DEVIANT SEXUAL

THEORIES

BY: LOTHES J. SAMANTE, MSCJ

 THE DEMONOLOGICAL THEORY
 BEFORE THE DEVELOPMENT OF MORE SCIENTIFIC THEORIES OF
CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR, ONE OF THE MOST POPULAR EXPLANATIONS
WAS DEMONOLOGY.
 ACCORDING TO THIS EXPLANATION, INDIVIDUALS WERE THOUGHT
TO BE POSSESSED BY GOOD OR EVIL SPIRITS, WHICH CAUSED GOOD
OR EVIL BEHAVIOR. THE THEORY MAINTAINS THAT CRIMINAL
BEHAVIOR WAS BELIEVED TO BE THE RESULT OF EVIL SPIRITS AND
DEMONS SOMETHING OF NATURAL FORCE THAT CONTROLS HIS/HER
BEHAVIOR. CENTURIES AGO, GUILT AND INNOCENCE WERE
ESTABLISHED BY A VARIETY OF PROCEDURES THAT PRESUMABLY
CALLED FORTH THE SUPERNATURAL ALLIES OF THE ACCUSED.
 THE ANOMIE THEORY
• ANOMIE, IN CONTEMPORARY ENGLISH, MEANS A
CONDITION OR MALAISE IN INDIVIDUALS,
CHARACTERIZED BY AN ABSENCE OR DIMINUTION OF
STANDARDS OR VALUES. WHEN APPLIED TO A
GOVERNMENT OR SOCIETY, ANOMIE IMPLIES A SOCIAL
UNREST, SIMILAR TO THE USE OF THE WORD ANARCHY.
• THE WORD COMES FROM GREEK, NAMELY THE PREFIX A-
“WITHOUT”, AND NOMOS “LAW”- LITERALLY, “WITHOUT
LAW”.
• THIS THEORY IS ADVOCATED BY DAVID EMILE
DURKHEIM
 THE PSYCHOANALYTICAL
THEORY
• PSYCHOLOGISTS HAVE CONSIDERED A VARIETY OF
POSSIBILITIES TO ACCOUNT FOR INDIVIDUAL
DIFFERENCES – DEFECTIVE CONSCIENCE, EMOTIONAL
IMMATURITY, INADEQUATE CHILDHOOD
SOCIALIZATION, MATERNAL DEPRIVATION, AND POOR
MORAL DEVELOPMENT.
• THE FREUDIAN VIEW ON CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR WAS
BASED ON THE USE OF PSYCHOLOGY IN EXPLAINING AN
APPROACH IN UNDERSTANDING CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR.
•  ADVOCATED BY SIGMUND FREUD (1835 -1918).
 THE HUMAN ECOLOGY THEORY
• THIS THEORY IS ADVOCATED BY ROBERT EZRA PARK (1864 -
1944). PARK IS A STRONG ADVOCATE OF THE SCIENTIFIC
METHOD IN EXPLAINING CRIMINALITY BUT HE IS A
SOCIOLOGIST.
• HUMAN ECOLOGY IS THE STUDY OF THE INTERRELATIONSHIP
OF PEOPLE AND THEIR ENVIRONMENT.
• THIS THEORY MAINTAINS THAT CRIME IS A FUNCTION OF
SOCIAL CHANGE THAT OCCURS ALONG WITH ENVIRONMENTAL
CHANGE. IT ALSO MAINTAINS THAT THE ISOLATION,
SEGREGATION, COMPETITION, CONFLICT, SOCIAL CONTRACT,
INTERACTION AND SOCIAL HIERARCHY OF PEOPLE ARE THE
MAJOR INFLUENCES OF CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR AND CRIMES.
 THE SOMATOTYPING THEORY

• WILLIAM H. SHELDON (1898 – 1977) IS AN INFLUENCED OF THE

SOMATOTYPE SCHOOL OF CRIMINOLOGY, WHICH RELATED
BODY BUILT TO BEHAVIOR. HE BECAME POPULAR OF HIS OWN
SOMATOTYPING THEORY. HIS KEY IDEAS ARE
CONCENTRATED ON THE PRINCIPLE OF “SURVIVAL OF THE
FITTEST” AS A BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE. HE COMBINES THE
BIOLOGICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL EXPLANATION TO
UNDERSTAND DEVIANT BEHAVIOR.
• SHELDON’S “SOMATOTYPING THEORY” MAINTAINS THE
BELIEF OF INHERITANCE AS THE PRIMARY DETERMINANTS OF
BEHAVIOR AND THE PHYSIQUE IS A RELIABLE INDICATOR OF
PERSONALITY.
 CLASSIFICATION OF BODY PHYSIQUE BY
SHELDON

1. ENDOMORPHY – A TYPE WITH RELATIVELY PREDOMINANCE

OF SOFT, ROUNDNESS THROUGH OUT THE REGIONS OF THE
BODY. THEY HAVE LOW SPECIFIC GRAVITY. PERSONS WITH
TYPICALLY RELAXED AND COMFORTABLE DISPOSITION.
2. MESOMORPHY – ATHLETIC TYPE, PREDOMINANCE OF
MUSCLE, BONE AND CONNECTIVE TISSUE, NORMALLY HEAVY,
HARD AND FIRM, STING AND TOUGH. THEY ARE THE PEOPLE
WHO ARE ROUTINELY ACTIVE AND AGGRESSIVE, AND THEY
ARE THE MOST LIKELY TO COMMIT CRIMES.
3. ECTOMORPHY – THIN PHYSIQUE, FLAT CHEST, DELICACY
THROUGH THE BODY, SLENDER, POORLY MUSCLED. THEY
TEND TO LOOK MORE FATIGUE AND WITHDRAWN.
• THE IDEA OF SOMATOTYPING WAS ORIGINATED FROM THE WORK OF A
GERMAN PSYCHIATRIST, ERNEST KRETSCHMER (1888 – 1964), WHO
DISTINGUISHED THREE PRINCIPAL TYPES OF PHYSIQUE AS:
1.ASTHENIC – LEAN, SLIGHTLY BUILT, NARROW SHOULDERS
2.ATHLETIC – MEDIUM TO TALL, STRONG, MUSCULAR, COURSE
BONES
3.PYKNIC – MEDIUM HEIGHT, ROUNDED FIGURE, MASSIVE NECK,
BROAD FACE
• KRETSCHMER RELATED THESE BODY PHYSIQUES TO VARIOUS
PSYCHOTIC BEHAVIORAL PATTERNS: PYKNIC TO MANIC DEPRESSION,
ASTHENICS AND ATHLETICS TO SCHIZOPHRENIA.
 THE DIFFERENTIAL ASSOCIATION
THEORY
• DAT – DIFFERENTIAL ASSOCIATION THEORY, ADVOCATED BY
EDWIN SUTHERLAND (1883 - 1950), WHICH MAINTAIN THAT
THE SOCIETY IS COMPOSED OF DIFFERENT GROUP
ORGANIZATION, THE SOCIETIES CONSIST OF A GROUP OF
PEOPLE HAVING CRIMINALISTIC TRADITION AND ANTI-
CRIMINALISTIC TRADITION. AND THAT CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR IS
LEARNED AND NOT INHERITED. IT IS LEARNED THROUGH THE
PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION, AND LEARNING PROCESS
INCLUDES TECHNIQUE OF COMMITTING THE CRIME, MOTIVE
AND ATTITUDE.
• DIFFERENTIAL ASSOCIATION THEORY STATES THAT CRIMINAL
BEHAVIOR IS LEARNED BEHAVIOR AND LEARNED VIA SOCIAL
INTERACTION WITH OTHERS.
 THE DIFFERENTIAL ASSOCIATION
THEORY
• SUTHERLAND HAS BEEN REFERRED TO AS
“THE MOST IMPORTANT CRIMINOLOGIST OF
THE TWENTIETH CENTURY” BECAUSE HIS
EXPLANATION ABOUT CRIME AND CRIMINAL
BEHAVIOR CAN BE SEEN AS A CORRECTED
EXTENSION OF SOCIAL PERSPECTIVE.
• FOR THIS REASON, HE WAS CONSIDERED AS
THE “DEAN OF MODERN CRIMINOLOGY.”
 DIFFERENTIAL ASSOCIATION THEORY

• THEORY THAT STATES INDIVIDUALS LEARN

DEVIANT BEHAVIOUR FROM THOSE CLOSE TO
THEM WHO PROVIDE MODELS OF AND
OPPORTUNITIES FOR DEVIANCE
 THE CONTAINMENT THEORY
• A BROAD ANALYSIS OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
PERSONAL AND SOCIAL CONTROLS IS FOUND IN WALTER
RECKLESS (1899 – 1988) CONTAINMENT THEORY.
• THIS THEORY IS A FORM OF CONTROL, WHICH SUGGESTS THAT
A SERIES OF BOTH INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL FACTORS
CONTRIBUTES TO CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR .
• THE CONTAINMENT THEORY ASSUMES THAT FOR EVERY
INDIVIDUAL THERE EXISTS A CONTAINING EXTERNAL
STRUCTURE AND A PROTECTIVE INTERNAL STRUCTURE, BOTH
OF WHICH PROVIDE DEFENSE, PROTECTION OR INSULATION
AGAINST CRIME OR DELINQUENCY.
 THE SOCIAL CLASS CONFLICT AND
CAPITALISM THEORY
• KARL MARX, FREDERICK ENGEL, WILLEM BONGER (1818 -
1940) ARE THE PROPONENTS OF THE SOCIAL CLASS CONFLICT
AND CAPITALISM THEORY.
• MARX AND ENGEL CLAIM THAT THE RULING CLASS IN A
CAPITALIST SOCIETY IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE CREATION OF
CRIMINAL LAW AND THEIR IDEOLOGICAL BASES IN THE
INTERPRETATION AND ENFORCEMENT OF THE LAWS. ALL ARE
REFLECTED IN THE RULING CLASS, THUS CRIME AND
DELINQUENCY ARE REFLECTED ON THE DEMORALIZED
SURPLUS OF POPULATION, WHICH IS MADE UP OF THE
UNDERPRIVILEGED USUALLY THE UNEMPLOYED AND
UNDEREMPLOYED.
 THE SOCIAL CLASS CONFLICT AND
CAPITALISM THEORY

• WILLEM BONGER, A MARXIST-SOCIALIST,

ON THE OTHER HAND, PLACED MORE
EMPHASIS ON WORKING BOUT CRIMES OF
ECONOMIC GAIN. HE BELIEVES THAT
PROFIT -MOTIVE OF CAPITALISM
GENERATES AN EGOISTIC PERSONALITY.
HENCE, CRIME IS AN INEVITABLE
OUTCOME.
 THE STRAIN THEORY

• ADVOCATED BY ROBERT KING MERTON (1910). HE IS THE

PREMIER SOCIOLOGIST OF THE MODERN DAYS WHO, AFTER
DURKHEIM, ALSO RELATED THE CRIME PROBLEM TO ANOMIE.
• THE STRAIN THEORY MAINTAINS THAT THE FAILURE OF MAN
TO ACHIEVE A HIGHER STATUS OF LIFE CAUSED THEM TO
COMMIT CRIMES IN ORDER FOR THAT STATUS/GOAL TO BE
ATTAINED. HE ARGUED THAT CRIME IS A MEANS TO ACHIEVE
GOALS AND THE SOCIAL STRUCTURE IS THE ROOT OF THE
CRIME PROBLEM. MERTON’S EXPLANATION TO CRIMINAL
BEHAVIOR ASSUMES THAT PEOPLE ARE LAW ABIDING BUT
WHEN UNDER GREAT PRESSURE WILL RESULT TO CRIME.
 THE SUB-CULTURE THEORY OF
DELINQUENCY
 ALBERT COHEN (1918) ADVOCATED THE SUB-CULTURE THEORY
OF DELINQUENCY. COHEN CLAIMS THAT THE LOWER CLASS
CANNOT SOCIALIZE EFFECTIVELY AS THE MIDDLE CLASS IN
WHAT IS CONSIDERED APPROPRIATE MIDDLE CLASS BEHAVIOR.
THUS, THE LOWER CLASS GATHERED TOGETHER SHARE THEIR
COMMON PROBLEMS, FORMING A SUBCULTURE THAT REJECTS
MIDDLE CLASS VALUES. COHEN CALLED THIS PROCESS AS
REACTION FORMATION. MUCH OF THIS BEHAVIOR COMES TO BE
CALLED DELINQUENT BEHAVIOR; THE SUBCULTURE IS CALLED
A GANG AND THE KIDS ARE CALLED DELINQUENTS. HE PUT
EMPHASIS ON THE EXPLANATION OF PREVALENCE, ORIGINS,
PROCESS AND PURPOSES AS FACTORS TO CRIME.
 THE NEUTRALIZATION THEORY

• GRESHAM SYKES (1922) ADVOCATED IT.

• THE THEORY MAINTAINS THAT AN INDIVIDUAL
WILL OBEY OR DISOBEY SOCIETAL RULES
DEPENDING UPON HIS OR HER ABILITY TO
RATIONALIZE WHETHER HE IS PROTECTED
FROM HURT OR DESTRUCTION. PEOPLE
BECOME LAW ABIDING IF THEY FEEL THEY
ARE BENEFITED BY IT AND THEY VIOLATE IT IF
THESE LAWS ARE NOT FAVORABLE TO THEM.
THE DIFFERENTIAL OPPORTUNITY
THEORY
• LLOYD OHLIN (1928) ADVOCATED THE DOT –
DIFFERENTIAL OPPORTUNITY THEORY. THIS THEORY
EXPLAINED THAT SOCIETY LEADS THE LOWER CLASS TO
WANT THINGS AND SOCIETY DOES THINGS TO PEOPLE.
• OHLIN CLAIMED THAT THERE IS DIFFERENTIAL
OPPORTUNITY, OR ACCESS, TO SUCCESS GOALS BY BOTH
LEGITIMATE AND ILLEGITIMATE MEANS DEPENDING ON
THE SPECIFIC LOCATION OF THE INDIVIDUAL WITH IN
THE SOCIAL STRUCTURE. THUS, LOWER CLASS GROUPS
ARE PROVIDED WITH GREATER OPPORTUNITIES FOR THE
ACQUISITION OF DEVIANT ACTS.
 THE LABELING THEORY
• FRANK TENNENBAUM, EDWIN LEMERT,
HOWARD BECKER (1822 - 1982) ARE THE
ADVOCATES OF THE LABELING THEORY – THE
THEORY THAT EXPLAINS ABOUT SOCIAL
REACTION TO BEHAVIOR. THE THEORY
MAINTAINS THAT THE ORIGINAL CAUSE OF
CRIME CANNOT BE KNOWN, NO BEHAVIOR IS
INTRINSICALLY CRIMINAL, AND BEHAVIOR
BECOMES CRIMINAL IF IT IS LABELED AS SUCH.
 THE RATIONAL CHOICE THEORY
• RATIONAL CHOICE THEORY ADOPTS A UTILITARIAN
BELIEF THAT MAN IS A REASONING ACTOR WHO WEIGHS
MEANS AND ENDS, COSTS AND BENEFITS, AND MAKES A
RATIONAL CHOICE.
• THIS THEORY DRAWS ON THE CLASSICAL SCHOOL
REPRESENTED BY THE WORKS OF JEREMY BENTHAM
AND CESARE BECCARIA. IN PARTICULAR, IT ASSUMES
THAT THE RATIONAL DECISION IS ALWAYS THE DECISION
THAT WILL MAXIMISE GAIN AND MINIMISE PAIN FOR
EACH INDIVIDUAL: THE FELICITATION PRINCIPLE THAT
UNDERPINNED THE PENAL POLICY OF DETERRENCE.
 THE INSTRUMENTALIST THEORY
• EARL RICHARD QUINNEY (1934), IS A MARXIST
CRIMINOLOGIST WHO ADVOCATED THE INSTRUMENTALIST
THEORY IF CAPITALIST RULE. HE ARGUED THAT THE STATE
EXIST AS A DEVICE FOR CONTROLLING THE EXPLOITED CLASS –
THE CLASS THAT LABORS FOR THE BENEFIT OF THE RULING
CLASS. HE CLAIMS THAT UPPER CLASSES CREATE LAWS THAT
PROTECT THEIR INTEREST AND T THE SAME TIME THE
UNWANTED BEHAVIOR OF ALL OTHER MEMBERS OF SOCIETY.
• QUINNEY’S MAJOR CONTRIBUTION IS THAT HE PROPOSED THE
SHIFT IN FOCUS FROM LOOKING FOR THE CAUSES OF CRIME
FROM THE INDIVIDUAL TO THE EXAMINATION OF THE
CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM FOR CLUES.
 THE SOCIAL CONTROL THEORY
• IN CRIMINOLOGY, SOCIAL CONTROL THEORY AS
REPRESENTED IN THE WORK OF TRAVIS HIRSCHI FITS
INTO THE POSITIVIST SCHOOL, NEO-CLASSICAL
SCHOOL, AND, LATER, RIGHT REALISM. IT PROPOSES
THAT EXPLOITING THE PROCESS OF SOCIALIZATION
AND SOCIAL LEARNING BUILDS SELF-CONTROL AND
REDUCES THE INCLINATION TO INDULGE IN
BEHAVIOUR RECOGNISED AS ANTISOCIAL. IT WAS
DERIVED FROM FUNCTIONALIST THEORIES OF CRIME
AND PROPOSES THAT THERE ARE FOUR TYPES OF
CONTROL:
 THE SOCIAL CONTROL THEORY
1.DIRECT: BY WHICH PUNISHMENT IS THREATENED OR APPLIED
FOR WRONGFUL BEHAVIOR, AND COMPLIANCE IS REWARDED BY
PARENTS, FAMILY AND AUTHORITY FIGURES.
2.INDIRECT: BY WHICH A YOUTH REFRAINS FROM DELINQUENCY
THROUGH THE CONSCIENCE OR SUPEREGO.
3.INTERNAL: BY IDENTIFICATION WITH THOSE WHO INFLUENCE
BEHAVIOUR, SAY BECAUSE HIS OR HER DELINQUENT ACT MIGHT
CAUSE PAIN AND DISAPPOINTMENT TO PARENTS AND OTHERS
WITH WHOM HE OR SHE HAS CLOSE RELATIONSHIPS.
4.CONTROL THROUGH NEEDS SATISFACTION, I.E. IF ALL AN
INDIVIDUAL'S NEEDS ARE MET, THERE IS NO POINT IN CRIMINAL
ACTIVITY.
 THE SOCIAL CONTROL THEORY
• SOCIAL CONTROL THEORY (LATER ALSO CALLED SOCIAL
BONDING THEORY) PROPOSES THAT PEOPLE'S RELATIONSHIPS,
COMMITMENTS, VALUES, NORMS, AND BELIEFS ENCOURAGE THEM
NOT TO BREAK THE LAW. THUS, IF MORAL CODES ARE
INTERNALIZED AND INDIVIDUALS ARE TIED INTO, AND HAVE A
STAKE IN THEIR WIDER COMMUNITY, THEY WILL VOLUNTARILY
LIMIT THEIR PROPENSITY TO COMMIT DEVIANT ACTS. THE THEORY
SEEKS TO UNDERSTAND THE WAYS IN WHICH IT IS POSSIBLE TO
REDUCE THE LIKELIHOOD OF CRIMINALITY DEVELOPING IN
INDIVIDUALS. IT DOES NOT CONSIDER MOTIVATIONAL ISSUES,
SIMPLY STATING THAT HUMAN BEINGS MAY CHOOSE TO ENGAGE
IN A WIDE RANGE OF ACTIVITIES, UNLESS THE RANGE IS LIMITED
BY THE PROCESSES OF SOCIALIZATION AND SOCIAL LEARNING.
 SOCIAL CONTROL THEORY

• THEORY THAT STATES SOCIAL CONTROL IS

DIRECTLY AFFECTED BY THE STRENGTH OF
SOCIAL BONDS AND THAT DEVIANCE RESULTS
FROM A FEELING OF DISCONNECTION FROM
SOCIETY
 THE SOCIAL DISORGANIZATION
THEORY
• IN CRIMINOLOGY, THE SOCIAL DISORGANIZATION THEORY
WAS ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT THEORIES DEVELOPED BY
THE CHICAGO SCHOOL, RELATED TO ECOLOGICAL THEORIES.
• THIS THEORY “ARGUES THAT CRIME OCCURS WHEN THE
MECHANISMS OF SOCIAL CONTROL ARE WEAKENED”.
• THE THEORY THAT CRIME AND OTHER DEVIANT BEHAVIOUR
IS MOST LIKELY TO OCCUR WHERE SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS ARE
NOT ABLE TO DIRECT AND CONTROL GROUPS OF
INDIVIDUALS.
• IT IS ARGUED THAT GANGS WILL ARISE SPONTANEOUSLY IN
SOCIAL CONTEXTS THAT ARE WEAKLY CONTROLLED.
 THE SOCIAL DISORGANIZATION
THEORY
• SOME CRIMINOLOGISTS THINK THAT THE CONCEPT OF
SOCIAL DISORGANIZATION JUST REFLECTS MIDDLE-
CLASS FAILURE TO COMPREHEND ORGANIZATION
DIFFERENT FROM THEIR OWN.
• SOCIAL DISORGANIZATION THEORY PIONEERED BY
CLIFFORD R. SHAW AND HENRY D. MCKAY SUGGESTED
THAT DISORGANIZED COMMUNITIES CHARACTERIZED
BY POVERTY, POPULATION HETEROGENEITY, AND
RESIDENTIAL MOBILITY WEAKENED THE
EFFECTIVENESS OF SOCIAL CONTROLS
SOCIAL DISORGANIZATION THEORY

• THEORY THAT ASSERTS CRIME OCCURS

IN COMMUNITIES WITH WEAK SOCIAL
TIES AND THE ABSENCE OF SOCIAL
CONTROL
THE SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY
• RONALD AKERS AND ROBERT BURGESS (1966) DEVELOPED THE
SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY TO EXPLAIN DEVIANCY BY COMBINING
VARIABLES WHICH ENCOURAGED DELINQUENCY (E.G. THE SOCIAL
PRESSURE FROM DELINQUENT PEERS) WITH VARIABLES THAT
DISCOURAGED DELINQUENCY (E.G. THE PARENTAL RESPONSE TO
DISCOVERING DELINQUENCY IN THEIR CHILDREN).
• SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY IS THE THEORY THAT PEOPLE LEARN
NEW BEHAVIOR THROUGH OVERT REINFORCEMENT OR
PUNISHMENT, OR VIA OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING OF THE SOCIAL
ACTORS IN THEIR ENVIRONMENT. IF PEOPLE OBSERVE POSITIVE,
DESIRED OUTCOMES IN THE OBSERVED BEHAVIOR, THEY ARE MORE
LIKELY TO MODEL, IMITATE, AND ADOPT THE BEHAVIOR
THEMSELVES.
 THEORY OF EVOLUTION

• CHARLES DARWIN’S THEORY (1809 - 1882)

• IN THE THEORY OF EVOLUTION, HE
CLAIMED THAT HUMANS, LIKE OTHER
ANIMALS, ARE PARASITE. MAN IS AN
ORGANISM HAVING AN ANIMALISTIC
BEHAVIOR THAT IS DEPENDENT ON OTHER
ANIMALS FOR SURVIVAL. THUS, MAN
KILLS AND STEALS TO LIVE.
 CHARLES GORING’S
THEORY
 CHARLES GORING’S THEORY (1870 - 1919)
 THE MEDICAL OFFICER IN PRISON IN ENGLAND WHO
ACCEPTED THE LOMBROSO’S CHALLENGE THAT BODY
PHYSIQUE IS A DETERMINANT TO BEHAVIOR. GORING
CONCLUDED THAT THERE IS NO SUCH THING A PHYSICAL
CHEMICAL TYPE. HE CONTRADICTED THE LOMBROSO’S
IDEA THAT CRIMINALITY CAN BE SEEN THROUGH
FEATURES ALONE. NEVERTHELESS, GORING ACCEPTED
THAT CRIMINALS ARE PHYSICALLY INFERIOR TO NORMAL
INDIVIDUALS IN THE SENSE THAT CRIMINALS TEND TO BE
SHORTER AND HAVE LESS WEIGHT THAN NON-CRIMINALS.
 EARNEST HOOTON’S
THEORY
 EARNEST HOOTON’S THEORY (1887 - 1954)
 AN ANTHROPOLOGIST WHO REEXAMINED THE WORK OF
GORING AND FOUND OUT THAT “TALL THIN MEN TEND
TO COMMIT FORGERY AND FRAUD, UNDERSIZED MEN
ARE THIEVES AND BURGLARS, SHORT HEAVY PERSON
COMMIT ASSAULT, RAPE AND OTHER SEX CRIMES;
WHERE AS MEDIOCRE (AVERAGE) PHYSIQUE FLOUNDER
AROUND AMONG OTHER CRIMES.”
 HE ALSO CONTENDED THAT CRIMINALS ARE ORIGINALLY
INFERIOR; AND THAT CRIME IS THE RESULT OF THE
IMPACT OF ENVIRONMENT.