dQUESTREVI EW CENTER

1550EspanaBlvd.Cor
.LacsonAv e.
,Sampal
oc,
Mani
la

I
NDUSTRI
ALSECURI
TYMANAGEMENT

By
:

ABELARDOD.SEVI
LLA,
M.S.Cr
imi
nalJust
ice
6TH PLACECRIMINOLOGI
STLI
CENSUREEXAM MAY2005

DEFI
NITI
ONOFSECURI
TY

-General
ly,t
hemeaningofsecur
it
yisakindofstat
ewherepeopl
e,inst
it
uti
on,author
it
yorgroupsfeelf
ull
ysecur
edoffeeli
ng,f
reefrom any
thr
eatorv ul
ner
abi
l
ityfr
om somewhereorsomeoneinhi
s/herl
if
e,l
ibert
y,proper
tyoracti
vi
ty.I
tcouldbeinphysi
cal
,psychol
ogi
cal,soci
alor
economicalf
orm.

-
Iti
sast
ateorqual
i
tyofbei
ngsecur
ed,f
reedom f
rom f
earordanger
,assur
ance,
cer
tai
nty
.

-
Iti
sthedegr
eeofpr
otect
ionagai
nstdanger
,loss,
andcr
imi
nal
s.

-Pr
otect
ionagai
nstanyt
ypeofcr
imet
osaf
eguar
dli
feandasset
sbyv
ari
ousmet
hodsanddev
ice.

BASI
CPRI
NCI
PLESOFSECURI
TY

1. CommandResponsi bi
li
ty

M
-
Cannotbedel egatedbutt hesecur i
tytaskscanbeassi
gned.
2. Compar tmentat
ion
-
Needt oknowbasi s

O
3. Balancebet weensecur it
yandef ficiency
-
Secur i
typrevail
sov ereff
iciency

.C
4. Generalpr i
ncipl
esofsecur i
tyremai nconst ant
-
Specificmeasur estosuitoper ations
5. Securityistheconcer nofal lpersonnel

M
-
Regar dlessofrank,positi
on, designat i
on

TYPESOFSECURI
TYMEASURESFORANEFFECTI
VEDEFENSEAGAI
NSTCRI
MES: U
R
1.
ACTI
VEMEASURES–t
hesei
nvol
vet
hei
nst
all
ati
onofphy
sical
bar
ri
ers,
secur
it
yli
ght
ing,
useofv
aul
ts,
locksandot
her
s.
FO

2.PASSIVEMEASURES–t hosethatwil
ldetermanfr
om committ
ingsuchactoffearofbei
ngcaught
,char
gei
ncour
torgetdi
smi
ssed,
suchas:
securi
tyeducat
ion,
progr
ams, i
nvesti
gat
ions,semi
nar
s,per
sonnelsecur
it
ycheck.

Br
iefHi
stor
yofSecur
it
yint
hePhi
li
ppi
nes
KS

-Thepr
ivat
esecuri
tybusi
nessbeganonMar
ch11,1933,whent
hef
ir
stf
ormal
l
yli
censedpr
ivat
esecur
it
yagency“
Speci
alWat
chmanAgency
”
st
art
edoperat
ions;
O

-Lat
eri
trenamed“
JimenezSecur
it
yAgency
”,f
oundedbybr
other
sJuanandPedr
oJi
menez;
O

-OnMay301958,
thePhi
l
ippi
neAssoci
ati
onofDet
ect
ivesandPr
otect
iveAgencyOper
ati
ons(
PADPAO)wasf
ormal
l
yor
gani
zed;
FB

-RA5487waspassedonJune13,1969throught
hecontinuouslobby
ingoft
hei
ncor
por
ator
sandof
fi
cer
sofPADPAO,
whi
chsett
hest
andar
ds
andmini
mum r
equirement
sfort
heoperat
ionsofsecur
it
yagencies.
PD

-P.
D.11waspassedonOct ober3,1972,wi
deni
ngt
hecov
erageofRA5487t
oincl
udesecur
it
yguar
dsempl
oyedi
nloggi
ngconcessi
ons,
agr
icul
tur
al,
mini
ngandpast
urelands;

-P.
D.100wasi ssuedonJanuar
y17,1973,br
oadeni
ngthecover
ageofthesecuri
tyi
ndustrytoincl
udeempl
oyeesoft
henat
ionalorl
ocal
gov
ernmentoranyagencywhoar
eempl
oyedtowatchorsecur
egover
nmentbui
l
dingandpropert
ies.
T

-OnAugust1969,t
hePhil
ippi
neConst
abul
aryact
ivat
edtheSecuri
tyandInvesti
gat
ionSuper
visor
yof
fi
ceorSI
ASOt
osuper
viseandcont
rolt
he
SI

or
gani
zati
onandoperat
ionofpri
vat
esecur
it
yanddetect
iveagenci
esnat
ionwide;
VI

-Lat
eri
twasr
enamedPhi
l
ippi
neConst
abul
arySuper
visor
yOf
fi
cef
orSecur
it
yandI
nvest
igat
ionAgenci
esorPCSUSI
A.

-Wi
tht
hepassageofRA6975,
thi
suni
twasabsor
bedbyt
hePhi
l
ippi
neNat
ional
Pol
i
ce;

-
Lat
eri
twasmadei
ntoadi
vi
sionoft
hePNPCi
vi
lSecur
it
yGr
oupandwasr
enamedSecur
it
yAgenci
esandGuar
dSuper
visi
onDi
vi
sion(
SAGSD)
;

-I
twasr
enamedt
oPNPSuper
visor
yOf
fi
cef
orSecur
it
yInv
est
igat
ionAgency(
SOSI
A).

THREEMAJORAREASOFSECURI
TY

1.PhysicalSecur
it
y
2.PersonnelSecuri
ty
3.DocumentandI nformat
ionSecur
it
y

TYPESOFSECURI
TY

1. PHYSICALSECURI TY
Defi
nit
ion
–asy stem ofbarri
ersplacedbetweenthepotent
iali
ntr
uderandt heobj
ects/
matt
ert
obepr ot
ected.Iti
sthebroadestbr
anchof
secur
it
y,whichisconcernedwithphysi
calmeasuresadopt
edtopreventunaut
hori
zedaccesst
oequi
pment,
facil
it
ies,
mater
ial
sanddocuments
andtosafeguar
dt hem agai
nstespi
onage,sabot
age,damageandtheft
.

OBJECTI
VES:
a. Topr
otectt
heor
gani
zat
ion’
sasset
;
QuestRev
iewCent
er–I
ndust
ri
alSecur
it
y
Management 1
b. Tomakeaccesssodi
ff
icul
tthatani
ntr
uderwi
l
lnotdar
eat
temptpenet
rat
ion.

CONCEPTS:
a. Enemyagent swil
lal
way sseekaccess;
b. Surr
eptit
iousentr
yist
hegr eatesthazar
dtosecur
it
y;
c. Therearenoimpenetrablebar
r i
ers;
d. Eachinstal
lat
ioni
sdif
f er
ent.

FACTORSTHATBRI NGI NSECURECONDI TION:

1.Thr
eat
–Ani ndicati
onofi mpendi
ngdangerorhar m;
-positiveini
mi cal act
s
2.Hazar
d
–Achanceofbei nginjur
edorhar med;
-passiveinimical acts
3.Vul
nerabili
ty
–  i
nabili
tytowi t
hstandtheeffectsofahostil
eenv i
ronment
-measur eofhowopenanest abl
ishmenttointr
usion,att
ackori
njur
y
4.Ri
sk
– isthepot entialthatachosenact i
onoractiv
ity(i
ncludi
ngthechoi
ceofi
nact
ion)wi
l
lleadt
oal
oss(
anundesi
rabl
eout
come)
. 
-probabili
tyofanev enttohappent hatwi
l
lleadt ol
oss.

SECURITYHAZARD
Anactorcondi
ti
onwhi chresult
sinasituati
onconduci
vet
oabr
eachoft
hepr
otect
ionsy
stem andt
hesubsequentl
ossor
compromise,
ordamaget
opersonnel
,proper
tyorf
aci
l
iti
es.

KI
NDSOFHAZARDS

M
1. Man–MadeHazar ds–anact sorconditi
onsaffect
ingthesafeofoperati
onoft hef
aci
l
itycausedbyhumanacti
on,acci
dent
alor
i
ntenti
onal.I
tincl
udessabotage,espi
onage,pi
lf
erageandtheft.

O
2. NaturalHazard–causebynat ur
alphenomenawhi chcausedamage,di st
urbanceandprobl
emsofnor malf
unct
ioni
ngactiv
iti
es,
i
ncludingsecuri
ty.I
tincl
udesfl
ood,li
ght
ing,st
ormsandv olcani
cer
upt
ions.

.C
THEEXTENTOFDEGREEOFRISKTOSECURITYWI LLBEDEFENDANTONTHEFOLLOWI NG:
1.RELATI
VECRI
TICALI
TYOFOPERATI
ONS-Istheimport
anceofthefi
rm whichref
erencetot
henati
onaleconomyandsecur
ity
.

M
2.RELATI
VEVULNERABILI
TY–Thesuscept
ibi
li
tyoftheplantorestabl
ishmenttodamage,loss,ordisr
upti
onofoperat
ionduet
ovar
ious
hazar
d.

BARRI
ER–canbedef
inedasanyst
ruct
ureorphy
sical
dev
icecapabl
eofr
est
ri
cti
ng,
det
err
ing,
del
ayi U
ng,
il
legal
accesst
oani
nst
all
ati
on.
R
Generall
y,abar ri
erisusef orthef oll
owingpur poses:
FO

1.Outli
net heperimeterofthear eat obesecur ed;
2.Createaphy sicalandpsy chologicaldeterr
enttounauthori
zedentr
y;
3.Delayintrusi
on,thusfacil
itat
ingappr ehensionofint
ruders;
4.Assistinmor eeffi
cientandeconomi cal employmentofguards;
KS

5.Facil
it
atesandi mposet hecont rolofpedest ri
anandvehicul
artr
aff
ic.

1.FIRSTLINEOFDEFENSE–Per i
meterbar r
ier
/fences-amedi um orst r
ucturewhi
chdefinesthephy
sicall
i
mit
sofani
nst
all
ati
onorar
eat
o
rest
ri
ctorimpedeaccesst
her
eto.
O

2.SECONDLI NEOFDEFENSE–Door s,f

loors,wi
ndows, wall
s,r
oof sandgril
ls.
3.THI RDLINEOFDEFENSE–St or
agesystem li
kesteelcabi
nets,safes,
vaultsandi
nter
iorf
iles.
O

GENERALTYPESOFPHYSI CALBARRI
ER:
FB

1.NATURALBARRI ER–i ncludemountai

ns,r
iver
s,seas,desser
tsort
err
aindi
ff
icul
ttotraver
se.Tobef ull
yeffecti
ve,t
hesebarr
ier
smustbe
undersurvei
ll
anceofguards.
2.STRUCTURALORMAN- MADEBARRI ER–structur
alconstr
ucti
onsmadebymanl i
kefences,wal
ls,
floor
s,roof
s, gr
il
lorot
herphysi
calmeans
todeterorimpedepenetr
ation.
PD

TYPESOFFENCES
1.SOLIDFENCE–Const ruct
edinsuchawaythatvisualaccessthr
oughthef enceisdeni
ed.I
tsadvantageist
hatitdeniestheopportuni
tyf
or
theintr
udertobecomefamil
iarwit
htheper
sonnel,activ
iti
esandt hescheduledmov ement
soft hesecuri
typer
sonnel.Ont heotherhand,i
t
T

prevent
stheguardsfr
om observi
ngthear
eaar oundt heinstal
l
ati
onandi tcreat
esshadow thatmaybeusedbyt hei nt
ruderf
orcov erand
concealment
.
SI

WALL–Masonr
ywal
lshoul
dhav
ethesameast
hechai
nli
nkedandsur
roundedbyt
hebar
bedwi
reast
opguar
d.
VI

2.FULLVIEW FENCE–I tisconstr

uctedinsuchawayt hatv
isual
saccessispermit
tedthroughthefence.I
tsadvantageisthati
tal
l
owst he
secur
it
ypersonnelt
okeepthesurr
oundingofthei
nst
all
ati
onunderobser
vat
ion.Ontheotherhand,
ital
l
owst heint
rudertobecomefamil
iarwi
th
themovementsthesecur
it
ypersonnel
.

TYPESOFFULLVI EW FENCE
1.CHAINLINKFENCE
-Shouldbeconstructedmi ni
mum
hei
ghtof7feetexcludingtopguar d;
-9gaugesorheavier;
-Meshopeningsofnotl ar
ger2i nchesperside;
-Twist
ed;
-Secur
elyf
astenedtor i
gidmat eri
alorrei
nforcedconcr
ete;
-Reachwit
hin2inchesofhar dgr oundorpav i
ng;
-Onsoftgr
ound,itmustr eachbel owsurf
acedeepenought ocompensat
eforshi
ft
ingsoi
lorsand.

2.BARBEDWI REFENCE-  isat y

peoff enci
ng wir
e constr
uctedwi thshar
pedgesorpoi ntsarr
angedati nt
erv
alsal
ongthestr
and(s).I
tisusedt o
constr
uctinexpensi
ve fences.
3.ConcertinaWireorDanner tWir
e–i sat y
peofbar bedwi r
eorr azorwir
ethatisformedinlargecoil
swhichcanbeexpandedlikeaconcertina.
-Openedconcer t
inawireis50f eetlongand3f eetdiameter.
ADDITIONALPROTECTI VEMEASURES
TopGuar d-anadditi
onov erhangorbar bedwireplaceonv erti
calperi
meterfencesfacingupwardandout wardwit
ha45degr eeanglewit
ht hree
tofourstr
andsofbar bedwi resspacesixinchesapart.Thiswilli
ncreasetheprotect
ivehei
ghtandpr ev
enteasyaccess.
3.EntryStati
ons–pr ovidedatmai nperimeterentr
ancest osecureareaslocatedoutofthedoors,andmannedbyguar dsonaf ul
lti
mebasis.
QuestRev
iewCent
er–I
ndust
ri
alSecur
it
y
Management 2
4.Tower s–ahousel i
kest ructuresabov et heperi
met erbar r
ier.Hei ghtoft oweri ncr easest herangeofobser vati
ondur ingdayandni ghtwit
h
art
ifi
ci ali
ll
umi nati
on.
5.Cl earZones–unobst ruct edar eamai ntainonbot hsi des oft heper i
met erbar r
ier .Itaffor
dsbet t
erobser
v at
ionandpat rolmov ement.It
shoul dbecl earedofany t
hingt hatmaypr ovi
deconceal mentorassi stancet oaper sonseeki nganaut hori
zedent
ry .
CLEARZONE
-20f eetormor ebet weent heper imeterbar r
ierandext eri
orst ructure.
-50f eetormor ebet weent heper imeterbar r
ierandst ructurewi t
hint hepr otectedar eas.
PROTECTI ONI NDEPTH
-I
nlar geopenar easorgr ound, wher efencingorwal l
ingi simpr acticableandexpensi ve, warningsignsshouldbeconspi cuousl
yplaced.
-Thedept hitselfispr otection.
6.SignsandNot i
ces–er ect edwher enecessar yinthemanagementofunaut horizedi ngr essandpr ecludeacci
dentalentry.
SECURI TYLI GHTI NG
Providessuf fici
enti l
lumi nat iontoar easdur i
nghour sofdar kness.
PURPOSESOFSECURI TYLI GHTI NG
1.Itimpr ovesv i
sibili
tysot hati ntruderscanbeseen, identifi
edandappr ehend;
2.Itgiv espsychol ogical f
ear ,whichser v
esasadet errentt othieves, pil
ferers,trespasser s,andsabot age;
3.Itmakeseasi er.Ther out ineofwor kofguar dsinident i
fyingempl oyees, vehiclesdur ingnightti
me;
4.Ifplacedi ncer t
ai nareas, mayev enreducet henumberofst ationar yguar ds,andi nst ead, mayr equireonl
yrovi
ngpat rolsatni
ght.
TYPESOFSECURI TYLI GHTI NG
1.St ationaryLumi nary–mostcommont ypeconsi stingoff ixedser i
esofl umi naries.I tiscommonl yusedonent r
ygat esofempl oyeesand
vehicles.

>Gl
areProtect
ionType–Theint
ensi
tyisfocusedtotheint
ruderwhi
l
et heobser
verort
heguar
dremai
nincompar
ati
ve
dar
kness.
>Cont
roll
edli
ghti
ng-Thel
i
ght
ingi
sfocusedoncert
ainobj
ectsthant
hebackgr
ound.

2.StandbyLi ghti
ng–si mil
art ocontinuouslighti
ngbutcanbet urnedonmanual l
yorbyspeci aldeviceorotherautomat icmeans, whenthereis

M
asuspicionofent ry.
3.Emer gencyLight ing–st andbyl ighti
ngwhi chcanbeut il
i
zedint heev entofelectr
ical fail
ure.

O
PROTECTI VEALARMS
Isanaur alorv isualsignalgiv enbyt heannunci at
ort othesecur i
tywheni ntruderact uatecertai
ndev icesi napr otectedarea.An

.C
annunciatorisav i
sual oraudiblesi
gnal i
ngdev i
ce,whichi ni
ti
atesconditionsofassoci atedci rcuit
s.
Basicall
y,al arm system aredesi gnedt oalertsecuri
typersonnelofaat tempt edorconsummat edi nt
rusionintoanar ea,buil
dingor
compound.Eacht y peofal armi sactivatedintheev entthatanintrudert amperswi t
ht heci rcuit
ry,abeam orr adiat
edwav es.Alarm arealsofor

M
fi
re,smoke, orotheremer genciesandpr esenceofhazar ds.
THREEBASI CPARTSOFALARM
1.Sensor s
-devicet hatcansenseanabnor malcondi ti
onwi thi
nt he system andpr ov i U
dea  si
gnal  
i
ndicati
ngt hepr esenceornat ureoft he
R
abnormal ity
2.CIRCUI T
FO

-I
tisthecommuni cat i
onchannel thatconv eystheinformationfrom allsensorsinthesy stem tot hesignalbymeansofwi re,radi
owav es.

3.Si
gnal
-Theact
ual
alar
m maybeaudi
bleorsi
l
ent
,abel
l
,buzzer
,phoner
ingi
ng,
orf
lashi
ngofl
i
ght
.
KS

TYPESOFPROTECTI VEALARM
1.CentralStationSystem –Sev eralseparatecompoundst i
ethei
ralarm syst
em toacent ralst
ationsot hati
ncaseofneed, t
hecent r
alstati
on
cal
lsforassistancetot hepoli
ce,fi
redepartment, hospital
orwithothergovernmentassisti
ngunits.
O

2.Propri
etarySy st
em –Si milartothecentralst
at iontypeexceptsthatthepropri
etar
yconsol ei
slocat edinsi
dethesubscr
iber
sinstal
lati
onwho
ownsorbasest hesy st
em.
O

3.Auxil
iarySy stem –Ani nstal
lat
ionownedsy stem whi chisadi rectext
ensionoft helocalenf orcementagencyand/orfi
redepar t
mentby
speci
alarrangement s.
FB

4.LocalAl ar
m Sy stem –Consi stsofr i
ggingupav i
sualoraudiblealarm neartheobjecttobepr otect
ed.Incaseofalarm,responsewi l
lbe
madebyt hel ocalguardsandot herpersonnelwithinsightorheari
ng.

FI
REPROTECTI
ON
PD

FI
REALARM --Anyv i
sualoraudi
blesi
gnalpr
oducedbyadev
iceorsyst
em towar
ntheoccupantsoft
hebuil
dingorf
ir
ef i
ght
ingel
ement
soft
he
pr
esenceordangeroff
ir
etoenablethem t
oundert
akei
mmediateact
iontosav
eli
feandproper
tyandtosuppr
essthefi
re.
T

DEVI CES
1.SmokeDet ect or-adev i
cepl acedatt hecei li
ngsoft hef loort hatdetectssmoke, t
ypical
lyasani ndicatoroffire.
SI

2.Fi reBell-ahol l
owdev i
cemadeofmet althatmakesar ingi ngsound.
AUTOMATI CSPRI NKLER–at ypeofbui ltinspr inklerswhi chwor ksbyt hei ncreaseofr oom t emperatureandwhi chautomat icallyoper atesthe
VI

system t oputoutt hef i

re.At tachedanddi stri
but edi nt hecei l
i
ngoft herooms.Thesespr i
nklerswillgoint oactiononceaf i
rest arts,andt hose
thatwi l
l openar et hoset hatar edi rectlyabov et hef i
reandwat erisdel i
veredwher eitisneeded.
STANDPI PES
G.I.steelorpl asticpi pesl ocat edi nsidet hebui ldingf r
om t hel owestt ot het opf l
oorwi thwat erunderpr essuref oruseincaseoff ire.Located
neart hest andpi pei saf irehoseusual lyencl osedi nagl assbox.
FIREHYDRANT
Itisamechani caldev i
cest rat egi call
yl ocatedi nani nst all
ationori nast reetwher eaf ir
ehosewi llbeconnect edsot hatt hewat erwillbe
availabletoext i
ngui shedaf i
re.
FIREEXTI NGUI SHER
Isaf i
ref i
ght i
ngequi pmentwhi chcani saf irefight i
ngequi pmentwhi chcanbepor tableorincar tthatisusedt oputoutf i
redependi ngont he
cont entstoext i
ngui shcer t
aint y pesoff i
re.
CLASSESOFFI RE
1.CLASSAFI RES–-i nvolvingor di narycombust iblemat er i
alssuchaswood,cl oth,andpaper ,r
equiresanext i
nguishi
ngagentwhi chcool s. A
wat erormul ti
-pur posedr ychemi cal canbeused.
2.CLASSB-f iresi nv olvingf lammabl eandcombust i
bl el i
quidsandgases,suchassol vents,greases,gasoline,andlubricatingoi l,requir
ean
extinguisherwhi chr emov esoxy genorcut sthechai nreact i
on. Foam, carbondi oxide,drychemi cal,
areef fect
ive.
3.CLASSC-f i
resi nv olveener gi zedel ect r
icalequi pment( li
veel ectri
calwi res,electri
calappl i
ances).Anon- conducti
ngext inguishingagent
suchascar bondi oxi deormul ti
-pur posedr ychemi calmustbeused.
4.CLASSDFI RES–t her esultoft hecombust ion ofcer tainmat eri
alsinf i
relydivi
dedf orms.Thesemet alscanbemagnesi um, pot assium,
powder edal umi num andzi nc.

HOW TOOPERATEFI
REEXTINGUISHER
-
Ify
ouneedt
ouseafi
reext
ingui
sher
,remembert
hewor
dPASS:

QuestRev
iewCent
er–I
ndust
ri
alSecur
it
y
Management 3
  PULLthepi
n-Fireexti
nguishersoftenhaveapin,l
atch,
orpuncturelev
erthatyouneedt
or el
easefi
rst
.
 AI
Ml ow-Aimthenozzleorhoseoft heexti
ngui
sheratthebaseofthe f
ir
e.
 SQUEEZEthehandle-Thisreleasestheexti
ngui
shingagent.
 SWEEPfrom si
detoside-Mov einclose,
andsweepacr ossthebaseofthefir
e. Wat
chforre-
fl
ashofthef
ir
e.

ALARM DEVI CES

1.Magnet i
cDoorCont act- isapr otect
ivedeviceusuall
yplacedinthedoor,andwi ndowt hatcansendnot i
fi
cati
onwhent heopeningandcl osure
occurs
2.Vibrati
onCont act–dev i
cesmount edonbar ri
ersandar eusedpr i
mar i
lytodet ectanat tackont hest r
uctureitself
.Whenmov ementor
vi
brati
onoccur s,theunst ablepor ti
onoft hecir
cuitmovesandbr eaksthecurrentflow, whichpr oducesanalarm.
3.PassiveInfraredDet ect or(PI R)orMot i
onSensor–PI Rsar eabletodisti
nguishi fani nf
raredemi tt
ingobjectispresentbyf ir
stlearningt he
ambienttemper atureoft hemoni toredspaceandt hendetect
ingachangei nthetemper atur
ecausedbyt hepresenceofanobj ect.
4.Panicbut t
on- Of t
enl ocat edundert hecount er,t
hebut t
oncanbepr essedint i
mesofdi stress(Suchasr obbery,disrupt
iveort hreatening
behavi
or ,
orasi t
uat i
onwhi chmaywar rantassist
ance),t
ri
ggeringasil
entalarm.
5.CCTV-Av i
deomoni t
or i
ngsy st em ismor e commonl yknownasCl osedCir cuitTelev
ision Systems.A CCTV sy st
em i s a sy stem
consi
sting ofat elev i
sioncamer a,v
ideomoni t
or,anda tr
ansmi ssionmedi um (Cable,fi
berorwi r
eless)connectingthet wo.I tis
usedtomoni torthepr emi ses.

IPCAMERA
>I
Pbasedcamer aswor
kbytur
ningi
magesandaudioi
ntodatat
hentransmit
ti
ngthi
sdat
aoveranet
workorInternetconnect
ion.
>I
Pcamer asar
eat y
peofCl
osedCir
cui
tTel
evi
sionCamera(CCTV)usedforcapt
uri
ngi
magesandaudi
orecordingsinsurvei
ll
ancef
or
homesandbusi
nesses.

-TheIPnamestandsforI
nternetPr
otocol
,asystem t
hatal
l
owsthet
ransmi
ssi
onofimagescapt
uredbyadi
git
alv
ideor
ecor
der(
DVR)t
otheend
desti
nat
ioncomputer
sandt hesecomponent
st oget
hermakeupavi
deosecur
it
ysy
stem.

PROTECTI
VELOCKS

M
LOCK–defi
nedasmechani
cal
,el
ect
ri
cal
,hy
draul
i
corel
ect
roni
cdev
icedesi
gnedt
opr
eventent
ryt
oabui
l
dingorr
oom.

O
TypeofLocks
1.Key–Oper at
edLock

.C
-Itusessomesortofarr
angementofint
ernalphy
sicalbar
ri
erswhichpr
eventt
helockf
rom oper
ati
ngunl
esst
heyar
epr
oper
lyal
i
gned.Thekey
i
st hedevi
ceusedtoal
ignthesei
nter
nalbarr
ier
ssothatthelockmaybeoperat
ed.

M
PADLOCK–apor
tabl
eanddet
achabl
elockhav
ingapi
vot
edorsl
i
dinghaspwhi
chpossesst
hroughast
apl
eri
ng,
ort
hel
i
keandi
smadef
astor
secur
ed.

2.COMBI NATI
ONLOCK–al ockthatrequi
resmanipulat
ionofpar
tsaccor
dingtoapredeter
mi U
nedcombi
nat
ioncodeofnumbers.
R
3.CARDOPERATEDLOCK/ CODEDLOCK–t y
peofl ockthatcanbeopenedbyinserti
ngacodedcardinaslotint
helock,orbypushi
ngt
he
corr
ectbutt
ononthesur
faceofthelock.
FO

4.ELECTRONICLOCK–t ypeoflockthatcanbeclosedandopenedremotelybyel
ectroni
cmeans.

BI
OMETRI CS
-Amachinethatcanbeusedf ori
denti
fi
cat
ionofhumansbythei
rcharact
eri
sti
csortrai
ts.
KS

-I
tisusedasaf or
m ofident
if
icat
ionand 
accesscontr
ol.
-I
tisequi
ppedwi t
hrecordi
ngdevicet
hatcanident
if
ytheper
sonoperati
ngthelockandt het
imei
twasoper
ated.
O

KEYCONTROL
O

–def
inedast
hemanagementofkey
sinapl
antorbusi
nessor
gani
zat
iont
opr
eventunaut
hor
izedi
ndi
vi
dual
accesst
othekey
s.
FB

ChangeKey-akeytoasinglel
ock
Sub-Mast
erKey-akeythatcanopenalll
ockswithi
naparticul
arareaorgr
oupi
ng.
MasterKey–aspeci
alkeycapableofopeningaseri
esoflocks
GrandMasterKey–akeythatcanopenev ery
thi
nginasystem inv
olvi
ngtwoormoremast
erkeygr
oups.
PD

PETERMAN
-Ater
m usedinEnglandforl
ockpi
cker
,saf
ecr
acker
s,andpenet
rat
orsofr
est
ri
ctedar
easorr
ooms.
T

FALSEKEY
-Genuinekeyst
olenfrom t
heowner
SI

HUMANBARRI ER
VI

Secur
ityguar
d–I sanynatur
alpersonwhooffer
sorr ender
sper
sonalser
vicet
owat
chorguar
dresi
dent
ialorbusi
nesspr
emi
sesorbot
h,
gover
nmentand/
orthei
rpr
emisesforhi
reandcompensati
on.

Secur
it
ySuper
visor–I
schar
gedwi
thdi
rect
ingt
hewor
kandobser
vingt
hebehav
ior
alper
for
manceoft
heguar
dunderhi
suni
t.

ORGANI
ZATI
ONANDADMI
NISTRATI
ONOFSECURI
TYGUARDFORCE

Republ
icAct5487,
asamended–ThePr
ivat
eSecur
it
yAgencyLaw,
appr
ovedonJune13,
1969.

2003Rev
isedI
mpl
ement
ingRul
esandRegul
ati
ons(
IRR)ofRA5487,
asamended,

PNPSOSI
A–Phili
ppineNat i
onalPoli
ceSuperv
isoryOff
iceforSecurit
yInvest
igat
ionAgency–of
fi
ceundert
heCi
vi
lSecur
it
yGr
oupwhi
chi
s
char
gedwi
tht
hesupervi
sion,di
rect
ionandcont
rolofal
lsecuri
tyagenci
esintheRepubl
ic.

WHOMAYORGANI
ZEANDMAI
NTAI
NPRI
VATESECURI
TYAGENCYANDPRI
VATEDETECTI
VEAGENCY

AnyFi
l
ipi
noci
ti
zenorcor
por
ati
on,
associ
ati
on,
par
tner
shi
p,onehundr
edper
centofwhi
chi
sownedandcont
rol
l
edbyFi
l
ipi
noci
ti
zens.

BASI
CREQUI
REMENTOFANOPERATORORMANAGEROFSECURI
TYAGENCY

1. Fi
li
pinocitizen;
2. Notbel esst hant
wentyfi
ve(25)y
ear sofage;
3. Col
legegr aduateand/oracommissionedoffi
cerinthei
nact
iveser
viceorret
ir
edf
rom t
heAFPorPNP;
4. Hast akenacour se/
seminaronI ndustr
ialSecuri
tyManagementand/ ormusthaveadequat
etr
aini
ngorexper
iencei
nsecur
it
y
QuestRev
iewCent
er–I
ndust
ri
alSecur
it
y
Management 4
 busi
ness,
4. Goodmoralcharact
er;
5. Havi
ngnopreviousrecor
dofconv
ict
ionofcr
imeorof
fensei
nvol
vi
ngmor
alt
urpi
tude.

QUALI
FICATI
ONSOFSECURI
TYGUARDORWATCHMAN

1. Fi
lipinocitizen;
2. HighSchool gr
aduate;
3 Phy sical
lyandment al
lyfit;
4. Atleastei ghteen(18)y earsofagebutnotmor et hanf i
fty(
50)year
sold;
5. Hasunder gonePr e-
Licensingcourseoritsequivalent.
Veter ansandr eti
redmi li
tary/
pol
icepersonnelhonor ablydi
schar
geincl
udi
nggr
aduat
esofROTCadv
ance(
ori
tsequi
val
enti
nthePNP)
ar
eexempt edf r
om ther equir
edBasic-
Licensi
ngTr aining.

QUALI
FICATI
ONSFORSECURI
TYOFFI
CER

1. Fi
li
pinociti
zen;
2. Hol
derofaBaccal aureat
eDegree;
3. Physical
lyandmentallyf
it
;
4. Hasgr aduat
edfrom aSecuri
tyOff
icerTr
aini
ngCour
seori
tsequi
val
ent

QUALI
FICATI
ONSOFSECURI
TYCONSULTANT

1. Fi
li
pinociti
zen;
2. Physical
l
yandment all
yfit
;
3. Hol
derofMast er
sdegreeeit
heri
nCri
minology,
Publi
cAdmi ni
str
ati
on,
MNSA,I
ndustr
ial
Secur
it
yAdmini
str
ati
on,
orLaw
4. Musthav eatleastt
en(10)year
sexper
ienceintheoper
ati
onandmanagementofsecur
it
ybusi
ness.

M
PRI
VATEDETECTI
VE

O
Anypersonwhodoesdet
ect
ivewor
kforhi
re,
rewar
dorcommi
ssi
on,
othert
hanmember
soft
heAFP,
BJMP,
PNPoranyot
herl
awenf
orcement

.C
agenci
es.

QUALI
FICATI
ONSOFAPRI
VATEDETECTI
VE

M
1. Fi
li
pi nociti
zen;
2.
3.
Phy
Hol
si cal
lyandment
derofbaccalaur
all
eat
yfit
;
edegr ee,
prefer
abl
yBachelorofLawsorBachel U
orofSci
encei
nCr
imi
nology;
R
4. Graduat eofaCr i
mi nalInv esti
gati
onCourseofferedbythePNPorNBIoranypol i
cet
rai
ningschool
,oradet
ect
ivet
rai
ningi
nany
author i
zed/r
ecogni
zedt r
ainingcenter;
FO

5. Adv anceROTC/ CMTgr aduat eorit

sequiv
alent

DI
SQUALI
FICATI
ONS
KS

1. Havingpr
eviousr ecordofanyconv i
cti
onofanycr i
me;
2. Havi
ngprevi
ousr ecor dofanyconv ict
ionofanyoffenseinvol
vingmoralt
urpi
tude;
3. Havi
ngbeendishonor abl
ydischargedorseparatedfrom employmentorserv
ice;
2. Bei
ngament ali
ncompet ent
;
O

3. Bei
ngaddict
edtot heuseofnar coti
cdr ugordrugs,and
4. Bei
ngahabitualdr unkard
O

5. Dummyofaf oreigner
FB

MORALTURPI
TUDE
PD

I
tisanactofbaseness,v
il
enessordeprav
ityinthepri
vateandsoci
aldut
ieswhi
chamanowest
ohi
sfel
l
owmenort
osoci
etyi
n
gener
al,
contr
aryt
otheaccept
edandcustomaryr
uleofrightanddut
ybetweenamanandman.

Conductthati
sconsideredcont
rar
ytocommuni
tyst
andar
dsofj
ust
ice,
honest
yandgoodmor
als.
T

Ex
ampl
es.Rape,Forger
y,Robbery
SI

TYPESOFSECURITYGUARDFORCE
1. CompanyGuar
dForce–secur
ityf
orcemaint
ainedandoper
atedbyanypr
ivat
ecompany
/cor
por
ati
onut
il
izi
nganyofi
tsempl
oyeest
o
VI

wat
chsecur
eandguardi
tsest
abli
shment
.

2. Secur
it
yAgencyser
vice–securi
tyguar
dbelongingtopr
ivat
elyl
icensedagency(cont
ract
ualbasis)
;
3. Gover
nmentGuardForces–secur
it
yunitmaint
ainedandoperat
edbyanygov ernmententi
tyothert
hanmi
l
itar
yorpol
i
ce.

POSSESSI
ONOFFI REARMS
1. One( 1)f
irear
mf orev
erytwo(2)securit
yguards;
2. Priv
atesecurityagency/pr
ivat
edet ect
iveagency/
companysecur
it
yfor
ce/gov
ernmentsecuri
tyfor
ceshallnotbeal
l
owedt
opossess
fi
rearmsinexcessoff iv
ehundr ed(500)uni
ts.
3. Shotgunsnothi ghert
han12gauge
4. Weaponswi t
hbor esnotbi
ggert hancal.
22toincl
udepi
stol
sandrevol
ver
swithbor
esbiggerthancal
.38

Exempt i
ons:inareaswher ether
eisanupsur
geoflawlessnessandcr
imi
nal
i
tyasdet
ermi
nedbyt
heChi
efPNP,Regi
onalOf
fi
ceort
hei
r
author
izedrepr
esentat
ive,
theymaybeal
lowedt
oacqui
re,
possessandusehi
ghpower
edf
ir
ear
ms.

NUMBERSOFSECURI
TYPERSONNELTOBEMAI
NTAI
NEDTOSECUREREGULARLI
CENSETOOPERATE

1. Pr
ivat
eSecur
it
yAgency–mi
nimum oft
wohundr
ed(
200)l
i
censedpr
ivat
esecur
it
yper
sonnelandamaxi
mum ofonet
housand
(1,
000)
.

2.CompanyGuar
dFor
ce/
Pri
vat
eDet
ect
iveAgency–mi
nimum oft
hir
ty(
30)andamaxi
mum ofOnet
housand(
1,000)

LI
MITATI
ONI
NTHECARRYI
NGOFFI
REARMS

QuestRev
iewCent
er–I
ndust
ri
alSecur
it
y
Management 5
 1. Nof i
rearm shal
lbebornenorbei nt
hepossessionofanypr iv
atesecuri
typersonnelexceptwheni
nact ualper
formanceofduty,i
nthe
prescri
bedunifor
m, i
ntheplaceandti
mesospeci fi
edi ntheDutyDetai
lOrder(DDO).
2. Shallbecarri
edonlywithi
nthecompoundoft heestabli
shmentwher eheisassignedtoguard.
3. Whileescorti
ngbigamountofcashorv al
uableoutsideofitsjur
isdi
cti
onorar eaofoperati
on,pr
ivat
esecur i
tyagencyshal
lissuean
appropri
ateDutyDetail
Ordertothesecuri
typer
sonnel concer
ned

DutyDetai
lOrder(DDO)–isawr i
tt
enor der
/schedul
eissuedbyasuper i
oroffi
cerusual
l
ythepr
ivat
esecur
it
yagency
/br
anchmanageror
oper
ati
onsoff
icerassi
gni
ngt
heper
formanceofprivat
esecuri
ty/
det
ect
iveser
vicesdut
ies.

DDOf ort
hepurposeofpostduti
esnotrequi
ri
ngtranspor
toffi
rearmsout
sideoft
hephy
sicalcompoundorpr
oper
tyofacl
i
entor
cl
i
entest
abl
ishmentshal
lbeissuedf
ornotmor
ethanat hi
rt
y(30)daysdur
ation

CLASSI
FICATIONOFTRAI NINGANDI TSDURATI ON
1. BasicSecuri
tyGuardCour se(Pre-
Licensi
ngCour
se)–150hour
s;
2. Re-Trai
ningCourse-48hour s;
3. Securit
yOffi
cersTrainingCourse–300hours
4. BasicSecuri
tySupervisoryCourse–48hours

-All
Licensest oOperatehaveav al
idi
tyofTwo( 2)year
s;
-All
applicati
onsforrenewalofLicensetooperate(LTO)shall
bef il
edatleastsi
xty(
60)day
sbeforet
heexpi
rydat
eofLTO;
-Noappl icati
onshallbeappr ovedunlessacer ti
fi
cati
oni sissuedbyFED- CSGt otheef
fectt
hatalll
i
censesoff
ir
earmsoft
heagencyar
e
updated/renewedforatleastone(1)yearfor
thcomingduringthev al
idi
tyofther
enewedLTO.

Appr
oval
,Cancel
lat
ion,
Suspensi
onofLTO

Chi
efPNP
-
ApprovalofNewRegul arLTO

M
-
Cancell
ationofRegularLTO
-
Re-i
nstat
ementofRegul arLTO

O
-
SuspensionofRegularLTO

.C
Dir
ectorCiv i
lSecuri
tyGr oup
-RenewalofRegul arLTO
-ApprovalofTempor aryLTO

M
-Reversi
onofRegul artoTempor ar
yLTO
-Cancell
ationofTempor aryLTO
-SuspensionofTempor aryLTO
U
R
SURETYBOND
Agencywi
th1-199guards–P50,000.00
FO

Agencywi
th200-499guards–P100,000.
00
Agencywi
th500-799guards–P150,000.
00
Agencywi
th800-1000guards–P200,000.
00
KS

STOCKI
NGOFAMMUNI TI
ON
1. St
ocksofammuni t
ionint
heagencyshal
lnotexceedfi
fty(
50)roundsofammunit
ionperunitofdul
ylicensedf
ir
ear
ms.
2. I
ndiv
idual
issuetoeachsecur
it
yguar
dsshallbel
imit
edtotwent
yf i
ve(25)r
oundsf
oreverysecuri
tyguard.
O

CONFI
SCATI
ONOFFI REARMSOFSECURI TYGUARD
1. Whent hefi
rearmisaboutt obeusedi nthecommi ssi
onofacr i
me;
O

2. Whent hefi
rearmisact ual
l
ybeingusedi nt hecommi ssi
onofacr i
me;
3. Whent hefi
rearm hasjustbeenusedint hecommi ssionofacr ime;
FB

4. Whent hefi
rearm beingcarr
iedbythesecur i
tyguardisunlicensedoraf i
rearmisnotauthorizedbylawandregul
ati
onforhisuse;
5. Whent heconfi
scationofthefir
earmisdi rectedbyt heorderoft hecourt
;
6. Whent hefi
rearmi susedorcarri
edout sidet heproperty,
compoundorest abli
shmentservicedbytheagencywit
houtproperauthor
it
y;
or
PD

7. Whenasecur it
yguar ddoesnotpossessanyl i
censet oexerci
sehispr of
ession.
Inal
ltheabovecases, theconfi
scati
ngof ficershalli
nformi mmedi at
elytheagencyconcerned.

REVOCATI
ONOFLI CENSETOPOSSESSFI REARM
T

1. Fail
uretosubmitanyissuedf i
rearmforver
ifi
cati
onasrequi
r ed;
2. Carryi
ngfi
rearmsbysecur i
typersonnelwit
houtappropr
iat
eDut yDet ai
lOrder
;
SI

3. Whent hefi
rearm seri
alnumberhasbeendupl icat
edonanot herfi
rearm orusi
ngonefir
ear
msli
censef
ormor
ethanonef
ir
ear
m ot
her
thanthosesti
pulatedinthelicense;
VI

4. Carryi
ngoffir
earmsout sideoft heplacest
atedinthepermitorinplacesprohi
bit
edundert
hel
aw;
5. Whent hefi
rearm wasr eportedlost.

SECURITYPERSONNELRANKS, POSI TIONS, STAFFI NGPATTERNANDJOBDESCRI PTI ON

1.Secur
it
yManagementSt aff
1.1 Secur i
ty Di r
ector (SD) –Agency Manager /
Chi ef Securi
ty Of f
icer – r esponsible f or the ent i
re oper ation and
admini
str
ati
on/ managementoft hesecur it
yagency .
1.2Secur it
yExecut i
veDirector( SED)–Assi st
antAgencyManager /
Asst.ChiefSecuri
tyOffi
cer–Assi sttheSecurit
yDirector
1.3Secur it
ySt affDirect
or( SSD)–St affDir
ectorforOperationandStaffDi
rectorforAdminist
rati
on
>TheSt affDirectorforoperation- assist
antofthesecuritymanagerfortheef f
ici
entoperat
ionoft heagency.
>TheSt affDirectorforAdmi nistr
ation-isthest af
fassistantoftheagencymanagerf ortheeffecti
v eandeff
icientadministrati
onand
managementoft heagency .
1.4Secur i
tyStaffDi r
ectorforTr aining-Staf
finchargeforTr ai
ning–responsiblefort
hetrai
ningoft heAgency’ssecuri
typer sonnel

2.Li
neLeader
shipStaf
f
2.1Secur
it
ySuper
visor3–Det
achmentCommander–i sthef i
eldorareacommanderoftheagency;
2.2Secur
it
ySuper
visor2–Chi
efInspect
or–r esponsi
bleforinspecti
ngtheent
ir
eareacoveredbythedet
achment;
2.3Secur
it
ySuper
visor1–I
nspector–responsibl
efortheareaassignedbytheChiefI
nspectorort
heDetachmentCommander
.

3.Secur
it
yguard
3.
1Secur
it
yGuard1–Watchman/guard-t
heoneact ual
l
ypostedaswatchmanandorguar
d
3.
2Secur
ityGuar
d2–Shiftin-char
ge–r esponsi
blefort
hesecur
it
yof f
icer
swhoareschedul
edi
nacer tai
nshi
ftforapar
ti
cul
ar
peri
od
3.
3Secur
it
yGuard3–Posti
n-charge–responsibl
efort
heentir
edet
ail
edsecurit
yof
fi
cewi
thi
nacert
ainest
abli
shment
.
QuestRev
iewCent
er–I
ndust
ri
alSecur
it
y
Management 6
 Not
e:Secur
it
yAgencyoper
ator
/manager
/ownercanputi
tsownst
aff
ingpat
ter
npr
ovi
dedi
tisconsi
stentwi
tht
hepr
ovi
sionsofI
RRof
RA5487.

ADVANTAGESOFCOMPANYGUARDFORCE
1. Highcal
iberandr eceiveshighersalary;
2. Provi
desbetterservice;
3. Canbetrainedtohandl esomeoft hemor ecompl
exsecur
it
ydut
ies;
4. Morefamili
arwi t
hf acil
it
iestheyprotect;
5. Tendtobemor eloyalwiththecompany .

DI
SADVANTAGES:
1. Mayberequiredt
ojointheunion;
2. Costmore;
3 Probl
em ofensur
ingavail
abi
li
tyofback-
upper
sonnel
.

ADVANTAGESOFAGENCYGUARDSERVI CES
1. Lessexpensiv
e;
2. Useisconvenient
;
3. Lessadminist
rati
veandpersonnelproblems;
4. Agencyassumesf ul
lresponsi
bil
it
yforthescheduli
ngandsuper
visi
ngofal
lguar
dper
sonnel
5. Caneasil
yobtainext
raguar di
fneeded;
6. Agencyeasil
yusuall
yacceptsli
abil
it
yofci v
ilsui
ts.

DI
SADVANTAGES:
1. Lackoft rai
ning,lowcaliberempl
oyee;
2. Nol oyalt
ytot hecompany ;

M
3. Larget ur
nover
4. Notf amili
arwi t
hf aci
l
iti
es

O
ESSENTI
ALQUALI TIESOFSECURI TYGUARD

.C
1. Alert
ness–bei ngwat chful
inspott
ingvi
olator,aperson,avehicl
eoranincident
;
2. Judgment–soundandgoodj udgmentt oarriveatwiseandtimelydeci
sions;
3. Confidence–f ai
thinoneselfandhisabil
it
ies;

M
4. PhysicalFit
ness–al waysinaconditi
ont orendereffect
iveservi
ceevenunderthemostst
renuouscondi
ti
ons;
5. Tactful
ness–abi l
it
yt odealwithot
herssuccessf ul
lywit
houtof f
endi
ng;
6. SelfControl–abil
it
yt otakeholdofoneselfregardl
essofapr ovoki
ngsit
uation.
U
R
GENERALFUNCTI ONSOFASECURI TYGUARD
1. Enforcecompanyr ulesandr egulati
ons;
FO

2. Operat eandenf orcet heper sonnel identi

ficat
ionsy stem;
3. Patrolandobser vedesi gnat edar eas, per
imeter,str
uct ures, inst
all
ati
on;
4. Takei ntocustodyaper sonat t
empt i
ngorgi vi
ngunaut horizedaccessi nrest
rict
ed, li
mitedandcont r
oll
edareas
5. Checkr ooms, buildings, storager oomsofsecur ityinterestandaf t
erworkinghour s,checkproperl ockingofdoor
sandgat
es.
KS

6. Perform escortdut i
eswhenr equired;
7. Respondt oal
arm si gnal sorot herindicati
onssuspi ciousact i
vi
ti
esandemer genci es;
8. Safeguar dequipmentandmat erialagainstsabotage, unaut hori
zedaccess,l
oss, t
hef tordamage;
9. Atqui cklyinsituationsaf fectingt hesecur it
yofi nstallationandper sonnel,tofireaccidents,internaldi
sorder
,at
tempt
stocommi
t
O

cri
mi nalacts;
10. Cont rolandregulat ev ehicleandper sonneltr
affi
cwi t
hint hecompoundaswel laspar ki
ngofv ehicle;
O

11. Otherdut i
esthatisnecessar yinthesecur ityguardf unction;
FB

POWERANDDUTI
ESOFSECURI
TYGUARD

1.Ter
ri
tori
alPower–Asecur i
tyguardshal
lwatchandsecuretheproper
tyoftheperson,fi
rm orestabl
ishmentwithwhom heorhisagencyhas
acontr
actforsecur
it
yservi
ces.Suchservi
cesshal
lnotextendbeyondthepropert
yorcompoundofsai dperson,f
ir
m orest
abli
shmentexcept
PD

whenrequi
redbythelat
teri
naccordancewit
hthetermsofthei
rcontract
,ori
nhotpur sui
tofcriminalof
fender
s.

2.Ar
restbySecur
it
yGuar d–Asecur i
tyguardorpri
vat
edetect
ivei
snotapoli
ceoffi
cerandisnot
,ther
efor
e,cl
othedwi t
hpoliceaut
hor
it
y.
However
,hemayarrestaper
sonundertheci
rcumst
ancesmenti
onedi
nSect
ion5,Rul
e113,Revi
sedRul
esofCri
minalProcedure.
T

3.Sear chwit
houtWarrant–Anysecur i
tyguardmay ,i
nci
denttothearr
est,sear
cht
hepersonsoarrest
edinthepr
esenceofatl
easttwo(2)
SI

witnesses.Hemaysearchempl oy
eesofthefir
m orestabl
ishmentwit
hwhichheorhisagencyhasacontr
act
,whensuchsear
chisrequi
redby
thev er
ynatur
eofthebusinessoftheper
son,fi
rm orest
abl
ishment.
VI

DUTI
ESDURI
NGSTRI
KESANDLOCKOUTS

1. Allprivatesecuri
typer sonnelindi
rectconfront
ationwithst ri
kers,marchersordemonst rat
orsshallnotcarr
yfir
ear
ms.Theymaycarry
onlyni ghtsti
cks( baton)whi chmayormaynotbepr ovidedwi thteargascani st
eranddi spenser.Secur
ityper
sonnelnoti
ndi
rect
conf r
ontati
onwi t
ht hest r
ikersmaycarryintheusual prescribedmannert hei
rissuedfir
earm.
2. PrivateSecurit
yper sonnel shal
lav
oiddirectcontacteit
herphy si
cal
lyorotherwisewiththestri
kers;

3. Theyshal
lstayonlywi
thi
nt heper
imeteroftheinstal
lat
ionwhichtheyar
eprotectingatallt
imes;
4. I
npr ot
ect
ingandsecur ingtheassetsandper sonsoft hei
rcli
ents,shal
lonl yusesuf fi
cientandreasonableforcenecessaryto
over
comet heri
skordangerposedbyst r
iker
sorhost il
ecrowds.
5. Theyshal
lrefr
ainfr
om abetti
ngorassi
sti
ngact sofmanagementl eadi
ngtophy si
calclashoff or
cesbet
weenl aborandmanagement .
6. Theymustatallti
mesbei ncomplet
euniform withthei
rnamesandagency ’
snameshownont hei
rshi
rt
sabov ethebreastpocket
s.

FUNCTIONSOFAPRI VATEDETECTI VE
1.BackgroundInvestigat
ion;
2.Locati
ngmi ssi
ngper son;
3.Conductsurveil
lancewor k;
4.Suchot herdetecti
v ewor kasmaybecomethesubjectmatt
erofcont
ractbet
weent
heagencyandi
tscl
i
ent
s.Exceptnotcont
rar
ytol
aw,
publ
icorder,publi
cpoli
cymoral
eandgoodcustom.

POWERSOFCI TY,MUNICI
PALMAYORSI NCASEOFEMERGENCY
>I
ncaseofemer gencyorinti
mesofdi
sast
erorcal
amitywhent
heserv
icesofanysecuri
tyagency/ent
it
yandhispersonnelare
needed.Theci
tyormuni
cipalmayor,maymust
erori
ncor
por
atethemember
softheagencyoragenci
esnearesttheareaofsuchdi
sasteror
QuestRev
iewCent
er–I
ndust
ri
alSecur
it
y
Management 7
calamit
yt ohelpinthemaintenanceofpeaceandor
der
,pr
event
ionofcri
me,orappr
ehensi
onofv
iol
ator
sofl awsandordi
nance,andinthe
protect
ionofliv
esandpropert
ies.
>Theyshal
lrecei
vedirector
der
sf r
om t
heChi
efofPol
iceoftheci
tyormunici
pal
i
tyf
orthedurat
ionoftheemergency,di
sast
eror
calamit
y .

SUPERVI
SIONOFTHEPNP

I
ncaseofemer gencyorint
imesofdisast
erorcalamiti
es,theChi ef
,PNPmaydeput i
zeanysecur
it
yguardtoassi
stthePNPi nthe
per
for
manceofpoli
cedutiesfort
hedurati
onofsuchemer gency,disasterorcalamit
y.Li
censedguar
ds,whoareactual
lyassi
gnedtocli
ents
wit
hDDO,shal
lbedeput
izedbytheChi
ef,PNP,
andclothedwithauthorit
yt oenf
orcelaws,r
ulesandr
egul
ati
onswit
hinhisar
eaofresponsi
bil
i
ty.

I
NTER-
RELATI
ONSHI
PBETWEENPRI
VATESECURI
TYPERSONNELANDMEMBERSOFTHEPNP

1.Pri
vatesecuritypersonnelar ealway ssubor di
natetomember soft hePNPonmat terspert
aini
ngt olawenforcementandcri
mepr event
ion.
Theycannotenf orceanypr ovisionoft helawexcepti nexecuti
ngci t
izen’
sarrestand/ orconduct
inginit
iali
nvesti
gat
ionofacommi ssionofa
cri
me.Insuchcase, anyarr
estedper sonshal lbeturnedov
erimmedi atelyt
othenearestPNPuni t
/stat
ion.
2.Cri
minalinvestigati
onist heresponsi bi
l
ityoft hePNP.Allresult
sofi ni
ti
alinvest
igationconductedbyt hepri
vatesecur
it
ypersonnelandall
evi
dencegatheredbyt hem shallbeturnedov ertothePNPunit/stat
ionconcernedasamat t
erofcoursewithoutdel
ay.

GROUNDSFORCANCELLATI ONOFSECURI TYGUARDLI CENSE

1.Assisti
ngorprot
ecti
ngcriminal
sduri
ngonorof fdutystat
us;
2.Providi
ngconfi
denti
ali
nformati
ontounauthor
izedperson;
3.Postedsecuri
tyguardf
ounddr unkordr
inki
ngintoxi
cati
ngliquor
;and
4.Othersimi
laract
s

THEFTANDPI
LFERAGE

M
Theft–committ
edbyanyper son,whowi t
hint
enttogainbutwi
thoutv
iol
ence,agai
nst
,ori
nti
midat
ionofper
sonsnorf
orceupon
t
hingsshall
takeper
sonal
proper
tyofanotherwi
thoutthel
att
erconsent
.

O
PSYCHOLOGI
CALEXPLANATI
ONSONTHEFT

.C
1.Theneedordesi re.Anindi
vidualmayneedordesi r
et ocommitt
heactbecauseoff i
nancialpr
oblem,
inadequateincome, ext
rav
agantli
vi
ng,
gambl ing.

M
2.Thepsychol ogicalneed(Kl
eptomani a)-
isanirr
esi
stibleur
getost
eali
temsoft ri
vi
alvalue.Peoplewi
ththisdisorderarecompelledt
osteal
things,general
ly
,butnotli
mitedto,obj
ectsoflit
tl
eornosi
gni
fi
cantvalue.
3.Thecr
imi naltendency.Theindiv
idualwit
hsuchtendencymaybemor etemptedtost
U
eali
fsecurit
ycont
rolareinadequate.
R
THECASUALANDSYSTEMATI
CPI
LFERER
FO

CasualPi
lf
erer–Onewhost
eal
sduetohi
sinabi
li
tyt
oresi
stt
heunexpect
edoppor
tuni
tyandhasali
tt
lef
earofdet
ecti
on.
Syst
ematicPil
fer
er–Onewhost
eal
swit
hpreconcei
vedpl
ansandt
akesawayanyorallt
ypesofi
temsorsuppl
i
esforeconomi
cgai
n.

COMMUNI CATION SECURI TY–i sthepr ot

ectionr esul
ti
ngf rom theapplicati
onofv ariousmeasur eswhichpr ev
entordelaytheenemyor
KS

unaut
hori
zedper sonsingaini
nginfor
mat i
onthrought hecommuni cat
ionsystem.Thisincludes:
a.TransmissionSecur
ity–componentofcommuni cat
ionssecurit
ywhi chresultsfrom al
lmeasuresdesignedtopr
otecttr
ansmi
ssi
on
fr
om i
nter
ception.
b.Cryptographi
cSecurit
y–r esul
tsfrom theprovisi
onsoft echni
callysoundcr ypto-
system andt
heirproperuse.
O

c.PhysicalSecuri
ty–provi
dingsafeguardst oequipmentandmat eri
alfrom accessbyunaut hor
izedpersons.
O

THREATSI
NCOMMUNI
CATI
ONSECURI
TY
FB

1.Wiret
apping-ist
hemoni tor
ingoft el
ephoneconv er
sationsbyat hir
dpart
y ,
of t
enbycov er
tmeans.
2.Bugging–meanst osecretl
ylistentoorrecordaconv ersati
onusingahiddenel ect
roni
cdevi
ce.
3.Eavesdroppi
ng(unaut
horizedl i
steni
ng)-i
st heunauthorizedreal
-t
imeintercepti
onofapr i
vat
ecommuni
cat
ion,suchasaphonecal
l
,inst
ant
message,vi
deoconferenceorf axtr
ansmission. 
PD

RANo.4200,Approv
edJune19,1965
-AnActt
oprohibi
tandpenal
i
zewiret
appi
ngandot
herr
elat
edv
iol
ati
onsofpr
ivacyofcommuni
cat
ion,
andot
herpur
poses.
T

UNLAWFULACTS
 
Sec.1
SI

I
tshal
lbeunl
awfulforanyperson,notbeingauthor
izedbyallt
heparti
estoanypr iv
at ecommuni cat
ionorspokenword,t
otapany
wir
eorcabl
e,orbyusi
nganyot herdevi
ceorarrangement,tosecr
etl
yoverhear
,int
ercept,orrecordsuchcommuni cat
ionorspokenwordby
VI

usi
ngadevi
cecommonlyknownasadi ct
aphoneordi ct
agr
aphordict
aphoneorwalki
e-tal
ki
eort aperecorder

Itshallal
sobeunl awfulforanyper son,beheapar ti
cipantornotintheactoract spenali
zedi nthenextprecedingsentence,toknowingly
possessanyt aperecord,wir
er ecord,di
screcord,oranyot hersuchrecord,orcopiesther
eof,ofanycommuni cationorspokenwor dsecured
eit
herbeforeoraftert
heef f
ecti
v edateofthisActinthemannerpr ohi
bitedbythislaw;ortoreplaythesameforanyot herpersonorpersons;or
tocommuni catethecontentsthereof,ei
therver
ball
yori nwr i
ti
ng,ort
of urni
shtranscri
pti
onst hereof
,whet
hercompl eteorpar t
ial
,toanyother
person: 

Prov
ided,Thatt
heuseofsuchr ecor
doranycopi
est her
eofasev
idencei
nanyci
vi
l,cr
imi
nali
nvest
igat
ionort
ri
alofof
fensesment
ionedi
n
sect
ion3hereof
,shal
lnotbecov
eredbyt
hispr
ohi
bit
ion.

Sec.3

Nothingcont ai
nedint hi
sAct ,however
,shallr
enderi
tunlawfulorpunishabl
ef oranypeaceof fi
cer,whoisaut hor
izedbyawri
ttenorderofthe
Court,toexecut eanyoft heact sdecl
aredtobeunlawfulinthetwopr ecedingsect i
onsincasesi nv
olv
ingt hecrimesoft
reason,espionage,
provokingwaranddi sl
oyalt
yi ncaseofwar,pir
acy,muti
nyinthehighseas,r ebell
ion,conspi
racyandproposalt ocommitr
ebelli
on,i
nciti
ngto
rebel
lion,sedit
ion,conspir
acyt ocommi tsedit
ion,i
nci
ti
ngt osedit
ion,kidnappingasdef i
nedbyt heRevisedPenalCode,andv i
olat
ionsof
Commonweal t
hActNo.616, punishi
ngespionageandotheroff
ensesagainstnationalsecuri
ty:

AUTHORI
ZATI
ON

Theauthor
izat
ionshallbeeff
ecti
vef
ortheperi
odspeci
fi
edi
nt heor
derwhi chshallnotexceedsixt
y(60)day
sfrom thedateofi
ssuanceoft
he
order
,unl
essextendedorrenewedbythecour
tuponbei
ngsat
isfi
edthatsuchextensionorrenewali
sinthepubl
i
cinterest
.

QuestRev
iewCent
er–I
ndust
ri
alSecur
it
y
Management 8
Thecour
treferr
edtoi
nthissect
ionshal
lbeunder
stoodt
omeant
heCour
tofFi
rstI
nst
ancewi
thi
nwhoset
err
it
ori
alj
uri
sdi
cti
ont
heact
sfor
whi
chauthor
ityi
sappl
i
edforaret
obeexecut
ed.

BANKSECURI TY–aspecial
i
zedty
peofphysi
calsecur
it
yprotect
ingtheassets,per
sonnelandoperat
ionofabank,wi
thspeci
alemphasi
son
thepr
ecaut
ionandmeasur
estosaf
eguar
dthecashandasset
swhi l
einsstorage,int
ransi
t,anddur
ingt
ransact
ion.

>BangkoSentr
alngPi
li
pinas(
BSP)Cir
cul
arNo.620IssuedonSept
ember3, 2008–aCi r
cul
arissuedbyBSPconcerningregul
ati
ons
onBankpr ot
ecti
onwhichaimst
opr omotemaxi
mum pr
otect
ionoflif
eandproper
tyagainstcr
imes(r
obbery,t
hef
t,et
c),andotherdestr
ucti
ve
causes.

GuardSyst
em –BSPr equi
resthatal
lbanki
ngoff
icesbemannedbyadequatenumberofsecur
it
yper
sonnelt
obedet
ermi
nedbyt
hebank,
t
akingi
ntoconsi
der
ati
onit
ssize,l
ocat
ion,
cost
sandoveral
lbankpr
otect
ionr
equi
rement
.

Secur
ityDevi
ces–Banksarer
equi
redtohavearobber
yalarm orotherappropr
iat
edev
icef
orpr
ompt
lynot
if
yingl
awenf
orcementof
fi
ceei
ther
di
rect
lyorthr
oughani
nter
medi
aryofanat
tempted,
ongoingorperpetr
atedrobbery
.

InarmoredCaroperat
ions–allar
moredvehicl
esar
erequiredtobebui
ltwi
thbull
etr
esist
antmat
eri
alscapabl
eofwithst
andi
ngthefi
repowerof
highpoweredfi
rear
m( M16,M14).Al
soequippedwi
thav aultorsaf
eorapart
it
ionwallwit
hacombinati
onlockdesi
gnedtoprev
entretr
iev
alof
thecargowhil
eintr
ansit
.

DOCUMENT AND I NFORMATION SECURITY – Secur

it
yinvol
vi
ng the prot
ect
ion ofdocuments and inf
ormati
on fr
om l
oss,access by
unaut
hor
izedpersons
>pr
escribest
hepol
i
ciesandest
abli
shesthest
andar
dbasicprocedur
esgoverni
ngthecl
assi
ficat
ionandsecur
it
yofof
fi
cial
matter
.

GENERALPRI NCIPLES
1.Theauthori
tyandresponsi
bil
i
tyforthepr
eparat
ionandcl
assi
fi
cat
ionofcl
assif
iedmatterrestexcl
usi
velywiththeorigi
nat
ingof
fice;
2.Classi
fi
edmat t
ershouldbeclassi
fi
edaccor
dingtocont
entandnotthecl
assi
fi
cationofthefil
einwhichtheyareheldorofanotherdocument

M
towhichtheyref
er;
3.Classi
fi
cati
onshouldbemadeassoonaspossi blebypl
aci
ngtheappropr
iat
emar ksonthemat tert
obecl assi
fied;

O
4.Eachindi
vi
dualwhosedutyall
owsaccesstocl
assi
fi
edmatteri
sresponsi
blef
ortheprot
ect
ionofthecl
assif
iedmatt
erwhil
eiti
sinhis/
her

.C
possessi
onandshal
linsur
ethatdi
ssemi
nati
onofsuchcl
assi
fi
edmatteri
sonthe“needt
oknow”basisandt
o“ pr
opert
yclear
edper
sonnel
only”
.

DEFI
NITI
ONOFDOCUMENT

M
-Anymat
eri
alt
hatcont
ainsmarks,sy
mbol
s,orsi
gns,ei
therv
isi
ble,par
ti
all
yvi
sibl
eorcompl
etel
yinv
isi
blet
hatmaybepr
esent
lyorul
ti
mat
ely
conv
eyameani
ngormessagetosomeone.
U
R
CLASSI
FY–referst
ot heactofassi
gningtoinfor
mati
onormat er
ialoneofthef
oursecuri
tycl
assi
fi
cat
ioncat
egor
iesaf
terdet
ermi
nat
ionhas
beenmadet
hatthei
nformati
onrequi
resthesecuri
typr
otect
ionasprovi
dedf
orint
heregulat
ion;
FO

SECURI
TYCLEARANCE–I sanadmi
nist
rat
ivedet
ermi
nat
iont
hatani
ndi
vi
duali
sel
i
gibl
efr
om asecur
it
yst
andpoi
ntf
oraccesst
ocl
assi
fi
ed
matt
erofaspeci
fi
ccat
egor
y;
KS

COMPARTMENTATI ON–Ref er
stot hegr antofaccesstoclassi
fi
edmat teronl
ytoproper
lyclear
edpersonswhensuchcl
assi
fi
edi
nfor
mati
onis
requi
redint
heperformanceoftheiroffi
cialduti
es,andrest
ri
ctingittospecif
icphy
sical
confi
newhenf easi
ble.
NEEDTOKNOW –t erm gi
ventother equirementthatthedi
ssemi nati
onofclassi
fi
edmattersbelimi
tedstr
ict
lyt
othoseper
sonswhoseof
fi
cial
duti
esrequi
reknowledgether
eof.
O

SECURI
TYOFCLASSI
FIEDMATTER
O

CLASSI
FICATI
ONOFDOCUMENTS
FB

-
Memorandum Ci
rcul
arNo.196,
dat
ed07/
19/
1968(
Secur
it
yofCl
assi
fi
edMat
teri
ngov
ernmentof
fi
ces.
)

1. TOPSECRET–anyi nfor
mationandmat erial
,theunauthorizeddi scl
osureofwhichwouldcauseexcept ionall
ygravedamaget othe
nati
on,polit
icall
y,economical
lyormili
tar
il
y;
PD

2. SECRET-anyi nf
ormat i
onandmat eri
al,t
heunaut hori
zeddisclosureofwhi chwouldendangernati
onalsecur i
ty,
causeseri
ousinjuryto
theint
erestorpr esti
geofthenati
onoranygov ernmentalactivi
ty.
3. CONFIDENTI AL–anyi nf
ormati
onandmat eri
als,t
heunaut hori
zeddi scl
osureofwhichwouldbepr ej
udicialtothei
nter
estorpr est
ige
ofthenationorgov ernmentalact
ivi
tyorwoul dcauseadmi nistr
ati
v eembar r
assmentorunwarrant
edinjury.
T

4. RESTRICTED–anyi nformati
onandmat eri
alwhi chrequi
resspeci alprot
ectionot
herthanthosedeter
mi nedtobeConf i
denti
al,Secret
,
andTopSecr etmat t
ers.
SI

METHODOFTRANSMI SSION
VI

1.Bydi
rectcont actofoffi
cerorpersonnel
concer
ned;
2.Byoff
icialcouri
er;
3.El
ect
ricalmeansi ncryptogr
aphicform
4.Regi
steredMai l

DESTRUCTION
1.Bur
ning
2.Shr
edding

STORAGE
shal
lbei
nasafe,st
eelf
il
ingcabi
netwi
thbui
l
tindi
alt
ypecombi
nat
ionl
ockofsuchwei
ght
,si
zeandconst
ruct
ionast
omi
nimi
zet
he
possi
bil
i
tyofphysi
cal
thef
tordamagetofir
e.

OPERATIONALSECURI
TY – partofphysi
calsecurit
ythatdealspr i
maril
ywiththeprot
ectionofprocesses,f
ormul
as,pat
ent
s,andot
her
i
ndust
ri
alandmanuf
act
uri
ngacti
vit
iesf
rom espi
onage,i
nfi
l
trat
ion,
loss,compromi
seorphotocopyi
ng;

INFORMATI ONCYCLE
1.TheCr eati
on–I nformati
onisdiscoveredanddev elop;
2.Used–Someact ionist
akewi t
htheinformation;
3.StorageandRet ri
eval–Storedforfutureuse;
4.Transfer–transferr
ingofinf
ormationfrom activ
et oinact
iveuse;
5.Disposit
ion–deci sionmaybemadet oretai
nt heinformati
onindef
ini
tel
y.

QuestRev
iewCent
er–I
ndust
ri
alSecur
it
y
Management 9
KINDSOFSENSI TI
VEINFORMATI ON
PROPRIETARYI NFORMATI ON
–i nf
ormationwhi chsomespeci alwayisr el
atedtothestatus,operat
ionsoracti
vi
ti
esofthepossessoroverwhicht
hepossessorassert
s
ownership.
TRADESECRETS
-I
tmayconsi stofanyformul
a,patter
n,dev
iceorcompilati
onofinfor
mat i
onwhichi
susedinone’sbusi
nessandwhichgi
vesoneopport
unit
yto
gainanadv antageovercompeti
torswhodonotknoworusei t
.
PATENT
–Agr antgivenbyt hegover
nmentt oaninvent
or ,
conv
eyingandsecuringtohi
mt heexcl
usi
veri
ghtstomake,useandsel
lhi
sinvent
ionf
orterm
oftwenty(20)y ear
s.

LAW ONI
NTELLECTUALPROPERTY

I
NTELLECTUALPROPERTYCODEOFTHEPHI
LIPPI
NES[
Republ
icActNo.8293]Appr
ovedonJune6,
1997

ANACTPRESCRI
BINGTHEI
NTELLECTUALPROPERTYCODE
ANDESTABLI
SHI
NGTHEINTELLECTUALPROPERTYOFFI
CE,
PROVI
DINGFORI
TSPOWERSANDFUNCTI ONS,ANDFOROTHERPURPOSES

THREATTOPROTECTI
ONOFSENSI
TIVEI
NFORMATI
ON

Competi
ti
v eInt
ell
igence–syst
emat
icpr
ogr
am f
orgat
her
ingandanal
yzi
ngi
nfor
mat
ionaboutcompet
it
or’
sact
ivi
ti
esandgener
albusi
ness
tr
endst
of urt
hercompany’
sgoal
s.

TypesofCompet i
ti
veIntel
li
gence
1.Whi t
e–inf
ormationavail
ablefr
om companypublicat
ion,
publ
icr
ecordsorcommerci
alr
eport
ingsources;
2.Gray–notreadi
lyavail
ablebutwhichisusual
l
ycanbeobt ai
nedwit
houtacqui
ri
nganyci
vil
/cr
iminal
li
abili
tyi
nthepr
ocess.

M
3.Black–obtai
nedt hr
oughclear
lyunethi
calori
ll
egalmeans.

O
TYPESOFDOCUMENTS
ClassI–VitalDocument–Thi sisanir
replaceabl
erecords,reproduct
ionofwhichdoesnothav ethesamev al
ueast heorigi
nal;

.C
ClassII–ImportantDocument-Thisi
sar ecord,r
eproducti
onofwhi chcauseconsi
derableexpenseandlabor,
orconsi der
abledel
ay.
ClassI I
I–UsefulDocument–Thi sisar ecord,t
helossofwhi chmaycausei nconveniencebutcoul
dber eadi
lyreplacedandmaynotpr
esent
i
nsurmountableobstaclet
othepromptrestorati
onofthebusiness;

M
ClassIV-NonessentialDocument–Thisr ecordmayincludedailyf
il
es,r
outi
neinnature,l
ostofwhichwil
lnotaffecttheorgani
zati
on.
STORAGE

1.SAFE–amet al
li
ccontainerusedf orsafekeepingofdocumentsorsmalli
temsinofU
f
iceori
nst
all
ati
on.
R
2.VAULT–aheav il
yconst ructedf i
reandbur glarr
esist
antcontai
nerusual
lypartofthebui
ldi
ngstruct
ureusetokeepandpr
otectcash,
documentsandnegot
iableinstruments.
FO

3.FILEROOM –acubi cl
einabui l
dingconstruct
edal i
tt
leli
ght
erthanavaultbutofbi
ggersi
zetoaccommodateli
mit
edpeopl
etoworkonthe
recordsi
nsi
de,

PERSONNELSECURI TY
KS

- refer
st ot
hepr ocedur
ef ol
lowed,i
nqui
riesconduct
ed,
andcr
it
eri
aappl
i
edt
odet
ermi
net
hewor
ksui
tabi
l
ityofapar
ti
cul
arappl
i
cantor
t
heretent
ionofapar t
icul
aremployee.

PURPOSE
O

1.Toensur
et hathi
redempl
oyeesarebestsui
tedt
oassi
sttheorgani
zati
oninachi
evi
ngitsmissionandv
isi
on;
2.Toassi
stinprovi
dingt
henecessar
ysecuri
tytot
heemployeeswhil
etheycarr
youtthei
rfunct
ions.
O

PERSONNELSECURI TYINVESTIGATI
ON( PSI)
FB

I
tisaninqui
ryi
ntothechar
act
er,reputat
ion,di
scr
eti
on,i
ntegr
it
y,mor
als,andl
oyal
tyofani
ndi
vi
duali
nor
dert
odet
ermi
neaper
son’
s
sui
tabi
l
ityf
orappoint
mentoraccesst
oclassif
iedmat t
er.

TYPESOFPSI
PD

1.Nati
onalAgencyCheck
2.LocalAgencyCheck
3.Part
ialBackgr
oundInvest
igat
ion
4.CompleteBackgroundInv
esti
gati
on
T

BACKGROUNDI NVESTIGATION( BI)–Iti

saninqui
rywhi
chaimstover
if
yappli
cant
’si
nformati
onwr
itt
enatt
heappl
i
cant
sfor
m,t
oascer
tai
n
SI

hi
s/herpastempl
oymentexper
iencesandtoobt
ainot
heri
nfor
mat
ionper
ti
nentt
othedeci
siontoempl
oy.
VI

FACTORSTOBECONSI DEREDI NTHECONDUCTOFBI

1.Loyal t
y–f ait
hful all
egi
ancetothePhili
ppinegovernmentandi tsdulyconsti
tuti
onalaut
hor i
ti
es;
2.Int
egr i
ty–upr ightnessincharacter
,soundnessofmor alpri
nciple,
f r
eedom fr
om mor aldeli
nquencies.
3.Discretion–t heabi l
it
yortendencytoactortodeci dewi
t hprudence, t
hehabitofwisej
udgment ;
4.Mor als–di st
inctiveident
if
yingquali
ti
eswhichserv easani ndextotheessentialori
ntr
insicnatureofaperson;
5.Char acter–thesum oft r
ait
sthathavebeeni mpressesbynat ure,
educationandhabitupont heindivi
dual
;
6.Reput ation–opi nionoresti
mationinwhichoneisgener all
yheld.Itiswhatapersonisr epor
tedtobewher easchar
act
eri
swhataper
soni
s.

INVESTIGATIVECOVERAGE
1.PriorEmployment ;
2.Claimededucat i
on;
3.Claimedresidencefortheper
iodcover
edintheempl
oymentandeducat
ional
inst
it
utes;
4.Ifthecandidatei
ndicat
esacriminal
recor
d,t
henthedet
ail
sshoul
dbechecked.

INVESTI GATIVESTANDARDS
1.Infor
mat i
onsoughtshoul
dberelev
ant;
2.Infor
mat i
onshouldberel
i
able;
3.Ifunfavor
able,
theinf
ormati
onshouldbeconf
ir
medbyatl
eastt
wosour
ces.

SECURI
TYSURVEY
- Afactfi
ndingprobetodetermineaplant’
sadequacyinall
aspectsofsecur
it
y,wi
tht
hecor
respondi
ngr
ecommendat
ions.
- Refer
stochecklist
,audi
ts,ori
nvent
oriesofsecuri
tycondi
ti
ons.
- Securi
tySurvey
sar eoft
encall
ed‘RISKANALYSI SSURVEYS’ or‘
RISKASESSMENTSURVEYS
QuestRev
iewCent
er–I
ndust
ri
alSecur
it
y
Management 10
PURPOSESOFSECURI TYSURVEY:
1.Todeter
minetheexist
ingst
ateofsecurity
;
2.I
dent
ifyi
ngweaknessesindefense;
3.Todeter
minethedegreeofprotect
ionrequir
ed;
4.Toproducer
ecommendat i
onsf oratot
alsecuri
tysy
stems.

Thesur
veyshoul
dbeundert
akenbyei
thersui
tabl
ytrai
nedstaf
fsecuri
typer
sonnel,
oraful
l
yquali
fi
edi
ndependentsecur
it
yspeci
ali
st.
Nouniv
ersal
checkl
i
stcanbeappl
iedt
oallsit
esforsurveypur
poses,
asnot wofaci
li
ti
esar
eal
ike.

BEFORECOMMENCI NGASECURI TYSURVEY

1.Writ
tenauthorit
yshouldbeobtainedfr
om pr
operaut
hori
ty.
2.Previ
oussur v
eysshouldbereviewed;
3.Anorientat
iontourshoul
dbemade;
4.Photographsshouldbetakenoft hi
ngswhi
chwil
lbedif
fi
cultt
odescr
ibei
nar
epor
t.(
Onl
ywi
th aut
hor
it
y)

Aft
ercompl eti
ngthesurveyanimmediat
erev
iewofthefi
ndingsshoul
dbeunder t
akenwi
ththepl
antsuper
visorsothatur
gentdef
ici
enci
escan
beaddressed.
> Af ol
low-upsur
v eyshoul
dal
waysbeconduct
edtoensureimprovement
s
> Anysur v
eyreportincl
udi
ngl
ist
sofr
ecommendationsisi
ncompletewit
houti
ncl
udi
ngacost-
benefi
tanalysi
s,whi
chis;

“adi r
ectcompari
sonofthecostofoperat
ionofthesecur
it
yuni
tandal lt
heexisti
ngsecur
it
ymeasur
eswiththeamountoft
hecorpor
ate
asset
ssavedorrecover
edaswel
lasreduct
ionofl
ossescausedbyi
njur
iesandlostpr
oduct
ionandr
ecommendat
ionshav
ebeenmade”
.

PLANNING
-
Processofdevel
opi
ngmet hodsorprocedur
esoranarr
angementofpar
tsi
ntendedt
ofaci
l
itat
etheaccomplishmentofadef
ini
teobj
ect
ive.
-
Theprocessofsett
inggoal
s,devel
opingstr
ategi
es,
andoutl
i
ningt
asksandschedul
est
oaccomplishthegoals.

M
SECURI
TYPLANNI
NG

O
 Iti
sPRE-
DETERMINI
NGacourseofacti
on;
 Iti
sdeci
dingI
NADVANCEwhattodo,howtodoi
t,andwhoi
stodoi
t.

.C
GOALSOFSECURI
TYPLANNI NG
1. Tominimizeeffectsofanyincidentuponplantandpersonnel
;

M
2. Tokeeppr oper
tyandequi pmentl ossata mini
mum;
3. Toensurecooper at
ionofallplantdepart
mentschargedwithspeci
fi
c act
ivi
ti
esofanemergency
;
4. Toensureappropr i
atecooperati
veactionbyandwithoutsi
decivi
U
candgover
nmentagenci
es.
R
KEYSTEPSINPLANNI NG
1. Geti nt ouch/coordinatewi thyourLocalCi vi
lAut hori
ti
es.(Tiey ourprogramswi ththeir
sandst andar
dizeequi
pmentwitht
hem
FO

thuscr eatingcompat i
bil
ity
.);
2. Visi
tnei ghbor i
ngPl ants/off
ices(coordi
natey ouractivi
ti
eswit htheir
s.)
;
3. Surveyy ourplantforpossiblehazardsandt akeimmedi at
eact iontolessenoreliminat
et hem;
4. Appoi ntadi sasterDirectororDisastercoordi
nator ;
KS

5. Earl
yi nt heplanningst age,presenttheProgram toy ourEmpl oyeesandenl i
sttheiract
ivesupport
;
6. Callanor ganizat
ionmeet i
ngofHeadsofser vices,employ eer epr
esentat
ivesandkeyper sonnel.(outli
nepurposeofthe
program andexpl ainhowt hepl antshouldorganizeforprotection;
7. Definet hePr ogram.
O

TESTINGTHEPLAN
O

Benefi
tsintesti
ngtheplan
>Defi
cienci
eswillbeuncovered;
FB

>Peopleinv
olvedintheimplementat
ionoft
hepl
anwi
l
lrecei
vev
aluabl
etr
aini
ng.

TWOTYPESOFTESTI NGTHEPLAN
> par
ti
al(
byelement
s);
PD

>complet
e(enti
reor
gani
zat
ion)

KEEPINGTHEPLANUPTODATE
>Changesi
nPer
sonnel
andFaci
l
iti
es
T

SECURITYEDUCATI ON
SI

I
tisdefi
nedast heexposur
eandteachi
ngofemploy
eesonsecuri
tyandit
srelevancetotheirwor
k.Secur
it
yeducat
ioni
sconduct
edt
o
devel
opsecuri
tyawarenessamongemployeesofthecompany.I
tshoul
dcoveral
lemployees,regar
dlessofr
ankorposi
ti
on.
VI

PERSONALSECURITY
Pr
otect
ionofper
sonnel
especi
all
yranki
ngof
fi
cial
from anyhar
m,ki
dnap,
andot
her
sact
.VI
Psecur
it
yist
ypeofper
sonnel
secur
it
y;

POLICESECURI TYPROTECTIONGROUP( PSPG)-i

smandatedbylawt oprov
ideprot
ect
ivesecur
it
ytogover
nmentoffi
cial
s,for
eigndi
gnit
ari
es,
andprivat
ei ndi
vi
dual
sauthor
izedtobegi v
enprot
ect
ionandalsopr ovi
dephysi
calsecuri
tytovit
ali
nst
all
ati
ons,andassistthePresi
dent
ial
Securi
tyGroup(PSG)i
nsecuri
ngthePresi
dentandt
hemember softheFir
stFamil
y.

PROTECTI
VECUSTODY–st ateorqual
i
tyofbeingsecur
edorfr
eedfr
om danger
.Itmayal
soi
ncl
udest
hev
ari
ousmeansordev
icedesi
gnedt
o
guar
dapersonsandpr
oper
tyagai
nstabroadr
angeofsecur
it
yhazar
d.

THREAT–i sanindi
cati
onofsomet hi
ngimpendingandusual
l
yundesir
abl
eorunpleasant
,wit
hani nt
enti
ontoinf
li
ctev
il,i
njur
yordamageon
anot
her,usual
lyasretr
ibut
ionorpunishmentforsomethi
ngdoneorlef
tundone.I
tisanexpressionofanint
enti
ontoinfl
ictl
ossorhar
m on
anot
herbyill
egalmeans,andespeci
all
ybyinvol
vi
ngcoerci
onordur
essovert
hepersonorhiswelf
are.

THREATASSESSMENT–t
hepr
ocessofi
nvest
igat
ion/
val
i
dat
ingt
het
rut
hful
nessoft
heexi
stenceoft
hreatt
oani
ndi
vi
dual
.

EMERGENCYSI TUATI ON–condi tionorstatethatdangerhasal r

eadyoccur r
edwhi chr esultedtolossoflif
e/l
ibert
yand/ort
hereisi
mmi nent
dangerorthreattolifeandpr oper tywheredelaywill
endangerormaycauset helossofl i
fe/propert
y.
DEFINITIONOFTERMS:
1.AccessLi st–aut henti
catedlistofper sonnelgi
vent ot
hesecurityal
lowingentryt
oacompoundori nst
all
ati
onorpar tt
her
eof
;
2.Controll
edAr ea–anar eanearoradj acenttoli
mitedorexclusi
veareaswher eentr
yi srestri
cted;
3.Dry-
run–pr act
icaltestorexer ciseofplansoranyact i
vi
tytotestit
sv al
i
dity
,anoper ati
onal readi
nessexerci
se;
4.DuressCode–t ypeofcodesy stem sothatsecurit
ypersonneloranyempl oyeewhenf orcedbyar medmeni ntendi
ngtoenterani
nst
all
ation
QuestRev
iewCent
er–I
ndust
ri
alSecur
it
y
Management 11
 canfivealar
m byt heuseofcertainwordsincasualconversati
onwithpersonneli
ntheinstal
lat
ion.
5.Excl
usionArea–ar est
rictedareacont
ainingmateri
alsoroperat
ionofsecurit
yinter
est;
6.Restr
ictedarea–anyar eaaccesst owhichissubjecttospeci
alrestr
ict
ioncontr
ol;
7.Securi
tyHazard–I sanyactorcondi t
ion,whichmayr esul
tinthecompr omiseofinfor
mat i
on,lossoflif
e,l
ossordest
ruct
ionofpr
oper
tyor
disr
uptionofobjectivesoft
heinstall
ati
on.

TYPESOFSECURI TY
1. Industri
alSecuri
ty–Af orm ofphy si
calsecurit
yt hati
sconcer nedwiththephysi
calmeasuresdesignedtosaf eguar
dper sonneland
preventunauthori
zedaccesst oequipment,facil
iti
es,materi
als,documents,andt
opr ot
ectthem fr
om espionage,sabotage,damage
ortheft.
2. BankSecur it
y–I stheprot
ectionresult
ingfrom theapplicat
ionofv ar
iousmeasureswhichsafeguardscashandasset swhi charein
storage,int
ransi
tandorduringtransact
ion.
3. Oper at
ionalSecuri
ty– Involv
est hepr ot
ectionofpr ocesses,f or
mulasandpat ent
s,indust
ri
alandmanuf actur
ingactivi
ti
esf r
om
espionage,i
nfil
tr
ati
on,l
oss,compr omiseorphot ocopyi
ng.

SOCI
OLOGYOFCRI
MES,
ETHI
CSANDHUMANRELATI
ONS

CRI
M.6:CRI
MINOLOGI
CALRESEARCHANDSTATI
STI
CS

Meani ngofResearch
=scienti
ficinv
esti
gat
ionofphenomenawhichi
ncludescoll
ect
ion,pr
esentat
ion,anal
ysi
sandinter
pretat
ionoff
actst
hatl
i
nksman’sspeculat
ion
wi
thr eali
ty.

M
=systemat i
c,cont
rol
l
ed,empiri
cal
andcri
ti
cali
nvesti
gati
onofhy pot
het
icalproposi
ti
onaboutthepresumedrel
ati
onsamongnat
uralphenomena.

KINDSANDCLASSI FICATIONOFRESEARCH

O
A.Accor di
ngtoPur pose
1.Predicti
veorPrognosticResearch–hast hepurposeofdetermi
ningthefut
ureoperati
onoft hev ar
iablesunderi nv
estigati
onwi ththeai
m of

.C
controll
i
ngorredir
ect i
ngsuchforthebett
er
2.Directi
veResearch–det ermi
neswhatshoul dbedonebasedont hefindi
ngsthi
sistoremedyanunsat isfactorycondition,i
fthereisany
3.Il
luminati
veResear ch–isconcernedwiththeint
eract
ionofthecomponentsofthev ar
iabl
ebei nginvest i
gated,asf orexampl e,“
int
eract
ionof

M
thecomponent sofeducational
systemsandai mstoshowt heconnecti
onsamong, f
orexampl e,students’ characteri
sti
cs, or
ganizati
onal
patt
er nandpol
ici
es, andeducati
onalconsequences

B.Accordi
ngtoGoal
U
R
1.Basicorpur
eResearch–i sdoneforthedevelopmentoftheori
esandPrinci
ples.
2.Appli
edResearch–istheappli
cati
onoft heresul
tsofpuresearch.Thi
sistesti
ngtheeff
icacyoftheori
esandpri
nci
ples.aimstotest
FO

theor
iesandconcept
sdevelopedforver
ifi
cati
on,appli
cat
ion,dev
elopmentandsupportandtheirr
elat
ionshi
ptotheexi
sti
ngf undofknowledge

C.Accordi
ngtotheLevelofI
nvestigati
on
1.Expl
orat
oryResearch–theresearcherst
udiesthevari
ablespert
inenttoaspecif
icsi
tuati
on.
KS

2.Descr
ipt
iveResearch–theresearcherst
udi
est herel
ati
onshipsofthev ar
iabl
es.
3.Exper
imentalResear
ch–theexper i
mentstudiestheeff
ectsofthev ar
iabl
esoneachot her
.
O

D.AccordingtotheTy peofAnalysi
s
1.Anal
yticalResearch–theresearcheratt
emptstoident
ifyandisisol
atet
hecomponent
softher
esear
chsit
uati
on.
O

2.Holi
sti
cResear ch–beginswiththetotalsi
tuat
ion.Focusingat
tenti
ononthesy
stem f
ir
standt
henonit
sinter
nal
rel
ati
onshi
ps.

E.Accor
dingtoScope–Underthi
scat
egoryi
sActionResear
ch.Thi
sty
peofr
esear
chi
sdoneonav
eryl
i
mit
edscopet
osol
veapar
ti
cul
ar
FB

probl
em whi
chisnotsobi
g.I
tisal
mostprobl
em solv
ing.

F.AccordingtoChoiceofAnswer stoProblems
PD

1.I
nEv aluati
onresearch,allpossi
blecour
sesofacti
onarespecif
iedandident
if
iedandther
esear
chertri
estofindt
hemostadvant
ageous.
2.I
ndev elopmentalresearch,thefocusi
sonf i
ndi
ngordevel
opingamor esuit
ablei
nstr
umentorprocessthanhasbeenav
ail
abl
e.

G.Accor dingtoStatisticalContent
1.Quant it
ati
veorst atisti
calresearch–isonei nwhichinfer
enti
alst
ati
sti
csareutil
izedtodeterminetheresult
soft hestudy.Inferenti
al
T

stati
sti
cssuchascor r
elati
on,chi-
square,analysisofvari
ance,et
c.areusedtotestthehypothesis.Thisty
peofr esearchusuallyincl
udes
SI

compar isonstudi
es, cause-and-eff
ectrel
ationships,etc.
2.Non- quanti
tati
ver esearch–Thi sisresearchi nwhichtheuseofthequanti
tyorst at
ist
icsispract
ical
lynil
.Thisisespeciall
yt r
uei n
anthropologi
calstudieswher edescr i
pti
onisusual lyused.Descri
pti
vedataaregatheredrathert
hanquant i
tati
vedat a.
VI

H.AccordingtoTi meElement
1.Hist
ori
calresear chdescr
ibeswhatwas.
2.Descri
ptiv
er esearchdescri
beswhatis.
3.Experi
ment alresear
chdescribeswhatwil
lbe.

StepsinSci ent
ifi
cMet hodofResear ch(Sequent
ial
)
1.Determining(recognizi
ng)theproblem
2.Formingahy pothesi
s
3.Doingthel i
brarysearch
4.Designingthest udy
5.Developingtheinstrumentsforcoll
ecti
ngdata
6.Coll
ectingthedat e
7.Analyzi
ngt hedat a
8.Determiningimpl i
cati
onsandconcl usi
onsfr
othefindi
ngs
9.Makingr ecommendat i
onsforfurt
herresear
ch.

Standardf ormatofThesi sWr i

ting
1.ThePr oblem andt heSet ti
ng
2.RelatedLiterat
ureandSt udies
3.Met hodsofResear chandPr ocedures
4.Analysis,Presentati
on,andI nterpretat
ionofDat
a
5.Summar y,Conclusions,andRecommendat i
ons.

QuestRev
iewCent
er–I
ndust
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alSecur
it
y
Management 12
Pri
nciplesoft heSci enti
fi
cMet hod
1.Ri
gi dcontrol –isthemani pul
ati
onoftheresearchv ari
ables.
2.Objectivi
ty–i sthatthereshouldbenobiasorpartiali
tyintreati
ngtheresul
tofi
nquir
y.
3.Systemat i
cor ganizati
on–r efer
stoproperandaccur atetabulat
ionofdataaswell
aspresent
ingt
hem i
nstat
ist
ical
tablesr
eadyf
or
i
nterpretati
on.
4.Ri
gor ousst andards–r eferst
ot heset
ti
ngupofst andar dsorprinci
pleswhi
chserveasBasi
sfort
heeval
uati
ngthefindi
ngsofast
udy
.Thi
s
al
sor eferstot heaccuratestati
sti
calcomputat
ionand
i
nterpretati
onofqual i
fi
eddata.

Three(3)MajorResear
chMethods
Histor
ical
Descri
ptiv
e
Experi
ment al
methodsofr
esear
ch

At
tri
but
esofGoodResear chProbl
em
S=Specif
ic–specifi
cal
lystat
ed
M =Measurabl
e–easyt omeasurebyusingresearchinstr
umentincoll
ectionofdata
A=Achievabl
e–dat aar
eachievabl
eusingcorrectst
atist
icalt
reat
ment/techniquestoarr
iveatpr
eciseresul
ts
R=Reali
stic–realr
esul
tsarenotmanipul
ated
T=Time-bound–t i
meframei sr
equi
redineveryacti
vitybecausetheshortercompleti
onoftheacti
vit
ythebetter

Capsul i
zingResear chProblem i ntoTi t
le
1.Itshouldclearlyandspeci f
icallystated
2.Variablesinvesti
gatedshoul dbyal l meansbewr i
ttenaspar tofthetit
le
3.Relati
onshi pbetweenandamongv ari
ablesshoul dbei ndi
cated

M
4.Targetpopul ati
onshoul dbei ndicatedint het i
tl
et oachievespecifi
city
5.Itshouldhav eamaxi mum oft went ysubst anti
v ewor ds.
6.Functionwor dsshoul dnotbepl acedatt heendofeachl i
ne

O
7.Titl
emustt aketheform ofani nvertedpy r
ami d
Note:

.C
Av
oi dredundancieslike“ ARev i
ewof …”,“AnAnal ysi
sof …”,AnEval
uat
ionof…”
,“AnAssessment
….”andt
hel
i
kebecauseev
enwi
thout
thoseterms, theresearcherwi l
lrev i
ew, eval
uat e,assessoranal yzetheprobl
em post
edinthest
udy.

M
Avoi
dPl agi
ari
sm
Pl
agiar
ism isanactofi
ncorpor
ati
ngintoone’sworktheworkofanotherwi
thoutindi
cat
ingthesour
ce
=theunacknowl
=anactwher ei
edgedusedofsomebodyel
nthewrit
erusespassages,
i
se’swor
deas,wr
i
dsori
ti
deas
ngs,
andstatementsofotherswit
U
houtgiv
ingduecr
edi
t
R
ConstructionoftheMai nProbl em andSub- problem oftheStudy
FO

1.Themai npr
oblem ofthest udymaybest atedbybr iefl
ypoint
ingoutt
heobjecti
ves,
thesubjectandthecoverageofthest
udy
.
Ex.Thest udyaimedtoassesst heaccept anceofanaccur at
epolygr
aphresul
tsasevi
denceincour t
.
2.Specifythesub-pr
oblemsoft hemai nproblem.
Ex.Specifi
call
y,i
tsoughtt oanswert hefoll
owi ngsub- pr
oblems:
KS

1.Towhatext entdoest heappl i

cati
onofpol y
graphexaminat
ionaff
ecttheatt
ainmentofanaccurateresul
tstobepr
esent
edas
evi
dencei ncourtint
ermsof :
1.1.exami ner’scompet ency ;
O

1.2.faci
li
t yandi nstr
ument ;
1.3.techniquesandpr ocedur es;and
1.4.subject ’
scondi t
ion?
O

Theoret
icalFramework
FB

Theoret
icalf
rameworkist
hefoundati
onoft
hestudy
.
Thetheoryshouldhav
earelat
ionshi
pwit
hthei
ssuespost
edi
nthest
udy
PD

TypesofTheories
1.Descri
pti
veTheory=seekst
odescri
beaphenomenon
2.Prescr
ipt
iveTheor
y=seekstot
ellhowandsometi
meswhyoneshoul
doroughtt
obehav
eincer
tai
nway
s

Guidel
inesinChoosi
ngTheory
T

1.Researchmustbewell
-f
oundedonuni
versal
l
yaccepted,knownandt
est
edt
heor
y,pr
inci
plesorconcept
s.
SI

2.Researchmaybeanchoredonsev
eral
theori
esavai
labl
e.

Present
ationofTheor
eti
calFr
amewor k
VI

Ex.Theframeworkofthest
udyisanchoredon………….
.……………

ConceptualFramework
=anill
ustr
ationofhowresear
chproblemsar
egeneratedfr
om t
hetheor
eti
calf
rameworkofthest
udy
=itmaybesomesor tofmodi
ficat
ionoft
hetheor
eti
calfr
ameworkorper
sonal
lyconcept
ual
i
zedbyther
esear
cher

Presentati
onofConcept ualFr
amewor k/Par
adigm
1.Theresearchparadigm mustcl
ear l
yshowt hemaj ori
mpactoft hecit
edtheoryonthevar
iabl
es(dependentandindependentvari
abl
es)oft
he
study.
2.Anexi st
ingt
heorymaybecapsul izedi
nar esearchparadigm whichmaybeadopt edwit
hsomemodi f
icat
ions.
3.Theremustbet extualexpl
anat
ionsofthev ar
iablesintheparadigm.Text
ualexpl
anati
onsshoul
dcomebef oret
hefigureorparadi
gm.

Assumpt i
onandHy pot hesis
1.Assumpt i
on=sel f-
evidenttr
uthwhi chisbaseduponknownf actorphenomenon.i
tisnotusual
l
yanswer edorprov enbecauseiti
sassumed
trueorcor r
ectwhichar ebeyondthecont r
oloftheresear
cher
.
Not e:I
nhistori
calanddescr i
pti
ver esearches,
itisoft
entimesnotexpl
ici
tl
yexpr
essedbutlef
timpli
cit
,thati
s,unwrit
ten
2.Hy pothesis=tentati
veconclusionoranswert ospeci
fi
cquesti
onrai
sedatthebegi
nningofthei
nvestigat
ion.I
tisaneducat edguessabout
theanswert oaspeci fi
cquest i
on.

TypesofHy pothesis
1.Descr
ipti
veHy pothesi
s=usetoanswerdescri
pti
vequesti
ons
Ex.Sub-
problem:
1.Whatisthepr ofi
leofthepol
ygr
aphexaminersoflawenfor
cementagenci
esi
nter
msof
:
QuestRev
iewCent
er–I
ndust
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alSecur
it
y
Management 13
 1.
1.age;
1.
2.marit
alstat
us;
1.
3.educati
onalat
tai
nment
;and
1.
4.LengthofServ
ice
Ex.Hypothesis
“Major
it
yoft herespondent
sbel
ongt
otheagebr
acketof30t
o40,
mal
e,col
l
egegr
aduat
eandabout20y
ear
sinser
vice.
”

2.St
ati
sti
calHy
pot
hesi
s=uset
oanswerquest
ionsont
her
elat
ionshi
pordi
ff
erencesofdat
aobt
ainedi
ndescr
ipt
ivequest
ions.

FormsofSt ati
sticalHy pot
hesis
1.NullForm =alway sthefirsttemporarysoluti
ontoaproblem
=basisoftheact ionofaccept anceorrejecti
on
=thewor dnullinmat hemat i
csmeansempt yzero
=assertsthatthereisnosi gnifi
cantdi
fferenceorrel
ati
onshipbet
weent
hev
ari
abl
e
=statedinnegat i
ve
Ex.Thereisnosi gnif
icantdiff
erencebetween

2.Operati
onal/Al
ternat
iv e(Ha)=st at
edinaf
fi
rmat
ive
Threeformsofal t
ernativehy pothesi
s:
1.non-di
rect
ionalhypothesis
2.posi
tiv
edirecti
onalhy pothesis
3.negati
vedirect
ivehypot hesis

Nondirecti
onalHy pothesis–i ndicat esthatt heresearcherisnotinter
est
edonwhet heronevar
iabl
eisgr
eaterorlesserthantheother
,butonl
y
i
nt hediff
erence.
Ex.DrugAandDr ugBhav esignificantef fectsont hecureoff ever
.

M
Ha:A =B
Positi
veDirectionalHy pothesis
Ex.DrugAi smor eef f
ecti
vethanDr ugBont hetr
eatmentoff ever.

O
Ha:A >B
NegativeDirectionalHy pothesis

.C
Ex.DrugBi smor eef f
ecti
vethatDr ugAont hetreatmentoff ever.
Ha:A <B
Formulati
ngHy pot hesis

M
Ahy pothesisisf or
mul at edaf t
ert heproblem hasbeenst atedandtheli
teratur
estudyhasbeenconcluded.Iti
sformulat
edwhent he
resear
cherist otall
yawar eoft het heor et
ical andempir i
calbackgroundoftheproblem.

Guidel
inesint heFor mul at
ionofExpl i
citHypothesi
s
U
R
I
nexper i
ment ali
nv esti
gations,comparati
veandcor rel
ationalstudies,hypothesishastobeexpl i
citorexpressed.
I
ndescr iptiv
eandhi stori
calinvest
igati
ons,hypothesisar eseldom expr essedifnotenti
relyabsent.Thespecifi
cquestionsserv
eas
FO

thehypothesis.
Hypothesesar eusual l
ystatedinthenullform becauset estinganul lhypothesisiseasi
erthanahy pot
hesisintheoperati
onalf
orm.
Hypothesesar eformul at
edf rom t
hespecificquestionsuponwhi cht heyarebased.
Ex.ofStati
sticalHy pothesis
KS

Sub-pr
oblem:
Isthereanysi gnificantdifferenceont heassessmentoft hegr oupsofr espondentswi thregardstot heext entofappli
cationofpolygraph
examinati
oni nt heat tainmentt obeaccur ateresult
st obepr esentedasev i
dencei ncourtint ermsofexami ner’
scompet ency,f
acil
it
yand
O

i
nstrument,techniquesandpr ocedures,andsubject’
scondi t
ion?
O

Hypot
hesis:
Theisnosi gnif
icantdiff
erenceont heassessmentoft hegroupsofrespondent
swithregar
dstotheextentofappl
i
cat
ionofpolygr
aph
examinat
ion int heattai
nmentofaccur at
eresult
st obepr esent
edasev i
denceincour
tintermsofexaminer
’scompet
ency
,faci
l
ityand
FB

i
nstr
ument ,
techniquesandprocedur
es,andsubject
’scondi
ti
on.

Resear
chDesigns
PD

A.Qual
itat
iveResear
chDesign=i
nvol
vesindepthanal
ysi
soft
heproblems.I
tsf
ocusedi
stopr
ovi
deaccur
atedescr
ipt
ionofpr
obl
emsw/
o
at
tempti
ngt otr
eatorempl
oysophi
sti
cat
edstati
sti
calt
ool
sordescr
ibeprobl
ems.

TypesofQual i
tativeResear ch
1.Histor
ical=systematicandcr it
icalinqui
ryofthewhol etruthofpastev ent
susingt hecri
ti
calmethodintheunderst
andi
ngandt he
T

i
nterpret
ationoffacts,
whi chareappl i
cabletocur r
entissuesandpr oblems.
SI

2.Ethnographic=aimst opr ovi

deahol i
sti
cviewoft hepr oblem.Dat aaregat her
edt hr
oughobservati
on,i
nter
viewandparti
cipat
ion
3.CaseSt udy=intensiv
ei nvesti
gationofapar ticul
arindivi
dual ,
insti
tuti
on,communi tyoranygroupconsi
deredasaunitwhichincludesthe
development,adj
ustment ,remedial,orcorr
ectiv
epr ocedurest hatsuit
ablyfoll
owdi agnosi
softhecausesofmal adj
ustmentoroffavorabl
e
VI

development.

B.Quanti
tati
veResearchDesi
gn=i t
sfocusedi
stodescr
ibeprobl
emsdescr
ipt
ivel
yandnumer
ical
l
y.I
tut
il
izesmor
est
ati
sti
cal
test
stoexpl
ain
thenat
ure,char
act
erist
ics,
rel
ati
onshi
psanddif
fer
encesofvar
iabl
es.

TypesofQuant
it
ativ
eResear ch
1.Descripti
ve=descri
besandinter
pretsWHATi s.I
tisconcernedwit
hcondit
ionsorr
elat
ionshi
pthatexi
st,
pract
icest
hatpr
evai
l
,bel
i
efsand
processesthatar
egoingon,eff
ectsthatarebei
ngfeltort
rendsthataredev
elopi
ng.

Sub-typesofDescr ipti
veResear ch
a.Descr i
pti
ve-Survey=i nvolvescol l
ect i
onofi nformationonpeopl e,eventsandothertopicsofinter
esttot
heresearcher.
b.Descr i
pti
ve-Document ary=i nvolvescont entanalysisbecauset hedocument ar
ytechniqueincludesanal
ysi
sofcont ent
.Iti
susedwhendat
a
cannotbeobt ainedthroughquest ionnai reorobser v
ation.
2.Cor r
elati
onal=i tmeasur est heext entormagni t
udeofassoci ati
onbet weentwov ar
iables.
=measur estheexistingrelationshipofv ari
ables
=alsoknownasAssoci ati
onalResear ch
3.Experimental=t heresear chermani pulates,changesoralterstheinputsorindependentv ar
iabl
estoseetheeffectsonthedependent
variabl
es.
=mostcommonl yusedmet hodst oadv ancedsci enti
fi
cknowl edge

Sampli
ngDesi
gns
A.Sci
enti
fi
cSampl
ing=eachmemberoft
hepopul
ati
oni
sgi
vent
hechanceofbei
ngi
ncl
udedi
nthesampl
e.

QuestRev
iewCent
er–I
ndust
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alSecur
it
y
Management 14
Populat
ion=specif
icaggregati
onoft
heelement
s
=alsoknownasuni verse
Sample=r epr
esent
at i
veport
ionofawhol
e
=subsetofapopulation

TypesofSci enti
ficSampl i
ng
1.Rest rictedRandom =appl i
cableonl ywhent hepopulati
onbei ngi nvesti
gat edishomogenous.
2.Unr est ri
ctedRandom =t hebestr andom sampl ingdesignbecausenor est ri
cti
oni simposedandev erymemberoft hepopulationhasan
equal chanceofi nclusionint hesampl e
3.StratifiedRandom =i tdividesfirstthepopul ati
onintotwoormor est r
ata.Foreachst ratum, thesampl ei
temswer edrawnatr andom
4.Syst emat ic=adesi gnwhi challindivi
dual inthepopulationar earrangedi namet hodical manner ,i
.e.alphabet
icalorchronol
ogical(age,
experience)andt henamemaybesel ectedint heconstructionoft hesampl e
5.Mul tistage=donei nsev eralstage, i
tcanbet wo-stage,three,fourorfivest age,etc…,dependi ngont henumberofst agesofsampl ingt obe
used.
6.Clust erSampl i
ng=popul ati
oni sgroupi ntoclustersorsmal l
uni t
s,forinstance,blockordi st
rict
s,andar eselectedbyrandom sampl ingor
syst
emat i
csampl i
ng.
=advant ageouswheni ndi v
idualsint hedi st
rictsorblocksbel ongt othehet erogeneousgr oup
B.Non- Sci entif
icSampl ing=i nthissampl i
ngt hereissubjectivi
tyont heont hepartoft her esearcherbecausenotal ltheindi
vi
dual i
na
populat i
onar egivenanequal chanceofbei ngincludedinthesampl e

TypesofNon- Scient
if
icSampl i
ng
1.Purposiv e=basedonchoosi ngindi
v i
dual
sassampl eaccordingtothepur posesoftheresearcher
2.Inci
dent al=adesignappliedt othosesampl eswhicharetakebecauset heyaremostv al
uable
=ther esearchersimplyt
akest henear esti
ndi
vidual
assubj ect
softhest udyuntilt
hesampler eachesthedesir
edsi
ze
3.Quot aSampl ing=popularint hefi
eldofopinionr
esearchduet othefactthatiti
sdonebymer elyl
ookingfori
ndi
vi
dual
swi
thr
equi
sit
e
characteri
stics

M
Resear
chI
nst
rument=adev
icedesi
gnedoradopt
edbyr
esear
cherf
ordat
agat
her
ing

O
Classif
icationofResearchInstrument
1.Resear cherInstrument=ther esearcherobt
ainsinf
ormationordatahi
mselfwithli
tt
leornodi
rectinvol
vementoft
heot
herpeopl
e

.C
2.SubjectInst r
ument=t heinf
ormat ioniscoll
ecteddi
rectl
yfrom t
herespondents
3.Infor
mantI nstr
ument=t heinformat i
onordataiscoll
ectedfr
om thoseknowledgeabl
eofthesubjectmatt
er

M
Commonl yUsedI
nst
ruments
1.Quest
ionnai
re=wr
itt
enorpri
ntedf
orm cont
aini
ngt
hequest
ionst
obeaskedont
her
espondent
s.

TypesofQuest ionnai
re
U
R
a.Open-Ended=respondent saref
or cedtoanswerthequest
ionsaskedinthequesti
onnair
e.
=bestsuit
edtoaqual i
tati
veresear
chst udy
FO

b.Closed-
Ended=al soreferr
edasgui dedresponsety
pe,cl
osedform orr
estri
cted.
=respondentsar
egui dedinansweringquestions
=optionsmaybepr ovidedli
keinmul ti
plechoicet
estwhi
leanswersarebasedont herat
ingscal
espr
ovi
ded
KS

2.I
nter
view=i
nvol
vesf
acet
ofacecont
actbet
weent
hei
nter
vieweeandt
hei
nter
viewer

TypesofInter
view
O

a.Str
ucturedIntervi
ew=t her
eisasetofcar ef
ull
ypreparedquest
ionsandthei
rexpect
edanswer
sar
epr
ovi
ded
b.Unstructur
edI nt
ervi
ew=r espondentsar
ef r
eetoexpressthei
ropini
ons
O

=alsotermedasnon- dir
ecti
veorinformal
FB

3.Observ
ation=maybedefi
nedasper ceiv
ingdatat
hroughthesense:
sight
,hear
ing,
tast
e,t
ouchandsmel
l
=senseofsighti
sthemosti
mportantandmostused
=mostdirectwayandmostwidel
yusedi nstudy
ingbehavi
or
PD

TypesofObservati
on
a.FormalObserv
ation=researchermakesagui deonwhatt
oobserve.Possi
bler
esponsesmayal
sobeout
li
ned
b.Inf
ormalObservati
on=needscr it
icalev
aluat
ionoft
heobser
vat
ionmadet oavoi
dbiasedr
esul
ts
T

=recommendedf orqual
i
tati
ver esearch
SI

RecordingofResul t
sofObservation
1.Checkli
st=cont ainsthei
temstobeobserved
2.Ratingscale=usedi nobserv
ingbehavi
or
VI

3.AnecdotalForms=pr ovi
desforthef
ewerbreakdownsofdi
mensionsorf
act
ors
4.Mechani calRecord=useofmot i
onorst
il
lpi
ctures,
soundr
ecor
ding
5.StenographicRecording

Quali
ti
esofGoodResear
chInst
rument
1.Val
idi
ty=degr
eetowhichameasuri
ngi
nst
rumentmeasur
eswhati
tint
endst
omeasur
e

Ty pesofValidi
ty
a.Content-RelatedVali
dity=ref
erstocontentandfor
matoftheinst
rumentwhichmustanswerthefollowingcri
ter
ia:
appropri
ateness;
logi
cal
;
adequate;and, properf
ormat
b.Cri
teri
on- RelatedVali
dit
y=referstotherel
ati
onshi
pbetweenscor
esobtainedusi
ngoneormor einstrumentsormeasures
c.Construct-RelatedVali
dit
y=referstothenatur
eofpsychol
ogi
calconst
ructi
onorchar
acter
ist
icsbeingmeasur edbytheinst
rument

2.Reli
abil
ity=extentt
owhichtheinst
rumentisdependabl
e,sel
f-
consist
entandst
abl
e
=consist
encyofresponsesfr
om momentt omoment
=evenaper sont
akesthesametesttwice,
thetesty
iel
dsthesamer esul
ts
=reli
abletestmaynotalwaysbevali
d

3.Usabi
li
ty=ot her
wiseknownasPr act
icabi
li
ty
=degreetowhichtheresearchinst
rumentcanbesat
isf
act
ori
l
yused.I
tmaybedet
ermi
nedt
hru:
a.easeofadministr
ati
on
b.easeofscori
ng
c.easeofint
erpret
ati
on
QuestRev
iewCent
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 d.l
owcost
e.pr
opermechani
cal
makeup

St
ati
sti
cs=sci
encewhi
chdeal
swi
tht
hesy
stemat
icpr
ocessofcol
l
ect
ing,
organi
zi
ng,
classi
fyi
ng,
present
ing,
int
erpr
eti
ngandanal
yzi
ngdat
a

TypesofStati
sti
cs
A.Descri
pti
veStatist
ics=iti
susedt
odet
ermi
net
henat
ureofv
ari
abl
eswi
thoutanyat
temptt
ocr
it
ical
l
ycompar
etheext
entofr
elat
ionshi
psor
di
ffer
enceswithothervar
iabl
es

ToolsofDescr i
pti
veStatist
ics
1.FrequencyCounting/Dist
ribut
ion
2.Percentage
3.Ranking
4.Measur esofCentral
i
ties
a.Mean
b.Medi an
c.Mode
d.Measur esofVar
iabi
l
ity

B.Cor
rel
ationalSt
ati
sti
cs=usedtodeter
minet
hedegr
eeormagni
tudeofassoci
ati
onbet
weent
wov
ari
abl
es.
=t
reat
sbivari
ateandmulti
var
iat
eprobl
ems

Specifi
cMeasur esofCor r
elat
ional
1.PearsonProductMomentCoef fi
cient(Pear
sonr)
2.SpearmanRank- OrderCoef f
ici
entofCor rel
ati
on(
Spear
manr
ho)
3.Kendall
’
sTauCoef fi
cientofCor r
elati
on

M
4.Kendall
’
sCoef fi
cientofConcor danceW
5.PointBi
seri
al Coeffi
cientofCorrelat
ion
6.PhiCoeffi
cientofCorr el
ati
on

O
C.I
nferent
ialStat
isti
cs=usedwheni nmakingi
nfer
encesont
hemagnitudeofdi
ff
erencesoft
hesampl
esf
rom al
argeuni
ver
se.

.C
=usedintesti
nghy pothesi
sli
kedif
fer
encesbet
.twoormorevar
iabl
es
=tr
eatsbivari
ateandmul ti
var
iat
eprobl
ems

M
TypesofInf
erent
ialSt
ati
sti
cs
1.Parametr
icTest=appl
icabl
ewhent
hedat
ameasur
edi
sini
nter
val
orr
ati
oscal
es

TypesofPar
ametri
c
U
R
a.T-
TestandZ-Test=usedtodet
ermi
net
wov ar
iabl
emeanswhi
chdi
ff
ersignif
icantl
y
b.F-
test=(Anal
ysi
sofVari
ance–ANNOVA)usedtodet
ermi
nesi
gni
fi
cantdif
ferencesbet
weent
hreeormor
evar
iabl
es
FO

2.Non-
Par
amet
ri
c=usedi
nor
dinal
orr
ankornomi
nal
dat
a
KS

TypesofNon- paramet r
ic
a.Chi-
Squar eTest( X2)=usedt ocompar ethefrequenciesobtainedincategori
zedvar
iabl
es
=usedt odet erminethedi f
ferencebetweenthreeormor evari
ables
b.Mann- WhitneyU-Test
O

c.Si
gnTest
d.Lambda
O

e.Kruskall
-Wal l
i
s
f.Fr
iedmanAnal ysi
sofVar i
ance
FB

g.McNemarTest
DataAnalysis=anexami nati
onofdat aorf
actsint er
msofquant it
y,qual
it
y,att
ri
but
e,trai
t,pat
ter
n,t
rend,
rel
ati
onshi
pamongot
her
ssoast
o
answerresear chquest i
onswhi chinvolv
estati
sticalt
echniquesandpr ocedures
PD

TypesofDat aAnal ysis

1.Univariate=t estsasi nglevar i
abl etodetermi newhet herthesampl ei ssi milartothepopulati
onf r
om whi chithasbeendr awn
2.Bivari
at e=i tteststwov ari
abl esonhowt heydi f
ferfr
om eachot her
3.Mul t
ivariate=i tteststhreeormor eindependentv ar
iablesatat imeont hedegr eeofrel
ati
onshipwi t
hdependentv ariabl
es
T

4.Nor mat i
ve=t heresultsofthest udyiscompar edwi t
ht henor m
5.Status=st ressesreal f
actsr elatingtocur r
entcondi t
ionsi nagr oupofsubj ectschosenforstudy
SI

6.Descript i
ve=descr i
best hechar acter
ist
ics,composi tions,str
uctur est hatoccurasuni tswithi
nt helargerstr
ucture
7.Classifi
cat i
on=anal ysiswhichi susual l
yempl oyedinnat uralsciencesubj ect s
8.Evaluative=i tappraisescar efullythewor thinessofthecur r
entst udy
VI

9.Compar ative=t heresearcherconsi dersatleastt woent it

iesandest ablishesaf ormalpr
oceduref orobtaini
ngcrit
er i
ondat aonthebasi
sof
whichhecancompar eandconcl udewhi choft het woisbet ter
10.Cost-Ef fecti
v e=appl i
cableincompar i
ngt hecostbet weentwoormor ev ariablesandtodeterminewhi chofthev ariableismostef
fect
ive

Int
erpr
etati
onofDat
a=anactorinstanceofi
nter
pret
inganexpl
anat
ion.Thi
sisdonet
ogi
vemeani
ngt
odat
agener
atedf
rom t
hei
nst
rumentt
o
answertheprobl
emsrai
sedi
nthestudy

LevelsofInterpretat
ion
1.TableReadi ng
2.I
mpl i
cati
onsorMeani ngofData
3.Crossreferencingorcorr
oborat
ionwher
eint
her
esul
tsar
etobecompar
edwi
tht
heexi
sti
ngknowl
edgeorf
ini
shedst
udi
es

THESI
SFORMAT

Pr
eli
minar
yPages
a.Ti
tlePage
b.ApprovalSheet
c.Acknowledgment
d.Dedicati
on
e.TableofContent
s
f.Li
stofTables
g.Li
stofFigures
h.Abstract
QuestRev
iewCent
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 CHAPTER1
THEPROBLEM ANDI
TSSETTNG
Intr
oduct ion
Present sthepr oblem.Whatt hepr oblem isallabout
Rational orreasonsf orconduct i
ngt hestudy
Settingoft heSt udy
Local i
tyoft hest udy .Placewher et hestudyi stobeconduct ed
Theor eti
cal/Concept ualFr amewor k
Theor eti
cal /concept ual foundat i
onoft hest udy
Statementoft hePr oblem
Gener alandspeci ficst atementoft heprobl em determi nedi nthestudy
Assumpt ionorHy pot hesis
Self-
ev i
dentt ruthbaseduponknownf actorphenomenon( Assumpt i
on)
Tentat i
veconcl usionoranswert ospeci fi
cquest ions( Hy pothesis)
Signifi
canceoft heSt udy
Cont ri
butionoft her esultoft hest udytoindi v
iduals,insti
tutions,admini
str
ator
s,soci
ety
,et
c…
ScopeandLi mi tationoft heSt udy
Boundar iesi nter msoft i
me, sampl e,l
ocation( Scope)
Weaknessoft hest udybey ondt hecont r
ol ofther esearcher( Limit
ati
on)
Definiti
onofTer ms
Itcanbel exical oroper ationaldef i
niti
onoracombi nationt hereofofdif
fer
entt
ermsusedinthest
udywhi
char
ear
rangedal
phabet
ical
l
y

CHAPTER2
REVI
EW OFRELATEDLI
TERATUREANDSTUDI
ES
Forei
gnLiter
ature
Publi
shedarti
clesfr
om f
orei
gncount
ri
es

M
LocalLi
ter
ature
Local
lypubli
shedarti
cl
es

O
Forei
gnSt udi
es

.C
Forei
gnunpubl i
shedart
icl
es
LocalStudies
Local
lyunpublishedar
ti
cles

M
Synthesis
Relevanceofl
it
erat
ureandst
udi
est
othepr
esentr
esear
ch U
R
CHAPTGER3
RESEARCHMETHODSANDPROCEDURES
FO

Resear chMet hod

Briefdescr iptionandj usti
fi
cationoftheresearchmet hodusedi nt hestudy
Popul at i
onandSampl ingScheme
Briefpr esentat ionoftheentir
epopul at
ionofthest udyandt het ypeofsampl i
ngt echni
quesusedi nselect
ingsampler
espondent
s
KS

Descr i
pt ionoft heRespondent s
Cont ainsdet aileddescr i
pti
onoft herespondentsast oage, sex,mar it
al st
atus,natureofemployment ,
etc…
Resear chI nst rument
O

Explanat iononhowt heinstr

umentusedi ngatheringdat awasdev el
opaswel lasitsdetai
l
eddescr i
pti
on.
Validat i
onofI nst r
ument
Statesbr i
efdi scussiononhowt heinstr
umentwasv ali
dated
O

I
nst rumenti st estedonindivi
dualswhoar eknowl edgeabl eoft hesubj ectmat t
erbutarenotpar toftherespondent
softhest
udy
Procedur esinGat heri
ngDat a
FB

Cont ainst hest epbystepproceduresusedbyt her esearcherinr eachingtherespondent si

nordert ogatherdata
StatisticalTr eat ment
Cont ainsdi scussi ononthest ati
sti
csusedinconsonancewi t
ht hespeci fi
cproblem andhy pot
hesistobet est
ed
PD

CHAPTER4
PRESENTATION,ANALYSI SANDINTERPRETATI ONOFDATA
Contai
nstheanswerstoal
lthesub-pr
oblemsofthestudy
Answerstotheprobl
emsarestatedonebyoneaccordingtothearr
angementofsub-probl
emsforcl
ari
tyandunder
standi
ng
T

Answersarepresent
edint
extualandtabul
arfor
ms.Textualexpl
anati
onscomeafterthetabl
es
SI

CHAPTER5
SUMMARYOFFINDINGS,
CONCLUSI ONSANDRECOMMENDATIONS
VI

Thei
ntr
oduct
orypar
agr
aphshoul
dcont
aint
hesummaryofst
atementoft
hepr
obl
em,
hypot
hesi
saswel
lasr
esear
chdesi
gn.

Summar yofFindings
Containsthespeci f
icfi
ndi ngs/result
softhest udy
Presentedast heywer eor ganizedandcat egori
zedint
hesub-
probl
emsoft
hest
udy
Writt
eni npasttense
Conclusions
Writt
eni npresenttense
Shouldbebasedont hefindingsoft hestudy
Logicalandv al
idoutgrowt hoft hefindi
ngs
Shouldnotcont ai
nanynumer alsfrom t
hef indi
ngs
Organizedandcat egorizedaccor dingtothesub- pr
obl
ems

Recommendat ions
Anappeal topeopleori
nsti
tut
ionsconcernedtosol
vethepr
oblemsdiscoveredinthestudy
Nor ecommendat i
onsthatwil
lbemadef orprobl
emsthatwer
enotdiscoveredinthestudy
Practi
calandattai
nabl
e

QuestRev
iewCent
er–I
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