M2S1 Stormwater Formation
M2S1 Stormwater Formation
M2S1 Stormwater Formation
Stormwater Formation
Or more watersheds
Flood Routing Concept Flow Chart and rivers and so on…
Rain Falls
The catchment develops infiltration first, once saturated, runoff occurs The catchment develops infiltration first, once saturated, runoff occurs
Rain
Falls
Runoff travels Discharge moves
by time Tc by time Tr
Watershed or Upstream Downstream
Catchment Time of sheet of Channel Time of channel of Channel
Concentration concentration
Q
Time of sheet Time of channel
Concentration concentration
Q Q
Discharge increases as the flow goes down stream because:
• Concentration of flow come from many watersheds
• The watershed area going down stream is getting bigger
Flood Routing and Time of Concentration – Simple Example
Rain C
Falls 2
D
In the Illustration: watershed
boundary is the dashed lines: 3 B
• Watershed 1 to 4 are in sheet flow
(time of sheet flow concentration) 4 A
• Watershed A, B, and C are in
rivers (time of river flow NOTE: take this note seriously:
concentration)
• The area of Watershed C includes the area of Watershed 1 and Watershed 2.
• The area of Watershed B includes the area of Watershed 3.
• Watershed D is also in river • The area of Watershed A includes the area of Watershed 4.
(time of river flow concentration) • The area of Watershed D includes the area of Watershed 1, 2, 3, 4, and C, B, and A.
Flood Routing – Decision for Time of Concentration
w Twx= 15
c Tcn= 12 Answer:
n
Tnw= 24 Tc for m = 15 mins
w Twx= 15
c Tcn= 12 Answer:
n
Tnw= 24 Tc for n = 18 mins
w Twx= 15
c Tcn= 12 Answer: Tc for Point w
Tnw= 24 (15 + 25 = 40) or (18 + 24 = 42)
n
Choose the longer time:
d Tdn= 18 Is it 40 or 42… correct answer is 42 mins
Flood Routing – Decision for Time of Concentration
w Twx= 15
c Tcn= 12 Answer: Tc for Point x
Tnw= 24 Since Tc for w is 42, Just add 15
n
So the answer is:
d Tdn= 18 42 + 15 = 57 mins
Back to Rational Method
Rainfall occurs with a uniform intensity for the duration at least equal
to the time of concentration of watershed.
Rational method assumes that the The runoff coefficient value is related to watershed
intensity of rainfall is uniformly characteristics such as land use, topography soil
distributed throughout the watershed. types etc., do not provide correct value.
This method does not care the initial The runoff coefficient also depends on the
losses such as depression storage, atmospheric characteristics such as season and
initial infiltration, channel storage etc. rainfall.
Which combination produces PEAK FLOW?
As example 1
a − b ln − ln 1 −
T
i=
(D + K ) N
a, b, N, K = coefficients
vary for each location
D = minutes
i = mm/hr
T = return period (Years)
RIDF Localized Constants
RIDF Localized Constants
RIDF Localized Constants
Watershed
Flood Routing Flow Chart Catchment
Area
Sheet Flow Rainfall
Time of Intensity
Concentration Peak (Flood) Flow
RIDF Formula
Passini (TC) Rational
• Slope
a b N K Formula
• Path Length
• Area
i C A
D
1
a − b ln − ln 1 −
i= T Q = CiA
Q
Pinaka important… na note… (D + K )N • C is given (runoff coefficient)
At any point (for peak flow to happen): • I = rainfall intensity (D= TC)
• Use D = TC (last point of sheet flow) • A = watershed area
• Use D = TC + TR (downstream of river) The computed Q is used for flood design.
• Use D = TC + TR1 + TR2 (downstream of another river) This is the engineering (sizing of channels
• And so on… kung mahaba pa yung river… to carry the flood flow)
Temporal Distribution
• The fraction of rainfall to specified time interval.
• guide in design and construction of structure or system
that related to hydrology and hydraulic area.
Example 1:
100mm rain
Distributed in
5 hrs
1 2 3 4 5
Temporal Distribution
• The fraction of rainfall to specified time interval.
• guide in design and construction of structure or system
that related to hydrology and hydraulic area.
Example 1:
100mm rain
Distributed in
3 hrs
1 2 3
Temporal Distribution
For example:
75mm rainfall is a lot, but spread out
over a year it is not. (75mm/365days)
For example:
a. 10 min
b. 30 min
c. 60 min
d. 120 min
Time of Concentration
Time of Concentration (TC)- travel time it takes from the farthest point of
watershed or catchment to the outlet of a specific basin or sub-basin
Time of Concentration
E.T. Salimi, A. Nohegar, A. Malekian, M. Hoseini and A. Holisaz (2017): Estimating time of
concentration in large watersheds, Paddy and Water Environment Volume 15, pages 123–132.
Time of Concentration
E.T. Salimi, A. Nohegar, A. Malekian, M. Hoseini and A. Holisaz (2017): Estimating time of
concentration in large watersheds, Paddy and Water Environment Volume 15, pages 123–132.
Time of Concentration
E.T. Salimi, A. Nohegar, A. Malekian, M. Hoseini and A. Holisaz (2017): Estimating time of
concentration in large watersheds, Paddy and Water Environment Volume 15, pages 123–132.
Time of Concentration
E.T. Salimi, A. Nohegar, A. Malekian, M. Hoseini and A. Holisaz (2017): Estimating time of
concentration in large watersheds, Paddy and Water Environment Volume 15, pages 123–132.
Time of Concentration
Passini
3
Time of 𝐴𝐿
Concentration 𝑇𝑐 = 0.02
(sheet) 2
𝑆
tc = time of concentration in minutes
L = longest flow path, km
A = area of watershed in km2
S = watershed gradient in m/m or the difference in elevation
between the outlet and the most remote point of the watershed.
Time of Concentration
Kirpich
Time of 0.77
Concentration
𝐿
(sheet)
𝑇𝑐 = 0.02 0.385
𝑆
tc = time of concentration in minutes
L = longest flow path, m
S = watershed gradient in m/m or the difference in elevation
between the outlet and the most remote point of the watershed.
Time of Concentration
90 78 87 68 55 98 104 108
24 20 31 31 15 96 167 189
Problem Example
The upstream point of River X is the downstream point of three rivers namely: River A, River B,
and River C. The tributary rivers of upstream point of River A has a time of concentration between
1.8 hours to 2.6 hours in sheet flow. The tributary rivers of upstream point of River B has a time of
concentration between 2.1 hours to 2.9 hours in sheet flow. The tributary rivers of upstream point
of River C has a time of concentration between 1.9 hour to 3.1 hours in sheet flow.
The time of concentrations of river flow of River X, A, B, and C are: 1.5 hour, 2.0 hours, 2.5 hours,
and 2 hours respectively. The drainage area of River A, River B, and River C are 100 km2, 150 km2,
and 220 km2. Then, drainage area of Cagayan River at its downstream point is 600 km2.