Module 1 (Part 1)

Water Demand:
Flow Rates and Projections
The Water Supply System
Sources: Reservoir, Water
Dam, or Groundwater Treatment

Transmission Lines

Pumping Storage
Stations Tanks

Utilizing storage tanks due

to peak demand times
Pump fed due to high

Distribution Distribution Distribution

Lines Lines Lines
elevation areas

Consumption Consumption Consumption

Areas Areas Areas
Metropolitan Manila
Angat Dam What can you observe in the case
of Metro Manila Water System?
Umiray River Sumag River
From:
• How many water sources?
Ipo Dam • How much is the coverage
of the source?
Ipo-Bicti Tunnels • What if the earthquake
damaged one of the line?

Bicti Basins or Bigte Basins (as heard in Norzagaray)

Bicti-Novaliches Aqueducts

Novaliches Portals

La Mesa Dam
Maynilad
La Mesa WTP 1 Manila Water
La Mesa WTP 2 Rodriguez WTP
Balara WTP 1
Balara WTP 2
Metropolitan Tokyo

• How many water

sources?

• How much is the

coverage of the
source?

• Reliable? What
happens if the
earthquake damaged
one line?
Comparing Tokyo from Manila,
what are your thoughts?
Metropolitan Tokyo

The looped system is more reliable.

A damage in one line can be re-routed
on another direction. Nice di ba?
 History of Water System in Manila
1743 1882 1955 1971 1997

Metropolitan Water District NAWASA Era

Francisco Carriedo National Waterworks Metropolitan Waterworks

Carriedo y Waterworks and Sewerage and Sewerage System
Peredo System Authority (NAWASA) (MWSS) Operation through
Nag donate ng Ito yung nasa Quiapo Utang na loob, wala na pong Ito, as of today 2020, existing pa Concession
10,000 Pesos sa “last na Fountain… tapat ng Nawasa… tigilan nang rin, pero may 2 concessionaires Agreement in PPP
will and testament” Sta. Cruz Church banggitin ever.
for water system

and many more Water Districts were born around the Philippines
From: Maynilad’s Water and Wastewater Services – Youtube Video 2015
Is the Tap Water
from Faucet – Clean?
House or
Building

Water Meter
Main
Water
Line

Customer
Responsibility
Water Utility Customer
• Water is regularly • In-house pipes maybe damaged
Service Line tested and passed • Prone to contamination
• Operation means • Not drinking water from faucet
Water Utility compliant with water is a trust issue
Responsibility quality standards
 Water Demand

• Residential • Industrial Useful for analyzing peak capacity

• Commercial • Fire-fighting requirement of distribution system

For production and

Peak Hourly Demand (PHD) treatment facilities
Liters per Day

Maximum Day Demand (MDD)

Average Annual Demand (AAD)

Average annual daily demand

over a period of one year
Factors Affecting Water Demand

Big City Small Town

Size of
the City

Climate
Condition
Summer Winter

Poor
Affluence
Rich
or Poverty
MLD – commonly used unit in
Philippines Water Supply Industry

MLD
the “almost standard” flow rate
unit in the water utilities for
Philippines Million Liters per Day

We will use this unit in this module

• Use MLD to express answers
• But use CMS when using formulas in calculators

CMS or cubic meter per second = for rivers mostly

LPM or liters per minute = for pumps usually
Water Demand
All water demand types are expressed as ratio of mean average daily flow
−0.10 p = factor multiplier the annual average
𝑝 = 1.8𝑡 daily demand for time (t) in days

−0.10 1.2
1.8 30 = 1.28 Range: 1.1 to 1.4

−0.10 1.4
1.8 7 = 1.48 Range: 1.2 to 1.7
−0.10 1.8
1.8 1 = 1.80 Range: 1.1 to 1.4
−0.10
2 2.7
1.8 = 2.31 Range: 1.2 to 1.7
24
Fire Water Demand

National Board of Fire Underwriters Formula

Q = flow rate in MLD
𝑄 = 5.5584 𝑃 − 0.01𝑃 P = population in thousands

Other Formulas
• Small demand (annually) John Freeman formula 𝑃
𝑄 = 1135.5 + 10
10
• high demand during Kuichling formula 𝑄 = 3182 𝑃
periods of need
Buston formula 𝑄 = 5663 𝑃
• must be available in Q = flow rate in Liters per minute
addition to coincident P = population in thousands
maximum daily flow rate
Design of Water Supply based on Water Demand

Design capacity of water treatment plant = use Maximum day demand

Q = 1.8 (Average Annual Demand or AAD) Note: AAD = LPCD x Population

Design capacity of water distribution system

whichever is higher between
Maximum daily demand + fire flow demand or Peak Hourly Flow
Q = 1.8 AAD + FD or Q = 2.31 AAD

Normally this governs

this one governs for high LPCD

(mixed commercial-industrial)
The LPCD (for Annual Average Demand)
Domestic Water Demand (50-60% of Total) Industrial Water Demand
• Low Income Group: 135 LPCD • Low Level: 50 LPCD
• High Income Group: 200 LPCD • High Level: 450 LPCD

Commercial Water Demand (20-25% of Total) Fire Water Demand (5 to 10% of Total)
• Average: 20 to 25 LPCD • Hydrant Minimum Pressure = 150 kPa
• Schools: 45 to 90 LPCD • Ave. Discharge = 1100 LPM (from 3 hydrants)
• Offices: 45 to 90 LPCD • Consult for empirical formulas if available
• Cinema: 15 LPCD
• Schools: 45 to 90 LPCD
• Restaurants: 70 LPCD
• Hotels: 180 LPCD
• Hospitals (Bed < 100): 340 LPCD
LPCD = Liters per
• Hospitals (Bed > 100): 450 LPCD
• Public Toilet: 70 LPCD
capita per day
Example 1

Population at design year is 420,000 and Municipal demand is 610 lpcd.

Calculate the following:

• Design flow of water treatment plant?
𝑄 = 1.8 ∗ 𝑙𝑝𝑐𝑑 ∗ 𝑃𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝐿𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠
𝑄 = 1.8 ∗ 610 𝑙𝑝𝑐𝑑 ∗ 420,000 = 461, 160,000 = 461.16 MLD
𝑑𝑎𝑦
• Fire flow demand? 𝑄 = 5.5584 ∗ 𝑃 − 0.01𝑃
𝑄 = 5.5584 ∗ 420 − 0.01 420 = 90.568 𝑀𝐿𝐷
• Design capacity of water distribution system?
Q = 1.8 AAD + FD = 1.8 (610) (420,000) / 1,000,000 + 90.568 = 551.728 MLD
Q = 2.31 AAD = 2.31 (610) (420,000) / 1,000,000 = 591.822 MLD
Choose the bigger, Ans = 591.822 MLD
Example 2

Population at design year is 18,000 and Municipal demand is 505 lpcd.

Calculate the following:

• Design flow of water treatment plant?
𝑄 = 1.8 ∗ 𝑙𝑝𝑐𝑑 ∗ 𝑃𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝐿𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠
𝑄 = 1.8 ∗ 505 𝑙𝑝𝑐𝑑 ∗ 18,000 = 16, 362,000 = 16.326 MLD
𝑑𝑎𝑦
• Fire flow demand? 𝑄 = 5.5584 ∗ 𝑃 − 0.01𝑃
𝑄 = 5.5584 ∗ 18 − 0.01 18 = 22.581782 𝑀𝐿𝐷
• Design capacity of water distribution system?
Q = 1.8 AAD + FD = 1.8 (505) (18,000) / 1,000,000 + 22.5817 = 38.9437 MLD
Q = 2.31 AAD = 2.31 (505) (18,000) / 1,000,000 = 20.9979 MLD
Choose the bigger, Ans = 38.94 MLD
Example 3
Population Projection
Different methods for future
population projections

1. Arithmetic Growth
2. Geometric Growth
3. Logistic Growth Curve
4. Decreasing Rate of Increase

Others: not discussed in this

course or module
a. Ratio method
b. Employment Forecast
c. Birth Cohort Note: Only Arithmetic and Geometric
d. Migration method will be used in this course and module
Arithmetic Method
Geometric Growth Method
Logistic Curve Growth Method
Decreasing rate of increase Growth Method
Example 1
Population at Year 1 = 150,000
Population at Year 2 = 153,000
City demand = 220 Lpcd
Calculate then using arithmethic method:
Population at Year 15? and design flow for water distribution?

Population at Year 15: For Year 15:

𝑃2 − 𝑃1 Q = 1.8 AAD + FD
𝑃15 = 𝑃2 + 𝑇 − 𝑇2
𝑇2 − 𝑇1
192,000 192,000
153,000 − 150,000 𝑄 = 1.8 220 + 5.5584 − 0.01 ∗ 192
𝑃15 = 153,000 + 15 − 2 1,000,000 1,000
2−1
𝑄 = 142.379
𝑃15 = 192,000
Q = 2.31 AAD
192,000
𝑄 = 2.31 220 = 97.5744 𝑀𝐿𝐷
1,000,000
Choose the bigger, Ans = 142.379 MLD
Example 2
Population at Year 1 = 150,000
Population at Year 2 = 153,000
City demand = 220 Lpcd
Calculate then using geometric method:
Population at Year 20? and design flow for water distribution?

Population at Year 20: For Year 20:

𝑃 Q = 1.8 AAD + FD
𝑙𝑛𝑃2
1 𝑇−𝑇2
𝑃20 = 𝑃2 𝑒 𝑇2 −𝑇1
218,522 218,522 218,522
153,000 𝑄 = 1.8 220 + 5.5584 − 0.01 ∗
𝑙𝑛150,000 1,000,000 1,000 1,000
20−2 𝑄 = 156.555
𝑃20 = 153,000 𝑒 2−1

Q = 2.31 AAD
𝑃20 = 218,521.67 or 218,522
218,522
𝑄 = 2.31 220 = 111.05 𝑀𝐿𝐷
1,000,000
Choose the bigger, Ans = 156.555 MLD
Try this one…
LPCD Pop’n In the pipelines with indicated numbers, provide the design flow
A 150 25,000 rates in MLD based on given LPCD and population. The water
B 150 25,000 source is from the treatment plant TP.
C 160 25,000
D 160 25,000
L 160 30,000
M 160 30,000
N 180 30,000
O 180 30,000
Q 180 30,000
R 180 30,000
S 200 30,000
T 200 30,000
W 200 40,000
X 200 40,000
Y 150 40,000
Z 150 40,000
References
 Module 1 (Part 2)
Water Supply Design:
Pipe and Pump Dimensions
Water Supply Distribution

Gravity System Pumped System

flow flow

P
Water Supply – Pumps
Water Supply Distribution Layout
Dead-end or Tree System Gridiron or Looped System
• each street is supplied separately from the main • whole distribution system is interconnected

Image: Zerihun Alemayehu of Addis Ababa University

• there is end of system at each end of the block • water in circulation continuously

This system is less desirable due to following reasons. • Lot of valve to cut off an area in emergencies.
• Large areas are cut off during repairing. • difficult to design, network of pipes forming
• bacterial growth happens when tap is closed for long. loops is possible only in well planned cities.
Water Supply Pipe Construction

Trench method

1. Water mains should not be installed

in the same trench with a sewer line.

2. Water line is at least 3 meters away

from the sewer line.
Water Pipe
3. Water pipe is higher than the sewer
lines when crossing each other.
Sewer Pipe
General Energy Equation

Pressure Velocity Elevation Pressure Velocity Elevation

Head Head Head Head Head Head

• valid for incompressible fluid flow only

• two points in the system – considered (e.g. 1 and 2)
• valid for “single-fluid” flow only from Point 1 to Point 2
Friction and Minor Losses

Head ADDED - Pumps Head EXTRACTED - Turbines

Pumps and Turbines

Turbines
Pumps

Power (P)

Efficiency (η)
Friction Loss: Darcy-Weisbach

For non-circular pipes:

• use D = 4R
• where R = hydraulic radius = A/P
• A = flow area
• P = wetted perimeter

For circular pipes:

SI System English System
 Friction Loss: Hazen-Williams

• for 40-75 deg F, full pressure pipe

• k = 0.8492 (SI), k = 1.318 (English)
For all pipe sections: • R = hydraulic radius = A/P
• common in water supply • A = flow area, P = wetted perimeter
• 2 in < D < 6 ft. • s = slope of hydraulic gradeline
• v < 10 ft/s
For circular pipes:
SI System English System

HL = headloss Q = flowrate
L = distance, D = pipe diameter C = H-W Friction Factor (normally 100 for DI)
 Friction Loss: Chezy-Manning

For all pipe sections:

• k = 1.0 (SI), k = 1.486 (English)
• R = hydraulic radius = A/P
• A = flow area, P = wetted perimeter
• s = slope of hydraulic gradeline
• n = roughness coefficient

For circular pipes:

SI System English System

HL = headloss Q = flowrate
L = distance, D = pipe diameter n = roughness coefficient
Design Considerations

Major Transmission Line Distribution Pipes

• Minimum Pressure head > 10m • Headloss Gradient < 2m/km (5 to 10 will do)
• Velocity < 1.0 m/s • Velocity: 2.5m/s > V > 0.6m/s
• Maximum Pressure head = 150m • Minimum Pressure head > 3.5m
• Hydrant Pressure head > 10m
Pump System Water Storage
• Velocity < 1.0 m/s • Minimum: 1-day
• Head in Pump Curves • Maximum: 3-day
o Maximum
o Average
o Minimum
Key Design Factor – Pipe and Pump

Pipe Size Pump Power

Discharge Minimum
Pressure
Roughness Head

Headloss Gradient
Model or Drawing Notations

NODE or JUNCTION PIPE or LINK

Flow Rate Roughness
(Design or Value: C or f
Actual Flows) C=120
100MLD
Point Name
or Label
A A L=3km Length: mostly
horizontal (m, km etc.)
55m

Flow Rate
Elevation
(MLD or CMS)
(Invert Level)
Example 1 C=120
Determine the pipe diameter HLG=2m/km Z 50MLD
sizes in mm for the some pipes 2km
100m
C=120
HLG=2m/km Y 40MLD
Source 1 m3/s = 86.4 MLD 2km 𝐻𝐿 10.67𝑄1.85
95m
101m
C=120
= 1.85 4.87
HLG=2m/km X 30MLD 𝐿 𝐶 𝐷
2km
80m
150MLD 50MLD
C=130 C=130
HLG=5m/km A B 100MLD C=130 C C=130
D 300MLD
HLG=5m/km HLG=5m/km HLG=5m/km
2km 1.5km 3km 4km
90m 50m 30m 30m
C=120 C=120 C=120 C=120
HLG=2m/km HLG=2m/km HLG=2m/km HLG=2m/km
5km 6km 7km 8km

K 25MLD L 25MLD M 25MLD N 25MLD

70m 70m 70m 70m

Solution
Pipe AB:
Q = sum all the demands after A
Q = 25*3 + 300 + 50 + 100 + 30 + 40 + 50
Q = 645 MLD or 7.465277778 m3/s
Pipe AB: C = 130 and HLG=5m/km
1.85
𝐻𝐿 10.67𝑄1.85 5 10.67 7.4652777
= 1.85 4.87 =
𝐿 𝐶 𝐷 1000 1301.85 𝐷 4.87
Pipe BX:
Q = sum all the demands after B towards Z
𝐷 = 1.63013𝑚 = 1630𝑚𝑚
Q = 30 + 40 + 50
Q = 120 MLD or 1.38888888 m3/s
Pipe DN:
Pipe BX: C = 120 and HLG=2m/km
Q = sum all the demands after D
Q = 25 MLD or 0.2893518 m3/s 𝐻𝐿 10.67𝑄1.85 2 10.67 1.3888888 1.85
= 1.85 4.87 =
Pipe DN: C = 120 and HLG=2m/km 𝐿 𝐶 𝐷 1000 1201.85 𝐷 4.87
1.85
𝐻𝐿 10.67𝑄1.85 2 10.67 0.2893518
= 1.85 4.87 = 𝐷 = 1.0707515𝑚 = 1071𝑚𝑚
𝐿 𝐶 𝐷 1000 1201.85 𝐷 4.87
Repeat the process for all pipes and you’re just fine
𝐷 = 0.5900664𝑚 = 590𝑚𝑚
Example 2
In the given network, all pipe segments are 200 meters long, 400mm in diameter
with friction factor of C=110. The source of water is an open lake at elevation 0m.
There are three pumps used to supply water of 10MLD at different elevations. 200m 10 MLD
c
Elev = 30m
Determine the minimum pump requirement so that
the pressure head on each end of pipe is at least 5m. P3
200m 10 MLD
b Elev = 20m

P2
200m 10 MLD
a
Elev = 10m

P1
200m
Solution for P1
0 0 0
2 2
𝑃 𝑣 𝑃 𝑣
+ + 𝑧𝑆 + 𝐻𝑃1 = + + 𝑧𝑎 + 𝐻𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠
𝛾 𝑆
2𝑔 𝑆
𝛾 𝑎
2𝑔 𝑎

1.85 1.85
30 10
10.67 400 10.67 200
0 + 𝐻𝑃1 = 5 + 10 + 86.4 + 86.4
1101.85 0.44.87 1101.85 0.44.87

𝐻𝑃1 = 15 + 8.74459 + 0.572842 = 24.3473𝑚

30
𝑃1 = 𝛾𝐻𝑃1 𝑄𝑃1 = 9810 ∗ 24.3473 ∗ = 89,932.99 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
86.4

𝑃1 = 89.93 𝑘𝑖𝑙𝑜 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠

Solution for P2
0 0 0
2 2
𝑃 𝑣 𝑃 𝑣
+ + 𝑧𝑆 + 𝐻𝑃1 + 𝐻𝑃2 = + + 𝑧𝑏 + 𝐻𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠
𝛾 𝑆
2𝑔 𝑆
𝛾 𝑏
2𝑔 𝑏

1.85 1.85 1.85

30 20 10
10.67 400 86.4 10.67 400 86.4 10.67 200 86.4
0 + 24.3473 + 𝐻𝑃2 = 5 + 20 + + +
1101.85 0.44.87 1101.85 0.44.87 1101.85 0.44.87
24.3473 + 𝐻𝑃2 = 25 + 8.74459 + 4.13019 + 0.572842

𝐻𝑃2 = 14.1003𝑚
20
𝑃2 = 𝛾𝐻𝑃2 𝑄𝑃2 = 9810 ∗ 14.1003 ∗ = 32,019.483 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
86.4

𝑃2 = 32.02 𝑘𝑖𝑙𝑜 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠

Solution for P3
0 0 0
2 2
𝑃 𝑣 𝑃 𝑣
+ + 𝑧𝑆 + 𝐻𝑃1 + 𝐻𝑃2 + 𝐻𝑃3 = + + 𝑧𝑐 + 𝐻𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠
𝛾 𝑆
2𝑔 𝑆
𝛾 𝑐
2𝑔 𝑐
1.85 1.85 1.85
30 20 10
10.67 400 10.67 400 10.67 600
0 + 24.3473 + 14.1003 + 𝐻𝑃3 = 5 + 30 + 86.4 + 86.4 + 86.4
1101.85 0.44.87 1101.85 0.44.87 1101.85 0.44.87

38.4476 + 𝐻𝑃3 = 35 + 8.74459 + 4.13019 + 1.7185

𝐻𝑃3 = 11.1457𝑚
10
𝑃3 = 𝛾𝐻𝑃3 𝑄𝑃3 = 9810 ∗ 11.1457 ∗ = 12,655.02266 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
86.4

𝑃3 = 12.655 𝑘𝑖𝑙𝑜 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠

Extra Example

𝐻𝐿 10.67𝑄1.85
= 1.85 4.87
𝐿 𝐶 𝐷
1 m3/s = 86.4 MLD
Extra Example

𝐻𝐿 10.67𝑄1.85
= 1.85 4.87
𝐿 𝐶 𝐷
1 m3/s = 86.4 MLD
References
 Module 1 (Part 3)
Water Supply Analysis:
Future Scenario and Adjustments
Water Supply Network - Analysis
Let us save water…
Hydraulic Modeling
Hydraulic Modeling - EPANET
EPANET 2.0 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency)
Model or Drawing Notations

NODE or JUNCTION PIPE or LINK

Flow Rate Roughness
(Design or Value: C or f
Actual Flows) C=120
100MLD
Point Name
or Label
A A L=3km Length: mostly
horizontal (m, km etc.)
55m

Elevation Flow Rate

(Invert Level) (MLD or CMS)
General Energy Equation

Pressure Velocity Elevation Pressure Velocity Elevation

Head Head Head Head Head Head

• valid for incompressible fluid flow only

• two points in the system – considered (e.g. 1 and 2)
• valid for “single-fluid” flow only from Point 1 to Point 2
Friction and Minor Losses

Head ADDED - Pumps Head EXTRACTED - Turbines

Instances for Water Supply Analysis

In a designed or operating water supply

system, changes in the composite elements lead
to corresponding changes on other elements.

Changes for example: Flow Rate in

Pipes
Water Demand or Pressure Head
Population Growth on another point
Headloss in
Pipes

Total head
Pump Shutdown
reduction
Example – Change in Water Demand
B 350MLD

Determine the change in pressure head at

60m
Point A if the demand at A, B, C, and D
increased by 50%. C=100
2.5km
D=1.75m

Source A 120MLD D=1.5m

D 240MLD
C=110 D=2.4m C=100

101m 2km 2.5km

80m 60m

C=100
Determine the size of pipe needed to be D=1.45m
2.5km
𝐻𝐿 10.67𝑄1.85
placed between source and A (parallel with = 1.85 4.87
𝐿 𝐶 𝐷
the existing pipeline) so that original C 220MLD
1 m3/s = 86.4 MLD
pressure head at A is maintained. 60m
 Solution
The change in pressure head at Point A is the
same as change in headloss from Source to A.
0 0 0
𝑃 𝑣2 𝑃 𝑣2
+ + 𝑧𝑆 = + + 𝑧𝐴 + 𝐻𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠
𝛾 𝑆
2𝑔 𝑆
𝛾 𝐴
2𝑔 𝐴

𝑃 𝑃
101 = + 80 + 𝐻𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠1 101 = + 80 + 𝐻𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠2
𝛾 𝐴1
𝛾 𝐴2

1.85 1.85
930 1395
𝑃 𝑃 10.67 2400 10.67 2400 86.4
= 86.4 − = −5.4633𝑚
− = 𝐻𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠1 − 𝐻𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠2
𝛾 𝐴1
𝛾 𝐴2
1101.85 2.44.87 1101.85 2.44.87

change in pressure head at Point A = 5.4633 meters

Solution
The size of new pipe parallel with the existing
pipeline so that original head at A is maintained:

pipe which will carry the additional discharge.

Add’l Q = 0.50 * (350+240+120+220)

= 930/2 = 465 MLD

Original head at A is maintained if original headloss is the same for new pipe
1.85 1.85
930 465 Flow Q in
10.67 2400 10.67 2400
86.4 86.4 new pipe
𝐻𝐿𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 = =
1101.85 2.44.87 1101.85 𝐷 4.87

930 1.85 465 1.85

86.4 86.4 New pipe has
= original roughness
2.44.87 𝐷 4.87

𝐷 = 1.8444m = 1,844.4mm
Instances for Water Supply Analysis

In a designed or operating water supply

system, changes in the composite elements lead
to corresponding changes on other elements.
Changes for example:

Aging Pipes
Pressure Head
Time Forward
on another point
Headloss in
Pipes
Water Demand

New Parallel
Pipeline
Example – Aging Pipe with Size Reduction
Determine the change in pressure head at Point A B 350MLD

if the roughness factor decreased by 20 grades in 60m

Hazen-William roughness factor in all pipes and
diameter reduced by 400mm. C=100
2.5km
D=1.75m

Source A 120MLD D=1.5m

D 240MLD
C=110 D=2.4m C=100

101m 2km 2.5km

80m 60m

Determine the size of pipe needed to be C=100

2.5km
placed between source and A (parallel D=1.45m 𝐻𝐿 10.67𝑄1.85
with the existing pipeline) so that original = 1.85 4.87
𝐿 𝐶 𝐷
pressure head at A is maintained. C 220MLD
1 m3/s = 86.4 MLD
60m
 Solution
The change in pressure head at Point A is the
same as change in headloss from Source to A.
0 0 0
𝑃 𝑣2 𝑃 𝑣2
+ + 𝑧𝑆 = + + 𝑧𝐴 + 𝐻𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠
𝛾 𝑆
2𝑔 𝑆
𝛾 𝐴
2𝑔 𝐴

𝑃 𝑃
101 = + 80 + 𝐻𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠1 101 = + 80 + 𝐻𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠2
𝛾 𝐴1
𝛾 𝐴2

1.85 1.85
930 930
𝑃 𝑃 10.67 2400 10.67 2400
= 86.4 − 86.4 = −12.33474𝑚
− = 𝐻𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠1 − 𝐻𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠2 1101.85 2.44.87 901.85 2.04.87
𝛾 𝐴1
𝛾 𝐴2

change in change in
C Factor diameter

change in pressure head at Point A = -12.335 m

Solution
The size of new pipe parallel with the existing
pipeline so that original head at A is maintained:

pipe which will the additional discharge beyond

the capacity of existing pipe.

Concentrate here mejo iba ang process

a. Solve the Q flowing in the original pipe with the b. Then solve for D using the solved Q for the
same original headloss but under new condition. same headloss originally.
1.85 1.85 1.85 1.85
930 𝑄 930 930 − 470.86
10.67 2400 86.4 10.67 2400 86.4 10.67 2400 86.4 10.67 2400
𝐻𝐿𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 = = = 86.4
1101.85 2.44.87 901.85 2.04.87 1101.85 2.44.87 110 𝐷4.87
1.85

𝑄 = 470.86 MLD New pipe has

original roughness 𝐷 = 1.83554m = 1,835.54mm

Note the The new Q is subtracted

pipe changes from Q original
Example – Aging Pipe and Increased Demand

Determine the change in pressure head at Point A if B 350MLD

the diameter of pipe from Source to A has been

60m
reduced by 400mm, reduction of 20 grades in
roughness factor, and all demands increased by 50%.
C=100
2.5km
D=1.75m

Source A 120MLD D=1.5m

D 240MLD
C=110 D=2.4m C=100

101m 2km 2.5km

80m 60m

C=100
Determine the size of pipe needed to be placed between 2.5km
D=1.45m 𝐻𝐿 10.67𝑄1.85
source and A (parallel with the existing pipeline) so that = 1.85 4.87
original pressure head at A is maintained. 𝐿 𝐶 𝐷
C 220MLD
1 m3/s = 86.4 MLD
60m
 Solution
The change in pressure head at Point A is the
same as change in headloss from Source to A.
0 0 0
𝑃 𝑣2 𝑃 𝑣2
+ + 𝑧𝑆 = + + 𝑧𝐴 + 𝐻𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠
𝛾 𝑆
2𝑔 𝑆
𝛾 𝐴
2𝑔 𝐴

𝑃 𝑃
101 = + 80 + 𝐻𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠1 101 = + 80 + 𝐻𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠2
𝛾 𝐴1
𝛾 𝐴2
Change in
demand

1.85 1.85
930 1395
𝑃 𝑃 10.67 2400 10.67 2400 86.4
= 86.4 − = −31.57886𝑚
− = 𝐻𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠1 − 𝐻𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠2
𝛾 𝐴1
𝛾 𝐴2
1101.85 2.44.87 901.85 2.04.87
change in change in
C Factor diameter

change in pressure head at Point A = -31.57886 m

Solution
The size of new pipe parallel with the existing
pipeline so that original head at A is maintained:

pipe which will the additional discharge beyond

the capacity of existing pipe.

Concentrate here again… its more complicated…

a. Solve the Q flowing in the original pipe with the b. Then solve for D using the solved Q for the
same original headloss but under new condition. same headloss originally.
1.85 1.85 1.85 1.85
930 𝑄 930 1395 − 470.86
10.67 2400 86.4 10.67 2400 86.4 10.67 2400 86.4 10.67 2400
𝐻𝐿𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 = = 86.4
1101.85 2.44.87 901.85 2.04.87 =
1101.85 2.44.87 1101.85 𝐷4.87
New pipe has
𝑄 = 470.86 MLD original roughness
𝐷 = 2.394244m = 2,394.244mm
Flow carried by
Note the new pipe
pipe changes
Now try this on your own if understood…
A hydraulic network was initially designed and constructed to deliver water supply services
to community A, B, and C. The design guidelines were: maximum headloss gradient is 2m
per kilometer, mean speed is between 0.6 to 2.5 m/s, and minimum pressure head is 3.5m

1. Determine the appropriate size of pipe diameter in millimeters for pipe S-A.
2. Determine the appropriate size of pipe diameter in millimeters for pipe A-B.
3. Determine the appropriate size of pipe diameter in millimeters for pipe B-C.
After 25 years, the roughness coefficient of all constructed pipelines decreased by 25 grades
and a new community shall connected to community C using the original pipeline form S.
4. Determine the size of additional parallel pipeline (three pipes from S-A-B-C) to
accommodate additional water load and original design pressure heads at A, B, and C
are all maintained.
5. Determine the additional pump head towards D from C in meters.
6. Determine the corresponding pump power requirement in kilowatts.
References