Bt2 Finals Reviewer

BUILDING
TECHNOLOGY 2
TOILET DETAILS
BY: Ar. Carl Ty

•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
INTRODUCTION TO WORKING
SCOPE OF THE PRACTICE OF
DRAWINGS ARCHITECTURE
Prepared by Ar. Maria Victoria P. Mallare, UAP, MArch
Edited 2022
Before understanding the full context of “Working
Drawings”, it is important to realize the scope of
Architecture has been around since early civilization the Architect’s practice and why is there a need to
of man. However, the practice of an architect still be fully engaged and knowledgeable on the entire
seems undetermined particularly to the public. The
“Working Drawing Production”.
practice of architecture does not merely involve
“drawing “and “rendered images”. Those are just
By definition stated in Republic Act 9266, the scope of
aspects and only a tool to communicate ideas and
the practice of architecture encompasses the
translate those ideas to reality. In the Philippines, the
provision of professional services in connection with
practice of architecture is wide-range and can vary
site, physical and planning and the design,
from design, consultancy, construction, project
construction, enlargement, conservation, renovation,
management, academe, and other in-depth
remodeling, restoration or alteration of a building or
application. It is contextual, scientific, and analytic in
group of buildings. The minimum services include the
nature.
following:
___________________________________________
1. Planning, architectural designing and
Definition of Terms structural conceptualization
2. Consultancy
Architect 3. Schematic design, design development,
Professionally and academically qualified. Registered contract documents and construction phases
and licensed under PRC and responsible for including consultancies.
advocating the fair and sustainable development, 4. Preparation of architectural plans,
welfare and cultural expression of society’s habitat in specifications, bill of materials, cost
terms of space, forms and historical context. estimates, general conditions, and bidding
documents
TCT 5. Construction and Project management
Stands for “Transfer Certificate of Title” and usually 6. Planning, architectural lay-outing and
contains the property’s technical description which utilization of spaces, architectural detailing,
serves as the basis of lot boundaries during lighting, acoustics , architectural lay-outing of
commencement of design stage. mechanical, electrical, electronic, sanitary ,
plumbing, communications and other utility
HVAC systems, equipment and fixtures
Stands for Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning 7. All works which relate to the scientific
and deals with the technology of indoor environmental aesthetic and orderly coordination of all
and thermal comfort works and branches of the work, systems,
and process necessary to produce a
Service Agreement complete building.
Duly notarized written contract or equivalent public
instrument which stipulates the scope of services and RA 9266 states that the definition of Architecture is “
guaranteeing compensation of such services. the art, science and profession of planning, designing
and constructing buildings in their totality with due
UAP account of their environment and in accordance with
Stands for United Architects of the Philippines and is the principles of utility, strength and beauty.
the integrated and accredited professional
organization of architects in the Philippines The practice of Architecture therefore involves many
considerations for the Design Process to be fully
achieved. It requires the architect to have a good
understanding and grasp of the site conditions,
geography, sustainability, anthropometrics, heritage,
social and cultural value. Moreover, it also requires
the architect to have basic comprehension of
different allied disciplines such as structural,
electrical, sanitary, mechanical, electronics,
plumbing and other building systems.
Note: To be able to discuss in a more comprehensive manner,

this handout relates the dialogue of working drawings into actual practice of an Architect.
Figure 1. Sample Architect’s Perspective (Perspective is seen in A-1 of Working Drawings) Further discussion on different codes and standards will be elaborated and expounded in
Reference Image by: Mazer Architects Co. Professional Practice subjects.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
UST College of Architecture | Building Technology and Utilities Cluster | AY 2020-2021 1
Building Technology 2 | ARC1121 | Construction methods in Wood, Concrete and Steel Introduction to Working Drawings
THE DESIGN PROCESS WORKING DRAWINGS

A project usually starts with a client’s intent to build a A building is like a human body with different organ
structure or a development. The client then engages systems that carry out special functions and serves a
service from an Architect (Note: A service agreement common purpose. Without each functioning properly,
is required before undertaking any service from the the body will deteriorate and fall to disability.
architect, Sec. 30 RA 9266 ).
Therefore, a good and well-functioning building is a
Phase Description Person Documents / product of a well -coordinated building systems.
involved Drawings
needed or These building systems involve both architectural and
prepared engineering. Both the architects and engineers
1 Project A Client Lot bearings and should work together to attain that common
Definition communicatio Architect boundaries purpose.
Phase : n step usually seen in
Establishing between the TCT .
the Design client and
Brief architect
What is then a Working Drawing?
stating the Geodetic
desire, Engineer / In a common layman’s term, “working drawings” often
requirements Geotechnic
and al Engineer means “blueprints or plans “. In fact, working drawings
understanding * are part of complete set of architectural plans ( and
of the project. engineering plans ) .
2 Schematic Schemes are Client Site
Design presented for Architect Development
client’s Plan , Floor The “working drawings “are vital for design and
approval. Plans, construction purposes. The architectural working
Elevations, drawings are the basis of the engineering working
Perspectives
3 Design The approved Client Site
drawings. This is the set of plans that becomes the
Development “scheme” will Architect Development foundation for every project. The same drawings
be developed Engineers Plan , Floor will be interpreted by carpenters and skilled workers
and finalized. Plans, on site to make the design come to reality.
Elevations,
Perspectives
When is working drawing submitted?
Initial
Engineering
Plans Working drawing /s are submitted during Contract
4 Contract Preparation of Client Architectural Documents Phase and is included together with
Documents architectural Architect Structural other vital documents such as Bill of Materials and
and Engineers Electrical
engineering Mechanical Detailed Specifications Sheet.
drawings for Plumbing /
different Sanitary
permit Fire Protection What are the inclusions of working
purposes Electronics* drawings?
5 Bidding The architect Client Bid Documents :
assist the Architect Contract letting ,
owners in Bidders complete Basically, a working drawing includes all necessary
choosing the construction drawings to construct a building design. It is better to
contractor plans, invitation engage the services of engineering during Design
from a and instruction
prospective to bidders Development Phase so that all services can work
list synchronously during the Contract Document Phase.
6 Construction Additional Client Construction
drawing Architect details that may
details may be Engineers involve both
The order of plan sheets generally follows the process
required Contractor / architectural and in constructing a building and includes the following :
during this Builder engineering
stage Project 1. Architectural Plans
Manager
6 Post As-built plans Client As-built plans 2. Structural Plans
Construction are needed to Architect usually prepared 3. Mechanical Plans
apply for Contractor by the contractor 4. Electrical Plans
permits ( / builder
occupancy etc
5. Fire Protection Plans
) 6. Plumbing Plans
Note: The above stated may vary on different project 7. Sanitary Plans
types 8. Electronic Plans
Note: Plan sets depend on the project type and requirement by the
Office of the Building Official and other compliance permits. These
sets are usually printed on A1 or 20x30” paper size.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
ARCHITECTURAL PLAN SETS STRUCTURAL PLAN SETS

( Denoted in Drawing Number as A or ARCH ) ( Denoted in Drawing Number as S or ST)
Note: Letters denoted as Drawing Numbers vary in actual practice Note: Letters denoted as Drawing Numbers vary in actual practice
Architectural plans include the basic drawings that Structural plans include the basic drawings that
establish a sense of how the entire project will look establish a sense of how the entire project will be
like. The following includes the usual sheets in an constructed. The following includes the usual sheets
architectural plan set, take note that sheets may vary in a structural plan set, take note that sheets may vary
from different project and context. from different project and context.
1. Cover Sheet (Includes table of contents, 1. Construction Notes (Includes general notes
signatory section, perspectives, vicinity map pertaining to structural component of the
, location plan, site development plan ) building e.g. loading criteria, strength of
2. Floor Plans reinforcements etc)
3. Elevations 2. Foundation Plan
4. Sections 3. Floor Framing Plans
5. Reflected Ceiling Plan 4. Roof Framing Plan
6. Schedule of Doors and Windows 5. Schedule of columns, beams, and other
7. Schedule of Finishes structural members
8. Architectural Details ( Includes enlarged 6. Structural details
plans and elevations such as kitchen details, 7. Structural Analysis (Usually a document
toilet details , Bay sections , façade details , printed in an A4/ letter size paper that shows
stair detail , spot details of significant the design calculation for the structure and is
building component ) often required in structure with three storey
and above )
Note: Numbering of sheets is denoted as A-1, A-2, A-3 so on and
forth.A stands for Architectural. Architectural Details can be printed Note: Numbering of sheets is denoted as ST-1, ST-2, ST-3 so on and
both in 20x30” size or A3 sizes if given as supplemental construction forth. ST stands for Structural. This set of plans is prepared and
detail. Numbering of sheets in architectural details is denoted as AD- signed by a licensed Civil Engineer or Structural Engineer.
1, AD-2 etc. AD stands for Architectural Detail. This set of plans is
prepared and signed by a licensed Architect.
Figure 2 : Sample Architectural Drawings

Figure 3 : Sample Structural Drawings
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
MECHANICAL PLAN SETS

(Denoted in Drawing Number as MECH or M) ELECTRICAL PLAN SETS
Note: Letters denoted as Drawing Numbers vary in actual practice
(Denoted in Drawing Number as E or ELEC)
Note: Letters denoted as Drawing Numbers vary in actual practice
Mechanical plans include the basic drawings that
describes the placement, sizing and routing of Electrical plans include the basic drawings that
ductworks and HVAC components. The following describes visual presentation and describes circuits
includes the usual sheets in a mechanical plan set, and electrical systems. The following includes the
take note that sheets may vary from different projects. usual sheets in an electrical plan set, take note that
sheets may vary from different projects.
1. Construction Notes (Includes specifications
pertaining to mechanical component of the 1. General Notes (Includes specifications
building e.g. legend & symbols, installations, pertaining to electrical component of the
mounting , equipment data etc ) building e.g. legends & symbols, installation
2. Floor Plans Mechanical Layout etc. )
3. Mechanical Details 2. Lighting Layout
3. Power and Auxiliary Layout
Note: Numbering of sheets is denoted as M-1, M-2, M-3 so on and
forth. Mech or M stands for Mechanical. This set of plans are 4. Schedule of loads
prepared and signed by a licensed Professional Mechanical 5. Riser Diagrams
Engineer. 6. Electrical Details
Note: Numbering of sheets is denoted as E-1, E-2, E-3 so on and

forth. E stands for Electrical. This set of plans is prepared and signed
by a licensed Professional Electrical Engineer.
Figure 4 : Sample Mechanical Drawings Figure 5 : Sample Electrical Drawings
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
FIRE PROTECTION PLAN SETS PLUMBING PLAN SETS

(Denoted in Drawing Number as FP) (Denoted in Drawing Number as P or S)
Fire Protection plans include the basic drawings that Plumbing plans include the basic drawings that shows
describes fire prevention and suppression plan for the the system of piping for entry of fresh water into the
structure. The following includes the usual sheets in building. It also includes the storm water system and
an fire protection plan set, take note that sheets may other irrigation systems built together with the
vary from different projects. structure. The following includes the usual sheets in a
plumbing plan set, take note that sheets may vary
1. General Notes (Includes specifications from different projects.
pertaining to electrical component of the
building e.g. legends, specifications, 1. General Notes (Includes specifications
equipment handling etc. ) pertaining to plumbing component of the
2. Fire Protection Floor Layout building e.g. legend, sizes and types of
3. Fire Protection Details plumbing fixture, pump schedule etc. )
2. Cold / Hot water line layout
Note: Numbering of sheets is denoted as FP-1, FP-2, FP-3 so on and 3. Drainage and vent line
forth. FP stands for Fire Protection. This set of plans is prepared and
signed by a licensed Professional Mechanical Engineer.
4. Plumbing Details
Note: Numbering of sheets is denoted as P-1, P-2, P-3 so on and

forth. P stands for Plumbing. This set of plans is signed by a licensed
Master Plumber or a Sanitary Engineer.
Figure 6 : Sample Fire Protection Drawings

Figure 7 : Sample Plumbing Drawings
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
SANITARY PLAN SETS ELECTRONICS PLAN SETS

(Denoted in Drawing Number as S or STP) (Denoted in Drawing Number as ECE)
Sanitary plans include the basic drawings that shows Electronics plans include the basic drawings that
the system of piping, assembly of fixtures and fittings shows the system of electronic equipment in the
that carries sewage from the fixture to a wastewater structure. This set of plan is not always required and
treatment plant where filtering, treatment and often vary on the project requirement. The following
discharge takes place. The term sanitary and includes the usual sheets in an electronic plan set,
plumbing oftentimes being interchanged. The take note that sheets may vary from different projects.
following includes the usual sheets in a sanitary plan
set, take note that sheets may vary from different 1. General Notes (Includes specifications
projects. pertaining to electronic devices and
equipment such as smoke / heat detector ,
1. Construction Notes (Includes specifications cctv, telecommunications etc. )
pertaining to sewerage treatment component 2. Electronic details
of the structure or development)
2. Sewage system details Note: Numbering of sheets is denoted as ECE-1, ECE-2 so on and
forth. ECE stands for Electronic Plans Drawing. Note that this sheet
depends on the requirement of the project. This set of plans is signed
Note: Numbering of sheets is denoted as STP-1, STP-2 so on and by an Electronics Engineer.
forth. S or STP stands for Sewage Treatment Plant Drawing. Note
that this sheet depends on the requirement of the project. This set of
plans is signed by a Sanitary Engineer.
Figure 8 : Sample Sanitary Drawings
Figure 9 : Sample Electronics Drawings
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
THE PRACTICE OF ARCHITECTURE

AND ITS RELATION TO WORKING
DRAWINGS SAMPLE DRAWINGS
The Role of the Architect in Design and

Construction Stage Figure 10: Sample Cover Sheets
In the Philippines, the architect acts as his client’s/

owner’s adviser and translates the owner’s needs
and requirements to spaces and forms in his best
manner of professional services. (As stated in UAP
Docs, Regular Design Services)
Therefore, the “architectural plans” serves as the

basis of every design and the project. Without
“architectural plans “, there will be no other building
systems to start with. In vise versa, it is also the role REFERENCES
of the architect to set forth detail the work
required for the structural, electrical, mechanical,
and other building systems. The following are the
role of the architect during the working drawing
process. Take note that these vary on different project
classification, typology, and service agreement:
1. Prepares the design from the project brief to

construction phase.
2. Establishes the basis of engineering design
e.g. structural conceptualization such as
placement of columns etc, lighting layout,
position and placement of utility spaces,
manner of constructions and general
conditions under which the project is to be
constructed
3. Coordinates with the engineers and other
allied services to make sure design and
details of the project are aligned.
4. Assist the owner in required documents to
secure approval of government authorities.
5. Construction supervision
6. Others as specified in UAP documents.
Table of Contents
The Study of Architecture and its importance in and Signatories
practice
The actual practice of architecture in the

Philippines is the basis of the outline of
architecture course. The students are being
prepared in the reality of field’s practice – the reality
that these students will someday engage and
coordinate with clients, engineers, allied
professionals, contractors, project managers,
carpenters and all people involved in building design
and construction.
In fact, the five-year course with an architectural

school is only a foundation of knowledge. With wide
range of architect’s scope, professional expectation,
and constant technological development, it is
important that continuing professional development is
being undertaken regularly to further enhance and
develop the architect’s abilities.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Figure 11: Sample Floor Plans and Roof Plans
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Figure 12 : Sample Elevations and Sections
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Figure 13 : Sample Window and Door Schedule
Figure 11 : Sample Architectural Details
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
REFERENCES
Images and drawings by Mazer Architects
https://mazerarchitects.com/
Republic Act of 2004. RA 9266 Second Edition.
UAP Documents. Code of Ethical Conduct and

Standards of Professional Practice
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
- As an example, notice how all these 4
BASIC ARCHITECTURAL objects have different forms but translates
DRAWINGS into an identical form in the plan view
This section deals with the basic principles of the

architectural drawings namely – its purpose,
capabilities and their use in architectural graphics.
___________________________________________
INTRODUCTION
◼ Source: (Ching, 1978)
PLAN / SECTION / ELEVATION VIEWS

o Are the primary architectural drawings
o Orthographic in nature – meaning that the
observer’s line of sight is perpendicular to
both the drawing plane and the principal
surfaces of the building viewed
o Drawing surface is parallel to the major
surfaces of the building
o An abstract method of representing reality
Photo explaining orthographic in nature

(Ching, 1978, p. 21)
o are a series of related views that contribute to the

understanding of what the architectural drawing
is– meaning:
(a) one is highly dependent on each other;
(b) and are essential for the description and
comprehension of what are the drawings. (Ching, 1978, p. 22)
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Building Technology 1 | ARC1112 | Building Materials Concrete
FLOOR PLAN (Santos, 2020)

o Is a horizontal cut throughout the building form
o Purpose: o How doors are drawn on plan dependent on scale:
- Shows the way buildings are put together a) 1:50
- to “illustrate the forms and relationships - Show door thickness
of positive and negative spaces, and the - Show door swing using your circular
nature of defining elements and template
surfaces” (Ching, 1978, p. 23)
o Is generally a section or cut that looks down the
horizontal plane through a building. Removing the
top section.
o Usually a cut about 1-2 M above the floor. Can
however vary slightly depending on what is
preferred to be shown.
(Ching, 1978, p. 24)
o Should cut thru –
- all major vertical elements
- all doors
b) 1:100
- all windows
- No need to show door thickness
o On Scales
- Show door swing using your circular
- usually used are:
template
• 1:100 or 1:50
• Large buildings and complexes
sometimes uses a smaller scale
- “The larger the scale of the floor plan, the
more detail has to be shown to give the
drawing credibility”
(Ching, 1978, p. 24)
COMMON DRAWING ELEMENTS OF A
FLOOR PLAN
- The following drawing elements are commonly
shown on a floor plan. Detailing your floor plans
gives credibility and completed look to your
architectural drawings. Additional elements are
however not limited to this list and may vary
depending on what is needed and requested by
the client.
1. Doors & Windows
2. Elements above & below cuts
- Stairs
3. Wall indicators & Columns
4. Plan Grids
5. Section Lines
DOORS
o General notes on drawing Doors on Plan
- Show swing at a 90 ° opening see illustration
below:
- Door swings are shown with light lines and
quarter circles
- Door type (solid wood, wood frame and glass,
store front, etc.) is not illustrated in plan, only
in elevation views
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
o Common Door types and how they are drawn WINDOWS

- Notice that the swing and mechanism of the o General notes on drawing Doors on Plan
door is their distinguishing factor - Window type (double-hung, casement, floor
to ceiling, etc.) cannot be explained on plan.
These are reflected on the elevation
- Reflecting windows on plan are for the
purposes of explaining width and location
- “Show sill lines with a lighter line weight than
walls, jambs and glass, since sills are not in
fact cut through” (Ching, 1978, p. 24)
(Ching, 1978, p. 24)
ELEMENTS ABOVE AND BELOW CUTS
(Ching, 1978, p. 24)
(Ching, 1978, p. 25)

(w/ notes)
o General notes on Drawing Elements Above
Horizontal Cuts on Plan
- Indicated using long-dashed lines
- Ex: lofts, skylight, roof eaves, roof overhangs,
canopy, stair
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
o General notes on Drawing Elements Below

Horizontal Cuts / Below Floor Line on Plan
- Indicated by short-dashed lines
- Ex: stair toe spaces (although only shown
when scale permits), utilities located
underground
- Rarely shown
STAIRS
o General notes on Drawing Stairs on Plan
- “Show details such as handrails and toe
spaces where scale of drawing permits”
(Ching, 1978, p. 25)
- convention to indicate direction of stairs:
arrows should show “up” only to avoid
confusion on reading plans” (Ching, 1978, p. (Ching, 1978, p. 25)
25) Spiral Stairs
o Common Stair types and how they are drawn
Straight-run Stairs
(Ching, 1978, p. 25)
WALL INDICATORS
o General notes on Drawing Wall Indicators on Plan
- Wall types (4”/ 6” THK CHB, reinforced
concrete wall, drywall, precast wall) should be
shown on plan
- Wall types are typically assigned a distinct
number/ letter / hatch as an indicator. Sample
legend is shown below:
(Ching, 1978, p. 25)
(Santos, 2020)
- Walls & Columns should be dominant in value

(Ching, 1978, p. 25) (line weights)
U-Type Stairs
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
- Others seen on plan like counters, furniture,

fixtures should be lighter in value
PLAN GRIDS
o General notes on Plan Grids on Plan
- Used as key column indicators
- A grid of centerlines is a convenient and
effective means of indicating a structural or
modular system
- It should be light in value, emphasizing the
intersections if necessary (Santos, 2020)
SECTION LINES
o General notes on drawing Section Lines on Plan
- Indicates where sections are cut
- Arrow point should face towards sectional
plane you want to show
- See samples below:
(Ching, 1978, p. 26)
- Blow-up drawing sample of grid line with

column
(Santos, 2020)
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
(Santos, 2020)
________________________________________
REFERENCES
Ching, F. (1978). Architectural Graphics. Litton
Educational Publishing, Inc.
Santos, N. (2020). Images & Drawings.
_________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 2
ARCHITECTURAL ELEVATIONS AND SECTIONS
This module will discuss on two essential component of the Architectural working drawing: the
Elevation and Sectional drawings.
__________________________________________
ELEVATION
An elevation is a view of a building seen from one side, a flat representation of one
façade (Architects also use the word elevation as a synonym for façade). This is the most
common view used to describe the external appearance of a building.
Each elevation is labelled in relation to the compass direction it faces, e.g. the north
elevation of a building is the side that most closely faces north. Traditionally, we call the main
façade facing the viewer(or sometimes the main access road) as Front Elevation, the rear part
as the Rear Elevation, the right-side of the viewer facing the building as the Right-Side Elevation
and the left-side facing the viewer as the Left-Side Elevation. Buildings are rarely a simple
rectangular shape in plan, so a typical elevation may show all the parts of the building that are
seen from a particular direction.
Geometrically, an elevation is a horizontal orthographic projection of a building on to a

vertical plane, the vertical plane normally being parallel to one side of the building. This means
that it is as if you directly in front of a building and looked straight at it. Elevations are a common
design drawing and technical architectural or engineering convention for graphic representation
of architecture. Elevation drawings are orthographic projections. This means they are not drawn
in perspective and there is no foreshortening*.
Elevation views provide a visual and scaled view of the home’s exterior or interior. Most plan
sets include views with each side shown and detailed. Elevations include references to many
specifications for framing and exterior finishes. Roof slopes, ceiling heights, finished floor
heights, and roofing and siding materials are usually identified on elevation sheets:
Roof slope: Roof slopes may not be the same for all covered sections of the home. For
example, dormers, shed roofs, and garages may have different slopes.
Ceiling heights: Ceiling heights are provided on most elevation sheets and may be
included on specifications or detail sheets.
Exterior finishes: Exterior finishes are usually illustrated and noted on elevations.
Topography: The actual lot grade (topography) helps estimators calculate foundation
materials and grading work. Elevations also illustrate the home’s finished look in relation
to grade.
*Foreshorten - portray or show (an object or view) as closer than it is or as having less depth or distance, as an effect of perspective
or the angle of vision.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Building Technology 2 | ARC1121
Source: architecturalplanusa.blogspot.com
In this sample drawing, it is important to note that elevation drawings do not only show
the building or house façade as it is but also the other technical details or information
necessary for it to be translated into an actual structure. Other than the key dimensions, other
information include level datum (such as finished floor levels), grid bubbles, materials call-out
(such as exterior wall and roof finishes), doors and window schedules and other important
framing and finished design requirement.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
SECTION
Section drawings are a specific type of drawing architects use to illustrate a building or
portion of a building. A section is drawn from a vertical plane slicing through a building. This is
as if you cut through a space vertically and stood directly in front looking straight at it. Sections
are a common design drawing and technical architectural or engineering convention for graphic
representation of architecture. For buildings, this can be useful as it gives a view through
the spaces and surrounding structures (typically across a vertical plane) that can reveal the
relationships between the different parts of the buildings that might not be apparent on floor
plan drawings. Floor plan drawings are in fact a type of section, but they cut through
the building on a horizontal rather than vertical plane. Section drawings, just like elevations are
orthographic projections. This means they are not drawn in perspective and again, there is no
foreshortening.
Source: Pinterest: lifeofanarchitect.com
The direction of the plane through which the section is cut is often represented
on plan drawings and elevations by a line of long and short dashes, called a section plane. If
there are a number of sections, the line may have letters at each end indicating the name of
the section drawing and an arrow showing the direction that the view takes. The section line
may not be always straight, it can take an indirect route through a building if this helps show
the most important features or junctions in the building.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Source: slideshare.net: goplatry, Plan Symbols
For proper presentation, shading, cross hatching or other fill styles and / or thicker lines
can be used to indicate parts of the structure that have been cut through, such as walls, roofs
and floors. For detailed sectional drawings, different types of cross hatching can be used
to differentiate between different types of component. There are standard hatching used on
some common materials, for example: double diagonal lines indicate brickwork, a wave
indicates insulation and so on.
Source: Pinterest: Charles G. Ramsey, Architectural Graphic Standards, 8th Ed., page 794.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Notes: (1) When drafting the roof part of your

structure, unless it will be utilized as a
habitable space such as an attic, the detail of
the truss system need not be shown in your
section (as this will be drawn in full detail in
your structural drawing). The space or cavity
between the finished ceiling and the roof
component is presented the same way as your
walls (hatched or solid line) with a notation
“See structural detail”. (2) The floor slab on the
ground level (slab on fill) should be clearly
distinguished from the earth soil, compacted
soil or backfill by standard graphical
representation.
(3) Structural components such as columns, footings,

wall footings, if directly cut by your section plane must be
properly shown. (4) Material callouts for the interior
finishes and other components that were not shown in
the plans and elevations is also necessary for estimate
reference.
(5) Presenting elevation in working drawings is different from what we do in presentation

drawings. In presentation drawings, shadows provide depth while entourage enhances
the buildings’ appeal, but it is not applicable in working drawings as it may be interpreted
as part of the building design or finish. Elevations, as discussed earlier is a flat
representation of the building façade.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________
REFERENCES
Wikipedia: Architectural Drawing: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architectural_drawing
https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Elevations
https://fontanarchitecture.com/plan-section-elevation/
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
CONCRETE FOUNDATION / COLUMN
Concrete – it is an artificial stone made out from the mixture of cement, sand, gravel and water.
Reinforced Concrete – concrete in which reinforcement is embedded in such a manner that the
two materials act together in resisting forces.
Aggregate – it is an inert granular material such as sand, round or crushed gravel, etc.
Fine Aggregate – the materials smaller than 9 mm in diameter.
Course Aggregate – the materials over 9 mm in diameter.
Mixture of Concrete:
a. Class “AA” - 1:1 ½:3
b. Class “A” - 1:2:4
c. Class “B” - 1:2 ½:5
d. Class “C” - 1:3:6
Curing – it is the hardening of concrete which requires time, favorable temperature, and
continuous presence of water or moisture in concrete after pouring.
Backhoe – an excavating machine for cutting trenches; a boom-mounted bucket moves toward
the machine, cutting the ground like hoe, then the machines turn away from the cut to permit the
operator to dump the spoil.
Batch Box – a container of known volume used to measure and mixed the constituents of a batch
of concrete, plaster or mortar, to ensure proper proportions.
Backfill - soil which is replaced in an area that has been excavated previously.
Grout - it contains a considerable amount of water and cement.
Mortar – mixture of water, cement and fine aggregates such as sand.
Mortar Mixture:
a. Class “A” - 1:2
b. Class “B” - 1:3
c. Class “C” - 1:4
d. Class “D” - 1:5
Admixture -material other than water, aggregates, lime or cement, used as an ingredient of
concrete or mortar, and added to the batch immediately before or during its mixture.
Foundation – that portion of the structural elements that carry or support the super structure of
the building
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Building Technology 2 | ARC1121 |
Foundation Bed – refers to the soil or rock directly beneath the footing
Footing – that portion of the foundation which transmits loads directly to the soil.
Two classifications of footings:

a. Wall Footing
b. Column Footing
Wall Footing – the main reinforcements are placed at right angle perpendicular to the wall
uniformly spaced with each other and longitudinal reinforcement parallel with the wall.
Isolated Footing – a single spread footing supporting freestanding column or pier.
Combined Footing - a footing which supports more than one column load.
Honeycomb – voids left in the concrete owing to the failure of the mortar to fill effectively the
space among coarse aggregate particles.
Spacer – a piece of concrete which holds or support steel reinforcement in its proper position, or
which holds structural forms at a given distance apart before and during concreting.
Post – refers to a piece of timber of either cylindrical square or other geometrical cross section
placed vertically to support a building
Column – it is a relatively long slender structural compression member – a vertical structure

supporting a load which acts in (or near) the direction of its longitudinal axis.
Tied Column – it has reinforcement consisting of vertical or longitudinal bars held in position by
lateral ties.
Spiral column – it is where a circular concrete core is enclosed by spiral ties with vertical or
longitudinal bars.
Size of measuring box for a 40 kg cement is 300mm x 300mm x 300mm.
Size of measuring box for a 50 kg cement is 320 mm x 320 mm x 320 mm.
# 16 GI wire - Size of wire to attach or connect steel reinforcement.
Tie Bars or lateral bars – a deformed bar used as tie to hold vertical reinforcements of columns in
place.
Splice – to connect, unite or joint two similar members, usually in straight line by fastening
lapped ends by means of mechanical end connectors, by welding or by GI wire connection.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Dowel - short reinforcing bars of steel which extend approximately equally into two abutting
pieces of concrete, to increase the strength of the joints.
WOOD AND CONCRETE FLOOR SYSTEMS (BEAM AND SLAB)
Beam – it is the structural member that supports the transverse load which usually rest on
supports at its end.
4 Classifications of beams
1. Simple beam – a beam having a single span supported at its end.
2. Continuous beam – it is a beam that rest on more than two supports.
3. Semi-continuous beam – a beam with two spans.
4. Cantilevered beam – it is a beam that is supported at one end or along its length.
Live Load – those movable loads imposed on the floor such as people, furniture and the like.
Dead Load – refers to the static load such as the weight of the construction materials which
generally carry the live load.
Floor Joists – those parts of the floor system placed on the girder of beams where the floor
boards are fastened.
Header of Trimmer – Header is a short transverse joist that supports the end of the cut-off joist at
a stair well hole.
One way slab – the reinforcement of this slab runs only at one direction that is from beam to
beam and additional reinforcements are also placed on the slab parallel with the beams
perpendicular with the main reinforcements called temperature rein forcement.
Two way slab – this slab is supported on four sides where the floor panel is nearly square and is
generally economical to employ the two directions of reinforcing bars placed at right angle with
each other.
Corbel – structural wood that supports and attached the wood floor joist to the beam.
Bridging – a brace or an arrangement of braces fixed between floor joists to keep them in place.
Cantilevered slab – it is a slab that is supported at one end.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
STEEL REINFORCEMENTS
Deformed Bars – it is a steel reinforcing bar which is manufactured with surface deformations to
provide a locking anchorage with surrounding concrete.
Rebars – a steel bar having ribs to provide greater bonding strength when used as a reinforcing
bar in a reinforced concrete.
Stirrups – a reinforcement device to resist shear and diagonal tension stresses in beam.
Length of steel bars:

a. 20’ or 6.00 mts.
b. 25’ or 7.50 mts.
c. 30’ or 9.00 mts.
d. 35’ or 10.50 mts.
e. 40’ or 12.00 mts.
Sizes of steel bars:

Bar No. Diameter (inches) Diameter (mm)
#2 ¼” 6 mm
#3 3/8” 10 mm
#4 ½” 12 mm
#5 5/8” 16 mm
#6 ¾” 20 mm
#7 7/8” 22 mm
#8 1” 25 mm
#9 1 1/8” 28 mm
#10 1 ¼” 32 mm
#11 1 3/8” 36 mm
#14 1 ¾” 45 mm
#18 2 ¼” 57 mm
ROOFING (WOOD FRAME)
Roof – the covering of a building that serves as a protective covering from the weather.
Thickness of galvanized iron (GI) roofing are measured in terms of “Gauge”.
The thickness is from #14 to #30, the sheet becomes thinner as the gauge number increases.
The standard commercial width of corrugated galvanized iron (GI) sheet is (32”) .80
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
The standard length of corrugated GI sheet ranges from (5’ to 12’) 1.50 to 3.60
Plain GI sheet commercial standard size is (36” x 8’) .90 x 2.40.
Two kinds of lapping in laying Corrugated GI sheet roofing:

a. Side Lapping
b. End Lapping
Side lapping of corrugated GI roofing sheet is either 1 ½ or 2 ½ corrugations.
End lapping of corrugated GI roofing sheet is from 20 cm to 30 cm depending upon the slope of
the roof and the number of sheet in a longitudinal row.
Gutter – a shallow channel of metal, wood or concrete set immediate below and along the eaves
of a building to catch and carry off rainwater from the roof.
Roof gutter using galvanized sheet usually specify gauge #24.
Gutter should have a slope of 5mm per meter for effective drainage.
Two types of gutter:

a. concealed gutter
b. exposed gutter
Downspouts – it conveys the water from the gutter down to the storm drain.
Eaves – the lower edge of a sloping roof; that part of a roof of a building which projects beyond
the wall.
Flashing – to prevent water penetration and /or provide water drainage especially between a roof
and wall.
Ridge roll – a metal or tile covering which caps the ridge of a roof.
Purlin – a piece of timber or steel laid horizontally on the principal rafters of a roof to support the
common rafters on which the roof covering is laid.
Purlin cleat – a fastener used to secure a purlin to its support.
Rafters – one of a series of inclined members to which the roof covering is fixed.
Truss – a structure composed of a combination of members , usually in some triangular

arrangement so as to constitute a rigid framework.
Web Member – in a truss, any member which joins the top and bottom chords.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Roof beam – it is a horizontal structural member whose prime function is to carry the load of the
roof.
Stirrups – it is a reinforcing device to resist shear and diagonal tension stresses in a beam.
King Post – in a truss, it is a vertical member extending from the apex of the inclined rafters to
the tie beam between the rafters at their lower end.
Collar plate – the ties between rafters on opposite sides of the roof.
Anchorage – a device such as metal rod wire or strap, for fixing one object to another, as
specially formed metal connectors used to fasten together, timbers, masonry, trusses, etc.
Chord – a principal member of a truss which extends from one end to the other, primarily to
resist bending.
Fascia Board – it is a board that is nailed horizontally to the ends of roof rafters; sometimes
supports a gutter.
Technical Specifications:
a. Corrugated GI sheets shall extend not less than 8 cm. beyond the outer face of the fascia
board.
b. Nails or rivets shall be spaced at every other corrugation along the gutter line, end lapping
joints, ridge, hip and valley rolls, others at every two corrugations.
c. Nails shall be driven enough to hold the sheet firm to the purlins, too tight might deform
the corrugations; too loose will cause movement that might cause water to leak.
d. Always provide with string along the gutter line where to start the laying of roofing sheets
to avoid misalignment of corrugation of the succeeding sheets.
Corrugated GI Roofing fasteners:

a. Riveting – it requires plain GI straps, GI rivets, and GI washers. The GI strap is folded 3
cm at one end then a hole is punched therein using a nail set with one rivet and GI washer
inserted inside the hole of the strap then punched to hold a position.
b. Nailing – this is the simplest and most economical method where GI roofing are anchored
to the purlins by the use of roof nails and a pair of GI and washer.
Types of Roof:
a. Shed or lean-to Roof – it is considered as the simplest form of roof consisting of one
single slope.
b. Gable or Pitch Roof – it is the most common type and economical form of roof made of
triangular sections consisting of two slopes meeting at the center of the ridge forming a
gable.
c. Saw Tooth Roof – it is commonly used on factories where extra light is required through
the window on the vertical side.
d. Double Gable Roof – it is a modification of a gable or a hip and valley roof.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
e. Hip Roof – it is a roof having four straight sides all sloping towards the center of the
building terminating at the ridge.
f. Hip and Valley Roof – it is a combination of a hip roof and an intersecting gable roof
forming a T or L shaped building.
g Pyramid Roof – it is a modification of the hip roof wherein the four straight sides
are sloping towards the center terminating at a point.
h. Gambrel Roof – it is a modification of the gable roof with each side having two slopes.
i. Ogee Roof – it is a pyramid form having steep sides sloping to the center.
j. Mansard Roof – the two sides of the roof slopes steeply from each side of the
building towards the center forming a flat deck on top.
k. French or Concave Mansard Roof – it is a modification of the mansard roof where .
the sides are concave.
l. Dome – it is a hemispherical form of roof usually used on observatories.
m. Conical Roof or Sphire – it is a steep roof of circular section that tapers uniformly from
the circular base to a central point.
n. Butterfly roof – it is a two shed roof where the slopes meet at the center of the building.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
CEILING / WALL PARTITION
Ceiling – the overhead surface of a room, usually a covering or decorative treatment used to
conceal the floor above or the roof.
Ceiling Joist – these are nailers to which the ceiling is attached
Ceiling Strap or Hanger – a strip of wood, nailed to the underside of floor joists or rafters from
which the ceiling is suspended or fastened.
Cornice – an ornamental molding usually of wood or plaster, running around the walls of the
room just below the ceiling.
Cornice Return – it is the continuation of a cornice in a different direction, usually at right

angles, as at the gable end of the house.
Spacing of ceiling joist:

a. .40 x .40
b. .40 x .60
c. .60 x .60
Size of wooden ceiling joist – 2” x 2”
Size of plywood ceiling – ¼” x 4’ x 8’
Three types of ceiling:

a. dropped ceiling
b. recessed ceiling
c. flat ceiling
Cove – a concave or canted interior corner or molding, esp. at the transition from wall to ceiling
or floor.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Cove bracketing – a series of wood brackets or the framing set to receive the laths for a cove, as
in constructing a cove ceiling.
Coved Ceiling – a ceiling having a cove at the wall lines or elsewhere.
Cove Lighting – lighting from sources which are out of sight, atop of wall molding; shielded by a
ledge or horizontal recess and which distribute light over the ceiling and upper walls.
Cove molding – it is a molding having a concave face; often used as trim.
Baseboard – a flat projection from an interior wall or partition at the floor, covering the joint
between the floor and the wall and protecting the wall from kicking, mopping, etc.
Partition – a dividing wall within a building; may be bearing or non-load-bearing.
Partition Cap – it is the upper horizontal member of a partition.
Stud – series of horizontal and vertical structural members which act as the supporting elements
in a wall or partition. Size of wood stud is 2”x4”.
Stud Opening – It is a rough opening in a wood partition framework.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
BASIC STRUCTURAL DRAWING
A structural drawing, a type of engineering drawing, is a plan or set of plans and details for how a
building or other structure will be built. Structural drawings are generally prepared by registered
professional engineers, and based on information provided by architectural drawings. The structural
drawings are primarily concerned with the load-carrying members of a structure. They outline the size and
types of materials to be used, as well as the general demands for connections. They do not address
architectural details like surface finishes, partition walls, or mechanical systems. The structural drawings
communicate the design of the building's structure to the building authority for review. Structural drawings
are also included with a proposed building's contract documents, which guide contractors in detailing,
fabricating, and installing parts of the structure.
___________________________________________
The structural drawings set consists of: General Notes, Plans, Elevations, Sections, and Details
o General Notes are part of structural drawings and they cover the codes used in design and the
by-laws of the building. Structural notes provide information regarding general material properties
(steel or wood grade, concrete strength, etc) or construction requirements (soil compaction, weld
procedures, termination details, spot details, etc). The structural notes also provide information
about design criteria (gravity , seismic, and wind loading).
o The structural plan drawings show the foundation, floor, and roof plan of the building. These
plans provide information like size and location of the structural elements present in the
respective plans.
Sample Foundation Plan Sample floor framing plan
Sample Roof Framing Plan

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Sample Structural Plan

I. FOUNDATION PLAN
Is a top view of the footings or foundation walls, showing their area and their location by distances
between centerlines and by distances from reference lines or boundary lines. Actually, it is a horizontal
section view cut through the walls of the foundation showing beams, girders, piers or columns, and
openings, along with dimensions and internal composition. The foundation plan is used primarily by the
building crew who will construct the foundation of the proposed structure. In most construction,
foundations are built with concrete-masonry units and cast-in-place concrete.
Basic Types of Footing:
 Isolated Footing - are commonly used for shallow foundations around 1.2m – 2.0m in depth in
order to carry and spread concentrated loads from the columns. One Footing is equal to one
column independently.
 Cantilever Footing – a footing used to carry a load from two columns, with one column on one
end of the footing placed against a building or property line or exterior wall. The column is placed
off center of the footing to prevent encroachment on the adjacent property.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
 Combined Footing – a type of footing that supports two columns. They are often used when two
columns are near to each other or when the bearing capacity of the soil is less requiring more
area under the individual footing.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Note: The elements that are needed to be included: Column Footing, Column, Wall Footing, Walls, Dimensions, Grid
and all the labels of each element.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
II. FLOOR FRAMING PLAN
It must specify the sizes and spacing of joists, girders, and columns used to support the floor.
Detail drawings must be added, if necessary, to show the methods of anchoring joists and girders to
the columns and foundation walls or footings. The floor framing plan is basically a plan view showing the
layout of the girders and joists.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Basic Types of Beam:
 Simple Beam – a type of beam that is supported on both ends by a column.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
 Intermediate Beam – a type of beam that is supported on both ends by a simple beam.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Basic Types of Slab:
 One-way Slab – One way slab is a slab which is supported by beams on the two opposite sides
to carry the load along one direction. The ratio of longer span (l) to shorter span (b) is equal or
greater than 2.
 Two-way Slab – Two way slab is a slab supported by beams on all the four sides and
the loads are carried by the supports along with both directions, it is known as two way slab. In
two way slab, the ratio of longer span (l) to shorter span (b) is less than 2.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
III. ROOF FRAMING PLAN
It shows the construction of the rafters used to span the building and support the roof. The size, spacing,
roof slope, and all of the details are also shown in the plan. The roof framing plan is drawn in the same
manner as the floor framing plan; rafters are shown in the same manner as joists.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________
REFERENCES
AISC Code of Standard Practice AISC 303-10
"Types of Drawings used in Building Construction". The Constructor. 2018-09-13. Retrieved 2019-11-01
McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific & Technical Terms, 6E, Copyright © 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
_________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Building Technology 2
REFLECTED CEILING PLAN AND DETAILS

Prepared by:
Ar. EnP. Enrique C. Sta.Maria
What is a Reflected Ceiling Plan?
“A PLAN INCLUDED IN THE

ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS WHICH
SHOWS THE DIAGRAM OF THE
STRUCTURE’S CEILING VIEWED
LOOKING UP” . THIS INCLUDES
INFORMATION ABOUT INTERIOR
DESIGN, ARCHITECTURE, ELECTRICAL
AND PLUMBING.
Source: clipart
 Commonly called RCP (short for Reflected Ceiling Plan)….is a diagram that
shows the ceiling design of each rooms/areas represented in a structure
with dimensions, specification of materials and other information.
 The concept of this diagram is that “you are looking down at the ceiling as
if there is “mirror” on the floor “reflecting the ceiling plan” back to you”.
 The architect utilises this format for the reflected ceiling plan to conform
with the orientation of the floor plan-therefore, easier to read and
understand.
 As explained by Jordan Smith in his Introduction to Reading Blueprints
course:
“Sometimes we’ll do a reflected ceiling plan on the floor plan,
which means that whatever’s happening up on the ceiling is
reflected down on the floor and then drawn for our benefit
as builders.”
Why do we need to draw a Reflected Ceiling Plan?
 The importance of an RCP is to allow the architect and

other involved designers to visualise/project the design
and layout of lights in a room.
 Prior to this, the designer must establish the ceiling height
and other components included in the room involved.
 RCP is one of the most functional plans in the architectural
set of drawings. This plan shows the design of the ceiling
(slope, vaulted, flat, coved, exposed, etc.) indicating the
layout of lights (types/design as well), materials used
(gib, wood, steel, etc), electrical (fire alarm), plumbing
elements (sprinkler) and the height measured from the
floor.
Reflected Ceiling Plan vs. Floor Plan?
Although both looks the same in terms of orientation, they
function differently.
To differentiate the one from the other are the following:
 Floor Plan shows the furniture layout, doors, windows,
floor layout, stairs and fixtures (toilet, laundry sink and
kitchen)
 Reflected Ceiling Plan shows the lighting layout (any of
the following: chandelier, fluorescent, pinlight/s, wall
lights, sprinklers, fire alarm, cornice, architrave, cove,
etc). RCP though excludes the lighting plans, mechanical
and other engineering items to a separate plan. This
purpose is to avoid confusion and for easy reference.
Reflected Ceiling Plan Symbols
It is safe to say that RCP can be considered as an engineering drawing for the
utilisation of symbols. These distinguishes the lighting fixtures, special
ceiling features, etc. These are the following:
Source: www.conceptdraw.com
Reflected Ceiling Plan Contents:
• Inverted Floor Plan

• Grids
• No fixtures nor furniture layout
• Walls/partitions without any door layout
• Windows inverted layout
• Symbols/legends
• Lighting fixture/s
• Ceiling furniture if any (ceiling fan)
REFLECTED CEILING
PLAN Building Technology 3
University of Santo Tomas – College of Architecture
Prepared by:
Ar. Mart Erick M. Bingco
Reflect floor plan as
if you are looking
above.
Show Grid lines to

serve as “guide” on
ceiling layout.
Reflect ceiling
design, drop ceilings,
reveal, and groove
lines if there is any.
Show lighting
fixtures.
Use appropriate
legends to serve as
guide.
Reflect appropriate
dimensions. Start
with the Grid to Grid
dimensions.
Show Room tags /
Room Name / Room
Designation.
Show Ceiling Height
Tag to distinguish
the different
elevations / height of
ceiling.
Show ceiling finish
tag / legend to
identify the type of
ceiling finish of each
area.
SAMPLE REFLECTED CEILING PLANS
AND CEILING DETAILS
UST ARCHITECTURE
UST ARCHITECTURE
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
UST ARCHITECTURE
UST ARCHITECTURE
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
UST
ARCHITECTURE
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
UST ARCHITECTURE
UST ARCHITECTURE
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
UST ARCHITECTURE
UST ARCHITECTURE
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Building Technology 1 | ARC1112 | Building Materials Stairs and Details
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Terms in stair design and construction
Baluster – A small post supporting the handrail or a coping.
Balustrade – A series of row of balusters joined by a handrail or coping as the parapet
of a balcony.
Bearers – A support for winders wedged into the walls secured by the stringers.
Carriage – That portion which supports the steps of a wooden stairs.
Close String – A staircase without open newel in a dog stair.
Cockel Stair – It is a term given to winding staircase.
Circular Stair – A staircase with steps winding in a circle or cylinder.
Curve Out – A concave curve on the face of a front string.
Cur tail Step – The first step by which a stair is ascended, terminating at the end in a form
of a scroll following the plan of a handrail.
Elliptical Stairs – Those elliptical in plan where each tread assembly converging in an
elliptical ring in a plan.
Face Mold – A section produced on any inclined plane vertically over a curved plan of a
handrail.
Flight of Stairs – It is a series of steps leading from one landing to another.
Front String – The string on the side of stairs where the handrail is placed.
Fillet – It is a band fastened to the face of a front string below the curve and extending
the width of a tread.
Flyers – Steps in a flight that are parallel with each other.
Geometrical Stairs – It is a flight of a stair supported by the wall at the end of the steps.
Half Space – The interval between two flights of steps in staircase.
Handrail – A rail running parallel with the inclination of the stairs that holds the baluster.
Hollow Newel – An opening in the middle of the staircase as distinguished from solid
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
newel wherein the ends of steps are attached.
Housing – The notches in the string board of a stair for the reception of stairs.
Knee – It is the corvex bend at the back of the handrail.
Landing – It is the horizontal floor as resting place in a flight.
Newel – The central column where the steps of a circular staircase wind.
Nosing – The front edge of the step that project beyond the riser.
Pitching Piece – A horizontal member, one end is wedged into the wall at the top of the
flight of stairs that supports the upper end of the rough stringer.
Pitch – The angle of inclination of the horizontal of the stairs.
Ramp – A slope surface that rises and twists simultaneously.
Rise – The height of a flight of stairs from landing to landing. The height between
successive treads of stairs.
Riser – The vertical face of a stair step.
Run – The horizontal distance from the first to the last riser of a stair flight.
Spandril – The angle formed by stairway.
Stairs – The steps wherein to ascend or descend from one storey to another.
Staircase – It is the whole set of stairs; the structure containing a flight of stairs.
Stair Builders Truss – Crossed beams which supports the landing of a stair.
Stair Clip – A metal clip used to hold a stair carpet in place.
Stair Head – The initial stair at the top of a flight of stair or staircase.
Stair Headroom – The clear vertical height measured from the nosing of a stair tread to
any overhead obstruction.
Stair Turret – A building containing a winding stair which usually fills its entirely; A
stair enclosure which projects beyond the building roof.
Stairwell – The vertical shaft which contains a staircase.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Straight Flight of Stairs – One having the steps parallel and at right angle to the strings.
Steps – The assembly consisting a tread and a riser.
Step – Stair unit which consists of one tread and one riser.
Scroll or Curtail Step – The bottom step with the front end sloped to receive.
String – The parts of a flight of stairs which forms its ceiling or soffit.
String Board – The board next to the well hole which receives the ends of the steps.
Soffit – The underneath of an arch or moulding.
Tread – The horizontal part of a step including the nosing.
Tread Length – The dimension of a tread measured perpendicular to the normal line of
travel on a stair.
Tread Plate – A metal fabricated floor plate.
Tread Return – In an open stair, the continuation of the horizontal rounded edge of the
tread beyond the stair stringer.
Tread Run – The horizontal distance between two consecutive risers or, on an open riser
stair, the horizontal distance between nosing or the outer edges of successive treads
all measured perpendicular to the front edges of the nosing or tread.
Tread Width – The dimensions of a tread plus the projection of the nosing if any.
Wall String – The board placed against the wall to receive the end of the step.
Well – The place occupied by the flight of stairs.
Well Hole – The opening in floor at the top of a flight of stairs.
Well Staircase – A winding staircase enclosed by walls resembling a well.
Winders – Steps not parallel with each other.
Wreath – The whole of a helically curve handrail.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
DOORS AND WINDOWS
This module will discuss how to draw the Window and door schedule in Architectural Working
Drawing.
Window schedule
The position and style of the windows greatly affect the appearance of the
elevation. Windows are, therefore, drawn on the elevation with as much detail as the
scale of the drawing permits. Parts of the windows that should be shown on all
elevation drawings includes the sill, sash, mullions, and muntins. Fig. 3 show the
example illustration of fixed and casement window. Fig 2 shows example of
casement, awning, and sliding windows. Fig. 1 shows the parts of a casement
window in more detail.
In addition to showing the parts of a window, it is also necessary to show the

direction of the hinge for casement and awning windows. Fig. 4 shows the method of
indicating the direction of the hinge on elevation drawings. The direction of the hinge
is shown by dotted lines. The point of the dotted line shows the part to which the
hinge is attached.
Many different styles of windows are available, as shown in Fig. 6. These illustrations
also show the normal amount of detail used in drawing windows on elevations.
Architects often use an alternative method of showing window styles on elevation
drawings. When the elevation is drawn, only the position of the window is shown.
The style of window to be included in this opening is then shown by letter or number
indexed to the letter or number used for the large detail drawing. Sometimes, the
window symbol is abbreviated and indexed in the same way to a more complete
detail.
Fig. 1: parts of casement window
Fig. 2: Casement, Awning, and sliding window Fig. 3: Combination of fixed and awning
type window
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Fig. 5: elevation of sliding window
Fig. 4: Plan and elevation of window
showing direction of the opening
Fig. 6: Different types of Windows
Fig. 7: Elevation drawing showing the tags corresponds to the schedule of window
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Door schedule
Doors are shown on elevation drawings by methods similar to those used for
illustrating window style and position. They are either drawn completely, if the scale
permits, or shown in abbreviated form. Sometimes the outline is indexed to a door
schedule. The complete drawing of the door, whether shown on an elevation or on a
separate detail, should show the division of panels and lights, sill, jamb, and head-
trim details. Separate door details are sometimes indexed to the elevation outline of
the door location as shown in Fig 8.
Many exterior door styles are available (Fig 9). The total relationship of the door and
trim to the entire elevation cannot be seen unless the door trim is also shown.
Exterior doors are normally larger than interior doors. Exterior door must provide
access for large amount of traffic and be sufficiently large to permit the movement of
furniture. They must also be thick enough to provide adequate safety, insulation, and
sound barriers. Common exterior door sizes include widths of 0.80m, 0.90m, and
1.1m. Common door heights range from 2.0m to 2.3m.
Fig. 8: Elevation of Doors
Fig. 9:
Different style of Doors
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
KITCHEN AND TOILET
KITCHEN DETAILS
A well planned kitchen is efficient, attractive, and easy to maintain. To design an

efficient kitchen, the basic designer must consider the function, basic shape, décor,
size, and location of equipment.
Kitchen Planning Guides
The following guides for kitchen planning provide a review of the more important
factors to consider in designing efficient and functional kitchens:
1. The traffic lane is clear of the work triangle;
2. The work areas include all necessary appliances and facilities;
3. The kitchen is located adjacent to the dining areas;
4. The kitchen should be located near the children’s play area;
5. The kitchen is cheerful and pleasant;
6. The centers include (a) the storage centers, (b) the preparation and cleaning
centers, and (c) the cooking centers;
7. The work triangle measures between 12’ (3.658m) and 21’ (6.4m)
8. Electric outlets are provided for each work centers;
9. Adequate storage facilities are available in each work center;
10. Shadowless and glareless light is provided and is concentrated on each work
center;
11. Adequate counter space is provided for meal preparation;
12. Ventilation is adequate;
13. The oven and range are separated from the refrigerator by at least one
cabinet;
14. Doors on appliances swing away from your work-triangle
Fig. 1: Plan of Kitchen
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Toilet and Baths
The design of the bathroom requires careful and planning in the placement of
fixtures. The bath must be planned to be functional, attractive, and easily maintained.
The three basic fixtures included in most bathrooms are a lavatory, a water closet,
and a tub or shower. ‘The efficiency of the bath is greatly dependent upon the
effectiveness of the arrangement of these three fixtures. Mirrors should be located a
distance from the tub to prevent fogging. Sinks should be well lighted and free from
traffic. If sinks are placed 18” (460mm) from other fixtures, they may share common
lines. The water closet needs a minimum of 15” (380mm) from the center to the
sidewall or to other fixtures. Tubs and showers are available in great variety of sizes
and shapes. Square, rectangular, or sunken-pool tubs allow flexibility in fixture
arrangement.
Fig. 5: Plan of Master’s T&B with W.I.C
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Fig. 6: Section of Elevation F and G
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Fig. 7: Plan of T&B, Elevations, and Blow-up detail
Fig. 8: Blow-up detail of Lavatory and Mirror cabinet
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
KITCHEN LAYOUT
KlTCHEN
The kitchen should have direct access

to the dining area.
Facilities are required for:

 meal preparation and serving
 eating: occasional meals; perhaps
breakfast
 washing up
 food storage
 utensil and crockery storage.
https://www.elledecor.com/design-decorate/room-ideas/g191/white-kitchens-63080/
Architectural Design 2 | AY 2020-21

Location and Types of Kitchens
The kitchen has evolved from a

workspace that was separate from the
social spaces of the home to one that is
integrated and vital to the activities of
family and friends. There are multiple
configurations that the designer can use
as a basis for planning a kitchen layout
that reflect both closed and open
planning.
https://www.pinterest.ph/kitchenideas/modern-kitchens/

Work Zone
Originally, the work zone allowed

servants to perform household tasks
without interruption and observation
from the family living in other parts of the
house. Even as servants became less
common, the work areas remained
consolidated into one part of the house.

The outcome of this concept was that
the kitchen was often placed at the back
of the house and close to a utility room
or other work area. This location kept
the kitchen separated from social and
private spaces in the home.
A formal dining area was adjacent to the

kitchen and informal dining might be
provided in the kitchen area or in a
breakfast nook. The kitchen was located
close to a service entry so that groceries
and other products could be brought
directly into the work area of the home. https://www.pinterest.ph/kitchenideas/modern-kitchens/

Social Area
The kitchen may be an important space

for entertaining as people help with the
preparations or visit with the cook/host.
The task of food preparation no longer
occurs in isolation.
The kitchen can be located in a variety

of places within the home, not just the
back of the house. It will still need to be
located close to a service entry.
Environmental factors, such as noise,

moisture, and lighting, must be https://www.pinterest.ph/kitchenideas/modern-kitchens/
considered.

Types of Kitchens
Traditional planning has suggested that

there were a few common arrangements
of kitchen areas and that these could be
planned into a variety of spaces.
In fact, certain arrangements lend

themselves to either a closed
arrangement, typical of a work‐type
kitchen, or an open arrangement, typical
of a social kitchen with centers or zones
for multiple activities.
https://www.pinterest.ph/kitchenideas/modern-kitchens/

Closed Arrangements
A closed arrangement indicates that the

kitchen is probably best suited for one
cook who works in isolation.
This arrangement does not lend itself to

other family members or guests moving
about, in or through the space, but it
often makes an efficient work space.
The following arrangements fall into this
category:

• U‐Shaped Kitchen:
This arrangement has two parallel

cabinet/counter/work areas with a third
area joining them, forming an
arrangement similar to a U.
Typically, a different type of work area is

located on each section: cooking, sink,
and refrigeration. This can be a very
convenient arrangement for one person
moving in between the various areas.
However, a wide U‐shaped kitchen that

includes an island can be a good layout
for a multi cook space.

• Parallel or Galley Kitchen:
This arrangement offers two parallel

cabinet/counter/work areas, typically
with a wall at the end, so that traffic
does not go through the kitchen.
At least two work areas have to be on

the same side. Again, depending on the
size of the work aisle, the arrangement
might be best suited for only one cook.
This parallel, or galley, kitchen locates
the range opposite the sink and refrigerator.
Tall storage is located at the end wall.

• G‐Shaped Kitchen:
This arrangement is a wide U‐shaped

kitchen, with a fourth arm turning back
into the center of the space.
This results in a fairly tight work area

that lends itself to one cook, unless
secondary work areas are planned
along the outer arms.
This G‐shaped kitchen places the sink and
range at a right angle to each other with a
peninsula open onto the adjoining space.

• L‐Shaped Kitchen:
This arrangement has two arms of work

areas joined together at one end to form
an L‐shape.
Often one person could work on one

side and another on the other side
without too much interference.
The L‐shaped kitchen has one side

open, allowing for another use in the open
area, such as dining.
Design by NKBA member

• One‐Wall Kitchen:
This arrangement puts all of the work

areas on one wall. It can be an
inconvenient kitchen because of the
distance between the work centers on
opposite ends of the wall, or if the
This award‐winning kitchen has
distance is not too great, the amount of the work areas on one wall and uses an island
for seating and storage.
storage and counter space may be
limited.
It does allow for an open space opposite

the kitchen wall that could be used for
dining and social areas.

• Corridor Kitchen:
This arrangement is similar to the

parallel kitchen, except that both ends
are open.
This allows for traffic through the work

areas, which is not desirable.
With both ends of the kitchen

open, people can move through the dining
area, leaving the kitchen work areas
uninterrupted
by major traffic.
Design by NKBA member Chris Novak Berry

• Island Kitchen:
A separate work area or island can be

incorporated into most of these kitchen
configurations, provided there is room
for the proper clearances in the work
and traffic aisles.
The island is usually a workspace and

may be combined with another activity
area, such as dining. This kitchen features an island
with a sink and serving area.

The main food preparation areas define the size of the kitchen.
To calculate the size of this kitchen, include the pantry storage,
and the eating area, which is used as a seated preparation area.

Size of Kitchens
Kitchens come in all sizes. Often this is dependent on the space allocated within a house,
but it might also be a factor of the number of cooks or others using a kitchen at one time.
Kitchens can be too small to be effective for adequate storage, workspace, and workflow.
• Small Kitchen: Less than 150 square feet (13.95 sq. m)

• Medium Kitchen: From 151 to 350 square feet (13.95 to 32.52 sq. m)
• Large Kitchen: Greater than 350 square feet (32.52 sq. m)

Design Recommendations for the Sink Center Placement
Because the sink center is the most used

space in the kitchen, place it in a central
and accessible spot. Plan to locate the sink
in between or across from the major
cooking area and the refrigeration storage
area.
In traditional kitchens, a window was often

planned at the sink so that a view to the
outdoors was available while the cook
worked at the sink. This made sense in
kitchens before dishwashers, when a lot of
time was spent standing at the sink during
cleanup. If a kitchen has only one sink, it
should be adjacent to, or across
from, the cooking surface and the
refrigerator

Guidelines and Access Standards for Cooking Centers
As the designer lays out the kitchen, the work flow of the client should be a major
consideration in deciding where to place the work centers.
An obvious and simple work flow is as follows:
Gather → Prepare → Cook → Serve → Cleanup

Traffic Interference
No traffic should interfere with the basic

work triangle. Traffic interrupts the
movements of the cook(s) and is
dangerous if cooks are moving with hot
pots and pans.
Careful consideration should be given if

two cooks will be working in the kitchen
at the same time, so that major traffic
between primary centers is not
frequently interrupted. Remember to
plan work aisles of 48 inches (1219
This kitchen incorporates a large preparation sink
mm) or greater to ease circulation. and dishwasher into the primary work triangle,
and also includes a cleanup sink area with
dishwasher. This fourth primary center separates
the two major tasks that occur at the sink and
also creates a secondary work triangle.

Measure the work triangle from the
middle of the appliance or fixture
located in the center. Measure
around a counter, if the triangle leg
will intersect with the counter by
more than 12 inches (305 mm)

Plan the primary work centers in the
kitchen so that each center is only 4 to 9
feet (1219 to 2743 mm) away from
another center

Guidelines and Access Standards for Work Arrangements
and Counter Areas
All of the food preparation tasks
discussed thus far have required
“things”—fresh, canned, and boxed
foods; equipment and utensils; pots and
pans; mixing bowls and baking dishes;
dishwashing detergent and dish
drainers; and many, many more.
Kitchen storage can be organized

by the type of products and activities:
consumable, non consumable, cleaning,
preparation, and cooking.

KITCHEN SAMPLE
PLAN AND LAYOUT

ARCHITECTURAL
DRAWING STANDARDS
Prepared by:
Ar. Alpher E. De Vera
Architectural Drawing Symbols
• Architectural drawing symbols form an important role in
any architecture drawing and help to define elements such
as floor levels, materials used such as lighting types and
others.
• Symbols provide a clear and tidy method of identifying their
placement, type and use.
• Examples of Plan, Elevation and Section Symbols:
• An architectural symbol is a mark, a character, a letter, or a

combination to indicate an object, idea, or process on a
drawing. In other words, symbols help us to understand
design ideas that are conveyed by architects or engineers.
• The need to convey lots of information on a relatively small
paper has favored the use of symbols
and abbreviations instead of text.
• Reasons why we need symbols on architectural
drawings:
• Firstly, symbols in architectural drawings indicate what and
where things need to be built and installed. For example,
by identifying the shape of a door symbol, we can easily
understand its type (e.g. single-hinged, double-swing, or
sliding door).
• Secondly, there are some special symbols which aid in
cross-referencing. For instance, callouts or section marks
help readers navigate the drawing set and quickly find a
specific element based on the drawing numbers.
• Lastly, in many cases, symbols are designed to help readers
visualize certain design features. For example, using a
shower symbol allows readers to visualize its location and
size in the bathroom.
Material Symbols
• Are used to represent materials or contents on floor plans,
elevations and details drawings.
• Many symbols are designed to approximate the actual
appearance of the material.
• Many materials are represented by one symbol in the
elevation and another symbol in section.
• For elevation drawing, when a large area is made up of one
material, it is common to only draw the symbol in a part of
the area.
• Notes (in call outs or written directly on the surface) can
also be used instead of a partial drawing.
Material Symbols
Wood Paneling
• For detailed sectional drawings, different types of cross hatching can be used to
differentiate between different types of component.
Material Symbols
Drawing of a part elevation of a

house showing the use of notes for
the brick on the façade and asphalt
roof shingles rather than partial
drawing of the symbol.
Architectural Graphic Symbols
Examples of different common doors and window symbol shown in plan form
Architectural Graphic Symbols
Examples of different exterior and interior wall symbols used in general construction
Dimensioning Floor Plans
• A floor plan is carefully dimensioned to ensure that items
such as walls, columns, doors, windows, openings, stairs,
and other particulars are correctly located for construction.
• Dimensioning is done in a hierarchical manner. Buildings,
structural framework, rooms, and fixtures are dimensioned
in decreasing size order.
• A very detailed and dimensioned plan gives the builder little
room for deviation from the original design.
• Dimension lines are drafted lighter than wall lines and are
generally done as a continuous group or string of numbers
along a line.
• Dimensioning on a floor plan usually requires two or three
continuous dimension lines to locate exterior walls, wall
jogs, interior walls, windows, doors, and other elements.
• Exterior walls of a building are dimensioned outside the
floor plan.
• The outermost dimension line is the overall building
dimension.
• The next dimension line, moving toward the plan, indicates
wall locations and centerlines to doors and windows.
• Other miscellaneous details in the plan (such as minor
offsets, jogs, or cabinetry and fixtures) are located on a
third dimension line.
• Dimensioning on a floor plan is grouped hierarchically,
working from the overall dimension of the exterior walls to
the smaller components of a building or space, such as wall
jogs, interior walls, windows, doors, and other important
elements.
• Dark tick marks at 45 degrees to a dimension's extension
line are the most common technique for indicating
junction points.
• Generally, elements such as walls are dimensioned to the
frame, as the builder first erects this and then adds the
finishes to it. This dimensioning technique gives the exact
location of the studs, columns, and beams and is generally
placed to the face of these.
• REFERENCES
• https://www.northernarchitecture.us/construction-drawings/drawing-
conventions-and-representations.html
• https://www.archisoup.com/architectural-symbols
• https://i-build.com.au/knowledgebase/architectural-symbols/
THANK YOU!
SITE DEVELOPMENT PLAN
Prepared by:
What is an SDP Drawing?
• Site Development Plan means a dimensioned plan
drawn to scale that indicates details of the
proposed land development, including the site
layout, positioning of buildings and structures,
property access, building designs and landscaping;
• A Site Development Plan drawing depicts the general
layout and configuration of a site, including:
• Building Footprints
• Parking and Street layout
• Conceptual landscaping and lighting
• Site cross section drawings
• Building Elevations
• The condition of the site is crucial when it comes to the
design of a building. That’s why a lot of time, thought,
and money goes into conducting a site analysis before
the conceptual phase of design even begins. The
following elements of your site all influence the final
design of a building:
• Topography
• Vegetation
• Infrastructure
• Existing buildings
• Weather
• Culture
• Once a thorough site analysis has been conducted, the
concept with a site plan showing existing and proposed
conditions will be presented.
• Other than a North Arrow and Scale Bar, here are ten
of the main items you must include on your site plan
once the site analysis is complete.
• Property Lines
• Distance between buildings and property lines(required setbacks)
• Existing and Proposed conditions
• Easement
• Construction limits and Lay Down Areas
• Driveways
• Parkings
• Surrounding Streets and Ground Sign Location
• Fire Hydrants
• Landscaped areas
• REFERENCES
https://crgov.com/DocumentCenter/View/4939/Chapter-V-Site-Dev-Plan?bidId=
https://www.pluralsight.com/blog/architecture/10-things-make-sure-include-site-
plan
• IMAGES
https://www.johnpaoloicmat.com/residential-projects
https://www.archdaily.com/772035/the-greenest-home-on-the-block-caron-
architecture/55d273d8e58eceab8c0000d9-the-greenest-home-on-the-block-caron-
architecture-site-plan
THANK YOU!
• ROOFING
• ROOF FRAMING
• ROOF EAVES
BT-2 HANDOUT
PREPARED BY:
AR. RFIECAS
Ideal Trusses
• Trusses are structural assemblies that respond to applied loads with pure axial compression or
tension in their members.
• The top and bottom truss members are called chords and the members between the chords are
called web members.
• Web members that are in axial compression are called struts.

• Web members that are in axial tension are called ties.
• The centroidal axes of all truss members meeting at a node converge to a discrete point.
• Real trusses respond to applied loads with a combination of axial stress, bending moments, and
shear in their members.
• Real trusses often have continuous chords that are not pinned at the joints and loads are often
applied along the length of the chords.
• King-Post Trusses
• Queen-Post Trusses
• Howe Trusses
• Pratt Trusses
• Fink Trusses
• Scissor Truss
• Hammer-Beam Trusses
• Parallel Chord Trusses
King-Post Trusses
The king-post truss is the most common truss form for short
span applications. King-post trusses are those with a principal
vertical web member at the center of the span.
Queen-Post Trusses
With similar origins in bridges, the queen-post truss is notable
for having two principal verticals instead of the single for which
the king-post gets its name.
Howe Trusses
The Howe truss is characterized by diagonal compression struts
and vertical tension members. A modified king-post truss.
Pratt Trusses
Pratt Truss resolves the need for triangulation through the
combination of diagonal members in tension and vertical
members in compression.
Fink Trusses
The Fink truss is a practical truss
form for long-span applications. The
major advantage of a Fink is that
each half of the truss can be fully
assembled in the shop and shipped
to the site for final assembly
Scissor Truss
The scissor truss is a structurally
inefficient truss form that is very
popular with architects and timber
frame patrons.
Characterized by sloping bottom
chords that cross at mid-span, a
scissor truss allows for an elevated
ceiling.
Hammer-Beam Trusses
Hammer-beam structures are by far the most structurally inefficient, problematic, and
celebrated of all timber roof types.
Parallel Chord Trusses
In considering trusses, we will
be principally concerned with
roof trusses that support
gabled roofs. These trusses
span transverse to the ridge
line with top chords that
slope, and where the top
chords may support purlins,
or they may support the roof
sheathing (or panels) directly.
PURLINS
ROOFING
ROOFS
https://puyatsteel.com/longspan-steel-roofing/
FLASHING AND GUTTER
https://www.copper.org/applications/architecture
https://www.ugc.ph/product/roofing-bended-accessories/
ROOFS
http://sheehan.com.ph/
https://www.ugc.ph/product/roofing-bended-accessories/
http://sheehan.com.ph/
https://www.buildmagazine.org
GUTTTERS
DRAWING SAMPLES
SAMPLE OF TRUSS DIAGRAM
TOP CHORD-KING POST- BOTTOM CHORD
CONNECTION DETAILS
WEB MEMBERS
ROOF EAVES DETAILS
CONNECTION DETAILS
ROOF EAVES DETAIL FOR ROOF TILES
CHANGE PURLINS AND TRUSS CHORD TO WOOD
ROOF EAVES DETAIL FOR ROOF TILES https://www.tilcor.com/sk/resource-centre/cad-files/
REFERENCES:
Timber Frame Engineering Council,

Jim DeStefano, P.E., AIA, F.SEI chairman Ben Brungraber, Ph.D., P.E. David Connolly, P.E. Jeff Hershberger, E.I. Jaret Lynch, P.E.
Design Guide for Timber Roof Trusses, 2020
https://www.copper.org/applications/architecture
https://puyatsteel.com/longspan-steel-roofing (2022)
http://sheehan.com.ph (2022)
https://www.buildmagazine.org (2022)
SCHEDULE FOOTING TIE BEAMS
MARK BEAM BEAM TOP BOTTOM TOP BOTTOM SIZE / SPACING OF STIRRUPS
SPAN SIZE (CENTER) (CENTER) (SUPPORT) (SUPPORT)
FTB - 2.00 - 3.00 .20 x .40 4 - 16mm 2 - 16mm 2 - 16mm 4 - 16mm 10mm – 3 @ .05, 2 @ .10, 2 @ .15, rest @ .20
1[CS1]- 2
FTB 3.01- 3.50 .25 x .45 5 - 16mm 2 - 16mm 2 - 16mm 5 - 16mm 10mm – 3 @ .05, 3 @ .10, 3 @ .15, rest @ .20
FTB - 3 3.51 - 4.00 .25 x .50. 6 - 16mm 2 - 16mm 2 - 16mm 6 - 16mm 10mm – 3 @ .05, 3 @ .10, # @ .15, rest @ .20
FTB - 4 4.01 - 4.50 .30 x .55 7 - 16mm 2 - 16mm 2 - 16mm 7 - 16mm 10mm – 4 @ .05, 3 @ .10, 3 @ .15, rest @ .20
FTB - 7 5.51 - 6.00 .35 x .70 9 - 20mm 2 - 20mm 2 - 20mm 9 - 20mm 10mm - 6 @ .05, 5 @ .10, 5 @ .15, rest @ .20
FTB - 13 8.51 - 9.00 .50 x 1.00 14 - 25mm 7 - 25mm 7 - 25mm 14 - 25mm 10mm – 10 @ .05, 8 @ .10, 8 @ .15, rest @ .20
Note :
Provide 2 - 20mm web bars from FTB-7 to FTB-10
Provide 2 - 25mm web bars from FTB-11 to FTB-19
SCHEDULE OF ROOF BEAMS
RB - 1 2.00 - 3.00 .15 X .30 2 - 16mm 2- 16mm 2 - 16mm 2 - 16mm 10mm – 3 @ .05, 2 @ .10, 2 @ .15, rest @ .20
RB - 2 3.01 - 3.50 .20 X .35 2 - 16mm 3 - 16mm 3 - 16mm 2 - 16mm 10mm – 3 @ .05, 3 @ .10, 3 @ .15, rest @ .20
RB - 3 3.51 - 4.00 .20 X .40 2 - 16mm 4 - 16mm 4 - 16mm 2 - 16mm 10mm – 3 @ .05, 3 @ .10, # @ .15, rest @ .20
RB - 6 5.01 - 5.50 .30 x .55 2 - 16mm 7 - 16mm 7 - 16mm 2 - 16mm 10mm – 6 @ .05, 5 @ .10, 5 @ .15, rest @ .20
RB - 7 5.51 - 6.00 .30 x .60 2 - 16mm 8 - 16mm 8 - 16mm 2 - 16mm 10mm - 6 @ .05, 5 @ .10, 5 @ .15, rest @ .20
RB - 15 9.51 - 10.00 .50 x 1.00 7 - 25mm 14 - 25mm 14 - 25mm 7 - 25mm 10mm – 11 @ .05, 9 @ .10, 9 @ .15, rest @ .20
RB - 17 10.51 - 11.00 .55 x 1.10 8 - 25 mm 16 - 25mm 16 - 25mm 8 - 25mm 10mm – 12 @ .05, 9 @ .10, 9 @ .15, rest @ .20
Note:
Provide 2 - 20mm web bars from RB-9 to RB-14
Provide 2 - 25mm web bars from RB-15
SCHEDULE OF MAIN BEAMS
B-1 2.00 - 2.50 .20 x.30 2 - 16mm 2 - 16mm 2 - 16mm 2 - 16mm 10mm – 3 @ .05, 2 @ .10, 2 @ .15, rest @ .20
B-2 2.51 - 3.00 .20 x 35 2 - 16mm 3 - 16mm 3 - 16mm 2 - 16mm 10mm – 3 @ .05, 3 @ .10, 3 @ .15, rest @ .20
B-3 3.01 - 3.50 .20 x .40 2 - 16mm 4 - 16mm 4 - 16mm 2 - 16mm 10mm – 3 @ .05, 3 @ .10, # @ .15, rest @ .20
B-5 4.01 - 4.50 .25 x .50 2 - 16mm 6 - 16mm 6 - 16mm 2 - 16mm 10mm – 5 @ .05, 4 @ .10, 4 @ .15, rest @ .20
B-7 5.01 - 5.50 .30 x .60 2 - 16mm 8 - 16mm 8 - 16mm 2 - 16mm 10mm - 6 @ .05, 5 @ .10, 5 @ .15, rest @ .20
B - 10 6.51 - 7.00 .40 x .75 5 - 20mm 10 - 20mm 10 - 20mm 5 - 20mm 10mm – 8 @ .05, 6 @ .10, 6 @ .15, rest @ .20
B - 15 9.01 - 9.50 .50 x 1.00 8 - 20mm 15 - 20mm 15 - 20mm 8 - 20mm 10mm – 11 @ .05, 9 @ .10, 9 @ .15, rest @ .20
Note:
Provide 2 - 20mm web bars from B-9 to B-16
Provide 2 - 25mm web bars from B-17 to B-20
SCHEDULE OF INTERMEDIATE BEAMS
IB - 1 2.00 - 3.00 .20 x .30 2 - 16mm 2 - 16mm 2 - 16mm 2 - 16mm 10mm – 3 @ .05, 2 @ .10, 2 @ .15, rest @ .20
IB - 3 3.51 - 4.00 .20 x .40 2 - 16mm 4 - 16mm 4 - 16mm 2 - 16mm 10mm – 3 @ .05, 3 @ .10, # @ .15, rest @ .20
IB - 7 5.51 - 6.00 .30 x .60 2 - 16mm 8 - 16mm 8 - 16mm 2 - 16mm 10mm - 6 @ .05, 5 @ .10, 5 @ .15, rest @ .20
IB - 12 8.01 - 8.50 .45 x 85 6 - 20mm 12 - 20mm 12 - 20mm 6 - 20mm 10mm – 9 @ .05, 7 @ .10, 7 @ .15, rest @ .20
IB - 15 9.51 - 10.00 .50 x 1.00 8 - 20mm 15 - 20mm 15 - 20mm 8 - 20mm 10mm – 11 @ .05, 9 @ .10, 9 @ .15, rest @ .20
Note:
Provide 2 - 20mm web bars from IB-9 to IB-15
Provide 2 - 25mm web bars from IB-16 to IB-19
4. 02 FL OO R SYST EM S
Floor systems are the horizontal planes that must

support both live loads—people, furnishings, and movable
equipment—and dead loads—the weight of the floor
construction itself. Floor systems must transfer their loads
horizontally across space to either beams and columns or to
loadbearing walls. Rigid floor planes can also be designed to
serve as horizontal diaphragms that act as thin, wide beams in
transferring lateral forces to shear walls.
A floor system may be composed of a series of linear beams

and joists overlaid with a plane of sheathing or decking, or
consist of a nearly homogeneous slab of reinforced concrete.
The depth of a floor system is directly related to the size
and proportion of the structural bays it must span and the
strength of the materials used. The size and placement of any
cantilevers and openings within the floor plane should also
be considered in the layout of the structural supports for
the floor. The edge conditions of the floor structure and its
connection to supporting foundation and wall systems affect
both the structural integrity of a building and its physical
appearance.
Because it must safely support moving loads, a floor system

should be relatively stiff while maintaining its elasticity. Due to
the detrimental effects that excessive deflection and vibration
would have on finish flooring and ceiling materials, as well as
concern for human comfort, deflection rather than bending
becomes the critical controlling factor.
The depth of the floor construction and the cavities within it

should be considered if it is necessary to accommodate runs of
mechanical or electrical lines within the floor system. For floor
systems between habitable spaces stacked one above another,
additional factors to consider are the blockage of both airborne
and structure-borne sound and the fire-resistance rating of
the assembly.
Except for exterior decks, floor systems are not normally

exposed to weather. Because they all must support traffic,
however, durability, resistance to wear, and maintenance
requirements are factors to consider in the selection of a floor
finish and the system required to support it.
FL OOR S YS T E M S 4.0 3
Concrete Floor Structures
• Cast-in-place concrete floor slabs are classified
according to their span and cast form;
see 4.05–4.07.
• Precast concrete planks may be supported by
beams or loadbearing walls.
Steel Floor Structures

• Steel beams support steel decking
or precast concrete planks.
• Beams may be supported by girders, columns,
or loadbearing walls.
• Beam framing is typically an integral part of a
steel skeleton frame system.
• Closely spaced light-gauge or open-web joists may

be supported by beams or loadbearing walls.
• Steel decking or wood planks have relatively short
spans.
• Joists have limited overhang potential.
Wood Floor Structures

• Wood beams support structural planking, decking,
or panels
• Beams may be supported by girders, posts, or
loadbearing walls.
• Concentrated loads and floor openings may
require additional framing.
• Underside of floor structure may be left exposed;
an applied ceiling is optional.
• Relatively small, closely spaced joists may be

supported by beams or loadbearing walls.
• Subflooring, underlayment, and applied ceiling
finishes have relatively short spans.
• Joist framing is flexible in shape and form.
4. 04 CONCRET E B EAM S
Reinforced concrete beams are designed to act together with

longitudinal and web reinforcement in resisting applied forces.
Cast-in-place concrete beams are almost always formed and
placed along with the slab they support. Because a portion of
the slab acts as an integral part of the beam, the depth of the
• 1" (25) clear minimum or not less than 11/3 × beam is measured to the top of the slab.
nominal bar Ø or size of coarse aggregate
• 11/2" (38) minimum cover required to protect • Beam depth in 2" (51) increments
steel reinforcement from fire and corrosion • Rule of thumb for estimating depth of a concrete
• 3/4" (19) bevel or chamfer beam: span/16
• Effective depth is measured from the compression
face to the centroid of tension reinforcement.
• Beam width is 1/3 to 1/2 of beam depth in 2" or 3"
(50 or 75) multiples.
• Beam width should be equal to or greater than
• Reinforcing bars extend into and down width of supporting column.
column support for structural continuity • Whenever possible, vary required steel
and to develop the required embedment reinforcement rather than beam size.
length for anchorage.
• Continuity between columns, beams, • Top bars are longitudinal bars serving as tension
slabs, and walls is required to minimize reinforcement in the section of a concrete beam subject
bending moments at these junctures. to the upward bending of a negative moment. Top bars
Because continuity is easily attainable may also be required when the beam depth is limited
in concrete construction, structures and there is insufficient concrete area to handle the
continuous over three or more spans are compressive stresses.
usually the most efficient.
• Web reinforcement consists of bent bars or stirrups,

placed in a concrete beam to resist diagonal tension.
• Bent bars are longitudinal bars bent to an angle
of 30° or more with the axis of a concrete beam, • Bottom bars are longitudinal bars serving as tension
perpendicular to and intersecting the cracking that reinforcement in the section of a concrete beam
could occur from diagonal tension. subject to a positive moment.
• Stirrups are any of the U-shaped or closed-loop • Truss bars are longitudinal bars bent up or down at
bars placed perpendicular to the longitudinal points of moment reversal in a concrete beam.
reinforcement of a concrete beam to resist the
vertical component of diagonal tension.
• Hooks are bends given to the end of • Diagonal tension results from the principal
tension bars to develop an equivalent tensile stresses acting at an angle to the
embedment length for anchorage. A longitudinal axis of a beam.
standard hook is a 90°, 135°, or 180°
bend made at the end of a reinforcing
bar according to industry standards
with a radius based on the bar diameter.
C ON C R E T E S L AB S 4.0 5
Concrete slabs are plate structures that are reinforced to span either one CSI MasterFormat™ 03 20 00: Concrete Reinforcing
or both directions of a structural bay. Consult a structural engineer and the CSI MasterFormat 03 30 00: Cast-in-Place Concrete
building code for the required size, spacing, and placement of all reinforcement. CSI MasterFormat 03 31 00: Structural Concrete
One-Way Slab
A one-way slab is uniformly thick, reinforced in one direction, • Tensile reinforcement
and cast integrally with parallel supporting beams. • Shrinkage and temperature reinforcement
perpendicular to main tensile reinforcement
• Rule of thumb for estimating thickness:

span/30 for floor slabs; 4" (100) minimum
span/36 for roof slabs
• Suitable for light to moderate loads over relatively
short spans of 6' to 18' (1830 to 5490)
• Slab is supported on two sides by beams or
loadbearing walls; beams, in turn, may be supported
by girders or columns.
One-Way Joist Slab

A joist or ribbed slab is cast integrally with a series of closely
spaced joists, which in turn are supported by a parallel set of • Tensile reinforcement occurs in the ribs.
beams. Designed as a series of T-beams, joist slabs are more • Shrinkage and temperature reinforcement is
suitable for longer spans and heavier loads than one-way slabs. placed in the slab.
• 3" to 41/2" (75 to 115) slab depth: rule of thumb for

total depth: span/24
• 5" to 9" (125 to 230) joist width
• Pans are reusable metal or fiberglass molds, available in
20" and 30" (510 and 760) widths and from 6" to 20"
(150 to 510) depths in 2" (51) increments. Tapered
sides allow for easier removal.
• Tapered endforms are used to thicken joist ends for
greater shear resistance.
• Distribution rib is formed perpendicular to the joists in
order to distribute possible load concentrations over
a larger area: one required for spans between 20' and
30' (6 and 9 m), and not more than 15' (4.5 m) o.c. for
spans over 30' (9 m).
• Joist band is a broad, shallow supporting beam that is
economical to form because its depth is the same as
that of the joists.
• Suitable for light to medium live loads over spans of 15'
to 36' (4 to 10 m); longer spans may be possible with
posttensioning.
• See 12.04–12.05 for a discussion of
concrete as a construction material.
4. 06 CONCRET E SLAB S
Two-Way Slab and Beam

A two-way slab of uniform thickness may be reinforced in two directions and
cast integrally with supporting beams and columns on all four sides of square
or nearly square bays. Two-way slab and beam construction is effective for
medium spans and heavy loads, or when a high resistance to lateral forces is
required. For economy, however, two-way slabs are usually constructed as flat
slabs and plates without beams.
• 4" (100) minimum slab depth; rule of thumb for slab depth:
slab perimeter/180
• Tensile reinforcement
• Two-way slabs are most efficient when spanning square or nearly square
bays, and suitable for carrying intermediate to heavy loads over 15' to 40'
(4.6 to 12 m) spans.
• To simplify the placement of reinforcing steel, two-way slabs are divided
into column and middle strips, within which moments per foot are assumed
to be constant.
• A continuous slab, extending as a structural unit over three or more
supports in a given direction, is subject to lower bending moments than a
series of discrete, simply supported slabs.
Two-Way Waffle Slab

A waffle slab is a two-way concrete slab reinforced by ribs in two directions.
Waffle slabs are able to carry heavier loads and span longer distances than
flat slabs.
• 3" to 41/2" (75 to 115) slab depth; rule of thumb for total depth: span/24
• 5" or 6" (125 or 150) rib width
• Square metal or fiberglass dome forms are available in 19" and 30" (485
and 760) widths and from 8" to 20" (205 to 510) depths in 2" (51)
increments. Larger sizes are also available. Tapered sides allow for easier
removal.
• 19" (485) domes and 5" (125) ribs create a 2' (610) module; 30" (760)
domes and 6" (150) ribs produce a 3' (915) module.
• For greater shear strength and moment-resisting capacity, solid heads at
column supports are formed by omitting dome forms; size depends on span
and load conditions.
• Suitable for spans of 24' to 54' (7 to 16 m); longer spans may be possible
with posttensioning.
• For maximum efficiency, bays should be square or nearly square as possible.
Waffle slabs can be efficiently cantilevered in two directions up to 1/3 of the
• Coffered underside is usually left exposed. main span. When no cantilever is present, a perimeter slab band is formed
by omitting dome forms.
C ON C R E T E S L AB S 4.0 7
Two-Way Flat Plate
A flat plate is a concrete slab of uniform thickness reinforced in
two or more directions and supported directly by columns without
beams or girders. Simplicity of forming, lower floor-to-floor
heights, and some flexibility in column placement make flat plates
practical for apartment and hotel construction.
• 5" to 12" (125 to 305) slab depth;
rule of thumb for slab depth: span/33
• Suitable for light live to moderate loads over relatively short
spans of 12' to 24' (3.6 to 7 m)
• While a regular column grid is most appropriate, some flexibility
in column placement is possible.
• Shear at column locations governs the thickness of a flat plate.
• Punching shear is the potentially high shearing stress developed
by the reactive force of a column on a reinforced concrete slab.
Two-Way Flat Slab

A flat slab is a flat plate thickened at its column supports to
increase its shear strength and moment-resisting capacity.
• 6" to 12" (150 to 305) typical slab depth;
rule of thumb for slab depth: span/36
• Drop panel is the portion of a flat slab thickened around a
column head to increase its resistance to punching shear.
• Minimum projection of drop panel: 0.25 × slab thickness
• Minimum width of drop panel: 0.33 span
• Column capital may be used in place of or in conjunction with
a drop panel for increased shear resistance.
• Suitable for relatively heavy loads and spans from
20' to 40' (6 to 12 m)
4. 10 CONCRET E FORM W ORK & S HOR ING
Fresh concrete must be shaped and supported by formwork

until it cures and can support itself. This formwork is often
• Proprietary systems are used designed as a separate structural system by an engineer
to form joist and waffle slabs. because of the considerable weight and fluid pressure a
• For economy, standard forms concrete mass can exert on it.
should be used in a repetitive
manner whenever possible. • Slab sheathing of plywood, hardboard, or boards
• Knee brace
• Ledger
• Blocking • Metal or wood joists
• Kicker • Stringers
To support beam and slab forms until the placed concrete can cure
and support itself, temporary supports called shoring are used.
• Adjustable shores are metal or wood-and-metal shores
• Braced T- and L-heads provide available with jacks or screw-type devices for adjusting
support for beam forms. the elevations of the shores once they are placed; various
• Using columns and beams fittings can be interchanged at the top for vertical
of a constant section and extensions, U-heads, and T-heads.
varying the amount of steel • Single-post wood shores are cut slightly short of the
reinforcement to carry the desired elevation and adjusted by driving wooden wedges
imposed loads results in under the shore or at its top.
greater economy. • Double-post shores may be assembled with cross bracing
• Shoring must be braced in both for relatively heavy loads.
the vertical and horizontal • Horizontal shoring consists of adjustable metal members
planes to stiffen and prevent used to support slab forms over comparatively long
buckling of individual members spans without intervening vertical shores. Horizontal
of the formwork. shoring requires fewer vertical shores, each carrying a
• Sills may be required to comparatively greater load, and leaves open spaces clear
distribute the shoring load for work, but each vertical support carries a greater
over green concrete. concentration of load.
• After a concrete slab or beam has cured sufficiently to
carry its own weight, the original formwork is removed and
the slab or beam is reshored until the concrete reaches it
full strength.
• See 5.07–5.08 for the formwork

required for concrete columns and walls.
• Flying forms are large sections of formwork, • Lift-slab construction is a technique of constructing
including supporting trusses, beams, or multistory buildings in which all horizontal slabs are cast
scaffolding, that can be moved by a crane in at ground level and, when cured, are raised into position by
constructing the concrete floors and roofs of hydraulic jacks.
multistory buildings.
CSI MasterFormat 03 10 00: Concrete Forming and Accessories

4. 26 W OOD J OIST S
Wood joist floors are an essential subsystem of wood light-

frame construction. The dimension lumber used for joists is
easily worked and can be quickly assembled on site with simple
tools. Together with wood panel sheathing or subflooring, the
wood joists form a level working platform for construction. If
properly engineered, the resulting floor structure can serve as
a structural diaphragm to transfer lateral loads to shear walls;
• Joists are spaced 12", 16", or 24" consult the building code for specific requirements.
( 305, 405, or 610) o.c., depending
on the magnitude of applied loads and • Because wood light-framing is combustible, it must rely on
spanning capability of the subflooring. finish flooring and ceiling materials for its fire-resistance
• Cavities can accommodate piping, rating.
wiring, and thermal insulation. • The susceptibility of wood light-framing to decay and
• Ceiling may be applied directly to insect infestation requires positive site drainage, adequate
joists, or be suspended to lower separation from the ground, appropriate use of pressure-
ceiling area or conceal mechanical treated lumber, and ventilation to control condensation in
runs perpendicular to joists. enclosed spaces.
• See 12.11–12.12 for discussion of wood as a construction
material.
• End joists may be doubled to provide
additional support for perimeter wall • Lateral support required for joist ends
framing. • Rim joist or header
• See 4.31 for framing of floor

projections and openings.
• Joist span; see 4.27
• Sheathing or subflooring ties and stabilizes the

joists to prevent twisting and buckling; see 4.32.
• Finish flooring is laid over wood panel or plank
subflooring; some finish flooring materials may
require additional underlayment.
CSI MasterFormat 06 10 00: Rough Carpentry

CSI MasterFormat 06 11 00: Wood Framing
W OOD JOI S T S 4.2 7
• Joists may be supported by wood stud framing, Joist span is related to the:
wood or steel beams, or a bearing wall of concrete or • magnitude of applied loads
masonry. • joist size and spacing
• 11/2" (38) minimum bearing on wood or metal • species and grade of lumber used
• 3" (75) minimum bearing on concrete or masonry • deflection allowable for the
intended use
Span Ranges for Wood Joists
• 2 × 6 up to 10' (3050)
• 2 × 8 8' to 12' (2440 to 3660)
• 2 × 10 10' to 14' (3050 to 4265)
• 2 × 12 12' to 18' (3660 to 5485)
• Rule of thumb for estimating joist depth: span/16

• Joist deflection should not to exceed 1/360 th of span.
• The stiffness of the joist framing under stress is more
critical than its strength.
• If the overall construction depth is acceptable, deeper
joists spaced further apart are more desirable for stiffness
than shallow joists spaced more closely together.
• Consult manufacturer for sizes and spans of laminated
veneer lumber joists. • 2" (51) minimum to joist edge
• Maximum diameter = 1/3 joist depth
• 1/6 th of joist depth maximum and not

within middle third of span
Bridging consists of wood or metal crossbracing or full-depth To allow plumbing and electrical lines to pass
blocking between each joist at 8' (2440) intervals. Bridging may through floor joists, cuts may be made according
be required by some building codes if the joist depth is 6 or more to the guidelines illustrated above.
times its thickness. However, it is usually not necessary if the
joist ends are supported laterally against rotation and their top
compression edges are restrained by sheathing or subflooring.
4. 28 W OOD J OIST FRAM ING
• Wood stud wall framing; see 5.43–5.45.

• Subflooring; see 4.32.
• Wood joists
• Sill plate anchors or holddowns may be required to

secure the wall and floor framing to the foundation
against uplifting wind or seismic forces.
• Rim joist or header

• 16d
• Toenail, 8d @ 16" (405) o.c.
• End joists bear • 11/2" (38) minimum bearing

entirely on sill plate. • Toenail, three 8d
• In areas subject to • Pressure-treated 2 × 6 or 2 × 8 sill plate typical

insect infestation, • Sill plate transfers floor and wall loads to
install a continuous foundation; lay over fibrous sill sealer to reduce
sheet-metal shield. • Toenail sill plates at corners, 10d air infiltration; level with shims if necessary.
• Sill may be set back to allow • 1/2" (13) ø anchor bolts @ 6' (1830) o.c.;
wall sheathing to be flush with minimum of two bolts per sill piece w/one
Platform Framing foundation. within 12" (305) of each end; more stringent
requirements exist for Seismic Zones 3 and 4.
• Sill may be doubled for greater stiffness; nail w/
10d staggered @ 24" (610) o.c.; lap at corners.
• Wall studs rest directly on a double • Provide 1/2" (13) minimum air space on the
sill plate and are facenailed to tops, sides, and ends of wood beams entering
joists and toenailed to sill. a concrete or masonry wall unless pressure-
• Subfloor treated wood is used.
• Solid blocking serves as firestop • Beam support for joists
• 10d
• Building felt prevents direct contact between

wood and concrete or masonry.
• Shims to level beam
• 3" (75) minimum bearing for wood beams
supported on concrete or masonry
• Thicken wall to form a pilaster if additional
bearing is required.
Balloon Framing Beam Pocket
• See 5.41–5.42 for discussion of balloon and platform framing.

WO O D JO I S T F RA M I N G 4.2 9
Wood joists may be supported by wood or steel beams. In either • Solid or built-up wood
case, the elevation of the beam should be coordinated with the beam
perimeter sill condition and how the beam supports the floor • Align joists on opposite
joists. Wood is most susceptible to shrinkage perpendicular to sides of beam.
its grain. For this reason, the total depth of wood construction
for both the sill condition and the joist–beam connection • Equalizing joist and
should be equalized to avoid subsidence of the floor plane. beam depths minimizes
subsidence of floor
structure.
• Use only with well-
seasoned lumber.
• Metal joist hangers
Wood Beam w/Joist Hangers

• Wood scabs tie joists • Wood scab nailed to each
together, maintain horizontal joist
continuity of floor structure, • 1/2" (13) space for joist
and support subfloor. shrinkage
• Nail scab to each joist
• 1/2" (13) space for joist • Metal straps tie in-line
shrinkage joists together when tops
of joists are flush w/ top of
• Nailing plate secured w/ wood beam.
threaded rod welded to beam • Toenail w/ 10d to beam
flange; plate should be as • Three 16d @ each joist;
thick as perimeter sill to avoid notching of joists
equalize shrinkage. over bearing.
• Steel beam • 2 × 4 ledger provides 11/2"
(38) minimum bearing.
Steel Beam w/Ledger Wood Beam w/Ledger
• In-line joists w/ wood scab • 4" (100) minimum lap;
or metal tie strap three 16d
• 11/2" (38) minimum bearing • Solid blocking between
joists as required
• Wood sill secured w/
threaded rod welded to
beam flange; sill should be
as thick as perimeter sill to
equalize shrinkage. • In-line joists w/ wood
scab or metal tie strap
• 4" (100) minimum lap • 11/2" (38) minimum
• Three 16d bearing
• Toenail w/ 10d
Steel Beam Under Joists Wood Beam w/Lapped or Spliced Joists

4. 30 W OOD J OIST FRAM ING
• Double joists under

partition
• 2 × 4 blocking @ 16"
(405) o.c.
• Partition bearing between
joists
• 2× solid blocking
• Double joists spaced

• Wood stud framing to allow for passage of
• Soleplate mechanical services
• Subfloor • 2 × 6 solid blocking @ 16"
• Joists (405) o.c.
• 2 × 2 ledgers
Nonbearing Partition Perpendicular to Joists— Nonbearing Partition Parallel to Joists—No Partition Below
No Partition Below
• Continuous wall studs in

balloon framing
• Double joists
• Wood stud framing

• Soleplate
• Subfloor
• Joists • Double joists under
• Firestop and header partition
between joists • 2 × 4 blocking @ 16"
• Double top plate of (405) o.c.
partition below • Double top plate of
partition below
Bearing Partition Perpendicular to Joists Bearing Partition Parallel to Joists
• 2 × 4 blocking @ 16"
• Joists (405) o.c.
• Firestop and header • 1 × 6 to provide nailing
between joists surface for finish ceiling
• Double top plate • Double top plate
• Wood stud framing • Wood stud framing
Bearing Partition Perpendicular to Joists— Nonbearing Partition Parallel to Joists—No Partition Above
No Partition Above
WO O D JO I S T F RA M I N G 4.3 1
• Joist direction
• Double stringer
• Stringer
• Double joist
• Joist hangers or framing
anchors
• Solid blocking; may be set

out from sill to provide
nailing surface for soffit
• Header nailed to joists
• Tail joists w/ 20d
• Double joist
• Projections greater than • Projections greater than
24" (610) should be 24" (610) should be
engineered. engineered.
• Rim joist or header
• Header nailed to joists
w/ 20d
Floor Projection Perpendicular to Joists Floor Projection Parallel to Joists
• Wall or beam support for

joists
• Double trimmers and
• Double trimmer; 16d @ headers for spans greater
16" (405) o.c. than 4' (1220)
• Joist hangers or framing
• Double header anchors
• Headers longer than
10' (3050) should be
designed as beams.
• Beam hanger
• Tail joists secured to

header w/ joist hangers or
framing anchors
• Post or wall support for

header and trimmer
Floor Opening—Length Perpendicular to Joists Floor Openings—Length Parallel to Joists

4. 32 W OOD SU B FLOORING
Subflooring is the structural material that spans across floor

Subfloor Thickness Span Span joists, serves as a working platform during construction, and
inches* Rating inches (mm) provides a base for the finish flooring. The joist and subfloor
assembly can also be used as a structural diaphragm to transfer
Panel Subfloor lateral forces to shear walls if constructed according to approved
For rated 5/8 32/16 16 (405) standards. Consult the building code for requirements.
sheathing & 1/2, 5/8 36/16 16 (405)
Structural I 5/8, 3/4, 7/8 42/20 20 (510) • Subflooring typically consists of plywood, although other
& II grades 3/4, 7/8 48/24 24 (610) nonveneer panel materials such as oriented strand board (OSB),
waferboard, and particleboard can be used if manufactured
Underlayment according to approved standards. Consult the American Plywood
Underlayment 1/4 Over panel subfloor Association (APA).
or C–C plugged 3/8 Over board subfloor • The Span Rating is part of the gradestamp found on the back
ext. grade of each panel. The first number indicates the maximum rafter
spacing for roof sheathing and the second number indicates the
Combined Subfloor–Underlayment maximum joist spacing for subflooring.
For APA rated 5/8 16 16 (405) • Span may be 24" (610) if 25/32" (20) wood strip flooring is laid
Sturd-i-floor 5 3
/8, /4 20 20 (510) perpendicular to joists.
grades 3/4, 7/8, 1 24 24 (610) • Underlayment provides impact load resistance and a smooth
surface for the direct application of nonstructural flooring
2–4–1 11/8 48 48 (1220) materials; may be applied as a separate layer over board or panel
subflooring, or be combined in a single thickness with the subfloor
*Metric equivalents: panel; when floor is subject to unusual moisture conditions, use
• 1/2" (13) panels with exterior glue (Exposure 1) or Exterior plywood.
• 5/8" (16)
• 3/4" (19) Panel Subfloor and Underlayment
• 7/8" (22) • Indicated spans assume panels are laid continuously over two or
• 1" (25) more spans with their long dimension perpendicular to the joists.
• 11/2" (29) • Stagger end joints.
• Space joints 1/8" (3) unless otherwise recommended by panel
manufacturer; space butt joints in underlayment 1/32" (1).
• Nail @ 6" (150) o.c. along edges and 12" (305) o.c. along
intermediate supports; nail @ 6" (150) o.c. along both edges and
intermediate supports of 2-4-1 panels.
• Use 6d ring-shank or 8d common nails for thicknesses through
3/4" (19) and 8d ring-shank or common nails for panels 7/8" (22)
and thicker.
• Provide blocking under edges or use tongue-and-groove panel
edges; not required if underlayment joints are offset from
subfloor joints.
Gluing combined subfloor-underlayment panels to the floor joists

enables the panels to act together with the joists to form integral
T-beam units. This application system lessens floor creep and
squeaking, improves floor stiffness and, in some cases, increases
the allowable spans for the joists. These benefits, of course,
are contingent on the quality of the application. In addition to
gluing, the panels are secured with power-driven fasteners or
with 6d ring- or screw-shank nails. Consult the APA for detailed
recommendations.
CSI MasterFormat 06 16 23: Subflooring; 06 16 26: Underlayment

PREFABRIC ATED JO IS T S & T R USS E S 4.3 3
Prefabricated, pre-engineered wood joists and trusses are
increasingly used in the place of dimension lumber to frame
floors because they are generally lighter and more dimensionally
stable than sawn lumber, are manufactured in greater depths
and lengths, and can span longer distances.
• I-joists are manufactured with sawn or laminated
veneer lumber flanges along the top and bottom
edges of a single plywood or OSB web.
• 10" to 16" (255 to 406) nominal depths

• Span ranges for I-joists:
• 10" (255) depth can span up to 16' (4875)
• 12" to 24" (305 to 610) depths for commercial
construction available
• 20' to 60' (6 to 18 m) spans
• 2 × 4 chords and webs w/ metal toothed

plate connectors
• 12" to 24" (305 to 610) depths
• 40' to 60' (12 to 18 m) spans
• Wood chords and verticals w/ diagonal

steel web members
• 12" to 24" (305 to 610) depths
• 40' to 80' (12 to 24 m) spans
• Wood chords w/ 1" to 11/2" (25 to 38) ø

tubing webs
• Up to 40" (1065) depths
• 40' to 80' (12 to 24 m) spans
• Two 2 × 6 chords w/ 2" (51) ø steel webs

• Up to 60" (1525) depths
• 60' to 100' (18 to 30 m) spans
• Rule of thumb for estimating depth of trussed joists: span/18

• Openings in webs allow the passage of electrical and mechanical lines.
• Consult manufacturer for available lengths and depths, recommended
spacing and allowable spans, and required bearing conditions.
CSI MasterFormat 06 17 00: Shop-Fabricated Structural Wood

4. 34 P REFAB RICAT ED J OIST S & TRUS SES
While the precise form of a prefabricated floor joist or truss

• I-joist or 2× blocking varies with the manufacturer, the way they are laid out to
• I-joists must be stiffened frame a floor is similar in principle to conventional wood joist
under bearing walls; consult framing. They are most appropriate for long spans and simple
manufacturer and the building floor plans; complex floor layouts may be difficult to frame.
code for requirements.
• Wood panel subflooring
• Continuous sill plate or top • Stud bearing wall • 12", 16", or 24" (305, 405, or
plate of stud bearing wall 610) o.c.;
• 31/2" (90) minimum bearing 24" (405) spacing is most typical.
I-joist @ Exterior I-joist @ Interior
• Trussed joists may • Double trusses provide support for

bear on top or bottom parallel bearing partitions.
chord.
• Continuous nailer for lateral • Wood beam or stud bearing wall • Bracing is necessary to provide
support of bottom chords • Headers or loadbearing walls lateral support perpendicular to the
• Wood stud or masonry bearing wall support joists at openings. plane of the trusses.
Top Chord Bearing Top Chord Bearing @ Interior
• Continuous banding @
top and bottom
• Continuous banding • Support at panel point
• Wood stud or • Wood beam or • Overhang should be

masonry bearing wall stud bearing wall engineered by joist or
truss manufacturer.
Bottom Chord Bearing Bottom Chord Bearing @ Interior Bottom Chord Bearing @ Overhang
WO O D BE A M S 4.3 5
Solid Sawn Lumber
In the selection of a wood beam the following should be considered: • Rule of thumb for estimating the depth
lumber species, structural grade, modulus of elasticity, allowable bending of a wood beam: span/15
and shear stress values, and the minimum deflection permitted for the • Beam width = 1/3 to 1/2 of beam depth
intended use. In addition, attention should be paid to the precise loading • Limit deflection to 1/360 th of span
conditions and the types of connections used. See Bibliography for
sources of more detailed span and load tables.
Built-Up Beam
• Equal in strength to the sum of the strengths
of the individual pieces if none of the
laminations are spliced
• Two members nailed w/ 10d @ 16" (405) o.c.
staggered and two 10d @ each end
• Three or more members nailed w/ 20d
@ 32" (815) o.c. staggered and two 20d @
each end
Box Beam Flitch Beam Spaced Beam

• Made by gluing two or more plywood or • Timbers set on edge and bolted side • Blocked and securely nailed at frequent
OSB webs to sawn or LVL flanges. by side to steel plates or sections intervals to enable individual member
• Engineered to span up to 90' (27 m) • Engineered design to act as an integral unit
Glue-Laminated Timber
Glue-laminated timber (CSI MasterFormat 06 18 00) is made • Engineered to span up to 80' (24 m)
by laminating stress-grade lumber with adhesive under controlled • Rule of thumb for estimating the depth of
conditions, usually with the grain of all plies being parallel. The glue-laminated beams: span/20
advantages of glue-laminated timber over dimension lumber are generally • Beam width = 1/4 to 1/3 of beam depth
higher allowable unit stresses, improved appearance, and availability of
various sectional shapes. Glue-laminated timbers may be end-joined with
scarf or finger joints to any desired length, or edge-glued for greater
width or depth.
Parallel Strand Lumber

Parallel strand lumber (PSL) is a structural lumber product made by
bonding long, narrow wood strands together under heat and pressure
using a waterproof adhesive. Parallel strand lumber is a proprietary
product marketed under the trademark Parallam, used as beams and
columns in post-and-beam construction and for beams, headers, and
lintels in light-frame construction.
Laminated Veneer Lumber

Laminated veneer lumber (LVL) is a structural lumber product made by
bonding layers of wood veneers together under heat and pressure using
a waterproof adhesive. Having the grain of all veneers run in the same Minimum dimensions for Type IV construction:
longitudinal direction results in a product that is strong when edge- • Solid sawn beam: 51/2" × 10" (140 × 235)
loaded as a beam or face-loaded as a plank. Laminated veneer lumber is • Glue-laminated beam: 5" × 10 1/2" (125 × 265)
marketed under various brand names, such as Microlam, and used as • Structural composite beam: 51/4" × 91/2"
headers and beams or as flanges for prefabricated wood I-joists. (135 × 240)
4. 36 W OOD B EAM SU P P ORT S
A variety of metal attachments are manufactured for

wood-to-wood, wood-to-metal, and wood-to-masonry
• Provides resistance to connections. These include joist and beam hangers, post
uplift and horizontal bases and caps, framing angles and anchors, and floor ties
forces and holddowns. Consult manufacturer for specific shapes
• 1/2" (13) minimum and sizes, allowable loads, and fastening requirements.
clearance on top, end, Depending on the magnitude of the loads being resisted or
and sides; more space transferred, the connectors may be nailed or bolted.
may be required for
construction access.
• Steel clip angles • For light-frame construction
• Bearing plate at least • Header same depth as beam
1/4" (75) thick set on • Sill plate
bed of dryset grout • 3" (75) minimum bearing
• Anchor bolts • Foundation wall
• Optional prefabricated
beam seat
Masonry or Concrete Wall Support Foundation Wall Support
• For well-seasoned or • Clip angles for superimposed

laminated beams and beams; provide for lateral
light to moderate loads stability of supported beam
• Metal tension tie if necessary.
across girder
• Beam hanger w/
concealed or exposed
flanges
• For moderate to heavy loads

• Exposed beam hanger
• Beams raised above girder
for decking to clear saddle
Girder Support Girder Support
• Positive bending • Negative bending • Positive bending
Continuous spans produce more uniform stresses than

simple spans, resulting in more efficient use of material.
Any splices should occur at points of minimum bending
• Spliced at point of
stress, approximately 1/4 to 1/3 of the span on either side
zero moment
of an interior support.
• Supported beam • Wedges

• Overhanging beam
Steel Splice Connector Mortise Splice

WO O D PO S T- BEAM C O N N E C TI ON S 4.3 7
The size and number of bolts required at a connection
depend on the thickness of the members, the species
of wood, the magnitude and direction of the load
relative to the grain of the wood, and the use of metal • Steel U-plate or
connectors. Shear plate or split-ring connectors, saddle • 6" (150)
which can develop greater stresses per unit bearing, • Side plate for minimum bearing
can be used when there is insufficient area to connection to in direction of
accommodate the required number of through bolts. wood post beam span when
See 5.49 for split-ring and shear plate connectors • Through bolts two beams abut
and bolt spacing guidelines. • Welded over support
connection to
steel post or
column
Exposed Column Cap Exposed T-Strap
• Steel clip angles • Metal strap tie

• Metal strap tie • Shear plates and
• Through-bolts
• Steel brackets pins
or split-ring
w/ web stiffeners • Bearing blocks
connector
and through provide direct
• Blocking as
bolts support and
required
increases area for
• Spaced beam
bolts.
• Bearing blocks
provide direct
support and
increases area for
bolts.
Continuous Post Continuous Post Continuous Beam
• Continuous beam • Steel plate in • Through bolts

• Through bolts sawn kerf or split-ring
or split-ring • Steel pipe with connector
connector bearing plate if • Middle post
• Blocking at top, necessary member
middle, and • For concealment, continuous
bottom of spaced countersink bolt • Outer beam
post; see also heads and nuts, members
5.47. and plug. continuous
Spaced Post Concealed Connection Interlocking Connection

4. 38 W OOD P LANK-AND-B EA M FRAMIN G
• Structural floor plane of wood decking

• Other options: 2-4-1 plywood, prefabricated
stressed-skin panels, or mass timber panels.
See pages 4.39–4.42.
• Wood beams may be supported by: • Underside of decking may be left exposed
• Timber, steel, or concrete columns as a finished ceiling.
• Timber or steel girders
• Concrete or masonry bearing walls
Wood plank-and-beam floor systems are typically
• Bearing area should be sufficient to ensure
used with a supporting grid of posts or columns to
the allowable compressive stresses of the
form a skeleton frame structure. Using larger but
beam and bearing material are not exceeded.
fewer structural members that can span greater
distances translates into potential savings in
material and labor costs.
• Primary beam • Plank-and-beam framing is most effective when

• Secondary beams may span over or frame into supporting moderate, evenly distributed loads;
primary beams to reduce span of decking. concentrated loads may require additional
• Beam spacing = span of planks or decking; framing.
4' to 8' (1220 to 2440) o.c. typical • When this structural system is left exposed,
as is often the case, careful attention must be
paid to the species and grade of wood used, the
detailing of joints, especially at beam-to-beam
and beam-to-post connections, and the quality
of workmanship.
• Plank-and-beam framing may qualify as
heavy timber construction if the structure is
supported by noncombustible, fire-resistive
exterior walls and the members and decking meet
the minimum size requirements specified in the
building code.
• Disadvantages of the plank-and-beam floor
system include its susceptibility to impact
sound transmission, and its inherent lack of
concealed spaces for thermal insulation, piping,
wiring, and ductwork.
• Overhangs possible; limit to 1/4 of backspan

• Openings and concentrated loads require
additional framing
• Diagonal bracing or shear walls required to
provide lateral stability.
CSI MasterFormat 06 13 00: Heavy Timber Construction

CSI MasterFormat 06 15 00: Wood Decking
WO O D PLAN K- AN D- BE AM F RA M I N G 4.3 9
In the plank-and-beam framing system, the supporting grid • Wood strip flooring laid at right angles
of beams should be carefully integrated with the required to planking
placement of interior partitions for both structural and • Underlayment required for resilient
visual reasons. Normally, most partitions in this system and thinset tile flooring
are non-load-bearing and may be placed as shown. If bearing • Wood studs
partitions are required, however, they should continue down • Soleplate
to a foundation wall or be placed directly over beams large
enough to carry the imposed load. • The load of nonbearing partitions
perpendicular to the floor decking is
distributed evenly across the planks.
• Partitions parallel with the floor

decking may be supported either below
or above the planking.
• Beam must be framed into posts or
other beams for support.
• Limited overhangs possible
Wood Decking
• Combined subfloor–underlayment
• 11/8" (29) thick
• Tongue-and-groove edges
• Can span up to 4' (1220)
• Laid continuously over two spans with
face plies perpendicular to beams and
end joints staggered
• No overhang possible
2-4-1 Plywood
• Stressed-skin panels consist of

plywood facings bonded with
adhesives under heat and pressure
to lumber stringers and cross
bracing. The plywood facings and
lumber stringers act as a series of
I-beams with the plywood distributing
concentrated loads and resisting
nearly all of the bending stresses.
• Panels integrate thermal insulation, a
vapor retarder, and an interior finish
into a single component.
• Limited overhangs possible
Stressed-Skin Panels
CSI MasterFormat 06 12 00: Structural Panels

4. 40 W OOD DECKING
• Rule of thumb for estimating depth of decking:

span/30
• Limit deflection to 1/240 th of decking span.
• Consult manufacturer for available sizes and
allowable spans.
• Solid • Solid • Laminated
• 2 × 6, 2 × 8 nominal • 3 × 6, 4 × 6 nominal • 3 × 6, 3 × 8, 3 × 10; 4 × 6,
4 × 8; 6 × 6, 6 × 8 nominal
Types of Wood Decking
• V-groove • Channel groove • Plain or molded spline • Striated

Surface Patterns for Exposed Ceilings
Simple Span Double Span Continuous Span

• Planks simply supported • Most efficient structural use of • Planks span continuously over four or more
at each end have the most material of a given length supports.
deflection for a given load. • Use of random lengths reduces waste.
• Layout must be carefully controlled.
Types of Spans • 2' (610) minimum between end joints in
adjacent courses
• Joints in the same general line must rest on
at least one support.
• Separate joints in nonadjacent rows by
• 2× decking can span up to 6' (1830)
12” (305) or two rows of planks.
• 3× decking can span 6' to 10' (1830 to 3050) • Only one joint should occur in each course
between supports.
• 4× decking can span 10' to 14' (3050 to 4265) • Each plank must rest on at least one support.
• In end spans, one-third of the planks should be
• 6× decking can span 12' to 20' (3655 to 6095) free of joints.
Span Ranges
CSI MasterFormat 06 15 00: Wood Decking

MAS S TI M BE R F L OORS 4.4 1
A variety of mass timber products are capable of spanning • 2' to 10' (610 to 2440) wide and up to
the distance between supporting floor beams. These include 60' (18 290) long
cross-laminated timber (CLT), nail-laminated timber (NLT), and • 3"–12" (75–305) thick; IBC requires CLT
dowel-laminated timber (DLT). All of these may qualify as Type panels to be at least 4' (100) in actual
IV (Heavy Timber) construction if at least 31/2" (90) thick and thickness.
constructed with no concealed spaces.
Cross-Laminated Timber
Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT) is a prefabricated, engineered
wood product consisting of 3, 5, or 7 layers of dimension
lumber oriented at right angles to one another and bonded
under pressure with adhesive to form structural panels.
• Cross-laminated panels are

capable of 2-way spanning action.
• Underside often left exposed as
finish ceiling
• Supporting beams may be solid-sawn, glue-
laminated, or structural composite lumber.
• 3-layer panel can span up to 10' (3050).
• 31/2"–12" (90–305) thick

• 2 × 4s on edge can span from 10' to 14'
(3050 to 4265).
• 2 × 6s on edge can span from 12' to 20'
(3660 to 6095).
• Up to 12' (3660) wide and 100' (30 480)

long; limited only by shipping and erection
Nail-Laminated Timber constraints
Nail-Laminated Timber (NLT) is created by layering 2×
dimension lumber on edge and fastening the assembly with • Can be assembled on-site with standard
nails or screws to produce a larger structural element. dimension lumber
• Joints must be detailed for lateral loading.
• Variety of curved surfaces are possible
either perpendicular or parallel to
laminations.
4. 42 M AS S T I MB ER FLOORS
Dowel-Laminated Timber
Dowel-Laminated Timber (DLT) is made by placing 2×
dimension lumber on edge (like NLT) and friction-fitting
together with wood dowels.
• Up to 12' (3660) wide

• 31/2"–14" (90–355) thick
• Up to 60' (18 290) long
• 2 × 4s on edge can span from 10' to 12' (3050 to 3660).

• Variety of profiles available, including acoustic profiles using

noncombustible, fibrous insulation to absorb sound.
• 2-way spanning action possible with multiple layers of

plywood applied to top of panels.
• Timber-concrete composite technology optimizes structural
performance and improves acoustic separation between
floors.
BUILDING
TECHNOLOGY 2
WITH AR. KRISTOFFER D. AQUINO
MODULE 4:
ARCHITECTURAL
DETAILS
CEILINGDETAILS
MODULE 4: ARCHITECTURAL DETAILS
CEILING
Ceiling, the overhead surface
or surfaces covering a room,
and the underside of a floor or
a roof. Ceilings are often used
to hide floor and roof
construction. They have been
favorite places for decoration
from the earliest times: either by
painting the flat surface,
by emphasizing the structural
members of roof or floor, or by
treating it as a field for an
overall pattern of relief.
Source: https://www.britannica.com/technology/ceiling
DIFFERENT TYPES OF
CEILINGS
Conventional Ceiling
A conventional ceiling
construction type is
commonly found in homes.
These ceilings have a
standard drywall finish and
are made of lower-cost
materials, requiring easy
installation.
Conventional ceilings are

plain and flat – and are
usually between 8 to 9 feet
high and can fit with typical
construction material
sizing.
Source:
DIFFERENT TYPES OF
CEILINGS
Suspended Ceiling
A suspended ceiling
(sometimes referred to as a
dropped ceiling) hangs from
a metal grid below the
existing ceiling that is already
in place.
Commonly used with

noise-regulating acoustic
ceiling tiles, these flat drop
ceilings allow designers to
conceal mechanical,
electrical, plumbing,
and lighting fixtures (MEP)
above the dropped, exposed
ceiling, such as pipes and
wiring.
Source:
DIFFERENT TYPES OF
CEILINGS
Coffered Ceiling
Commonly found in
high-end homes, churches,
libraries, and hotels,
coffered ceilings reflect a
classic, even luxurious,
aesthetic. A pricier option
than conventional options,
coffered ceilings require
installation by specialists
who are familiar with this
variety.
Source:
DIFFERENT TYPES OF
CEILINGS
Coffered Ceiling
Recognizable by its grid of
inverted panels that are
accentuated by molding,
commercial wood coffered
ceilings are typically
designed to work with
standard T-Bar suspension
grids – helping to
streamline the installation
process.
Source:
DIFFERENT TYPES OF
CEILINGS
Tray Ceiling
Tray ceilings are multi-level
ceilings – they start from
one height, then drop as
you add levels. As the
name suggests, the ceiling
layout resembles a tray.
The flat ceiling on the

outside of the tray
surrounds the raised
center, which is the highest
part of the ceiling.
Source:
DIFFERENT TYPES OF
CEILINGS
Tray Ceiling
Tray ceilings (also known
as panned ceilings)
become slightly lower with
each added step or “level”
that surrounds the raised
center, creating a
three-dimensional effect as
the ceiling expands
outwards.
Source:
DIFFERENT TYPES OF
CEILINGS
Coved Ceiling
A coved ceiling is typically found
in formal rooms, theaters, or
churches. The Vatican, for
example, houses one of the
most famous coved ceilings in
the world.
Forming a dome-like design, this

concave ceiling has curved
edges instead of sharp angles
between the ceiling and walls
and is often built using curved
molding or framing. The coves
start from the top of the main
wall and extend up to the ceiling
Source:
itself.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF
CEILINGS
Cathedral Ceiling
Cathedral ceilings are often
found in large living rooms,
dining rooms, bedrooms,
and even the master bath.
Cathedral – or vaulted –
ceilings are known for their
inverted V-shape where the
tip of the V is the highest
point and the sides of the V
slope down.
Source:
DIFFERENT TYPES OF
CEILINGS
Shed Ceiling
Shed, or single-slope,
ceilings are typically found
on the top story of a home,
either in the attic or loft.
Creating a distinct look for

your room, a shed ceiling
will begin at a high point at
one wall, then slope down
toward the opposite wall.
Source:
DIFFERENT TYPES OF
CEILINGS
Beam Ceiling
Beam ceilings are typically found
in hallways and corridors for
commercial settings and living
and dining rooms for residential
settings.
Though considered as a
contemporary style, it’s actually
a traditional ceiling form. Made
primarily from hardwoods,
beams give homes a classic,
rustic look.
Source:
POPULAR CEILING MATERIALS IN THE
PHILIPPINES
• Wood Ceiling
Source:
https://www.facebook.com/glsonebuilders/posts/popular-types-of-ceiling-materials-used-in-the-philippinesthe-ceiling-is-another/1477
PHILIPPINES
• Wood Ceiling
• Gypsum Ceiling
Source:
PHILIPPINES
• Wood Ceiling
• Gypsum Ceiling
• PVC or Vinyl Ceiling
Source:
PHILIPPINES
• Wood Ceiling
• Gypsum Ceiling
• Fiber Cement Ceiling
Source:
PHILIPPINES
• Wood Ceiling
• Gypsum Ceiling
• Fiber Cement Ceiling
• Metal Spandrel
Ceiling
Source:
DOORS AND
WINDOWS
DOOR AND WINDOW SCHEDULE
DOOR AND WINDOW SCHEDULE
WOOD STAIR
DETAIL
STAIRS
Stairs are a structure designed
to bridge a large vertical distance
by dividing it into smaller vertical
distances, called steps. Stairs
may be straight, round, or may
consist of two or more straight
pieces connected at angles.
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stairs
STAIRCASE ANATOMY
Source: https://woodstairs.ca/staircase-components.html
STAIRCASE ANATOMY
STAIR TERMS
Baluster: A vertical member used between railing and tread or floor,
adding safety, support and stability to the balustrade.
Balustrade: The name for the complete and assembled rail system.
Box Newel: A large square newel hollow inside, used in post to post
balustrades.
Box Stair: A stair where the stringers house the treads and risers forming
a box-like unit.
Bracket:Referred to as tread or stringer bracket. A scroll shaped
decorative member usually mitered to the riser and fastened over the
open stringer.
Cap: That round portion of a rail fitting which widens, permitting it to set
on top of a newel post. Cap fittings are used for an over the post
balustrade system.
Cove Moulding: Cove Moulding is a finishing trim used to go under the
treads front side where the riser meets the bottom of the stair treads
underside, to hide the little 1/8 in. and 1/16 in. gaps that may be there
after the install. Ogee Cove Moulding also is used under the front nose of
the stair nosing on any level run stair nosing that is installed on the job...
once again hiding all the drywall dips along the walls face.
STAIR TERMS
Easing: (Sometimes called Easement) That portion of a rail fitting which
curves, permitting hand rail to move from level up or down, up easing or
over easing respectively. It also permits rake rail to move vertically where
it meets level rail.
Fillet: A thin moulding that is fitted into plowed hand rail and shoe rail
between balusters.
Finished Floor to Finished Floor Height: The vertical distance between
the top of the lower finished floor to the top of the upper level finished
floor. The total rise of the stair.
Glue Block: A wooden block, square or triangular, glued to the underside
of a step. They are used where the tread and riser form an inside corner
under each step.
Gooseneck: A rail fitting used where rake rail rises vertically to a balcony
or landing. They also permit directional changes.
Hand Rail: The railing used as hand support in balustrade systems.
Header: A floor framing member that runs across the well opening. The
top riser of the stair is secured to the header.
STAIR TERMS
Horse: A length of dense dimension lumber cut to run rise requirements to
form steps. The horse supports treads and risers.
J Cap Moulding: The J-Cap Moulding is used like a mini nosing to cover (
cap ) this unfinished edge of the side skirt boards, thus giving a finished look
to this otherwise raw edge. So if you have 32 feet of skirt board, you will need
approx 36 feet of J-Cap Moulding for proper coverage.
Landing: An intermediate floor or platform between flights of stairs. Landings
permit directional changes in stair travel.
Landing Newel: The newel post used at landings and upper levels where
rake rail changes direction and continues or where rake rail rises vertically to
meet level rail. Length is typically 42" long, if yopu want to meet a 36" rail
height code -or- 48" long newel post get used if you want to meet a 42" rail
height code.
Landing Tread: A nosed and rabbeted tread-like mould used to form a level
surface with the finished floor of landings and upper levels. May also be used
to trim around well holes and balconies.
STAIR TERMS
Left Hand Miter: A stair open for balustrade on the left side, ascending
the stair. The rail fittings on the left hand side of the stair.
Level Quarterturn: A rail fitting that permits level hand rail to turn 90
degrees; available with cap or without cap.
Level Rail: Handrail used on the level portion of a balustrade.
Miter Return: A nosed or rounded moulding used to trim, open end
treads. This conceals the end grain.
Newel: A vertical post used to start the balustrade, also used at points of
vertical and directional transition. Newel posts are the backbone of
balustrade strength.
Open Stair Treads: A stair where the stringer has been cut out and the
tread ends are exposed on one or both ends.
Over-the-Post: A balustrade system which uses rail fittings on top of
newel posts forming a continuous hand rail.
Pitch: Refer to Rake of the staircase or railing system.
STAIR TERMS
Pitch Block: A block of wood that is cut to form a right triangle using the
rise and run dimensions of the stair. The pitch block is used to determine
the exact point and angle of cut for attachment of fitting to straight rail.
The pitch block also determines the angle cuts on balusters, newel posts
and hand rail.
Plow: The grooved out area in the bottom of the hand rail and the top of
shoe rail that receive square end balusters. It is fitted with fillet spacers.
Post-to-Post: A balustrade system where hand rail is cut between and
attached to square top newel posts. Rail Bolt: A two ended, threaded steel
stud with nut, washer and wood plug. A concealed fastener used to attach
hand rail to fittings and newels.
Rail Fitting: Fittings are assembled components that are profiled to
match hand rail patterns. They permit directional and vertical changes
with hand rail in over-the-post balustrades. Some fittings may be used in
post-to-post balustrades.
Rake: The angle or pitch of a stair’s ascent to the upper level. The rake is
established by the rise and run.
Rake Rail: Hand rail used on the ascending portion of a balustrade,
follows the pitch or rise of the stair.
STAIR TERMS
Right Hand Miter: A stair open for the balustrade on the right side,
ascending the stair. The rail fittings on the right hand side of a stair.
Rise: The unit of vertical height for each step in a stair. Determined by
dividing the total finish floor to finished floor dimension into equal parts.
Riser: The vertical component of a stair that faces each step between
stringers and tread, upon which the treads are placed.
Rosette: A decorative wall plate, larger than hand rail profile, may be
round, oval or rectangular, serves as a railing anchor when backing is
placed in the wall.
Run: The horizontal travel of a stair. A unit of run or tread run is the
distance of travel for each step excluding the tread nose.
Shoe Moulding: A quarter round type mould, higher than wide,

generally applied where bottom riser meets finished floor.
STAIR TERMS
Shoe Rail: A flat molded member with a linear groove to receive square
bottom balusters for assembly.
Skirt board: A finished face board used to cover the stair horse. May
also be used to finish around the well hole.
Starting Easing: A rail fitting that starts the balustrade system and
introduces the user to the upward travel of the stair.
Starting Newel: The vertical post used to start a balustrade system.

These newel post are typically 48" long.
Starting Step: A decorative first step of a stair. Generally includes tread

and riser which lengthen the step beyond the width of the basic stair.
Designs are bull nose fully rounded, quarter circle or half circle.
STAIR TERMS
Shoe Rail: A flat molded member with a linear groove to receive square
bottom balusters for assembly.
Skirt board: A finished face board used to cover the stair horse. May
also be used to finish around the well hole.
Starting Easing: A rail fitting that starts the balustrade system and
introduces the user to the upward travel of the stair.
Starting Newel: The vertical post used to start a balustrade system.

These newel post are typically 48" long.

STAIR TERMS
Stringer: A side member of a stair that serves both carriage and

finished face. It is generally routed out to receive treads and risers for
box stairs. It is mitered to the riser with treads set on top for open stairs.
Sub Rail: A thin linear mould plowed both top and bottom to receive
hand rail above and the top of square end balusters below.
Tread: The flat horizontal component of a stair step upon which a

person walks... a standard tread is 1-1/16 inch thick.
Wall Rail: Hand rail affixed to the wall by means of mounting brackets.
It may be primary hand rail for a box stair and supplementary to a
balustrade system.
STAIR TERMS
Wall Rail: Hand rail affixed to the wall by means of mounting brackets.
It may be primary hand rail for a box stair and supplementary to a
balustrade system.
Wall Rail Bracket: An offsetting metal bracket -or- hardwood bracket

that gets screwed to the wall upon which wall rail is mounted.
Wedge: A tapered strip of wood driven into stringer routings to fasten

treads and risers securely. They also help to prevent squeaks.
Well Hole: The opening frame into floor above a stair.
Winder: A landing divided by risers into triangular shaped steps, usually

two or three steps. Caution should be taken when planning to use them
as they restrict tread area as they climb and turn.
Wood Plug: A flat round wooden plug usually 1/2 inch -to 1 inch in
diameter, used to plug the holes bored for concealed fasteners.
WOOD STAIR DETAILS
Source: Architectural Graphic Standards 10th Edition

WOOD STAIR DETAILS

WOOD STAIR DETAILS

WOOD STAIR DETAILS

WOOD STAIR DETAILS

WOOD STAIR DETAILS

WOOD STAIR DETAILS

WOOD STAIR DETAILS

STAIR CONSTRUCTION DRAWING
SAMPLE
Source: Kristoffer D. Aquino

RESIDENTIAL
KITCHEN DETAILS
KITCHEN
A kitchen is a room or part of a
room used for cooking and food
preparation in a dwelling or in a
commercial establishment. A
modern middle-class residential
kitchen is typically equipped with
a stove, a sink with hot and cold
running water, a refrigerator, and
worktops and
kitchen cabinets arranged
according to a modular design.
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitchen#cite_note-1
Work Triangle
The work triangle is a
time-tested guideline of
kitchen design that helps plan
out efficient kitchen work
spaces with clear traffic
lanes. Imagine a triangle that
connected your cooktop, your
sink, and the refrigerator.
This is the work triangle.
According to the guidance of
the National Kitchen and
Bath Association, each leg of
the triangle should measure
between 4 and 9 feet. This
allows a cook to reach their
cooking, cleaning, and food
storage areas with ease,
while providing enough space
between them to avoid Source: https://www.cliqstudios.com/work-triangle-floor-plan/
Types of Kitchen
• Single
Source: redhousecustombuilding.com/kitchen-design-101-part-1-
Types of Kitchen
• Single
• Galley
Types of Kitchen
• Single
• Galley
• L-Shaped
Types of Kitchen
• Single
• Galley
• L-Shaped
• U-Shaped
Types of Kitchen
• Single
• Galley
• L-Shaped
• U-Shaped
• Island
Types of Kitchen
• Single
• Galley
• L-Shaped
• U-Shaped
• Island
• Peninsula
Standard Measurements
Standard Measurements
Kitchen Cabinet
Kitchen Cabinet
Kitchen Detail Example



TOILET-AND-BATH
DETAILS
Bathroom / Toilet-and-Bath
A bathroom or washroom is
a room, typically in a home or
other residential building, that
contains either a bathtub or
a shower (or both). The
inclusion of a wash basin is
common. In some parts of the
world e.g. India, a toilet is
typically included in the
bathroom; in others, the toilet is
typically given a dedicated
room separate from the one
allocated for personal
hygiene activities.
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bathroom
Bathroom Detail Example






ARCHITECTURAL
BAY SECTION
Bay
Bay, in architecture, any division
of a building between vertical
lines or planes, especially the
entire space included between
two adjacent supports; thus, the
space between two columns, or
pilasters, or from pier to pier in a
church, including that part of the
vaulting or ceiling between them,
is known as a bay.
Source: https://www.britannica.com/technology/bay-architecture
Architectural Bay Section
Example

Example

Example

Example

Example

25/04/2022
MODULE 04
Architectural Details
Ar. Maria Victoria P. Mallare , m.arch
1
Kitchen and Toilet Details

Bay Section
MODULE 04
132
1
25/04/2022
KITCHEN AND TOILET DETAILS
BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 2 – MODULE 04
133
KITCHEN DETAILS
A well-planned kitchen is efficient, attractive,
and easy to maintain. To design an efficient
kitchen, the basic designer must consider the
function, basic shape, dcor, sie, and location
of equipment
https://www.hou.com/photos/kitchen-ideas-and-
designs-phbr0-bp~t_709
134
2
25/04/2022
DIFFERENT KITCHEN LAYOUT
135
TYPICAL KITCHEN LAYOUT

The traffic lane is clear of the work triangle;
The work areas include all necessary appliances and facilities;
The kitchen is located adjacent to the dining areas;
The kitchen should be located near the children’s play area;
The kitchen is cheerful and pleasant;
The centers include (a) the storage centers, (b) the preparation
and cleaning centers, and (c) the cooking centers;
Electric outlets are provided for each work centers;
Adequate storage facilities are available in each work center;
Shadowless and glareless light is provided and is concentrated on
each work center;
Adequate counter space is provided for meal preparation;
Ventilation is adequate;
The oven and range are separated from the refrigerator by at
least one cabinet;
Doors on appliances swing away from your work-triangle
Reference : BT/ BU Cluster SY 2020-2021

136
3
25/04/2022
KITCHEN DETAILS
Reference by : Ar. Maan Pere Mallare
137
KITCHEN DETAILS
138
4
25/04/2022
KITCHEN DETAILS
139
KITCHEN DETAILS
140
5
25/04/2022
KITCHEN DETAILS
141
KITCHEN DETAILS
142
6
25/04/2022
KITCHEN DETAILS
143
KITCHEN - CONSTRUCTION
144
7
25/04/2022
With Kitchen Sink
With Kitchen Sink
KITCHEN COUNTER - CONSTRUCTION Reference by : Ar. Maan Pere Mallare
145
KITCHEN - CONSTRUCTION
146
8
25/04/2022
TOILET AND BATH DESIGN

The design of the bathroom requires careful and planning in the
placement of fixtures. The bath must be planned to be functional,
attractive, and easily maintained.
The three basic fixtures included in most bathrooms are a
lavatory, a water closet, and a tub or shower. The efficiency of
the bath is greatly dependent upon the effectiveness of the
arrangement of these three fixtures. Mirrors should be located a
distance from the tub to prevent fogging. Sinks should be well
lighted and free from traffic.
https://www.housebeautiful.com/
147
TOILET DETAILS
148
9
25/04/2022
TOILET DETAILS
149
TOILET DETAILS
150
10
25/04/2022
TOILET DETAILS
151
TOILET  CONSTRUCTION
Bidet to be relocated
152
11
25/04/2022
TOILET  RENOVATION
Old Toilet and Bath

Renovated Toilet and Bath Reference by : Ar. Maan Pere Mallare
153
BAY SECTION A section of a building distinguished by vertical elements such as columns

or pillars.
154
12
25/04/2022
BAY SECTION
BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 2 – MODULE 04 https://iitcoa3rdyr.wordpress.com/2011/09/page/2/
155
BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 2 – MODULE 04 Sample by Ar. Plan
156
13
25/04/2022
BAY SECTION
Structural Bay Section
BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 2 – MODULE 04 Sample by Cadbull.com
157
Student Sample Works
158
14
28/03/2022
MODULE 04
Architectural Details
Ar. Maria Victoria P. Mallare , m.arch
1
Reflected Ceiling Plan

Schedule of Doors and Windows
Stair Detail
MODULE 04
2
1
28/03/2022
“A plan included in the architectural drawings which shows

the diagram of the structure’s ceiling viewed looking up” .
this includes information about interior
Design, architecture, electrical
And plumbing.

Cntctin
2
28/03/2022
Ceiling
 Kiame
A ceiling i an vehead intei face that
cve the ppe limit f a m.
Electical Wiing
Metal Fing
Inlatin
Inide
BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 2 – MODULE 04 Refeence by : A. Maan P. Mallae
3
28/03/2022
Ceiling Bad
 npainted
Ceiling Bad
Painted in Flat Latex Paint
BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 2 – MODULE 04 Refeence by : A. EL Plan
4
28/03/2022
Exped Ceiling
( Exped Beam Sytem )

eign
10
5
28/03/2022
Flat Ceiling eign
11
Spended Ceiling eign / pped Ceiling
BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 2 – MODULE 04 http://in.pinteet.cm/pin/775322892075767242/
12
6
28/03/2022
Spended Ceiling eign / pped Ceiling
13
With Ceiling Pfile
14
7
28/03/2022
With Ceiling Pfile
15
Ceiling Cld
http://akta.cm/actic-ceiling-
BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 2 – MODULE 04 cld-cnideatin-and-deign-idea/
16
8
28/03/2022
Exped T  Exped Beam Sytem
Exped Only
17
Exped Only
18
9
28/03/2022
BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 2 – MODULE 01 http://www.bbvila.cm/aticle/exped-ceiling-beam/
19
Off fm lab /

Cncete Ceiling
BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 2 – MODULE 04 http://www.hzz.cm.a/magazine/

20
10
28/03/2022

Ceiling Mateial and
Finihe
21
Flat Latex Painted
Bet t e a flat paint

S that the ceiling will nt
Be t eflective when the light i Ceiling Bad : Gypm / Hadiflex / Maine Plywd
Tned n
22
11
28/03/2022
Actical Ceiling Bad / Tile
ed f pace that eqie

Gd actic  : Ex Office , Pivate vene
23
Ppcn Ceiling
Smetime cntain Abet
24
12
28/03/2022
Wd Ceiling
25
PVC Ceiling
26
13
28/03/2022
Othe mateial ed a Ceiling ae :
Tin, Alminm, Cppe, Ck, and me indigen mateial
27

Lighting Fixte 
28
14
28/03/2022
29
Tffe Light
Ceiling Mnted
Light
Emegency Light
Exit Sign
Sample Lighting Fixte Specificatin
30
15
28/03/2022
Reflected Ceiling Plan Symbl
BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 2 – MODULE 01 Refeence by : www.cnceptdaw.cm
31
Cl Tempeate f Light
Cl White
ay Light
Wam White
32
16
28/03/2022

Sample
33
SECOND FLOOR
34
17
28/03/2022
Schedle f  and

 Refe t lit  baically hw the infmatin f all the Windw
 and Windw hwn in Achitectal Plan.
Shw deign , ize and the pecificatin
35
OORS
36
18
28/03/2022
OORS
Stctal pening
The wall pening int which a d fame i
fitted.
Head
The ppemt membe f a d fame
Jamb
Refe t eithe f the tw ide membe
f a d fame
Stp
I the pjecting pat f a d fame
againt which a d cle
37
OORS
38
19
28/03/2022
OORS
39
40
20
28/03/2022
Type f   Baed n Mateial
41
Wden  Timbe 
A. Hllw-Ce 
Hllw-ce d have a famewk f tile
and ail encaing an expanded hneycmb
ce f cgated fibebad  a gid f
intelcking hizntal and vetical timbe
tip.
B. Slid- Ce 
Slid-ce d have a ce f bnded

timbe blck, paticle bad  a mineal
cmpitin.
42
21
28/03/2022
Metal / Steel  / Fie 

ally ed f heavy dty d ch a fie exit.
43
Gla 
One f the ignificant advantage f thi kind f d i
t pemit natal light t penetate int pace. Fame
can be made fm timbe  metal. ally ed f
eidential and cmmecial applicatin.
44
22
28/03/2022
Fibe Reinfced Platic   FRP 

I made f a andwich tcte which cnit f veatile man-made
cmpite mateial. Geneally lightweight, eay t intall and can be ed in
vaiety f age. It al cme in diffeent kind f finihe that aethetically
pleaing.
45
PVC  Platic 

Ae geneally lightweight and eay t e.
46
23
28/03/2022
Type f   Baed n Appeaance
47
Flh 
A mth-faced d having face which ae plane
which cnceal it ail and tile  the tcte when
ed inide, it I f hllw ce, when ed f extei it
i f lid ce.
48
24
28/03/2022
Panel 
A d having tile. ail and metime mntin, which
fm ne  me fame and eceed thinne panel.
49
Type f   Baed n Opeatin
50
25
28/03/2022
Swinging  / Swing 

 nmally tn n hinge abt a ide jamb when
phed  plled. Swinging d eqie pace
and dway f d wing.
51
Swinging  / Swing 
52
26
28/03/2022
Ovehead wing-p gaage d

A igid vehead d which pen a an
entie nit.
Ovehead ll-p gaage d

A d which, when pen, ame a hizntal
pitin abve the d pening, made f eveal
leave. ally ed in cmmecial and indtial
pace.
53
Ovehead wing-p gaage d Ovehead ll-p gaage d
54
27
28/03/2022
Rll-p d ( Slid  ee-thgh alminm

htte )
A d made p f mall hizntal
intelcking metal lat which ae gided in
a tack; the cnfigatin cil abt an
vehead dm which i hed at the head
f the pening, eithe manal  mt-
diven.
55
Accdin 
A hinged d cniting f a ytem
f panel which ae hng fm an
vehead tack. When the d i
pen, the face f the panel cle
flat againt each the. When the
d i cled, the edge f adjacent
panel btt againt ( intelck)
each the t fm a lid baie.
56
28
28/03/2022
Bi-Flding 
One f tw  me d which ae hinged tgethe 
that they can pen and fld in a cnfined pace.
57
Revlving 
An extei d cniting f f leave (at 90 t
each the) which pivt abt a cmmn vetical axi
within a cylindically haped vetible, pevent the
diect paage f ai thgh the vetible, theeby
eliminating daft fm tide.
58
29
28/03/2022
Sliding 
A d mnted n tack which lide in a hizntal
diectin ally paallel t ne wall.
59
Bypa Sliding 
60
30
28/03/2022
Pcket Sliding 
61
Sface Sliding 
62
31
28/03/2022
tch 
A hinged d which i divided int tw. The ppe pat
can be pened while the lwe ptin i cled
63
Lcking a 
64
32
28/03/2022
LATCH
A imple fatening device having a latch
blt, bt nt a dead blt cntain n pviin f lcking with a
key, ally penable fm bth ide
65
LOCKSET
A cmplete lck ytem inclding the baic lcking
mechanim and all the acceie, ch a knb
ectchen, plate, etc.
66
33
28/03/2022
Integal Lck
a type f mtie lck having it cylinde in the knb;
67
Cylinde Lck
A bed lck which ha a
cylindical cae int which a epaate latch
cae fit.
68
34
28/03/2022
Leve Handle
Leve-peated mechanim, ph-type mechanim and -
haped handle ae geneally eaie f peple with
diabilitie t gap.
69
Othe element in a d aembly
70
35
28/03/2022
Atmatic  Cle

- Pnematic type
- Semi- cncealed vehead type
- Cncealed type Sping  Cle - attached abve a ceen d
- Ovehead liqid type t atmatically cle it.
71
Panic Hadwae
Panic hadwae i a d-
latching aembly that
diengage when pee i
applied n a hizntal
ba that pan the intei f an
emegency exit d
at wait height. The ph ba
hld extend ac at
leat ne-half the width f the
d leaf n which it i
intalled.
72
36
28/03/2022
 Stppe Gab Ba

T pevent the d with it lcket fm haming A hand gip ally intalled in a hwe, which may
the wall  tile. be ed f teadying ae elf. ally intalled f
the e f diabled peple
73
Sliding  tack
74
37
28/03/2022
Kick Plate
A ptectin plate fixed f a d. Thi i ally
intalled n d with exceive e.
75
Hw t d a Schedle f 
76
38
28/03/2022
Nte:
1 awing pe  type
Infmatin needed:
Type f :
Specificatin :
Lcatin:
Set:
77
Finish Floor Level
Finish Floor Level
Schedle f   Sample
78
39
28/03/2022
WINOWS
79
WINOWS
80
40
28/03/2022
WINOWS
81
WINOWS
Windw i an pening in a wall, a d,  a f that pimaily pvide
acce t light, ai, nd and view.
Stctal Opening
The eqied pening t intall a windw
Head
I the ppemt membe f a windw fame
Jamb
i eithe f the tw ide membe f a windw fame
Sill
The hizntal membe beneath a d  windw
pening, having an ppe face lped t hed ainwate
Sbill
i an additinal ill fitted t a windw fame t
cae ainwate t dip fthe away fm a wall face
82
41
28/03/2022
WINOWS
Sah and Glazing
Sah efe t the fixed  mvable famewk f a windw in which pane
f gla ae et.
Pane
i ne f the diviin f a windw, cniting f a ingle nit f
gla et in a fame
Glazing
Refe t the pane  heet f gla et in the ahe f a
windw.
Rail
Ae the hizntal membe faming a windw ah
Tanm
Ae the hizntal membe epaating glazing
Mllin
I a vetical membe epaating a eie f windw  dway
83
Type f Windw  Baed n Mateial
84
42
28/03/2022
Metal Windw
Metal windw ae geneally fabicated f
alminm  teel.
85
nplaticied Plyvinyl Chlide

( PVC ) Windw
nplaticied plyvinyl chlide
(PCV) windw and
d ffe a lw-maintenance and
ct-effective altenative t timbe-
fame  metal windw. Snlight can
degade and dicl the PVC ve
time.
86
43
28/03/2022
Cmpite Windw
Cmpite windw ytem geneally incpate a
timbe fame windw with a cladding f alminm.
87
Timbe Windw
Timbe fame ae thicke than alminm  teel
fame, bt they ae al me effective a themal
inlat. The fame ae ally f kiln-died, clea,
taight-gain wd, facty-teated with a wate-
epellent peevative.
88
44
28/03/2022
Type f Windw  Baed n Windw Opeatin
89
Fixed  Picte Windw

Fixed windw cnit f a fame and tatinay ah
When ed in cnjnctin with peable windw nit,
the thickne f the fixed ah hld appximate the
c-ectinal dimenin f the peating ahe
90
45
28/03/2022
Side- hng  caement windw

Caement windw have peating ahe that
ae ide-hinged and ally wing twad when
pen, the ah i able t diect ventilatin. The
inne end f the ah may lide alng a tack n
the ill  jamb a the ah wing twad. A
pai f ahe may cle n a mllin  have a
flating atagal t cle n each the
91
Tp Hng  Awning Windw

Tp-hng windw have peating ahe that wing
twad n hinge attached t the tp f thei
fame.
Bttm Hng Windw
Have peating ahe that wing inwad n hinge
attached t the bttm f thei fame.
92
46
28/03/2022
Sliding Windw
A liding windw ha tw  me ahe, f which at
leat ne lide alng hizntal gve  tack.
93
Sliding Sah Windw

Sliding ah windw, taditinally ed in
Gegian  Victian bilding, have tw
vetically liding ahe, each in epaate
gve  tack, cling diffeent pat f
the windw
94
47
28/03/2022
Tilt & Tn

Tilt and tn windw feate a lcking mechanim that allw
them t be peated like an inwad pening bttm hng
windw  ide-hng caement (inwad pening)
95
Pivting Windw
Have ahe that tate 90  180 abt a vetical 
hizntal axi at  nea thei cente
96
48
28/03/2022
Tanm Windw
Tanm windw iginally et n tp f a d fame and i
geneally pvided t add lighting and ventilatin t a m
while maintaining ecity and pivacy.
97
Bay Windw
A bay windw i a cmbinatin f
thee  me windw, ally
with a picte windw at the
middle, that angle t beynd
the extei wall. In geneal, a
bay windw ffe a lt t the
intei pace ch a exta
ind eating, me natal light
and add tyle and vlme t the
pace.
98
49
28/03/2022
Bw Windw
A bw windw lk like a bay windw bt with the panel
cved and all the ahe can be made peable  fixed.
99
Jalie Windw
Jalie windw ae lveed / latted
windw and act a a maj cmpnent f
natal ventilatin when intalled in a pace.
Sme f the diadvantage when ing thi
kind f windw ae : ecity a it i ne f
the implet windw t beak in and ai leak
when ai cnditining i being ed in a pace.
100
50
28/03/2022
Skylight  Skylight Windw

Skylight  kylight windw  f windw i a windw intalled in f
and ceiling t allw natal light t pa thgh in a pace.
101
Hw t d a Schedle f Windw
102
51
28/03/2022
Nte:
1 awing pe Windw type
Infmatin needed:
Type f Windw :
Specificatin :
Lcatin:
Set:
103
Schedle f Windw  Sample

104
52
28/03/2022
STAIR ETAILS
105
STAIRS
106
53
28/03/2022
STAIRS
A eie f tep 
flight f paing ne
level t anthe
Refeence by: Keika Stdi.cm
107
IMPORTANCE OF A STAIR ETAIL
BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 2 – MODULE 04 http://www.bedpanda.cm/wt-tai-deign
108
54
28/03/2022
109
110
55
28/03/2022
CATEGORIES OF STAIRCASES
OPEN STAIRS  HAVING ONE

SIE ENCLOSE BY A WALL
CLOSE STAIRS  WALLS OR

RAILS ENCLOSE BOTH SIES
111
STAIR TERMINOLOGY AN FEATRES
RISER : Vetical ectin between tw tep in a

Staicae. Vaie fm 150mm  200mm
TREA : The hizntal ectin f each tep in a

taicae.
Al called n. Vaie fm 250mm-300mm
112
56
28/03/2022
NOSING : The velap  ptin in a tead.

Pvide me pace f the feet, impve afety
and make the tai me viible.
113
HEAROOM : Vetical pace between any tep f

a tai and a ceiling.
STRINGER: Seve a a ppt f the ie and

the tead. Open tai have ct tinge. Cled
tinge lk like cntin ppt beam.
114
57
28/03/2022
RAILINGS  BALSTRAE: ae lng angled piece

f wd  metal that n the length f a tai.
HANRAILS: The element that n paallel t the

taicae ; ed by peple t maintain thei balance
acending and decending the taicae.
115
116
58
28/03/2022

SPANREL: The tiangla encle beneath a
flight f a tai. Smetime e a a pace f
tage clet.
117
iffeent Railing eign
118
59
28/03/2022
CLTRE BELIEF : ORO PLATA MATA
Cnt tating at the fit tep = 
The lat tep hld fall nde O  Plata

Bt nt Mata.
119
RNS AN PLATFORM ESIGNS
120
60
28/03/2022
RNS AN PLATFORM ESIGNS
STRAIGHT RN
RETRN PLATFORM
121
STAIR ETAIL
BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 2 – MODULE 04 REFERENCE BY : AR. MAAN P. MALLARE
122
61
28/03/2022
STAIR ETAIL
123
STAIR ETAIL
124
62
28/03/2022
STAIR CONSTRCION
125
STAIR CONSTRCION
126
63
28/03/2022
STAIR CONSTRCION
127
STAIR CONSTRCION
128
64
28/03/2022
STAIR ETAIL
WOO STAIR
ETAIL
129
STAIR ETAIL
WOO STAIR
ETAIL
130
65
What is a Reflected Ceiling Plan?
“A PLAN INCLUDED IN THE

ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS WHICH
SHOWS THE DIAGRAM OF THE
STRUCTURE’S CEILING VIEWED
LOOKING UP” . THIS INCLUDES
INFORMATION ABOUT INTERIOR
DESIGN, ARCHITECTURE, ELECTRICAL
AND PLUMBING.
Source: clipart
 Commonly called RCP (short for Reflected Ceiling Plan)….is a diagram that
shows the ceiling design of each rooms/areas represented in a structure
with dimensions, specification of materials and other information.
 The concept of this diagram is that “you are looking down at the ceiling as
if there is “mirror” on the floor “reflecting the ceiling plan” back to you”.
 The architect utilises this format for the reflected ceiling plan to conform
with the orientation of the floor plan-therefore, easier to read and
understand.
 As explained by Jordan Smith in his Introduction to Reading Blueprints
course:
“Sometimes we’ll do a reflected ceiling plan on the floor plan,
which means that whatever’s happening up on the ceiling is
reflected down on the floor and then drawn for our benefit
as builders.”
Why do we need to draw a Reflected Ceiling Plan?
 The importance of an RCP is to allow the architect and

other involved designers to visualise/project the design
and layout of lights in a room.
 Prior to this, the designer must establish the ceiling height
and other components included in the room involved.
 RCP is one of the most functional plans in the architectural
set of drawings. This plan shows the design of the ceiling
(slope, vaulted, flat, coved, exposed, etc.) indicating the
layout of lights (types/design as well), materials used
(gib, wood, steel, etc), electrical (fire alarm), plumbing
elements (sprinkler) and the height measured from the
floor.
Reflected Ceiling Plan vs. Floor Plan?
Although both looks the same in terms of orientation, they
function differently.
To differentiate the one from the other are the following:
 Floor Plan shows the furniture layout, doors, windows,
floor layout, stairs and fixtures (toilet, laundry sink and
kitchen)
 Reflected Ceiling Plan shows the lighting layout (any of
the following: chandelier, fluorescent, pinlight/s, wall
lights, sprinklers, fire alarm, cornice, architrave, cove,
etc). RCP though excludes the lighting plans, mechanical
and other engineering items to a separate plan. This
purpose is to avoid confusion and for easy reference.
Reflected Ceiling Plan Symbols
It is safe to say that RCP can be considered as an engineering drawing for the
utilisation of symbols. These distinguishes the lighting fixtures, special
ceiling features, etc. These are the following:
Source: www.conceptdraw.com
Reflected Ceiling Plan Contents:
• Inverted Floor Plan

• Grids
• No fixtures nor furniture layout
• Walls/partitions without any door layout
• Windows inverted layout
• Symbols/legends
• Lighting fixture/s
• Ceiling furniture if any (ceiling fan)
Reflect floor plan as
if you are looking
above.
Show Grid lines to

serve as “guide” on
ceiling layout.
Reflect ceiling
design, drop
ceilings, reveal, and
groove lines if there
is any.
Show lighting
fixtures.
Use appropriate
legends to serve as
guide.
Reflect appropriate
dimensions. Start
with the Grid to Grid
dimensions.
Show dimensions /
distance of each
ceiling design
elements. Reflect
distance of lighting
fixture to another, or
lighting fixtures to
the edge of a wall or
column.
Show Room tags /
Room Name / Room
Designation.
Show Ceiling Height
Tag to distinguish
the different
elevations / height of
ceiling.
Show ceiling finish
tag / legend to
identify the type of
ceiling finish of each
area.
Show legends of the
corresponding items
reflected in your
ceiling plan.
ARCHITECTURAL ELEVATIONS AND SECTIONS
This module will discuss on two essential component of the Architectural working drawing: the
Elevation and Sectional drawings.
__________________________________________
ELEVATION
An elevation is a view of a building seen from one side, a flat representation of one
façade (Architects also use the word elevation as a synonym for façade). This is the most
common view used to describe the external appearance of a building.
Each elevation is labelled in relation to the compass direction it faces, e.g. the north
elevation of a building is the side that most closely faces north. Traditionally, we call the main
façade facing the viewer(or sometimes the main access road) as Front Elevation, the rear part
as the Rear Elevation, the right-side of the viewer facing the building as the Right-Side Elevation
and the left-side facing the viewer as the Left-Side Elevation. Buildings are rarely a simple
rectangular shape in plan, so a typical elevation may show all the parts of the building that are
seen from a particular direction.
Geometrically, an elevation is a horizontal orthographic projection of a building on to a

vertical plane, the vertical plane normally being parallel to one side of the building. This means
that it is as if you directly in front of a building and looked straight at it. Elevations are a common
design drawing and technical architectural or engineering convention for graphic representation
of architecture. Elevation drawings are orthographic projections. This means they are not drawn
in perspective and there is no foreshortening*.
Elevation views provide a visual and scaled view of the home’s exterior or interior. Most plan
sets include views with each side shown and detailed. Elevations include references to many
specifications for framing and exterior finishes. Roof slopes, ceiling heights, finished floor
heights, and roofing and siding materials are usually identified on elevation sheets:
Roof slope: Roof slopes may not be the same for all covered sections of the home. For
example, dormers, shed roofs, and garages may have different slopes.
Ceiling heights: Ceiling heights are provided on most elevation sheets and may be
included on specifications or detail sheets.
Exterior finishes: Exterior finishes are usually illustrated and noted on elevations.
Topography: The actual lot grade (topography) helps estimators calculate foundation
materials and grading work. Elevations also illustrate the home’s finished look in relation
to grade.
*Foreshorten - portray or show (an object or view) as closer than it is or as having less depth or distance, as an effect of perspective
or the angle of vision.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Source: architecturalplanusa.blogspot.com
In this sample drawing, it is important to note that elevation drawings do not only show
the building or house façade as it is but also the other technical details or information
necessary for it to be translated into an actual structure. Other than the key dimensions, other
information include level datum (such as finished floor levels), grid bubbles, materials call-out
(such as exterior wall and roof finishes), doors and window schedules and other important
framing and finished design requirement.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
SECTION
Section drawings are a specific type of drawing architects use to illustrate a building or
portion of a building. A section is drawn from a vertical plane slicing through a building. This is
as if you cut through a space vertically and stood directly in front looking straight at it. Sections
are a common design drawing and technical architectural or engineering convention for graphic
representation of architecture. For buildings, this can be useful as it gives a view through
the spaces and surrounding structures (typically across a vertical plane) that can reveal the
relationships between the different parts of the buildings that might not be apparent on floor
plan drawings. Floor plan drawings are in fact a type of section, but they cut through
the building on a horizontal rather than vertical plane. Section drawings, just like elevations are
orthographic projections. This means they are not drawn in perspective and again, there is no
foreshortening.
Source: Pinterest: lifeofanarchitect.com
The direction of the plane through which the section is cut is often represented
on plan drawings and elevations by a line of long and short dashes, called a section plane. If
there are a number of sections, the line may have letters at each end indicating the name of
the section drawing and an arrow showing the direction that the view takes. The section line
may not be always straight, it can take an indirect route through a building if this helps show
the most important features or junctions in the building.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Source: slideshare.net: goplatry, Plan Symbols
For proper presentation, shading, cross hatching or other fill styles and / or thicker lines
can be used to indicate parts of the structure that have been cut through, such as walls, roofs
and floors. For detailed sectional drawings, different types of cross hatching can be used
to differentiate between different types of component. There are standard hatching used on
some common materials, for example: double diagonal lines indicate brickwork, a wave
indicates insulation and so on.
Source: Pinterest: Charles G. Ramsey, Architectural Graphic Standards, 8th Ed., page 794.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Notes: (1) When drafting the roof part of your

habitable space such as an attic, the detail of
the truss system need not be shown in your
section (as this will be drawn in full detail in
your structural drawing). The space or cavity
between the finished ceiling and the roof
component is presented the same way as your
walls (hatched or solid line) with a notation
“See structural detail”. (2) The floor slab on the
ground level (slab on fill) should be clearly
distinguished from the earth soil, compacted
soil or backfill by standard graphical
representation.
(3) Structural components such as columns, footings,

wall footings, if directly cut by your section plane must be
properly shown. (4) Material callouts for the interior
finishes and other components that were not shown in
the plans and elevations is also necessary for estimate
reference.
(5) Presenting elevation in working drawings is different from what we do in presentation

drawings. In presentation drawings, shadows provide depth while entourage enhances
the buildings’ appeal, but it is not applicable in working drawings as it may be interpreted
as part of the building design or finish. Elevations, as discussed earlier is a flat
representation of the building façade.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________
REFERENCES
Wikipedia: Architectural Drawing: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architectural_drawing
https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Elevations
https://fontanarchitecture.com/plan-section-elevation/
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
ELEVATIONS
and
SECTION
Prepared by:
What is an Elevation Drawing?
• An elevation is a view of a building seen from one side, a flat
representation of one façade
• Geometrically, an elevation is a horizontal orthographic
projection of a building on to a vertical plane, the vertical
plane normally being parallel to one side of the building.
• In the Working drawing document, an Elevation views
provide a visual and scaled view of the home’s exterior or
interior. Most plan sets include views with each side shown
and detailed.
• Elevation drawings are orthographic projections. This means
they are not drawn in perspective and there is no
foreshortening.
• Each elevation is labelled in
relation to the compass
direction it faces, e.g. the
north elevation of a building
is the side that most closely
faces north. Traditionally, we
call the main façade facing
the viewer(or sometimes the
main access road) as Front
Elevation, the rear part as the
Rear Elevation, the right-side
of the viewer facing the
building as the Right-Side
Elevation and the left-side
facing the viewer as the
Left-Side Elevation.
In this sample drawing, it is important to note that elevation drawings do not only show the
building or house façade as it is but also the other technical details or information necessary for
it to be translated into an actual structure. Other than the key dimensions, other information include
level datum (such as finished floor levels), grid bubbles, materials call-out (such as exterior wall and
roof finishes), doors and window schedules and other important framing and finished design
requirement.
It is important to note
that presenting elevations
in working drawings is
different from what we do
in presentation drawings. In
presentation drawings,
shadows provide depth
while entourage enhances
the buildings’ appeal, but it
is not applicable in working
drawings as it may be
interpreted as part of the
building design or finish.
What is a Section Drawing?
• Section drawings are a specific type of drawing architects
use to illustrate a building or portion of a building.
• A section is drawn from a vertical plane slicing through a
building. This is as if you cut through a space vertically and
stood directly in front looking straight at it.
• Sections are a common design drawing and technical
architectural or engineering convention for graphic
representation of architecture.
• Section drawings, just like elevations are orthographic
projections. This means they are not drawn in perspective
and again, there is no foreshortening.
• The direction of the plane through which the section is
cut is often represented
on plan drawings and elevations by a line of long and
short dashes, called a section plane. The section line
may not be always straight, it can take an indirect
route through a building if this helps show the most
important features or junctions in the building.
• For proper presentation, shading, cross hatching or other fill styles and / or thicker
lines can be used to indicate parts of the structure that have been cut through, such
as walls, roofs and floors.
• For detailed sectional drawings, different types of cross hatching can be used to
differentiate between different types of component.
• Notes:
• When drafting the roof part of your
habitable space such as an attic, the
detail of the truss system need not be
shown in your section (as this will be
drawn in full detail in your structural
drawing). The space or cavity between
the finished ceiling and the roof
component is presented the same way
as your walls (hatched or solid line) with
a notation “See structural detail”.
• The floor slab on the ground level (slab
on fill) should be clearly distinguished
from the earth soil, compacted soil or
backfill by standard graphical
representation.
• Notes:
• Structural components such as columns,
footings, wall footings, if directly cut by your
section plane must be properly shown.
• Material callouts for the interior finishes and
other components that were not shown in
the plans and elevations is also necessary for
estimate reference.
• REFERENCES
• Wikipedia: Architectural Drawing:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architectural_drawing
• https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Elevations
• https://fontanarchitecture.com/plan-section-elevation/
THANK YOU!
Subject : BT – 2
ROOFING (WOOD FRAME)
Roof – the covering of a building that serves as a protective covering from the weather.
Thickness of galvanized iron (GI) roofing are measured in terms of “Gauge”.
The thickness is from #14 to #30, the sheet becomes thinner as the gauge number
increases.
The standard commercial width of corrugated galvanized iron (GI) sheet is (32”) .80
The standard length of corrugated GI sheet ranges from (5’ to 12’) 1.50 to 3.60
Plain GI sheet commercial standard size is (36” x 8’) .90 x 2.40.
Two kinds of lapping in laying Corrugated GI sheet roofing:

a. Side Lapping
b. End Lapping
Side lapping of corrugated GI roofing sheet is either 1 ½ or 2 ½ corrugations.
End lapping of corrugated GI roofing sheet is from 20 cm to 30 cm depending upon the

slope of the roof and the number of sheet in a longitudinal row.
Gutter – a shallow channel of metal, wood or concrete set immediate below and along the
eaves of a building to catch and carry off rainwater from the roof.
Roof gutter using galvanized sheet usually specify gauge #24.
Gutter should have a slope of 5mm per meter for effective drainage.
Two types of gutter:

a. concealed gutter
b. exposed gutter
Downspouts – it conveys the water from the gutter down to the storm drain.
Eaves – the lower edge of a sloping roof; that part of a roof of a building which projects
beyond the wall.
Flashing – to prevent water penetration and /or provide water drainage especially
between a roof and wall.
Ridge roll – a metal or tile covering which caps the ridge of a roof.
Purlin – a piece of timber or steel laid horizontally on the principal rafters of a roof to
support the common rafters on which the roof covering is laid.
Purlin cleat – a fastener used to secure a purlin to its support.
Rafters – one of a series of inclined members to which the roof covering is fixed.
Truss – a structure composed of a combination of members , usually in some triangular

arrangement so as to constitute a rigid framework.
Web Member – in a truss, any member which joins the top and bottom chords.
Roof beam – it is a horizontal structural member whose prime function is to carry the
load of the roof.
Stirrups – it is a reinforcing device to resist shear and diagonal tension stresses in a beam.
King Post – in a truss, it is a vertical member extending from the apex of the inclined
rafters to the tie beam between the rafters at their lower end.
Collar plate – the ties between rafters on opposite sides of the roof.
Anchorage – a device such as metal rod wire or strap, for fixing one object to another, as
specially formed metal connectors used to fasten together, timbers, masonry, trusses, etc.
Chord – a principal member of a truss which extends from one end to the other, primarily
to resist bending.
Fascia Board – it is a board that is nailed horizontally to the ends of roof rafters;
sometimes supports a gutter.
Technical Specifications:
a. Corrugated GI sheets shall extend not less than 8 cm. beyond the outer face of the
fascia board.
b. Nails or rivets shall be spaced at every other corrugation along the gutter line, end
lapping joints, ridge, hip and valley rolls, others at every two corrugations.
c. Nails shall be driven enough to hold the sheet firm to the purlins, too tight might
deform the corrugations; too loose will cause movement that might cause water to
leak.
c. Always provide with string along the gutter line where to start the laying of
roofing sheets to avoid misalignment of corrugation of the succeeding sheets.
Corrugated GI Roofing fasteners:

a. Riveting – it requires plain GI straps, GI rivets, and GI washers. The GI strap is
folded 3 cm at one end then a hole is punched therein using a nail set with one
rivet and GI washer inserted inside the hole of the strap then punched to hold a
position.
b. Nailing – this is the simplest and most economical method where GI roofing are
anchored to the purlins by the use of roof nails and a pair of GI and washer.
Types of Roof:
a. Shed or lean-to Roof – it is considered as the simplest form of roof consisting of
one single slope.
b. Gable or Pitch Roof – it is the most common type and economical form of roof
made of triangular sections consisting of two slopes meeting at the center of the
ridge forming a gable.
c. Saw Tooth Roof – it is commonly used on factories where extra light is required
through the window on the vertical side.
d. Double Gable Roof – it is a modification of a gable or a hip and valley roof.
e. Hip Roof – it is a roof having four straight sides all sloping towards the center of
the building terminating at the ridge.
f. Hip and Valley Roof – it is a combination of a hip roof and an intersecting gable
roof forming a T or L shaped building.
g Pyramid Roof – it is a modification of the hip roof wherein the four straight sides
are sloping towards the center terminating at a point.
h. Gambrel Roof – it is a modification of the gable roof with each side having two
slopes.
i. Ogee Roof – it is a pyramid form having steep sides sloping to the center.
j. Mansard Roof – the two sides of the roof slopes steeply from each side of the
building towards the center forming a flat deck on top.
k. French or Concave Mansard Roof – it is a modification of the mansard roof where
. the sides are concave.
l. Dome – it is a hemispherical form of roof usually used on observatories.
m. Conical Roof or Sphire – it is a steep roof of circular section that tapers
uniformly from the circular base to a central point.
n. Butterfly roof – it is a two shed roof where the slopes meet at the center of the
building.
Subject: BT-2
CONCRETE / FOUNDATION / COLUMN
Concrete – it is an artificial stone made out from the mixture of cement, sand, gravel and
water.
Reinforced Concrete – concrete in which reinforcement is embedded in such a manner

that the two materials act together in resisting forces.
Aggregate – it is an inert granular material such as sand, round or crushed gravel, etc.
Fine Aggregate – the materials smaller than 9 mm in diameter.
Course Aggregate – the materials over 9 mm in diameter.
Mixture of Concrete:
a. Class “AA” - 1:1 ½:3
b. Class “A” - 1:2:4
c. Class “B” - 1:2 ½:5
d. Class “C” - 1:3:6
Curing – it is the hardening of concrete which requires time, favorable temperature, and
continuous presence of water or moisture in concrete after pouring.
Backhoe – an excavating machine for cutting trenches; a boom-mounted bucket moves

toward the machine, cutting the ground like hoe, then the machines turn away from the
cut to permit the operator to dump the spoil.
Batch Box – a container of known volume used to measure and mixed the constituents of
a batch of concrete, plaster or mortar, to ensure proper proportions.
Backfill - soil which is replaced in an area that has been excavated previously.
Grout - it contains a considerable amount of water and cement.
Mortar – mixture of water, cement and fine aggregates such as sand.
Mortar Mixture:
a. Class “A” - 1:2
b. Class “B” - 1:3
c. Class “C” - 1:4
d. Class “D” - 1:5
Admixture -material other than water, aggregates, lime or cement, used as an ingredient
of concrete or mortar, and added to the batch immediately before or during its mixture.
Foundation – that portion of the structural elements that carry or support the super
structure of the building
Foundation Bed – refers to the soil or rock directly beneath the footing
Footing – that portion of the foundation which transmits loads directly to the soil.
Two classifications of footings:

a. Wall Footing
b. Column Footing
Wall Footing – the main reinforcements are placed at right angle perpendicular to the
wall uniformly spaced with each other and longitudinal reinforcement parallel with the
wall.
Isolated Footing – a single spread footing supporting freestanding column or pier.
Combined Footing - a footing which supports more than one column load.
Honeycomb – voids left in the concrete owing to the failure of the mortar to fill
effectively the space among coarse aggregate particles.
Spacer – a piece of concrete which holds or support steel reinforcement in its proper
position, or which holds structural forms at a given distance apart before and during
concreting.
Post – refers to a piece of timber of either cylindrical square or other geometrical cross
section placed vertically to support a building
Column – it is a relatively long slender structural compression member – a vertical

structure supporting a load which acts in (or near) the direction of its longitudinal axis.
Tied Column – it has reinforcement consisting of vertical or longitudinal bars held in

position by lateral ties.
Spiral column – it is where a circular concrete core is enclosed by spiral ties with vertical
or longitudinal bars.
Size of measuring box for a 40 kg cement is 300mm x 300mm x 300mm.

Size of measuring box for a 50 kg cement is 320 mm x 320 mm x 320 mm.
# 16 GI wire - Size of wire to attach or connect steel reinforcement.
Tie Bars or lateral bars – a deformed bar used as tie to hold vertical reinforcements of
columns in place.
Splice – to connect, unite or joint two similar members, usually in straight line by
fastening lapped ends by means of mechanical end connectors, by welding or by GI wire
connection.
Dowel - short reinforcing bars of steel which extend approximately equally into two
abutting pieces of concrete, to increase the strength of the joints.
Subject: BT-2
METAL REINFORCEMENTS
Deformed Bars – it is a steel reinforcing bar which is manufactured with surface

deformations to provide a locking anchorage with surrounding concrete.
Rebars – a steel bar having ribs to provide greater bonding strength when used as a
reinforcing bar in a reinforced concrete.
Length of steel bars:

a. 20’ or 6.00 mts.
b. 25’ or 7.50 mts.
c. 30’ or 9.00 mts.
d. 35’ or 10.50 mts.
e. 40’ or 12.00 mts.
Sizes of steel bars:

Bar No. Diameter (inches) Diameter (mm)
#2 ¼” 6 mm
#3 3/8” 10 mm
#4 ½” 12 mm
#5 5/8” 16 mm
#6 ¾” 20 mm
#7 7/8” 22 mm
#8 1” 25 mm
#9 1 1/8” 28 mm
#10 1 ¼” 32 mm
#11 1 3/8” 36 mm
#14 1 ¾” 45 mm
#18 2 ¼” 57 mm
Subject: BT-2
Floor Structure
Beam – it is the structural member that supports the transverse load which usually rest on
supports at its end.
4 Classifications of beams
1. Simple beam – a beam having a single span supported at its end.
2. Continuous beam – it is a beam that rest on more than two supports.
3. Semi-continuous beam – a beam with two spans.
4. Cantilevered beam – it is a beam that is supported at one end or along its length.
Live Load – those movable loads imposed on the floor such as people, furniture and the
like.
Dead Load – refers to the static load such as the weight of the construction materials
which generally carry the live load.
Floor Joists – those parts of the floor system placed on the girder of beams where the
floor boards are fastened.
Header of Trimmer – Header is a short transverse joist that supports the end of the cut-off
joist at a stair well hole.
One way slab – the reinforcement of this slab runs only at one direction that is from beam
to beam and additional reinforcements are also placed on the slab parallel with the beams
perpendicular with the main reinforcements called temperature rein forcement.
Two way slab – this slab is supported on four sides where the floor panel is nearly square
and is generally economical to employ the two directions of reinforcing bars placed at
right angle with each other.
Stirrups – a reinforcement device to resist shear and diagonal tension stresses in beam.
Corbel – structural wood that supports and attached the wood floor joist to the beam.
Bridging – a brace or an arrangement of braces fixed between floor joists to keep them in
place.
Cantilevered slab – it is a slab that is supported at one end.

Subject: BT-2
Ceiling / Wall Partition
Ceiling – the overhead surface of a room, usually a covering or decorative treatment used
to conceal the floor above or the roof.
Ceiling Joist – these are nailers to which the ceiling is attached
Ceiling Strap or Hanger – a strip of wood, nailed to the underside of floor joists or rafters
from which the ceiling is suspended or fastened.
Cornice – an ornamental molding usually of wood or plaster, running around the walls of
the room just below the ceiling.
Cornice Return – it is the continuation of a cornice in a different direction, usually at

right angles, as at the gable end of the house.
Spacing of ceiling joist:

a. .40 x .40
b. .40 x .60
c. .60 x .60
Size of wooden ceiling joist – 2” x 2”
Size of plywood ceiling – ¼” x 4’ x 8’
Three types of ceiling:

a. dropped ceiling
b. recessed ceiling
c. flat ceiling
Cove – a concave or canted interior corner or molding, esp. at the transition from wall to
ceiling or floor.
Cove bracketing – a series of wood brackets or the framing set to receive the laths for a
cove, as in constructing a cove ceiling.
Coved Ceiling – a ceiling having a cove at the wall lines or elsewhere.
Cove Lighting – lighting from sources which are out of sight, atop of wall molding;
shielded by a ledge or horizontal recess and which distribute light over the ceiling and
upper walls.
Cove molding – it is a molding having a concave face; often used as trim.
Baseboard – a flat projection from an interior wall or partition at the floor, covering the
joint between the floor and the wall and protecting the wall from kicking, mopping, etc.
Partition – a dividing wall within a building; may be bearing or non-load-bearing.
Partition Cap – it is the upper horizontal member of a partition.
Stud – series of horizontal and vertical structural members which act as the supporting
elements in a wall or partition. Size of wood stud is 2”x4”.
Stud Opening – It is a rough opening in a wood partition framework.

BASIC STRUCTURAL DRAWING
A structural drawing, a type of engineering drawing, is a plan or set of plans and details for how a building
or other structure will be built. Structural drawings are generally prepared by registered
professional engineers, and based on information provided by architectural drawings. The structural
drawings are primarily concerned with the load-carrying members of a structure. They outline the size and
types of materials to be used, as well as the general demands for connections. They do not address
architectural details like surface finishes, partition walls, or mechanical systems. The structural drawings
communicate the design of the building's structure to the building authority for review. Structural drawings
are also included with a proposed building's contract documents, which guide contractors in detailing,
fabricating, and installing parts of the structure.
___________________________________________
The structural drawings set consists of: General Notes, Plans, Elevations, Sections, and Details
o General Notes are part of structural drawings and they cover the codes used in design and the by-
laws of the building. Structural notes provide information regarding general material properties
(steel or wood grade, concrete strength, etc) or construction requirements (soil compaction, weld
procedures, termination details, spot details, etc). The structural notes also provide information
about design criteria (gravity , seismic, and wind loading).
o The structural plan drawings show the foundation, floor, and roof plan of the building. These plans
provide information like size and location of the structural elements present in the respective plans.
Sample Foundation Plan Sample floor framing plan
Sample Roof Framing Plan
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Sample Structural Plan
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
I. FOUNDATION PLAN
Is a top view of the footings or foundation walls, showing their area and their location by distances between
centerlines and by distances from reference lines or boundary lines. Actually, it is a horizontal section
view cut through the walls of the foundation showing beams, girders, piers or columns, and openings, along
with dimensions and internal composition. The foundation plan is used primarily by the building crew who
will construct the foundation of the proposed structure. In most construction, foundations are built with
concrete-masonry units and cast-in-place concrete.
Basic Types of Footing:
 Isolated Footing - are commonly used for shallow foundations around 1.2m – 2.0m in depth in order
to carry and spread concentrated loads from the columns. One Footing is equal to one column
independently.
 Cantilever Footing – a footing used to carry a load from two columns, with one column on one end
of the footing placed against a building or property line or exterior wall. The column is placed off
center of the footing to prevent encroachment on the adjacent property.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
 Combined Footing – a type of footing that supports two columns. They are often used when two
columns are near to each other or when the bearing capacity of the soil is less requiring more area
under the individual footing.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Note: The elements that are needed to be included: Column Footing, Column, Wall Footing, Walls, Dimensions, Grid
and all the labels of each element.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
II. FLOOR FRAMING PLAN

It must specify the sizes and spacing of joists, girders, and columns used to support the floor.
Detail drawings must be added, if necessary, to show the methods of anchoring joists and girders to
the columns and foundation walls or footings. The floor framing plan is basically a plan view showing the
layout of the girders and joists.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Basic Types of Beam:
 Simple Beam – a type of beam that is supported on both ends by a column.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
 Intermediate Beam – a type of beam that is supported on both ends by a simple beam.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Basic Types of Slab:
 One-way Slab – One way slab is a slab which is supported by beams on the two opposite sides to
carry the load along one direction. The ratio of longer span (l) to shorter span (b) is equal or greater
than 2.
 Two-way Slab – Two way slab is a slab supported by beams on all the four sides and the loads are
carried by the supports along with both directions, it is known as two way slab. In two way slab, the
ratio of longer span (l) to shorter span (b) is less than 2.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
III. ROOF FRAMING PLAN
It shows the construction of the rafters used to span the building and support the roof. The size, spacing,
roof slope, and all of the details are also shown in the plan. The roof framing plan is drawn in the same
manner as the floor framing plan; rafters are shown in the same manner as joists.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________
REFERENCES
AISC Code of Standard Practice AISC 303-10
"Types of Drawings used in Building Construction". The Constructor. 2018-09-13. Retrieved 2019-11-01
McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific & Technical Terms, 6E, Copyright © 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
_________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
1) Get CLEAR SPAN (CS) first:
BEAM DETAIL Formula: CS= Column to column span - (Col. size whole + Col size half)
Detail the beam labled B-5.
Column-Column Span : 5.00m CS= 5 - (0.5+0.25)
CS = 5 - (0.75)
Col. size: 0.50mx0.50m
CS = 4.25m = L
Beam stirrups detail: [email protected],
[email protected] rest @ 0.20 2) Get L/4 & L/5
L/4 & L/5 Conditions:

250 250
Beam: L/4 located on top part of Beam L/5 Lower Part of beam Section.
6-16mm (top support) 2-16mm (top center) Footing Tie Beam: L/4 located on bottom part of the Beam, L/5 on top part of beam section.
550 L/4 = 4.25 / 4
550
L/4 = 1.06m
6-16mm (bottom support) 6-16mm (bottom center) L/5 = 4.25/5

L/5 = 0.85m
3) Layout the reinforcements at support and center as shown

Support Center
4) Layout the Stirrups
A B
5000
500
500
250 CS = 4250 = L
250
L/4 = 1006 L/4 = 1006
6-16mm 2-16mm 6-16mm
100 Support top Center top Support top
Support bottom Center bottom Support bottom

2-16mm 2-16mm
L/5 = 850 L/5 = 850
6-16mm
Column
Sample Detail - B5 Column
Beam Detailing

Bt2 Finals Reviewer

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Bt2 Finals Reviewer

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Bt2 Finals Reviewer

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

BUILDING

BY: Ar. Carl Ty

Note: To be able to discuss in a more comprehensive manner,

THE DESIGN PROCESS WORKING DRAWINGS

ARCHITECTURAL PLAN SETS STRUCTURAL PLAN SETS

Figure 2 : Sample Architectural Drawings

MECHANICAL PLAN SETS

Note: Numbering of sheets is denoted as E-1, E-2, E-3 so on and

Figure 4 : Sample Mechanical Drawings Figure 5 : Sample Electrical Drawings

FIRE PROTECTION PLAN SETS PLUMBING PLAN SETS

Note: Numbering of sheets is denoted as P-1, P-2, P-3 so on and

Figure 6 : Sample Fire Protection Drawings

SANITARY PLAN SETS ELECTRONICS PLAN SETS

Figure 8 : Sample Sanitary Drawings

Figure 9 : Sample Electronics Drawings

THE PRACTICE OF ARCHITECTURE

The Role of the Architect in Design and

In the Philippines, the architect acts as his client’s/

Therefore, the “architectural plans” serves as the

1. Prepares the design from the project brief to

The actual practice of architecture in the

In fact, the five-year course with an architectural

Figure 11: Sample Floor Plans and Roof Plans

Figure 12 : Sample Elevations and Sections

Figure 13 : Sample Window and Door Schedule

Figure 11 : Sample Architectural Details

Republic Act of 2004. RA 9266 Second Edition.

UAP Documents. Code of Ethical Conduct and

This section deals with the basic principles of the

PLAN / SECTION / ELEVATION VIEWS

Photo explaining orthographic in nature

o are a series of related views that contribute to the

FLOOR PLAN (Santos, 2020)

o Common Door types and how they are drawn WINDOWS

(Ching, 1978, p. 24)

ELEMENTS ABOVE AND BELOW CUTS

(Ching, 1978, p. 24)

(Ching, 1978, p. 25)

o General notes on Drawing Elements Below

o Common Stair types and how they are drawn

(Ching, 1978, p. 25)

- Walls & Columns should be dominant in value

- Others seen on plan like counters, furniture,

(Ching, 1978, p. 26)

- Blow-up drawing sample of grid line with

Santos, N. (2020). Images & Drawings.

Geometrically, an elevation is a horizontal orthographic projection of a building on to a

Source: Pinterest: lifeofanarchitect.com

Source: slideshare.net: goplatry, Plan Symbols

Notes: (1) When drafting the roof part of your

(3) Structural components such as columns, footings,

(5) Presenting elevation in working drawings is different from what we do in presentation

Fine Aggregate – the materials smaller than 9 mm in diameter.

Course Aggregate – the materials over 9 mm in diameter.

Grout - it contains a considerable amount of water and cement.

Mortar – mixture of water, cement and fine aggregates such as sand.

Two classifications of footings:

Isolated Footing – a single spread footing supporting freestanding column or pier.

Column – it is a relatively long slender structural compression member – a vertical structure

Size of measuring box for a 40 kg cement is 300mm x 300mm x 300mm.