trade flow model showed the same results
autocorrelation problem because it is already using GLS [19], [20], [21]. It can be also seen that the coefficient value
technique in the model. of this variable is greater than the other variables. It implies
that GDP per capita has a greater effect to the export volume
4. Results of Indonesian pepper.

The determinants of export demand of Indonesian pepper 4.2 Economic Distance

were analyzed to explain the effect of economic and non-
economic variable to the trade flow of Indonesian pepper in The economic distance variable indicates the transportation
the international market. The result of panel data regression costs which is imposed to the importing countries [8]. It also
of Indonesian pepper export can be seen in the Table 2. indicates the communication costs and delivery time to the
importing countries. This variable has a negative and
Table 2 : The estimation results of panel data regression significant effect to the export volume of Indonesian pepper.
Variables Coefficient Probability The estimated coefficient of this variables is -5.6224. It
C -24.8403 0.0000** shows that with a 1% increase in the economic distance, the
GDP per capita (Y) 7.5849 0.0000** export volume of Indonesian pepper will decrease by
Economic distance (D) -5.6224 0.0000** 5.6224%, ceteris paribus. Theoretically, an increase in the
Export price (P) -0.1625 0.0739*
economic distance will lead to increase the transportation
Real exchange rate (ER) -0.7267 0.0064**
cost of goods and then the price of goods in that country will
Free trade agreement (FTA) -0.1724 0.0605*
increases. As a result, the demand of the goods will decrease
R-squared 0.9677
Probability (F-statistic) 0.0000 because the higher price is imposed to the consumer. Some
*signified at 5%; **signified at 10% studies using this variable had the same results with this
research [22], [23].
The best model of regression panel data was selected based
on the result of Chow test, Hausman test, and Lagrange 4.3 Export Price
Multiplier test. Based on those tests, the best regression
model is fixed effect model using GLS and SUR cross- The price of goods has the negative relation with the quantity
section weighted. The R-squared of this model is 0.9677, of demand [5]. It is based on the demand law, if the price of
showed that 96.77% of the change of Indonesian pepper goods increases, the quantity of demand will decrease.
Meanwhile, if the price of goods decreases, the quantity of
Volume 5 Issue 11, November 2016
www.ijsr.net
Licensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY
Paper ID: ART20163261 DOI: 10.21275/ART20163261 1858
 International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)
ISSN (Online): 2319-7064
Index Copernicus Value (2015): 78.96 | Impact Factor (2015): 6.391
demand will increase, ceteris paribus. Based on the 5. Conclusion and Suggestion
estimation result, the export price of Indonesian pepper in the
importing countries has a negative and significant effect at 5.1 Conclusions
10% of the significant level to the export volume. The
coefficient of this variable is -0.1625. It is implied that if This study examines the trade flow of Indonesian pepper
there is a 1% increase in the price of Indonesian pepper, the using demand export analyses. The factors that statistically
export volume will decrease 0.1625%, ceteris paribus. This significant in affecting export demand of Indonesian pepper
result appropriates the theory of demand. Some previous are the GDP per capita of importing countries, the economic
studies showed the same result [14], [24]. distance, the export price, the real exchange rate, and the
participation in FTA. The GDP per capita of importing
4.4 Real Exchange Rate countries shows positive effect to the export volume of
Indonesian pepper. Meanwhile, the economic distance, the
The real exchange rate has a negative and significant effect at export price, the real exchange rate and the participation in
5% of the significant level to the export volume of FTA have a negative effect to the export volume of
Indonesian pepper. The estimation coefficient is -0.7267 Indonesian pepper. Almost all of the estimation results
which implies that with a 1% increase in the real exchange consistent with the hypothesis except the FTA variable which
rate, the export volume of Indonesian pepper will decrease shows negative coefficient.
by 0.7267%, ceteris paribus. It is already similar with the
theory and the previous studies such as [22], [25], [26]. The 5.2 Suggestion
real exchange rate of exporting country affects the price of
goods that is imposed to the importing country. If the real Indonesia has to widen the market to other potential export
exchange rate of exporting country increases or appreciates, destination countries which have high of GDP per capita.
the export price will increase and the importing country will Indonesia also has to establish the free trade agreement to the
pay higher to import the things from exporting country. non-producer country in order to develop the market of
Based on demand theory, an increase in the price of goods Indonesian pepper. To widen the market, Indonesia has to
will decrease the quantity of demand. On the contrary, if the increase the quality and productivity of pepper and improve
real exchange rate of exporting country decreases or infrastructure and technology of pepper processing. As a
depreciates, the export price will decrease and the quantity result, the competitiveness of Indonesian pepper will better in
demand of importing country will increase. the aspect of quality and price.

4.5 Free Trade Agreement (FTA) The recommendation for further research, it needs to analyze
the export supply of Indonesian pepper, including other
Participation in FTA impacts to the trade flow of two variables such as production of Indonesian pepper and GDP
countries. A country will get the benefit from reducing or per capita of Indonesia. The further research can also analyze
removing tariff barrier in the partner country. As the result, the trade flow using gravity model to enrich the estimation
the export cost to the partner country will be reduced. and analyze the sensitivity of Indonesian pepper supply to the
pepper world price .
Based on the estimation result, participation in FTA has a
negative and significant at 10% of the significant level to the References
export volume of Indonesian pepper. The estimated
coefficient of free trade agreement variable is -0.1724. It [1] [Pusdatin Pertanian] Pusat Data dan Informasi
shows that the participation Indonesia in an FTA results in a Pertanian, “Basis Data Ekspor Impor Komoditi
decrease of export volume of Indonesian pepper by 0.1724%. Pertanian,” [Online]. Available: http://database.
This result is contrary with the theory that participation in pertanian.go.id/eksim/. [Accessed: May. 12, 2016].
FTA will increase the export volume. It can be explained by [2] Mardianto, Hadi, “Analisis Komparasi Daya Saing
identify the FTA membership of Indonesia. Most of the Produk Ekspor Pertanian Antar Negara ASEAN dalam
partner countries of Indonesian FTA are also the producer Era Perdagangan Bebas AFTA,” Jurnal Agro Ekonomi,
and exporter countries of pepper in international market, such 22(1), pp. 46-73, 2004.
as Vietnam and Singapore (ASEAN). Therefore, those [3] [UN Comtrade] United Nations Commodity Trade
countries are not only have a role as importing countries of Statistics Database, “Database of World Spices,”
Indonesian pepper, but also as Indonesian competitor in [Online]. Available: www.un.comtrade.org. [Accessed:
international market. The study conducted by Dianniar [27] Mar. 8, 2016].
showed that ASEAN FTA (AFTA) and ASEAN-China FTA [4] J.J. Wild, K.L. Wild, International Business: The
(ACFTA) have no significant impact to the trade flow of Challenges of Globalization, Pearson Education
Indonesian agriculture products, because Indonesia tend to Limited, London, 2012.
export its products to the countries which have high of GDP [5] R.G. Lipsey, Ragan, Microeconomics, Harpen Collins
per capita. Publishers, New York, 1997.
[6] F. Basri, H. Munandar, Dasar-Dasar Ekonomi
Internasional: Pengenalan dan Aplikasi Kuantitatif,
Kencana Prenada Media Group, Jakarta, 2010.

Volume 5 Issue 11, November 2016

www.ijsr.net
Licensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY
Paper ID: ART20163261 DOI: 10.21275/ART20163261 1859
 International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)
ISSN (Online): 2319-7064
Index Copernicus Value (2015): 78.96 | Impact Factor (2015): 6.391
[7] I. Gonarsyah, Landasan Perdagangan Internasional, [24] F. Adzimatinur, “Analisis Daya Saing dan Faktor-
Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, 1987. Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Perdagangan Komoditi
[8] D. Salvatore, International Economic, John Wiley & Unggulan Indonesia-Turki,” [Thesis], Institut Pertanian
Sons, New York, 2007. Bogor, Bogor, 2016.
[9] N. Kien, “Gravity Model by Panel Data Approach: An [25] M.A. Kemal, U. Qadir, “Real Exchange Rate, Exports,
Empirical Application with Implications for the and Imports Movements: a Trivariate Analysis,” The
ASEAN Free Trade Area,” ASEAN Economic Bulletin. Pakistan Development Review, 2005.
26(3), pp. 266-277, 2009. [26] D.S. Ratana, “Dampak Perubahan Nilai Tukar Mata
[10] K. Kepaptsoglou, M.G. Karlaftis, D. Tsamboulas, “The Uang terhadap Ekspor Indonesia,” [Thesis], Institut
Gravity Model Specification for Modeling International Pertanian Bogor, Bogor, 2013.
Trade Flows and Free Trade Agreement Effects: a 10- [27] U. Dianniar, “Dampak Perdagangan Bebas terhadap
Year Review of Empirical Studies,” The Open Aliran Perdagangan Produk Pertanian Indonesia:
Economics Journal, 3(2010), pp. 1-13, 2010. Penerapan Pendekatan Gravity Model,” [Thesis],
[11] J. Tinbergen, Shaping the World Economy: Suggestion Universitas Indonesia, Depok, 2016.
for an International Economic Policy, Twentieth
Century Fund, New York, 1962. Authors Profile
[12] P. Poyhonen, “A Tentative Model for the Volume of
Trade between Countries,” Springer, 90(1963), pp. 93- Ika Inayah received the bachelor degree in Agronomy
100, 1963. and Horticulture, Agriculture Faculty of Bogor
[13] J.H. Bergstrand, “The Gravity Equation in International Agricultural University in 2014 as the best graduate
Trade: Some Microeconomic Foundations and student and got the „Cumlaude‟ predicate. She
Empirical Evidence,” The Review of Economic and continued her study in Management and Business,
School of Business at Bogor Agricultural University from 2015.
Statistics, 67(3), pp. 474-481, 1985. She received LPDP scholarship to continue her study in master
[14] R. Rinaldi, “Analisis Daya Saing dan Faktor-Faktor degree in 2015-2017. She also got opportunities as an exchange
yang Mempengaruhi Aliran Perdagangan Komoditi student at summer course program in Hokkaido University, 2016.
Unggulan Ekspor Indonesia ke Afrika Selatan,”
[Thesis], Institut Pertanian Bogor, Bogor, 2014. Rina Oktaviani received the bachelor degree in
[15] K.N. Rahmah, “Trade Flows Analysis and the Role of Agribusiness and master degree in Agricultural
Standards on Canned Tuna Trade,” [Thesis], Institut Economics, Bogor Agricultural University, in 1987
Pertanian Bogor, Bogor, 2016. and 1990. She has been honored getting the
[16] A. Munawar, “Struktur Kapital Perusahaan Perkebunan Philosophy of Doctoral (Ph.D) degree in International
Trade and Economic Policy from The University of
di Indonesia: Kebijakan, Faktor-Faktor yang Sydney, Australia in 2001. She got professorship in International
Mempengaruhi dan Dampaknya terhadap Kinerja Economics in 2010. She is a lecturer in Economics Department
Perusahaan,” [Dissertation], Institut Pertanian Bogor, (bachelor, master, and doctoral programs) Faculty of Economics
Bogor, 2012. and Management, and School of Business, Bogor Agricultural
[17] A.T. Hardiyanto, N.A. Achsani, R. Sembel, T.N.A. University.
Maulana, “Ownership and Determinants Capital
Structure of Public Listed Companies in Indonesia: A Heny K Daryanto received the bachelor degree in
Panel Data Analysis,” International Research Journal of Bogor Agricultural University, master degree and
Business Studies, 6(1), pp. 29-43, 2013-2014. doctoral degree at the Univesity of New England. She
is a lecturer in Agribusiness Department (bachelor,
[18] N. G. Mankiw, Macroeconomics, Worth Publisher, master, and doctoral programs) Faculty of Economics
New York, 2002. and Management, and School of Business, Bogor Agricultural
[19] A. Purnama, “Analisis Perkembangan Pasar dan Aliran University. Her field expertise is in Agricultural economics.
Perdagangan Bunga Potong Indonesia ke Negara
Tujuan Ekspor,” [Thesis], Institut Pertanian Bogor,
Bogor, 2003.
[20] F. Anindya, “Analisis Faktor-Faktor yang
Mempengaruhi Nilai Ekspor Udang dan Ikan ke
Eropa,” [Thesis], Institut Pertanian Bogor, Bogor,
2013.
[21] A.S. Maulana, R.N. Suharno, “The Analysis of
Affecting Factors to the Export of Rattan Furniture
Indonesia in the International Market,” International
Journal of Science and Research, 5(10), pp. 1514-1519,
2013.
[22] T. Ritaningsih, “Trade Creation dan Trade Diversion
antara Indonesia dan Negara-Negara ASEAN-Korea,”
[Thesis], Institut Pertanian Bogor, Bogor, 2014.
[23] A. Zidi, S.M. Dhifallah, “Trade Creation and Trade
Diversion between Tunisia and EU: Analysis by
Gravity Model,” International Journal Economics and
Finance, 5(5), pp. 131-147, 2013.
Volume 5 Issue 11, November 2016
www.ijsr.net
Licensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY
Paper ID: ART20163261 DOI: 10.21275/ART20163261 1860