RCD SA1 Reviewer Final Promise
RCD SA1 Reviewer Final Promise
RCD SA1 Reviewer Final Promise
Situation 1: Determine the nominal flexural strength Mn of a 3 – 25 mm diameter bars, for the upper and the bottom layer.
rectangular section having f’c = 34.5 MPa and f y = 448.5 MPa. Use f’c = 31.05 MPa and fy = 414 MPa. Determine the design
The width and the effective depth are 355.6 mm and 546. 1 flexural strength.
mm, respectively. The section is reinforced with 4 – 25 mm ϕ 350 mm
bars.
355.6 mm
444.5 mm
546.1 mm
6 – 25 mm
63.5 mm
4 – 25 mm
450 mm
4 [ (16)2 ] As
𝜌𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 4 ; 𝜌𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 0.009406406074
250(342)
d
Therefore, use 4 – 16 mm ∅ top bars.
Situation 7: Given the figure below, and the design Limits of Reinforcement
information. Determine the factored moments and shear forces
√𝑓 ′ 𝑐 √28
in the beam. = = 0.003187652182
4(415) 4(415)
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 1.4 1.4
= = 0.003373493976
𝑓𝑦 415
𝐺𝑂𝑉𝐸𝑅𝑁!
3 𝑓 ′𝑐 3 28
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = (0.85𝛽1 ) ( ) = (0.85)(0.85) ( )
7 𝑓𝑦 7 415
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.02089156627
Calculate the ρreq′d
𝑓𝑦
𝑀𝑢 = ∅𝜌𝑏𝑑 2 𝑓𝑦 (1 − 0.59 )
𝑓 ′𝑐
165.3125 × 106 = 0.90𝜌(300)(390)2 (415) [1
415
− 0.59𝜌 ( )]
28
𝝆𝒓𝒆𝒒′𝒅 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟎𝟕𝟎𝟏𝟐𝟒𝟖𝟗𝟖 𝑜𝑘!
Calculate the As and n20
𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑 = 0.01070124898(300)(390)
𝐿𝑛2 5.5 𝐴𝑠 = 1252.046131 𝑚𝑚2
= = 1.057692308 ≤ 1.20 ✓
𝐿𝑛1 5.2 𝐴𝑠 1252.046131
𝑛20 = = 𝜋 ≈ 4 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠
𝐿𝑛2 5.5 𝐴𝑏 (20)2
= = 1.1 ≤ 1.20 ✓ 4
𝐿𝑛3 5
2(40) + 2(10) + 4(20) + 3(25) __ 300
Use Approximate Method of Analysis
255 < 300
𝜋 Calculate the minimum reinforcement ratio for a given beam
4 [ (20)2 ]
𝜌𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 4 = 0.01074 section if f’c = 28MPa and fy = 345 MPa.
300(390)
√𝑓 ′ 𝑐 √28
Therefore, use 4 – 20 mm ∅ bars. 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.25 = 0.25 = 0.00383442219
𝑓𝑦 345
1.4 1.4
Formative Assessments 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = = 0.004057971014
𝑓𝑦 345
For fy = 415 MPa, the balanced strain εty shall be permitted to
be equal to 𝝆𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟒𝟎𝟓𝟕𝟗𝟕𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟒
𝑓𝑦 415 Calculate the maximum reinforcement ratio in a beam section
= = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟎𝟕𝟓 having concrete compressive strength of 28 MPa, β1 = 0.85,
𝐸𝑠 200 × 103
and fy is 415 MPa.
Calculate the strain at extreme layer of steel if fy = 415 MPa
3 𝑓 ′𝑐 3 28
and the strength reduction factor is 0.80. 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = (0.85𝛽1 ) ( ) = (0.85)(0.85) ( )
7 𝑓𝑦 7 415
0.25(𝜀𝑡 − 0.002075)
0.80 = 0.65 + 𝝆𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟎𝟖𝟗𝟏𝟓𝟔𝟔𝟐𝟕
0.005 − 0.002075
𝜺𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟖𝟑 Which of the following is the compressive strength of concrete
If the yield stress of steel is equal to 345MPa, the balanced if β1 = 0.80?
strain εty is nearest to 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 − 28
0.80 = 0.85 − (0.05); 𝒇′𝒄 = 𝟑𝟓 𝑴𝑷𝒂
𝑓𝑦 345 7
= = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟕𝟐𝟓 A 250mm by 400mm rectangular beam is reinforced with 3-20
𝐸𝑠 200 × 103
mm diameter bars, f’c=35 MPa, fy=345 MPa, diameter of
If the depth of neutral axis from extreme compression fiber is
stirrups=10mm, and concrete cover=40mm.
250 mm, calculate the depth of compression block if β1 = 0.85.
Calculate the effective depth of the beam.
𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝑐 = 0.85(250); 𝒂 = 𝟐𝟏𝟐. 𝟓 𝒎𝒎
20
Calculate the strain in the steel if the stress in the steel is 200 𝑑 = 400 − 40 − 10 −
2
MPa. The specified yield strength of steel is 415 MPa.
𝒅 = 𝟑𝟒𝟎 𝒎𝒎
𝑓𝑦 415
= = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟎𝟕𝟓 Calculate the actual reinforcement ratio in the beam.
𝐸𝑠 200 × 103 𝜋
3 × (202 )
Calculate the depth of neutral axis at balanced condition if the
𝜌𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 4 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟏𝟎𝟖𝟕𝟗𝟕𝟒𝟎𝟕
effective depth is 250 mm and fy is 415 MPa. 250(340)
600(250) Calculate the depth of compression block in the beam.
𝑐= = 𝟏𝟒𝟕. 𝟕𝟖𝟑𝟐𝟓𝟏𝟐 𝒎𝒎
600 + 415 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 − 28 35 − 28
Calculate the stress at the centroid of the tension steel in single 𝛽1 = 0.85 − (0.005) = 0.85 − (0.05)
7 7
layer if the effective depth is 250 mm and the depth of neural 𝛽1 = 0.80
axis is 100 mm. 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 600 35(600)
𝑑−𝑐 250 − 100 𝜌𝑏𝑎𝑙 = 0.85𝛽1 = 0.85(0.80)
𝑓𝑠 = (600) = (600) 𝑓𝑦 600 + 𝑓𝑦 345(600 + 345)
𝑐 100
𝜌𝑏𝑎𝑙 = 0.04380032206; 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑑, 𝑓𝑠 = 𝑓𝑦
𝒇𝒔 = 𝟗𝟎𝟎 𝑴𝑷𝒂 𝜋
3 × (202 )(345)
Calculate the strain at the centroid of the tension steel in single 𝑎= 4 = 𝟒𝟑. 𝟕𝟏𝟖𝟐𝟗𝟕𝟕𝟕 𝒎𝒎
layer if the effective depth is 250 mm and the depth of neural 0.85(35)(250)
axis is 100 mm. Calculate the depth of neutral axis in the beam.
𝑑𝑡 − 𝑐 250 − 100 𝑎 43.71829777
𝜀𝑡 = (0.003) = (0.003) 𝑐= = = 𝟓𝟒. 𝟔𝟒𝟕𝟖𝟕𝟐𝟐𝟏 𝒎𝒎
𝑐 100 𝛽1 0.80
𝜺𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟒𝟓 Calculate the strain at the extreme layer of steel.
Calculate the depth of compression at balanced condition if 𝑑𝑡 − 𝑐 340 − 54.64787221
the effective depth is 250 mm, β1 = 0.85, and fy is 415 MPa. 𝜀𝑡 = (0.003) = (0.003)
𝑐 54.64787221
600(250) 𝜺𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟓𝟔𝟔𝟒𝟗𝟓𝟑𝟔𝟐 ∴ 𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑
𝑐= = 147.7832512
600 + 415 Calculate the ultimate moment capacity of the beam.
𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝑐 = 0.85(147.7832512) 𝑎
𝑀𝑢 = ∅𝐴𝑠𝐹𝑠 (𝑑 − )
𝒂 = 𝟏𝟐𝟓. 𝟔𝟏𝟓𝟕𝟔𝟑𝟓 2
The reinforcement ratio of a section with 3-16 mm diameter 𝜋 2 43.71829777
0.90(3) ( ) (20 )(345) (340 − )
tension bars, effective depth of 338 mm, and width of 280mm 𝑀𝑢 = 4 2
106
is nearest to
𝜋 𝑴𝒖 = 𝟗𝟑. 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟓𝟑𝟑𝟔𝟗 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎
3 × × 162
𝜌= 4 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟔𝟑𝟕𝟑𝟒𝟕𝟔𝟐𝟐 A 250mm by 300mm rectangular beam is reinforced with 6-20
338(280) mm diameter bars arranged in two layers with 3 bars per layer,
f’c=21 MPa, fy=415 MPa, diameter of stirrups=10mm, and 25
𝑑 = 500 − 40 − 10 − = 437.5
concrete cover=40mm. 2
Calculate the effective depth of the beam. 415
162.5 × 106 = 0.90𝜌(300)(437.5)2 (415)(1 − 0.59𝜌 )
20 20 42
6𝑚 = 3 (40 + 10 + ) + 3 (40 + 10 + 20 + 25 + ) 𝜌𝑟𝑒𝑞′𝑑 = 0.00794476265
2 2
𝑚 = 82.5 𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑 = 0.00794476265 × 300 × 437.5
𝑑 = ℎ − 𝑚 = 300 − 82.5; 𝒅 = 𝟐𝟏𝟕. 𝟓 𝒎𝒎 𝐴𝑠 = 𝟏𝟎𝟒𝟐. 𝟕𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟗𝟖 𝒎𝒎𝟐
20 The minimum depth of a cantilever beam having unsupported
𝑑𝑡 = 300 − 40 − 10 − ; 𝑑 = 240
2 𝑡 length of 3.5 m, reinforced with rebars of fy=420 MPa, and
Calculate the actual reinforcement ratio of the beam. lightweight concrete having density of 1660 kg/m3 is nearest
𝜋 to
6 × (202 )
𝜌𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 4 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟒𝟔𝟔𝟓𝟖𝟒𝟗𝟗𝟕 16 − 0.0003(1660) = 1.152
250 × 217.5
Calculate the balanced reinforcement ratio of the beam. 3.5
1.152 ( ) = 𝟓𝟎𝟒 𝒎𝒎
21 600 8
𝜌𝑏𝑎𝑙 = 0.85(0.85) ( )( )
415 600 + 415
𝝆𝒃𝒂𝒍 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟏𝟔𝟏𝟏𝟗𝟔𝟓𝟏
𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑑, 𝑓𝑠 < 𝑓𝑦
Calculate the depth of the neutral axis from extreme
compression fiber.
𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝑐 = 0.85𝑐
0.85𝑓′𝑐𝑎𝑏 0.85(21)(0.85𝑐)(250)
𝑓𝑠 = = 𝜋
𝐴𝑠 6 × (202 )
4
𝑑−𝑐 217.5 − 𝑐
𝑓𝑠 = (600) = (600)
𝑐 𝑐
𝒄 = 𝟏𝟒𝟔. 𝟎𝟎𝟒𝟔𝟐𝟎𝟏 𝒎𝒎
Calculate the stress at the centroid of the tension steel.
217.5 − 146.0046201
𝑓𝑠 = (600)
146.0046201
𝒇𝒔 = 𝟐𝟗𝟑. 𝟖𝟎𝟕𝟑𝟑𝟐𝟓 𝑴𝑷𝒂
Calculate the depth of compression block from extreme
compression fiber.
𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝑐 = 0.85(146.0046201)
𝒂 = 𝟏𝟐𝟒. 𝟏𝟎𝟑𝟗𝟐𝟕𝟏 𝑴𝑷𝒂
Calculate the strain at extreme layer of steel.
𝑑𝑡 − 𝑐 240 − 146.0046201
𝜀𝑡 = (0.003) = (0.003)
𝑐 146.0046201
𝜺𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟗𝟑𝟏𝟑𝟓𝟎𝟕𝟗𝟗 < 0.005; 𝐶𝐶𝑆
Calculate the ultimate moment capacity of the beam.
𝜋
𝑀𝑢 = 0.65 × 6 × (202 ) × 293.8073325 × (217.5
4
124.1039271
− )
2
𝑴𝒖 = 𝟓𝟓. 𝟗𝟓𝟖𝟎𝟐𝟏𝟒𝟗 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎
Calculate the nominal moment capacity of the beam.
𝑀𝑢 55.95802149
𝑀𝑛 = = = 𝟖𝟔. 𝟎𝟖𝟗𝟐𝟔𝟑𝟕𝟗 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎
∅ 0.65
Design the minimum area of steel reinforcement of a 300mm
by 500 mm rectangular beam necessary to support a maximum
ultimate moment of 162.5 kN.m. Use f’c=42 MPa, fy=415
MPa, rebar diameter=25 mm, diameter of stirrups=10 mm, and
concrete cover= 40 mm.
Principle of Reinforced/Prestressed Concrete 5. Mixing water
Module 1: Analysis and Design of Reinforced Concrete 6. Moisture and temperature conditions during curing
Structures 7. Age of concrete
Design Procedures
Disadvantages of Reinforced Concrete
1. Allowable or Working Stress Design
1. Low Tensile Strength
Computed elastic stress in the material must not exceed the
2. Forms and shoring
allowable stress. The moments or forces are added together
3. Relatively low strength per unit of weight or volume and the sums are multiplied by a load combination.
4. Time dependent volume changes
Design Assumptions
Section 421 Strength Reduction Factors
Section 422 Sectional Strength
421.1 Scope
422.1 Scope
421.1.1 This section shall apply to the selection of strength
422.1.1 This section shall apply to calculating nominal
reduction factors used in design, except as permitted by
strength at sections of members, including (a) through (g):
Section 427.
a. Flexural strength;
421.2 Strength Reduction Factors for Structural Concrete
b. Axial strength or combined flexural and axial Members and Connections
strength;
421.2.1 Strength reduction factors, ∅, shall be in
c. One-way shear strength; accordance with Table 421.2.1, except as modified by
d. Two-way shear strength; Sections 421.2.2, 421.2.3, and 421.2.4.
e. Torsional strength; 421.2.2 Strength reduction factor for moment, axial force
f. Bearing; or combined moment and axial force shall be in
g. Shear friction accordance with Table 421.2.2.
Table 421.2.1
422.2 Design Assumptions for Moment and Axial Strength Strength Reduction Factors, ∅
422.2.1 Equilibrium and Strain Compatibility Action or Structural Element ∅ Exceptions
(a) Moment, axial force, or combined 0.65 to 0.90 Near ends of pretensioned
422.2.1.1 Equilibrium shall be satisfied at each section. moment and axial force in accordance members where strands area
with Section not fully developed, ∅ shall
422.2.1.2 Strain in concrete and non-prestressed 421.2.2 be in accordance with
Section 421.2.3.
reinforcement shall be assumed proportional to the
(b) Shear 0.75 Additional requirements are
distance from neutral axis. given in Section 421.2.4 for
structures designed to resist
422.2.2 Design Assumptions for Concrete earthquake effects.
𝒇𝒚
421.2.2.1 For deformed reinforcement, 𝜺𝒕𝒚 shall be . For
Equivalent Stress Distribution 𝑬𝒔
- Whitney’s Rectangular Stress Distribution Grade 280 deformed reinforcement it shall be permitted to
take 𝜺𝒕𝒚 equal to 0.002.
𝒂 𝑨𝒔 𝒇 𝒔
𝑴𝒖 = ∅𝑨𝒔 𝒇𝒔 (𝒅 − ) (𝟔); 𝒂 = (𝟐)
𝟐 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇′ 𝒄𝒃
𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑠
0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑏
𝑀𝑢 = ∅𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑠 (𝑑 − )
2
𝐴𝑠 Substituting (12)
Let 𝜌 = = 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 (9)
𝑏𝑑
600𝑑
𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑 (10) 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 = 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐 ( )𝛽 𝑏
𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑠 600 + 𝑓𝑦 1
0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑏 𝐴𝑠 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 600 𝐴𝑠
𝑀𝑢 = ∅𝜌𝑏𝑑𝑓𝑠 (𝑑 − ) = 0.85 ; 𝜌=
2 𝑏𝑑 𝑓𝑦 600 + 𝑓𝑦 𝑏𝑑
𝒇′ 𝒄 𝟔𝟎𝟎
𝜌𝑑𝑓𝑠 𝝆𝒃𝒂𝒍 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝜷𝟏 (𝟏𝟒)
𝑀𝑢 = ∅𝜌𝑏𝑑𝑓𝑠 (𝑑 − ) 𝒇𝒚 𝟔𝟎𝟎 + 𝒇𝒚
1.7𝑓′𝑐
𝑓𝑦
𝑀𝑢 = ∅𝜌𝑏𝑑 2 𝑓𝑠 (1 − 0.59𝜌 ′ ) 409.6 Reinforcements Limits
𝑓𝑐
409.6.1 Minimum Flexural Reinforcement in Non-
If 𝑓𝑠 = 𝑓𝑦 tension steel is yielding Prestressed Beams
𝒇𝒚 409.6.1.1 A minimum area of flexural reinforcement
𝑴𝒖 = ∅𝝆𝒃𝒅𝟐 𝒇𝒔 (𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟓𝟗𝝆 ) (11)
𝒇′ 𝒄 As, min shall be provided at every section where tension
422.2.2 Design Assumptions for Concrete reinforcement is required by analysis.
422.2.2.1 Maximum strain at the extreme concrete 409.6.1.2 As, min shall be the greater of (a) and (b),
compression fiber shall be assumed equal to 0.003. except as provided in Section 4096.1.3. For a statically
determinate beam with a flange in tension, the value of
bw shall be the lesser bf and 2bw.
420.2.2 Design Properties
420.2.2.1 For non-prestressed bars and wires, the stress
below 𝑓𝑦 shall be 𝐸𝑠 times steel strain. For strains Minimum reinforcement
𝟎.𝟐𝟓√𝒇′𝒄
greater than that corresponding to 𝑓𝑦 , stress shall be a. 𝒃𝒘 𝒅
𝒇𝒚
considered independent of strain and equal to 𝑓𝑦 . 𝟏.𝟒
b. 𝒃𝒘 𝒅 (𝟏𝟓)
420.2.2.2 Modulus of elasticity, 𝐸𝑠 , for non-prestressed 𝒇𝒚
bars and wires shall be permitted to be taken as 409.6.1.3 If As provided at every section is at least one-
200,000 MPa. third greater than As required by analysis, Sections
409.6.1.1 and 409.6.1.2 need not be satisfied.
Using strain diagram
Maximum reinforcement
409.3.3 Reinforcement Strain Limit in Non-Prestressed
Beams
409.3.3.1 For non-prestressed beams with 𝑷𝒖 <
𝟎. 𝟏𝟎𝒇′ 𝒄𝑨𝒈 , 𝜺𝒕 shall be at least 0.004.
𝑓′𝑐 600𝑑
𝜌𝑏𝑎𝑙 = 0.85𝛽1 ; 𝑓𝑠 = 𝜀𝑠 𝐸𝑠
𝑓𝑦 600 + 𝑓𝑦
𝑓 ′𝑐 600𝑑
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.85𝛽1
𝑓𝑦 600 + 0.004(200000)
𝟑 𝒇′𝒄
𝝆𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝜷𝟏 (𝟏𝟔)
Ratio and proportion 𝟕 𝒇𝒚
𝜀𝑠 𝜀𝑐 𝑓𝑠
= ; 𝜀𝑐 = 0.003 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜀𝑠 =
𝑑−𝑐 𝑐 200000 418.6.3 Longitudinal Reinforcement
𝑓𝑠 418.6.3.1 Beams shall have at least two continuous bars
200000 = 0.003
at both top and bottom faces. At any section, for top as
𝑑−𝑐 𝑐
𝒅−𝒄 well as for bottom reinforcement, the amount of
𝒇𝒔 = 𝟔𝟎𝟎 (12) reinforcement shall be at least that required by Section
𝒄
409.6.1.2 and the reinforcement ration, 𝝆, shall not
Strain at extreme layer of steel
𝜀𝑡 𝜀𝑐 exceed 0.025.
=
𝑑𝑡 − 𝑐 𝑐
𝒅𝒕 − 𝒄 Example (Analysis)
𝜺𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑 (13) A 5.0 m simple beam supports the given floor loads and a
𝒄
Equate (2) and (13) then rearranging the terms concentrated load Pu due to the wall transverse to the given
𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 = 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝛽1 𝑏
beam. For each given section, check the adequacy of the Spacing of Reinforcement
beam. 425.2 Minimum Spacing of Reinforcement
425.2.1 For parallel non-prestressed reinforcement in a
horizontal layer, clear spacing shall be at least the greatest
𝟒
of 25 mm, 𝒅𝒃 , and ( ) 𝒅𝒂𝒈𝒈 .
𝟑
425.2.2 For parallel non-prestressed reinforcement placed
in two or more horizontal layers, reinforcement in the
upper layers shall be placed directly above reinforcement
in the bottom layer with a clear spacing between layers of
at least 25 mm.
Concrete Protective Cover 0.030 8.19 11.7 0.00200 0.650 575 374
Face of other
All 𝑤𝑢 𝑙𝑛2 /11
supports
a. Slabs with spans
not exceeding 3m.
Face of all b. Beams where ratio
supports satisfying of sum of column 𝑤𝑢 𝑙𝑛2 /12
(a) or (b) stiffnesses to beam
stiffness exceeds 8 at
each end of span
Example (Analysis)
Table 406.5.4 Approximate Shears for Non-Prestressed Continuous Beams and
Check the adequacy of the given section to adequately support One-Way Slabs
the given loads. Use f’c = 28 MPa, fy = 415 MPa, stirrups Location VU
diameter = 10mm and concrete cover = 40mm. Exterior face of first interior support 1.15𝑤𝑢 𝑙𝑛 /2
Face of all other supports 𝑤𝑢 𝑙𝑛 /2
Example (Design)
Determine the number of 20 mm diameter bars at left support
Example (Design) of beam CD to adequately support the given loads. The beam
Determine the number of 16 mm diameter bars of the 250 mm dimension is 300 mm by 450 mm and column size is 500 mm
by 400 mm rectangular propped beam to adequately support by 500 mm. Use f’c = 28 MPa, fy = 415 MPa, stirrups
the given loads. Use f’c = 21 MPa, fy = 415 MPa, stirrups diameter = 10mm, and concrete cover=40mm. Use
diameter=10mm, and concrete cover = 40mm. approximate method of analysis.
Methods of Analysis
406.5 Simplified Method of Analysis for Non-Prestressed
Minimum Beam Depth
Continuous Beams and One-way Slabs
409.3.1 Minimum Beam Depth
406.5.1 It shall be permitted to calculate Mu and Vu due to
gravity loads in accordance with this section for 409.3.1.1 For non-prestressed beams not supporting or
continuous beams and one-way slabs satisfying (a) through attached to partitions or other construction likely to be
(e): damaged by large deflections, overall beam depth h
shall satisfy the limits in Table 409.3.1.1, unless the
a. Members are prismatic;
calculated deflection limits of Section 409.3.2 are
b. Loads uniformly distributed; satisfied.
c. L ≤ 3D; Table 409.3.1.1
Minimum Depth of Non-Prestressed Beams
d. There are at least two spans;
Support Condition Minimum h
e. The longer of two adjacent spans does not exceed the
Simply supported l/16
shorter by more than 20 percent.
One end continuous l/18.5
406.5.2 Mu due to gravity loads shall be calculated in
Both ends continuous l/21
accordance with Table 406.5.2.
Cantilever l/8
Table 406.5.2 Approximate Moments for Non-Prestressed Continuous Beams
and One-Way Slabs 409.3.1.1.1 For fy other than 420 MPa, the
Moment Location Condition MU expressions in Table 409.3.1.1 shall be multiplied
Discontinuous end
𝑤𝑢 𝑙𝑛2 /14 by (0.4 + fy/700).
integral with support
Positive
End Span
Discontinuous end
409.3.1.1.2 For non-prestressed beams made of
𝑤𝑢 𝑙𝑛2 /11
unrestrained lightweight concrete having wc in the range of 1440
Interior Spans All 𝑤𝑢 𝑙𝑛2 /16 to 1840 kg/m3, the expressions in Table 409.3.1.1
Member built shall be multiplied by the greater of (a) and (b):
Interior face of integrally with
Negative
exterior support supporting spandrel
𝑤𝑢 𝑙𝑛2 /24 a. 1.65 – 0.0003wc;
beam
b. 1.09.
Supplementary The maximum strain at extreme compression fiber shall be
The strain in the concrete is assumed to be proportional to the assumed equal to *Section 422.2.2.1*
*Section 422.2.1.2* Answer: 0.003
Answer: Distance from neutral axis For strains greater than that corresponding to fy, stress shall be
The tensile strength of concrete in strength calculations is considered equal to *Section 420.2.2.1*
assumed to be Answer: fy
Answer: 10% of compressive strength The modulus of Elasticity Es shall be permitted to be taken as
The relationship between compressive stress and strain in *Section 420.2.2.2*
substantial agreement with results of comprehensive tests shall Answer: 200000 MPa
be represented by the following shapes except Calculate the strain in the steel if the stress in the steel is 200
Answer: All of the choices (Rectangular, Parabolic, MPa. The specified yield strength of steel is 415 MPa.
Trapezoidal) Answer: 0.001
The intensity of uniformly distributed stress in concrete for Calculate the depth of neutral axis at balanced condition if the
equivalent rectangular concrete stress distribution in effective depth is 250 mm and fy is 415 MPa.
accordance with NSCP is equal to 600(250)
Answer: 0.85f’c 𝑐= = 147.7832512 ≈ 𝟏𝟒𝟕. 𝟕𝟖 𝒎𝒎
600 + 415
The maximum strength reduction factor for structural element Calculate the stress at the centroid of the tension steel in single
subjected to moment is equal to layer if the effective depth is 250 mm and the depth of neural
Answer: 0.90 axis is 100 mm.
The minimum strength reduction factor for structural element 𝑑−𝑐 250 − 100
𝑓𝑠 = (600) = (600)
subjected to moment is equal to 𝑐 100
Answer: 0.65 𝒇𝒔 = 𝟗𝟎𝟎 𝑴𝑷𝒂
For fy = 415 MPa, the balanced strain εty shall be permitted to Calculate the strain at the centroid of the tension steel in single
be equal to layer if the effective depth is 250 mm and the depth of neural
𝑓𝑦 415 axis is 100 mm.
= = 0.002075 ≈ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟐 𝑑𝑡 − 𝑐 250 − 100
𝐸𝑠 200 × 103 𝜀𝑡 = (0.003) = (0.003)
If the yield stress of steel is equal to 345MPa, the balanced 𝑐 100
𝜺𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟒𝟓
strain εty is nearest to
𝑓𝑦 345 Calculate the depth of compression at balanced condition if
= = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟕𝟐𝟓 ≈ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟕𝟑 the effective depth is 250 mm, β1 = 0.85, and fy is 415 MPa.
𝐸𝑠 200 × 103
600(250)
The strength reduction factor for tension-controlled sections is 𝑐= = 147.7832512
600 + 415
Answer: 0.90
𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝑐 = 0.85(147.7832512)
The strength reduction factor for spiral compression-controlled
𝑎 = 125.6157635 ≈ 𝟏𝟐𝟓. 𝟔𝟐 𝑴𝑷𝒂
sections is
The reinforcement ratio of a section with 3-16 mm diameter
Answer: 0.75
tension bars, effective depth of 338 mm, and width of 280mm
Calculate the strain at extreme layer of steel if fy = 415 MPa is nearest to
and the strength reduction factor is 0.80. 𝜋
0.25(𝑥 − 0.002075) 3 × × 162
𝜌= 4 = 0.00637347622 ≈ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟔𝟒
0.80 = 0.65 + 338(280)
0.005 − 0.002075
𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟖𝟑 ≈ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟕𝟑 Calculate the minimum reinforcement ratio for a given beam
If the depth of neutral axis from extreme compression fiber is section if f’c = 28MPa and fy = 345 MPa.
250 mm, calculate the depth of compression block if β1 = √𝑓 ′ 𝑐 √28
0.85. 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.25 = 0.25
𝑓𝑦 345
𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝑐 = 0.85(250); 𝒂 = 𝟐𝟏𝟐. 𝟓 𝒎𝒎 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.00383442219 ≈ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟖𝟑
Equilibrium shall be satisfied at The minimum reinforcements need not be satisfied if As
Answer: each section of the member provided at every section is at least _______ greater than As
The strength reduction factor for tied compression-controlled required by analysis. *Section 409.6.1.3*
sections is Answer: 1/3
Answer: 0.65 For non-prestressed beams with Pu less than 0.10f’cAg, the
The classification of bean section with net tensile strain equal strain at extreme layer of tension steel shall be at least
to 0.0045 is *Section 409.6.1.3*
Answer: Transition Answer: 0.004
Calculate the maximum reinforcement ratio in a beam section Increasing the moment capacity of a flexural member is best
having concrete compressive strength of 28 MPa, β1 = 0.85, achieved by increasing the
and fy is 415 MPa. Answer: Effective depth
3 𝑓 ′𝑐 3 28 Increasing the ductility of a flexural member is best achieved
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = (0.85𝛽1 ) ( ) = (0.85)(0.85) ( )
7 𝑓𝑦 7 415 by increasing the
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.02089156627 ≈ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟎𝟖𝟗 Answer: Effective depth
Beams shall have at least how many continuous bars at both The curvature of the beam is increased if the area of tension
top and bottom faces? *Section 418.6.3.1* reinforcement is
Answer: 2 Answer: increased
Considering seismic provision of the NSCP code for A 250mm by 400mm rectangular beam is reinforced with 3-20
longitudinal reinforcement is flexural members, that mm diameter bars, f’c=35 MPa, fy=345 MPa, diameter of
reinforcement ratio shall not exceed *Section 418.6.3.1* stirrups=10mm, and concrete cover=40mm. Calculate the
Answer: 0.025 effective depth of the beam.
20
Concrete cover is provided due to the following reasons 𝑑 = 400 − 40 − 10 −
except 2
𝒅 = 𝟑𝟒𝟎 𝒎𝒎
Answer: None of the choices (Among Protect the steel
reinforcement bars (rebars) from environmental effects to A 250mm by 400mm rectangular beam is reinforced with 3-20
prevent their corrosion; Provide thermal insulation, which mm diameter bars, f’c=35 MPa, fy=345 MPa, diameter of
protects the reinforcement bars from fire; Give reinforcing stirrups=10mm, and concrete cover=40mm. Calculate the
bars sufficient embedding to enable them to be stressed depth of compression block in the beam.
𝜋
without slipping) 3 × (202 )
𝜌𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 4 = 0.01108797407
Minimum concrete cover for concrete members cast against 250(340)
and permanently in contact with ground is equal to 𝜌𝑏𝑎𝑙 = 0.04380; 𝑓𝑠 = 𝑓𝑦
Answer: 75 mm 𝜋
3 × (202 )(345)
Minimum concrete cover for concrete beam members not 𝑎= 4 = 𝟒𝟑. 𝟕𝟏𝟖𝟐𝟗𝟕𝟕𝟕 𝒎𝒎
exposed to weather or in contact with ground is equal to 0.85(35)(250)
Answer: 20 mm A 250mm by 400mm rectangular beam is reinforced with 3-20
For f’c between 17MPa to 28 MPa, the factor β1 is equal to mm diameter bars, f’c=35 MPa, fy=345 MPa, diameter of
stirrups=10mm, and concrete cover=40mm. Calculate the
Answer: 0.85
depth of neutral axis in the beam.
For f’c greater than 56 MPa, the factor β1 is equal to 𝑎
Answer: 0.65 𝑐= = 𝟓𝟒. 𝟔𝟒𝟖 𝒎𝒎
𝛽1
Which of the following is the compressive strength of concrete A 250mm by 400mm rectangular beam is reinforced with 3-20
if β1 = 0.85? mm diameter bars, f’c=35 MPa, fy=345 MPa, diameter of
Answer: 21 stirrups=10mm, and concrete cover=40mm. Calculate the
Which of the following is the compressive strength of concrete strain at the extreme layer of steel.
if β1 = 0.65? 𝑑𝑡 − 𝑐
𝜀𝑡 = (0.003) = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟓𝟔𝟓
Answer: 60 𝑐
Which of the following is the compressive strength of concrete A 250mm by 400mm rectangular beam is reinforced with 3-20
if β1 = 0.80? mm diameter bars, f’c=35 MPa, fy=345 MPa, diameter of
𝑥 − 28 stirrups=10mm, and concrete cover=40mm. Calculate the
0.8 = 0.85 − (0.05); 𝒙 = 𝟑𝟓 𝑴𝑷𝒂 actual reinforcement ratio in the beam.
7
𝜋
For parallel non-prestressed reinforcement in a horizontal 3 × (202 )
𝜌𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 4 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟏𝟎𝟖𝟕𝟗𝟕𝟒𝟎𝟕
layer, clear spacing shall be at least the greatest of the 250(340)
following except A 250mm by 400mm rectangular beam is reinforced with 3-20
Answer: 30 mm mm diameter bars, f’c=35 MPa, fy=345 MPa, diameter of
For parallel non-prestressed reinforcement placed in two or stirrups=10mm, and concrete cover=40mm. Calculate the
more horizontal layer, reinforcement in the upper layers shall ultimate moment capacity of the beam.
be placed directly above reinforcement in the bottom layer 𝑎
𝑀𝑢 = ∅𝐴𝑠𝐹𝑠 (𝑑 − )
with the clear spacing between layers of at least 2
Answer: 25 mm 𝜋 43.71829777
90(3) ( ) (202 )(345) (340 − )
𝑀𝑢 = 4 2
Adding bars will impart significant increase in the moment 6
10
strength of flexural members within
𝑴𝒖 = 𝟗𝟑. 𝟏𝟎 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎
Answer: Tension controlled region
A 250mm by 300mm rectangular beam is reinforced with 6-20 concrete cover=40mm. Calculate the ultimate moment
mm diameter bars arranged in two layers with 3 bars per layer, capacity of the beam.
f’c=21 MPa, fy=415 MPa, diameter of stirrups=10mm, and 124.104
concrete cover=40mm. Calculate the effective depth of the 𝑀𝑢 = 0.65(0.85)(21)(124 − 104)(250)(217.5 − )
2
beam. 𝑴𝒖 = 𝟓𝟓. 𝟗𝟓𝟖 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎
20 20 A 250mm by 300mm rectangular beam is reinforced with 6-20
6𝑚 = 3 (40 + 10 + ) + 3 (40 + 10 + 20 + 25 + )
2 2 mm diameter bars arranged in two layers with 3 bars per layer,
𝑚 = 82.5 f’c=21 MPa, fy=415 MPa, diameter of stirrups=10mm, and
𝑑 = ℎ − 𝑚 = 300 − 82.5; 𝒅 = 𝟐𝟏𝟕. 𝟓 𝒎𝒎 concrete cover=40mm. Calculate the nominal moment
20 capacity of the beam.
𝑑𝑡 = 300 − 40 − 10 − ; 𝑑 = 240 𝑎
2 𝑡 𝑀𝑛 = 𝐴𝑠𝑓𝑠 (𝑑 − ) = 𝟖𝟔. 𝟎𝟖𝟗 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎
A 250mm by 300mm rectangular beam is reinforced with 6-20 2
mm diameter bars arranged in two layers with 3 bars per layer, Design the minimum area of steel reinforcement of a 300mm
f’c=21 MPa, fy=415 MPa, diameter of stirrups=10mm, and by 500 mm rectangular beam necessary to support a maximum
concrete cover=40mm. Calculate the actual reinforcement ultimate moment of 162.5 kN.m. Use f’c=42 MPa, fy=415
ratio of the beam. MPa, rebar diameter=25 mm, diameter of stirrups=10 mm, and
𝜋 concrete cover= 40 mm.
6 × (202 )
𝜌𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 4 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟒𝟔𝟕 3 42
250 × 217.5 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = (0.85)(0.75) ( ) = 0.02765
7 415
A 250mm by 300mm rectangular beam is reinforced with 6-20 𝜌𝑟𝑒𝑞′ 𝑑 = 0.00794
mm diameter bars arranged in two layers with 3 bars per layer,
f’c=21 MPa, fy=415 MPa, diameter of stirrups=10mm, and 𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑 = 𝟏𝟎𝟒𝟐. 𝟏𝟐𝟓 𝒎𝒎𝟐
concrete cover=40mm. Calculate the balanced reinforcement Approximate method of analysis is permitted if
ratio of the beam. Answer: All of the choices is satisfied (Among Members
21 600 are prismatic; Loads are uniformly distributed; There are
𝜌𝑏𝑎𝑙 = 0.85(0.85) ( )( ) at least two spans)
415 600 + 415
𝝆𝒃𝒂𝒍 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟏𝟔𝟏 In using approximate method of analysis, the longer of two
A 250mm by 300mm rectangular beam is reinforced with 6-20 adjacent spans should not exceed the shorter span by more
mm diameter bars arranged in two layers with 3 bars per layer, than
f’c=21 MPa, fy=415 MPa, diameter of stirrups=10mm, and Answer: 20%
concrete cover=40mm. Calculate the stress at the centroid of In using approximate method of analysis, the ratio of
the tension steel. unfactored live load to unfactored deadload should not exceed
𝑑−𝑐 Answer: 3.0
𝑓𝑠 = (600) = 𝟐𝟗𝟑. 𝟖𝟎𝟓 𝑴𝑷𝒂
𝑐 The minimum depth of a cantilever beam having unsupported
A 250mm by 300mm rectangular beam is reinforced with 6-20 length of 3.5 m and reinforced with rebars of fy=276 MPa is
mm diameter bars arranged in two layers with 3 bars per layer, Answer: 437.5 mm
f’c=21 MPa, fy=415 MPa, diameter of stirrups=10mm, and
The minimum depth of a cantilever beam having unsupported
concrete cover=40mm. Calculate the depth of the neutral axis
length of 3.5 m, reinforced with rebars of fy=420 MPa, and
from extreme compression fiber.
lightweight concrete having density of 1660 kg/m3 is nearest
𝒄 = 𝟏𝟒𝟔. 𝟎𝟎𝟓 𝒎𝒎 to
A 250mm by 300mm rectangular beam is reinforced with 6-20 16 − 0.0003(1660) = 1.152
mm diameter bars arranged in two layers with 3 bars per layer,
3.5
f’c=21 MPa, fy=415 MPa, diameter of stirrups=10mm, and 1.152 ( ) = 𝟓𝟎𝟒 𝒎𝒎
8
concrete cover=40mm. Calculate the depth of compression
block from extreme compression fiber.
𝒄 = 𝟏𝟐𝟒. 𝟏𝟎𝟒 𝑴𝑷𝒂
A 250mm by 300mm rectangular beam is reinforced with 6-20
mm diameter bars arranged in two layers with 3 bars per layer,
f’c=21 MPa, fy=415 MPa, diameter of stirrups=10mm, and
concrete cover=40mm. Calculate the strain at extreme layer of
steel.
𝑑𝑡 − 𝑐
𝜀𝑡 = = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟗𝟑 < 0.005; 𝐶𝐶𝑆
𝑐
A 250mm by 300mm rectangular beam is reinforced with 6-20
mm diameter bars arranged in two layers with 3 bars per layer,
f’c=21 MPa, fy=415 MPa, diameter of stirrups=10mm, and