2022

Formula Hybrid Rules

April 19, 2022

© 2019 SAE International and the Trustees of Dartmouth College

 Formula Hybrid Rules Committee

Formula Hybrid gratefully acknowledges the contributions of the following people, who have
donated countless hours and immeasurable effort into making the Formula Hybrid competition a
stellar, multidisciplinary learning experience, while keeping the competition as safe as possible.

Mr. Michael Chapman, Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College **

Mr. Douglas Fraser, P.E., Director Emeritus, Formula Hybrid*
Mr. Gary Grise, IEEE*
Mrs. Kathy Grise, IEEE**
Prof. Heath Hofmann, University of Michigan*
Mr. Mike Irvine, Braingrid Corporation*
Ms. Jessica Kinzie, Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College
Ms. Kris MacCartney, IEEE**
Dr. Ed March, Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College**
Mr. Paul Messier, BAE Systems*
Mr. Tremont Miao* (Chief Electrical Document Examiner)
Ms. Melissa Chmielowiec, Thermo Fisher Scientific**
Mr. Elie Naim, AVL Test Systems*
Dr. Jenna Pollock*
Mr. Michael Royce, Albion Associates (Chief Technical Examiner)
Prof. Charles R. Sullivan, Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College*
Mrs. Alicia Tomaszewski, IEEE**
Prof. Douglas W. Van Citters, Thayer School of Engineering (Chief Mechanical Tech Inspector)
Dr. Rob Wills, P.E., Intergrid, LLC* (Chief Electrical Tech Inspector and Electrical Rules Chair)
Mr. Ricky Willems, Emit Imaging*
Mr. Bob Wimmer, Toyota North America (Chief Design Judge)
Ms. Kaley Zundel, SAE

*Members of the Electrical Rules subcommittee.

** Members of the Project Management subcommittee

2022 Formula Hybrid Rules – Rev. 1 ii April 19, 2022

 RULES CHANGES FOR 2022

The following is a list of noteworthy changes from the 2021 Formula Hybrid rules. It is not complete
and is not binding. If there are any differences between this summary and the official rules, the rules
will prevail. Therefore, it is the responsibility of the competitors to read the published Rules
thoroughly.

Rule
Number Section Change

A1.2.3 Energy Limits

A1.5
A2.3
A4.11
A7.2 Registration Dates New email address for communications
A8.2(old) Registration Dates and Times Removed Registration Dates and Time
A8.2.2 Document Submission Policies Submitted Document Title Requirement
T3.8.8 Approved SES Updated for current year
EV1.2 Maximum System Voltage Increased for EVs
EV1.2.2 Maximum System Voltage New
EV1.2.3 Maximum System Voltage Updated requirements for teams
EV2.9.1 Accumulator High Voltage Disconnect Contactor not allowed
EV2.9.7 Accumulator High Voltage Disconnect Changed “removed” to “opened”
EV5.5.3 Table 14 Updated with new voltage allowances
EV8.1.6 Shutdown Circuit New requirement
EV10.2.1 Insulation Measurement Test Updated for new voltage
EV10.3.5 TSMP Updated for new voltage
EV10.3.5 TSMP Footnote added to table
IC3.2.6 Noise Measuring Procedure Updated language
S3.2 Project Management Replaced interim report with change
management
S3.4 Submission 2 Updated language
S3.4.1 Submission 2 Updated to “Change Management”
S3.4.2 Submission 2 New outline for “Change Management”
S3.5.1 Submission Format Changed from PDF to Word
S3.10 Scoring Formula Updated language
Appendix C Project Management Updated with Change Management
Appendix H SAE Tech Standards Removed
Appendix I Optimal Hybrid Content removed
Appendix J Virtual Racing Content updated

2022 Formula Hybrid Rules – Rev. 1 iii April 19, 2022

Advice from Our Tech Inspectors
Formula Hybrid’s technical inspection team welcomes you to the most challenging of the SAE Collegiate
Design Series competitions. Many of us are former Formula Hybrid competitors who are now
professionals in the automotive industry. We have two goals: to have a safe competition and see every
team on the track.

Top 10 Tips for Building a Formula Hybrid Racecar and Passing Tech Inspection

2022 Formula Hybrid Rules – Rev. 1 iv April 19, 2022

RULES CHANGES FOR 2022 ................................................................................................... III

PART A - ADMINISTRATIVE REGULATIONS ............................................................................. 1

ARTICLE A1 FORMULA HYBRID OVERVIEW AND COMPETITION .................................................................... 1
A1.1 Formula Hybrid Competition Objective ............................................................................................ 1
A1.2 Energy Limits ..................................................................................................................................... 1
A1.3 Vehicle Design Objectives ................................................................................................................. 1
A1.4 Good Engineering Practices .............................................................................................................. 2
A1.5 Judging Categories ............................................................................................................................ 2
ARTICLE A2 FORMULA HYBRID VEHICLE CATEGORIES .................................................................................... 3
A2.1 Hybrid ................................................................................................................................................ 3
A2.2 Electric............................................................................................................................................... 3
A2.3 Hybrid in Progress (HIP) .................................................................................................................... 3
A2.4 Static Events Only (SEO) .................................................................................................................... 4
A2.5 Electric vs. Hybrid Vehicles ............................................................................................................... 4
ARTICLE A3 THE FORMULA HYBRID COMPETITION ........................................................................................ 4
A3.1 Open Registration ............................................................................................................................. 4
A3.2 Official Announcements and Competition Information.................................................................... 4
A3.3 Official Language ............................................................................................................................... 4
ARTICLE A4 FORMULA HYBRID RULES AND ORGANIZER AUTHORITY ............................................................ 5
A4.1 Rules Authority ................................................................................................................................. 5
A4.2 Rules Validity ..................................................................................................................................... 5
A4.3 Rules Compliance .............................................................................................................................. 5
A4.4 Understanding the Rules ................................................................................................................... 5
A4.5 Participating in the Competition ....................................................................................................... 5
A4.6 Violations of Intent ........................................................................................................................... 5
A4.7 Right to Impound .............................................................................................................................. 5
A4.8 Restriction on Vehicle Use ................................................................................................................ 6
A4.9 Headings............................................................................................................................................ 6
A4.10 General Authority ............................................................................................................................. 6
A4.11 SAE Technical Standards Access ........................................................................................................ 6
INDIVIDUAL PARTICIPATION REQUIREMENTS ........................................................................................................ 6
A4.12 Eligibility Limits ................................................................................................................................. 6
A4.13 Student Status ................................................................................................................................... 6
A4.14 Society Membership ......................................................................................................................... 6
A4.15 Age .................................................................................................................................................... 7
A4.16 Driver’s License ................................................................................................................................. 7
A4.17 Driver Restrictions ............................................................................................................................. 7
A4.18 Liability Waiver.................................................................................................................................. 7

2022 Formula Hybrid Rules – Rev. 1 v April 19, 2022

A4.19 Medical Insurance ............................................................................................................................. 7
ARTICLE A5 INDIVIDUAL REGISTRATION REQUIREMENTS.............................................................................. 7
A5.1 SAE Student Members ...................................................................................................................... 7
A5.2 Onsite Registration Requirement ..................................................................................................... 8
A5.3 Faculty Advisor .................................................................................................................................. 8
A5.4 Rules and Safety Officer (RSO) .......................................................................................................... 9
ARTICLE A6 VEHICLE ELIGIBILITY .................................................................................................................... 9
A6.1 Student Developed Vehicle ............................................................................................................... 9
A6.2 Information Sources .......................................................................................................................... 9
A6.3 Professional Assistance ................................................................................................................... 10
A6.4 Student Fabrication ......................................................................................................................... 10
A6.5 Vehicles Entered for Multiple Years ................................................................................................ 10
A6.6 Entries per University ...................................................................................................................... 10
ARTICLE A7 REGISTRATION.......................................................................................................................... 10
A7.1 Registration Cap .............................................................................................................................. 10
A7.2 Withdrawals .................................................................................................................................... 11
A7.3 United States Visas.......................................................................................................................... 11
ARTICLE A8 VEHICLE DOCUMENTS, DEADLINES AND PENALTIES ................................................................. 11
A8.1 Required Documents ...................................................................................................................... 11
A8.2 Document Submission Policies ....................................................................................................... 12
A8.3 Late submissions ............................................................................................................................. 12
A8.4 Early submissions ............................................................................................................................ 13
ARTICLE A9 FORMS AND DOCUMENTS ........................................................................................................ 14
ARTICLE A10 PROTESTS ................................................................................................................................. 14
A10.1 Protests - General ........................................................................................................................... 14
A10.2 Preliminary Review – Required ....................................................................................................... 14
A10.3 Cause for Protest............................................................................................................................. 14
A10.4 Protest Format and Forfeit ............................................................................................................. 15
A10.5 Protest Period ................................................................................................................................. 15
A10.6 Decision ........................................................................................................................................... 15
ARTICLE A11 QUESTIONS ABOUT THE FORMULA HYBRID RULES ................................................................... 15
A11.1 Question Publication ....................................................................................................................... 15
A11.2 Question Types ............................................................................................................................... 15
A11.3 Frequently Asked Questions ........................................................................................................... 15
A11.4 Question Submission....................................................................................................................... 15
A11.5 Question Format ............................................................................................................................. 16
A11.6 Response Time ................................................................................................................................ 16

PART T - GENERAL TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS .................................................................... 17

ARTICLE T1 VEHICLE REQUIREMENTS AND RESTRICTIONS .......................................................................... 17
T1.1 Technical Inspection........................................................................................................................ 17
T1.2 Modifications and Repairs .............................................................................................................. 17
ARTICLE T2 GENERAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS ........................................................................................... 18
T2.1 Vehicle Configuration ...................................................................................................................... 18
T2.2 Bodywork ........................................................................................................................................ 18
T2.3 Wheelbase ...................................................................................................................................... 19
T2.4 Vehicle Track ................................................................................................................................... 19
T2.5 Visible Access .................................................................................................................................. 19
ARTICLE T3 DRIVER’S CELL........................................................................................................................... 19

2022 Formula Hybrid Rules – Rev. 1 vi April 19, 2022

T3.1 General Requirements .................................................................................................................... 19
T3.2 Definitions ....................................................................................................................................... 19
T3.3 Minimum Material Requirements .................................................................................................. 20
T3.4 Alternative Tubing and Material - General ..................................................................................... 22
T3.5 Alternative Steel Tubing .................................................................................................................. 22
T3.6 Aluminum Tubing Requirements .................................................................................................... 23
T3.7 Composite Materials ....................................................................................................................... 23
T3.8 Structural Documentation – SES Submission .................................................................................. 24
T3.9 Main and Front Roll Hoops – General Requirements ..................................................................... 24
T3.10 Main Hoop ...................................................................................................................................... 27
T3.11 Front Hoop ...................................................................................................................................... 28
T3.12 Main Hoop Bracing.......................................................................................................................... 28
T3.13 Front Hoop Bracing ......................................................................................................................... 29
T3.14 Other Bracing Requirements........................................................................................................... 30
T3.15 Other Side Tube Requirements ....................................................................................................... 30
T3.16 Mechanically Attached Roll Hoop Bracing ...................................................................................... 30
T3.17 Frontal Impact Structure ................................................................................................................. 31
T3.18 Bulkhead ......................................................................................................................................... 31
T3.19 Front Bulkhead Support .................................................................................................................. 31
T3.20 Impact Attenuator (IA) .................................................................................................................... 31
T3.21 Impact Attenuator Test Data Report Requirement ........................................................................ 33
T3.22 Non-Crushable Objects ................................................................................................................... 34
T3.23 Front Bodywork............................................................................................................................... 35
T3.24 Side Impact Structure for Tube Frame Cars .................................................................................... 35
T3.25 Inspection Holes .............................................................................................................................. 36
T3.26 Composite Tubular Space Frames ................................................................................................... 36
T3.27 Monocoque General Requirements ................................................................................................ 36
T3.28 Monocoque Inspections.................................................................................................................. 37
T3.29 Monocoque Buckling Modulus – Equivalent Flat Panel Calculation ............................................... 37
T3.30 Monocoque Laminate Testing ........................................................................................................ 37
T3.31 Monocoque Front Bulkhead ........................................................................................................... 38
T3.32 Monocoque Front Bulkhead Support.............................................................................................. 38
T3.33 Monocoque Side Impact ................................................................................................................. 38
T3.34 Monocoque Main Hoop .................................................................................................................. 39
T3.35 Monocoque Front Hoop.................................................................................................................. 39
T3.36 Monocoque Front and Main Hoop Bracing..................................................................................... 39
T3.37 Monocoque Impact Attenuator and Anti-Intrusion Plate Attachment ........................................... 39
T3.38 Monocoque Impact Attenuator Anti-Intrusion Plate ...................................................................... 40
T3.39 Monocoque Attachments ............................................................................................................... 40
T3.40 Monocoque Driver’s Harness Attachment Points ........................................................................... 40
ARTICLE T4 COCKPIT ................................................................................................................................... 41
T4.1 Cockpit Opening .............................................................................................................................. 41
T4.2 Cockpit Internal Cross Section: ....................................................................................................... 42
T4.3 Driver’s Seat .................................................................................................................................... 43
T4.4 Floor Close-out ................................................................................................................................ 43
T4.5 Firewall ............................................................................................................................................ 43
T4.6 Accessibility of Controls .................................................................................................................. 46
T4.7 Driver Visibility ................................................................................................................................ 46
T4.8 Driver Egress ................................................................................................................................... 46
T4.9 Emergency Shut Down Test ............................................................................................................ 46
ARTICLE T5 DRIVER’S EQUIPMENT (BELTS AND COCKPIT PADDING) ........................................................... 46
T5.1 Belts - General ................................................................................................................................. 46

2022 Formula Hybrid Rules – Rev. 1 vii April 19, 2022

T5.2 Belt, Strap and Harness Installation - General ................................................................................ 47
T5.3 Lap Belt Mounting ........................................................................................................................... 49
T5.4 Shoulder Harness ............................................................................................................................ 50
T5.5 Anti-Submarine Belt Mounting ....................................................................................................... 51
T5.6 Head Restraint ................................................................................................................................ 52
T5.7 Roll Bar Padding .............................................................................................................................. 53
T5.8 Driver’s Leg Protection .................................................................................................................... 53
ARTICLE T6 GENERAL CHASSIS RULES .......................................................................................................... 53
T6.1 Suspension ...................................................................................................................................... 53
T6.2 Ground Clearance ........................................................................................................................... 53
T6.3 Wheels ............................................................................................................................................ 53
T6.4 Tires ................................................................................................................................................. 54
T6.5 Steering ........................................................................................................................................... 54
T6.6 Jacking Point.................................................................................................................................... 55
T6.7 Rollover Stability ............................................................................................................................. 55
ARTICLE T7 BRAKE SYSTEM ......................................................................................................................... 56
T7.1 Brake System - General ................................................................................................................... 56
T7.2 Brake Test ....................................................................................................................................... 56
T7.3 Brake Over-Travel Switch ................................................................................................................ 57
T7.4 Brake Light ...................................................................................................................................... 57
ARTICLE T8 POWERTRAIN ........................................................................................................................... 58
T8.1 Coolant Fluid Limitations ................................................................................................................ 58
T8.2 System Sealing ................................................................................................................................ 58
T8.3 Transmission and Drive ................................................................................................................... 58
T8.4 Drive Train Shields and Guards ....................................................................................................... 58
T8.5 Integrity of systems carrying fluids – Tilt Test................................................................................. 59
ARTICLE T9 AERODYNAMIC DEVICES ........................................................................................................... 60
T9.1 Aero Dynamics and Ground Effects - General................................................................................. 60
T9.2 Location ........................................................................................................................................... 60
T9.3 Wing Edges - Minimum Radii .......................................................................................................... 60
T9.4 Other Edge Radii Limitations ........................................................................................................... 60
T9.5 Ground Effect Devices ..................................................................................................................... 60
T9.6 Driver Egress Requirements ............................................................................................................ 60
ARTICLE T10 COMPRESSED GAS SYSTEMS AND HIGH PRESSURE HYDRAULICS .............................................. 60
T10.1 Compressed Gas Cylinders and Lines .............................................................................................. 60
T10.2 High Pressure Hydraulic Pumps and Lines ...................................................................................... 61
ARTICLE T11 FASTENERS ............................................................................................................................... 61
T11.1 Fastener Grade Requirements ........................................................................................................ 61
T11.2 Securing Fasteners .......................................................................................................................... 62
ARTICLE T12 TRANSPONDERS ....................................................................................................................... 62
T12.1 Transponders .................................................................................................................................. 62
T12.2 Transponder Mounting – All Events................................................................................................ 63
ARTICLE T13 VEHICLE IDENTIFICATION .......................................................................................................... 64
T13.1 Car Number ..................................................................................................................................... 64
T13.2 School Name ................................................................................................................................... 64
T13.3 SAE & IEEE Logos ............................................................................................................................. 64
T13.4 Technical Inspection Sticker Space ................................................................................................. 65
ARTICLE T14 EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS ................................................................................................... 65
T14.1 Driver’s Equipment ......................................................................................................................... 65
T14.2 Helmet............................................................................................................................................. 65

2022 Formula Hybrid Rules – Rev. 1 viii April 19, 2022

T14.3 Balaclava ......................................................................................................................................... 65
T14.4 Eye Protection ................................................................................................................................. 65
T14.5 Suit .................................................................................................................................................. 66
T14.6 Underclothing ................................................................................................................................. 67
T14.7 Socks ............................................................................................................................................... 67
T14.8 Shoes ............................................................................................................................................... 67
T14.9 Gloves.............................................................................................................................................. 67
T14.10 Arm Restraints ................................................................................................................................ 67
T14.11 Driver’s Equipment Condition ......................................................................................................... 67
T14.12 Fire Resistant Material .................................................................................................................... 67
T14.13 Synthetic Material – Prohibited ...................................................................................................... 67
ARTICLE T15 OTHER REQUIRED EQUIPMENT................................................................................................. 67
T15.1 Fire Extinguishers ............................................................................................................................ 67
T15.2 Special Requirements...................................................................................................................... 68
T15.3 Chemical Spill Absorbent ................................................................................................................ 68
T15.4 Insulated Gloves .............................................................................................................................. 68
T15.5 Safety Glasses.................................................................................................................................. 68
T15.6 MSDS Sheets ................................................................................................................................... 68
T15.7 Additional ........................................................................................................................................ 68
ARTICLE T16 ON-BOARD CAMERAS ............................................................................................................... 68
T16.1 Mounts ............................................................................................................................................ 68

PART IC - INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE .......................................................................... 69

ARTICLE IC1 INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE ............................................................................................. 69
IC1.1 Engine Limitation ............................................................................................................................ 69
IC1.2 Permitted modifications to a stock engine are: .............................................................................. 69
IC1.3 Engine Inspection ............................................................................................................................ 69
IC1.4 Starter ............................................................................................................................................. 70
IC1.5 Air Intake System ............................................................................................................................ 70
IC1.6 Accelerator and Accelerator Actuation ........................................................................................... 71
IC1.7 Intake System Restrictor ................................................................................................................. 72
IC1.8 Turbochargers & Superchargers ..................................................................................................... 72
IC1.9 Fuel Lines ........................................................................................................................................ 72
IC1.10 Fuel Injection System Requirements .............................................................................................. 73
IC1.11 Crankcase / Engine lubrication venting........................................................................................... 73
ARTICLE IC2 FUEL AND FUEL SYSTEM ........................................................................................................... 73
IC2.1 Fuel.................................................................................................................................................. 73
IC2.2 Fuel Additives - Prohibited .............................................................................................................. 74
IC2.3 Fuel Temperature Changes - Prohibited ......................................................................................... 74
IC2.4 Fuel Tanks ....................................................................................................................................... 74
IC2.5 Fuel System Location Requirements ............................................................................................... 74
IC2.6 Fuel Tank Filler Neck ....................................................................................................................... 75
IC2.7 Tank Filling Requirement ................................................................................................................ 75
IC2.8 Venting Systems .............................................................................................................................. 75
ARTICLE IC3 EXHAUST SYSTEM AND NOISE CONTROL .................................................................................. 76
IC3.1 Exhaust System General .................................................................................................................. 76
IC3.2 Noise Measuring Procedure ............................................................................................................ 76
IC3.3 Maximum Sound Level .................................................................................................................... 77
IC3.4 Noise Level Re-testing ..................................................................................................................... 77

2022 Formula Hybrid Rules – Rev. 1 ix April 19, 2022

PART EV - ELECTRICAL POWERTRAINS AND SYSTEMS ........................................................... 78
ARTICLE EV1 ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS OVERVIEW ............................................................................................. 78
EV1.1 Definitions ....................................................................................................................................... 78
EV1.2 Maximum System Voltages ............................................................................................................. 80
ARTICLE EV2 ENERGY STORAGE (ACCUMULATORS) ...................................................................................... 81
EV2.1 Permitted Devices ........................................................................................................................... 81
EV2.2 Accumulator Segments ................................................................................................................... 81
EV2.3 Accumulator Containers ................................................................................................................. 81
EV2.4 Accumulator Container –Construction ........................................................................................... 82
EV2.5 Accumulator Container – Mounting ............................................................................................... 83
EV2.6 Accumulator Fusing......................................................................................................................... 83
EV2.7 Accumulator - Segment Maintenance Disconnect .......................................................................... 86
EV2.8 Accumulator - Isolation Relays ........................................................................................................ 86
EV2.9 Accumulator - High Voltage Disconnect ......................................................................................... 87
EV2.10 Accumulator - Pre-Charge and Discharge Circuits .......................................................................... 88
EV2.11 Accumulator – Accumulator Management System (AMS) ............................................................. 89
EV2.12 Virtual Accumulators....................................................................................................................... 91
ARTICLE EV3 TRACTIVE SYSTEM WIRING AND CONSTRUCTION ..................................................................... 93
EV3.1 Positioning of tractive system parts ................................................................................................ 93
EV3.2 TS wiring and conduit...................................................................................................................... 94
EV3.3 TS Cable Strain Relief ...................................................................................................................... 95
EV3.4 TS Electrical Connections ................................................................................................................ 96
EV3.5 Motor Controllers ........................................................................................................................... 97
ARTICLE EV4 GROUNDED LOW VOLTAGE SYSTEM ......................................................................................... 98
EV4.1 Grounded Low Voltage System (GLV) ............................................................................................. 98
ARTICLE EV5 TRACTIVE SYSTEM VOLTAGE ISOLATION................................................................................... 99
EV5.1 Isolation Requirements ................................................................................................................... 99
EV5.2 General ............................................................................................................................................ 99
EV5.3 Insulation, Spacing and Segregation ............................................................................................... 99
EV5.4 Insulation. ..................................................................................................................................... 100
EV5.5 Printed circuit board (PCB) isolation ............................................................................................. 101
ARTICLE EV6 FUSING ................................................................................................................................... 103
EV6.1 Fusing - General ............................................................................................................................ 103
ARTICLE EV7 SHUTDOWN CIRCUIT AND SYSTEMS ....................................................................................... 104
EV7.1 Shutdown Circuit ........................................................................................................................... 104
EV7.2 Master Switches ............................................................................................................................ 106
EV7.3 Grounded Low Voltage Master Switch (GLVMS) .......................................................................... 107
EV7.4 Tractive System Master Switch (TSMS) ......................................................................................... 107
EV7.5 Side-mounted Shutdown Buttons (BRB) ....................................................................................... 108
EV7.6 Cockpit Shutdown Button (BRB) ................................................................................................... 108
EV7.7 Vehicle Start button ...................................................................................................................... 109
EV7.8 Shutdown system sequencing ...................................................................................................... 109
EV7.9 Insulation Monitoring Device (IMD) .............................................................................................. 110
ARTICLE EV8 GROUNDING ........................................................................................................................... 112
EV8.1 General .......................................................................................................................................... 112
ARTICLE EV9 SYSTEM STATUS INDICATORS ................................................................................................. 113
EV9.1 Tractive System Active Lamp (TSAL) ............................................................................................. 113
EV9.2 Ready-to-Drive Sound ................................................................................................................... 113
EV9.3 Safety Systems OK Lamps (SSOK) .................................................................................................. 114

2022 Formula Hybrid Rules – Rev. 1 x April 19, 2022

EV9.4 Insulation Monitoring Device (IMD) .............................................................................................. 114
EV9.5 Accumulator Voltage Indicator ..................................................................................................... 115
EV9.6 Accumulator Monitoring System (AMS) ....................................................................................... 115
ARTICLE EV10 ELECTRICAL SYSTEM TESTS ..................................................................................................... 116
EV10.1 Insulation Monitoring Device (IMD) Test ...................................................................................... 116
EV10.2 Insulation Measurement Test ....................................................................................................... 116
EV10.3 Tractive System Measuring Points (TSMP) ................................................................................... 116
EV10.4 Accumulator Monitoring System (AMS) Test ................................................................................ 118
EV10.5 Rain test ........................................................................................................................................ 120
ARTICLE EV11 POUCH TYPE LITHIUM ION CELLS ............................................................................................ 121
EV11.1 Design requirements ..................................................................................................................... 121
ARTICLE EV12 HIGH VOLTAGE PROCEDURES & TOOLS ................................................................................. 124
EV12.1 Working on Tractive Systems or accumulators ............................................................................. 124
EV12.2 Charging ........................................................................................................................................ 124
EV12.3 Accumulator Container Hand Cart ................................................................................................ 125
EV12.4 Required Equipment ..................................................................................................................... 126
ARTICLE EV13 REQUIRED ELECTRICAL DOCUMENTATION ............................................................................. 127
EV13.1 Electrical System Form – Part 1..................................................................................................... 127
EV13.2 Electrical System Form – Part 2..................................................................................................... 127
ARTICLE EV14 - ACRONYMS .......................................................................................................................... 128

PART S - STATIC EVENTS .....................................................................................................129

ARTICLE S1 PRE-EVENT ELECTRICAL REVIEW (PEER) .................................................................................. 129
ARTICLE S2 TECHNICAL INSPECTION ......................................................................................................... 130
S2.1 Objective ....................................................................................................................................... 130
S2.2 Inspection & Testing Requirement ............................................................................................... 130
S2.3 Inspection Condition ..................................................................................................................... 130
S2.4 Inspection Process ........................................................................................................................ 130
S2.5 Correction and Re-inspection ....................................................................................................... 131
S2.6 Inspection Stickers ........................................................................................................................ 131
ARTICLE S3 PROJECT MANAGEMENT ........................................................................................................ 132
S3.1 Project Management Objective .................................................................................................... 132
S3.2 Project Management Segments .................................................................................................... 132
S3.3 Submission 1 -- Project Plan .......................................................................................................... 132
S3.4 Submission 2 – Change Management Report ............................................................................... 133
S3.5 Submission Formats ...................................................................................................................... 134
S3.6 Submission Deadlines ................................................................................................................... 134
S3.7 Presentation .................................................................................................................................. 134
S3.8 Presentation Format ..................................................................................................................... 134
S3.9 Data Projection Equipment ........................................................................................................... 135
S3.10 Scoring Formula ............................................................................................................................ 135
ARTICLE S4 DESIGN EVENT ........................................................................................................................ 136
S4.1 Design Event Objective ................................................................................................................. 136
S4.2 Submission Requirements............................................................................................................. 136
S4.3 Sustainability Requirement ........................................................................................................... 137
S4.4 Vehicle Drawings ........................................................................................................................... 137
S4.5 Submission Formats ...................................................................................................................... 138
S4.6 Excess Size Design Reports ............................................................................................................ 138
S4.7 Submission Deadlines ................................................................................................................... 138

2022 Formula Hybrid Rules – Rev. 1 xi April 19, 2022

S4.8 Penalty for Late Submission or Non-Submission .......................................................................... 138
S4.9 Penalty for Unsatisfactory Submissions ........................................................................................ 138
S4.10 Vehicle Condition .......................................................................................................................... 139
S4.11 Judging Criteria ............................................................................................................................. 139
S4.12 Judging Sequence .......................................................................................................................... 139
S4.13 Scoring Formula ............................................................................................................................ 139
S4.14 Support Materials ......................................................................................................................... 140

PART D - DYNAMIC EVENTS ................................................................................................141

ARTICLE D1 DYNAMIC EVENTS GENERAL ................................................................................................... 141
D1.1 Maximum Scores ........................................................................................................................... 141
D1.2 Driving Behavior ............................................................................................................................ 141
D1.3 Safety Procedures ......................................................................................................................... 141
D1.4 Vehicle Integrity and Disqualification ........................................................................................... 141
ARTICLE D2 WEATHER CONDITIONS .......................................................................................................... 142
ARTICLE D3 RUNNING IN RAIN .................................................................................................................. 142
D3.1 Operating Conditions .................................................................................................................... 142
D3.2 Decision on Operating Conditions ................................................................................................ 142
D3.3 Notification ................................................................................................................................... 142
D3.4 Tire Requirements ......................................................................................................................... 142
D3.5 Event Rules .................................................................................................................................... 142
D3.6 Penalties ........................................................................................................................................ 142
D3.7 Scoring........................................................................................................................................... 142
D3.8 Tire Changing ................................................................................................................................ 142
ARTICLE D4 DRIVER LIMITATIONS.............................................................................................................. 144
D4.1 Two Event Limit ............................................................................................................................. 144
ARTICLE D5 ACCELERATION EVENT ............................................................................................................ 144
D5.1 Acceleration Objective .................................................................................................................. 144
D5.2 Acceleration Procedure ................................................................................................................. 144
D5.4 Acceleration Event ........................................................................................................................ 144
D5.5 Tire Traction – Limitations ............................................................................................................ 145
D5.6 Acceleration Scoring ..................................................................................................................... 145
D5.7 Acceleration Penalties ................................................................................................................... 145
D5.8 Did Not Attempt ............................................................................................................................ 145
D5.9 Acceleration Scoring Formula ....................................................................................................... 145
ARTICLE D6 AUTOCROSS EVENT ................................................................................................................ 145
D6.1 Autocross Objective ...................................................................................................................... 145
D6.2 Autocross Procedure ..................................................................................................................... 146
D6.3 Autocross Course Specifications & Speeds ................................................................................... 146
D6.4 Autocross Penalties ....................................................................................................................... 146
D6.5 Corrected Elapsed Time ................................................................................................................ 147
D6.6 Best Run Scored ............................................................................................................................ 147
D6.7 Autocross Scoring Formula ........................................................................................................... 147
ARTICLE D7 ENDURANCE EVENT ................................................................................................................ 147
D7.1 Right to Change Procedure ........................................................................................................... 147
D7.2 Endurance Objective ..................................................................................................................... 147
D7.3 Endurance General Procedure ...................................................................................................... 148
D7.4 Endurance Course Specifications & Speeds .................................................................................. 148
D7.5 Energy ........................................................................................................................................... 148
D7.6 Hybrid Vehicles ............................................................................................................................. 148

2022 Formula Hybrid Rules – Rev. 1 xii April 19, 2022

D7.7 Fueling - Hybrid Vehicles ............................................................................................................... 149
D7.8 Charging - Electric Vehicles ........................................................................................................... 149
D7.9 Endurance Run Order.................................................................................................................... 149
D7.10 Entering the Track ......................................................................................................................... 149
D7.11 Endurance Vehicle Restarting ....................................................................................................... 149
D7.12 Breakdowns & Stalls...................................................................................................................... 149
D7.13 Endurance Driver Change Procedure ............................................................................................ 149
D7.14 Endurance Lap Timing ................................................................................................................... 151
D7.15 Exiting the Course ......................................................................................................................... 151
D7.16 Endurance Minimum Speed Requirement .................................................................................... 151
D7.17 Endurance Penalties ...................................................................................................................... 151
D7.18 Endurance Scoring Formula .......................................................................................................... 152
D7.19 Post Event Engine and Energy Check ............................................................................................ 154
D7.20 Endurance Event – Driving ............................................................................................................ 154
D7.21 Endurance Event – Passing ........................................................................................................... 154
D7.22 Endurance Event – Driver’s Course Walk ...................................................................................... 154
D7.23 Flags .............................................................................................................................................. 154
ARTICLE D8 RULES OF CONDUCT ............................................................................................................... 156
D8.1 Competition Objective – A Reminder ........................................................................................... 156
D8.2 Unsportsmanlike Conduct ............................................................................................................. 156
D8.3 Official Instructions ....................................................................................................................... 156
D8.4 Arguments with Officials ............................................................................................................... 156
D8.5 Alcohol and Illegal Material .......................................................................................................... 156
D8.6 Parties ........................................................................................................................................... 156
D8.7 Trash Clean-up .............................................................................................................................. 156
ARTICLE D9 GENERAL RULES ...................................................................................................................... 157
D9.1 Dynamometer Usage .................................................................................................................... 157
D9.2 Problem Resolution ....................................................................................................................... 157
D9.3 Forfeit for Non-Appearance .......................................................................................................... 157
D9.4 Safety Class – Attendance Required ............................................................................................. 157
D9.5 Drivers Meetings – Attendance Required ..................................................................................... 157
D9.6 Personal Vehicles .......................................................................................................................... 157
ARTICLE D10 PIT/PADDOCK/GARAGE RULES ............................................................................................... 157
D10.1 Vehicle Movement ........................................................................................................................ 157
D10.2 Push Bar ........................................................................................................................................ 158
D10.3 Smoking – Prohibited .................................................................................................................... 158
D10.4 Fueling and Refueling .................................................................................................................... 158
D10.5 Energized Vehicles in the Paddock or Garage Area ...................................................................... 158
D10.6 Engine Running in the Paddock ..................................................................................................... 158
D10.7 Safety Glasses................................................................................................................................ 158
D10.8 Curfews ......................................................................................................................................... 158
ARTICLE D11 DRIVING RULES....................................................................................................................... 159
D11.1 Driving Under Power ..................................................................................................................... 159
D11.2 Driving Off-Site - Prohibited .......................................................................................................... 159
D11.3 Practice Track ................................................................................................................................ 159
D11.4 Situational Awareness ................................................................................................................... 159
ARTICLE D12 DEFINITIONS ........................................................................................................................... 159
ACCUMULATOR RATING & FUEL EQUIVALENCY ...................................................................... 160
DETERMINATION OF LAPSUM(N) VALUES .............................................................................. 161
FORMULA HYBRID PROJECT MANAGEMENT EVENT SCORING CRITERIA ................................. 163

2022 Formula Hybrid Rules – Rev. 1 xiii April 19, 2022

 DESIGN JUDGING FORM ......................................................................................................... 173
WIRE CURRENT CAPACITY (DC) ............................................................................................... 175
REQUIRED EQUIPMENT .......................................................................................................... 176
EXAMPLE RELAY LATCH CIRCUITS ........................................................................................... 177
FIREWALL EQUIVALENCY TEST ................................................................................................ 178
179
180

Index of Figures

FIGURE 1 - FORMULA HYBRID SUPPORT PAGE ........................................................................................................................16

FIGURE 2 - OPEN WHEEL DEFINITION ...................................................................................................................................18
FIGURE 3 - TRIANGULATION................................................................................................................................................20
FIGURE 4- ROLL HOOPS AND HELMET CLEARANCE ..................................................................................................................26
FIGURE 5 - PERCY -- 95TH PERCENTILE MALE WITH HELMET ....................................................................................................26
FIGURE 6 – 95TH PERCENTILE TEMPLATE POSITIONING ...........................................................................................................27
FIGURE 7 - MAIN AND FRONT HOOP BRACING .......................................................................................................................29
FIGURE 8 – DOUBLE-LUG JOINT ..........................................................................................................................................30
FIGURE 9 – DOUBLE LUG JOINT ...........................................................................................................................................30
FIGURE 10 – SLEEVED BUTT JOINT .......................................................................................................................................30
FIGURE 11 – SIDE IMPACT STRUCTURE .................................................................................................................................35
FIGURE 12 – SIDE IMPACT ZONE DEFINITION FOR A MONOCOQUE.............................................................................................39
FIGURE 13 – ALTERNATE SINGLE BOLT ATTACHMENT ..............................................................................................................40
FIGURE 14 – COCKPIT OPENING TEMPLATE ...........................................................................................................................41
FIGURE 15 – COCKPIT INTERNAL CROSS SECTION TEMPLATE .....................................................................................................42
FIGURE 16 – EXAMPLES OF FIREWALL CONFIGURATIONS...........................................................................................................45
FIGURE 17 - SEAT BELT THREADING EXAMPLES ......................................................................................................................48
FIGURE 18 – LAP BELT ANGLES WITH UPRIGHT DRIVER ...........................................................................................................49
FIGURE 19 – SHOULDER HARNESS MOUNTING – TOP VIEW .....................................................................................................50
FIGURE 20 - SHOULDER HARNESS MOUNTING – SIDE VIEW .....................................................................................................50
FIGURE 21 – OVER-TRAVEL SWITCHES ..................................................................................................................................57
FIGURE 22 - FINAL DRIVE SCATTER SHIELD EXAMPLE ...............................................................................................................59
FIGURE 23 - EXAMPLES OF POSITIVE LOCKING NUTS .................................................................................................................62
FIGURE 24 - EXAMPLE CAR NUMBER....................................................................................................................................64
FIGURE 25- SURFACE ENVELOPE..........................................................................................................................................70
FIGURE 26 – HOSE CLAMPS ...............................................................................................................................................73
FIGURE 27 - FILLER NECK ...................................................................................................................................................75
FIGURE 28 - ACCUMULATOR STICKER ...................................................................................................................................81
FIGURE 29 - EXAMPLE NP3S CONFIGURATION .......................................................................................................................84
FIGURE 30 – EXAMPLE 5S4P CONFIGURATION ......................................................................................................................85
FIGURE 31 - EXAMPLE ACCUMULATOR SEGMENTING ..............................................................................................................87
FIGURE 32 - VIRTUAL ACCUMULATOR EXAMPLE .....................................................................................................................92
FIGURE 33 - FINGER PROBE ................................................................................................................................................93
FIGURE 34 - HIGH VOLTAGE LABEL ......................................................................................................................................93
FIGURE 35 - CONNECTION STACK-UP ...................................................................................................................................96
FIGURE 36 – CREEPAGE DISTANCE EXAMPLE .......................................................................................................................101
FIGURE 37 - PRIORITY OF SHUTDOWN SOURCES....................................................................................................................104
FIGURE 38 - EXAMPLE MASTER SWITCH AND SHUTDOWN CIRCUIT CONFIGURATION ...................................................................106
FIGURE 39 - TYPICAL MASTER SWITCH ...............................................................................................................................107

2022 Formula Hybrid Rules – Rev. 1 xiv April 19, 2022

FIGURE 40 - INTERNATIONAL KILL SWITCH SYMBOL...............................................................................................................108
FIGURE 41 - EXAMPLE SHUTDOWN STATE DIAGRAM .............................................................................................................110
FIGURE 42 – TYPICAL SSOK LAMP ....................................................................................................................................114
FIGURE 43 – INSULATION MONITORING DEVICE TEST............................................................................................................116
FIGURE 44 - SHROUDED 4MM BANANA JACK.......................................................................................................................118
FIGURE 45 - AMS TEST CONNECTOR WIRING ......................................................................................................................119
FIGURE 46 – ANDERSON POWER PRODUCTS 1327G8FP ......................................................................................................120
FIGURE 47 - CELLS FACE TO FACE .......................................................................................................................................121
FIGURE 48 - REPEATING FRAME (HTTP://WWW.COMPOSITESWORLD.COM) ..............................................................................123
FIGURE 49 - PLOT OF LAPSUM(N) CALCULATION FOR A 44-LAP ENDURANCE EVENT ....................................................................162
FIGURE 50 - SCORING GUIDELINES: PROJECT PLAN COMPONENT.............................................................................................166
FIGURE 51 - SCORING GUIDELINES: CHANGE MANAGEMENT REPORT .......................................................................................168
FIGURE 52 – EVALUATION CRITERIA ...................................................................................................................................170
FIGURE 53 - PROJECT MANAGEMENT SCORING SHEET...........................................................................................................172
FIGURE 54 - LATCHING FOR ACTIVE-HIGH OUTPUT FIGURE 55 - LATCHING FOR ACTIVE-LOW OUTPUT ....................................177

Index of Tables

TABLE 1 – 2020 ENERGY AND ACCUMULATOR LIMITS ...............................................................................................................1

TABLE 2 - EVENT POINTS......................................................................................................................................................2
TABLE 3 - REQUIRED DOCUMENTS .......................................................................................................................................11
TABLE 4 - BASELINE STEEL ..................................................................................................................................................21
TABLE 5 - STEEL TUBING MINIMUM WALL THICKNESSES ..........................................................................................................23
TABLE 6 - 95TH PERCENTILE MALE TEMPLATE DIMENSIONS .....................................................................................................25
TABLE 7 – SFI / FIA STANDARDS LOGOS ...............................................................................................................................66
TABLE 8 - VOLTAGE AND ENERGY LIMITS ...............................................................................................................................80
TABLE 9 - AMS VOLTAGE MONITORING ...............................................................................................................................90
TABLE 10 – AMS TEMPERATURE MONITORING .....................................................................................................................90
TABLE 11 - RECOMMENDED TS CONNECTION FASTENERS ........................................................................................................97
TABLE 12 – MINIMUM SPACINGS ......................................................................................................................................100
TABLE 13 - INSULATING MATERIAL - MINIMUM TEMPERATURES AND THICKNESSES ....................................................................100
TABLE 14 – PCB TS/GLV SPACINGS ..................................................................................................................................102
TABLE 15 – STATIC EVENT MAXIMUM SCORES.....................................................................................................................129
TABLE 16 - PROJECT MANAGEMENT SCORING .....................................................................................................................132
TABLE 17 – MINIMUM SUSTAINABILITY DATA REQUIREMENTS................................................................................................137
TABLE 18 – DYNAMIC EVENT MAXIMUM SCORES .................................................................................................................141
TABLE 19 - FLAGS ...........................................................................................................................................................155
TABLE 20 – ACCUMULATOR DEVICE ENERGY CALCULATIONS ..................................................................................................160
TABLE 21 – FUEL ENERGY EQUIVALENCIES ..........................................................................................................................160
TABLE 22 - EXAMPLE OF LAPSUM(N) CALCULATION FOR A 44-LAP ENDURANCE EVENT ................................................................161
TABLE 23 – WIRE CURRENT CAPACITY (SINGLE CONDUCTOR IN AIR) .........................................................................................175

2022 Formula Hybrid Rules – Rev. 1 xv April 19, 2022

 PART A - ADMINISTRATIVE REGULATIONS

ARTICLE A1 FORMULA HYBRID OVERVIEW AND COMPETITION

A1.1 Formula Hybrid Competition Objective

A1.1.1 The Formula Hybrid™ competition challenges teams of university undergraduate and graduate
students to conceive, design, fabricate, develop and compete with small, formula-style, hybrid-
powered and electric cars.
A1.1.2 The Formula Hybrid competition is intended as an educational program requiring students to
work across disciplinary boundaries, such as those of electrical and mechanical engineering.
A1.1.3 To give teams the maximum design flexibility and the freedom to express their creativity and
imagination there are very few restrictions on the overall vehicle design apart from the
requirement for a mechanical/electrical hybrid or electric-only drivetrain.
A1.1.4 Teams typically spend eight to twelve months designing, building, testing and preparing their
vehicles before a competition. The competitions themselves give teams the chance to
demonstrate and prove both their creativity and their engineering skills in comparison to teams
from other universities around the world.
A1.2 Energy Limits
A1.2.1 Competitiveness and high efficiency designs are encouraged through limits on accumulator
capacities and the amount of energy that a team has available to complete the endurance event.
A1.2.2 The accumulator capacities and endurance energy allocation will be reviewed by the Formula
Hybrid rules committee each year, and posted as early in the season as possible.

Hybrid (and Hybrid In Progress)

Endurance Energy Allocation 31.25 MJ
Maximum Accumulator Capacity 4,449 Wh
Electric
Maximum Accumulator Capacity 5,400 Wh

Table 1 – 2022 Energy and Accumulator Limits

A1.2.3 Accumulator capacities are computed at the 2C (0.5 Hour) rate and then de-rated by 80% to
allow for useable energy content1. Segment energy is calculated without the 80% derating. See
Appendix A for information on how to convert from other rates, and for energy calculations
for capacitors.2
A1.3 Vehicle Design Objectives
For the purpose of this competition, the students are to assume that a manufacturing firm has
engaged them to design, fabricate and demonstrate a prototype hybrid-electric or all electric

1
Accumulator Capacity (Wh) = Ncells x Nominal cell voltage x AH capacity at 2C (0.5 hour) rate x0.8
2
Segment Energy (MJ) = Ncells x Nominal cell voltage x AH capacity at 2C (0.5 hour) rate x 0.0036

2022 Formula Hybrid Rules – Rev. 1 1 April 19, 2022

 vehicle for evaluation as a production item. The intended market is the nonprofessional
weekend autocross competitor. Therefore, the car must balance exceptional performance with
fuel efficiency. Performance will be evaluated in terms of its acceleration, braking, and
handling qualities. Fuel efficiency will be evaluated during the 44 km endurance event. The car
must be easy to maintain and reliable. It should accommodate drivers whose stature varies from
a 5th percentile female to a 95th percentile male. In addition, the car’s marketability is
enhanced by other factors such as aesthetics, comfort and use of common parts. The
manufacturing firm is planning to produce four (4) cars per day for a limited production run.
The challenge to the design team is to develop a prototype car that best meets these goals and
intents. Each design will be compared and judged with other competing designs to determine
the best overall car.
A1.4 Good Engineering Practices
A1.4.1 Vehicles entered into Formula Hybrid competitions are expected to be designed and fabricated
in accordance with good engineering practices.
Note in particular, that the high-voltage electrical systems in a Formula Hybrid car present
health and safety risks unique to a hybrid/electric vehicle, and that carelessness or poor
engineering can result in serious injury or death.
A1.4.2 The organizers have produced several advisory publications that are available on the Formula
Hybrid website. It is expected that all team members will familiarize themselves with these
publications, and will apply the information in them appropriately.
A1.5 Judging Categories
The cars are judged in a series of static and dynamic events including: technical inspections,
project management skills, engineering design, solo performance trials, and high performance
track endurance. These events are scored to determine how well the car performs.

Static Events
Project Management 150
Engineering Design 200
Virtual Racing Challenge 50
Dynamic Events
Acceleration 100
Autocross 200
Endurance 350
Total Points 1050

Table 2 - Event Points

A1.5.1 A team’s final score will equal the sum of their event scores plus or minus penalty and/or bonus
points.
Note: If a team’s penalty points exceed the sum of their event scores, their final score will be
Zero (0). i.e. negative final scores will not be given.

2022 Formula Hybrid Rules – Rev. 1 2 April 19, 2022

ARTICLE A2 FORMULA HYBRID VEHICLE CATEGORIES

A2.1 Hybrid
A2.1.1 A Hybrid vehicle is defined as a vehicle using a propulsion system which comprises both a 4-
stroke Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) and electrical storage (accumulator) with electric
motor drive.
A2.1.2 A hybrid drive system may deploy the ICE and electric motor(s) in any configuration, including
series and/or parallel. Coupling through the road surface is permitted.
A2.1.3 To qualify as a hybrid, vehicles must have a drive system utilizing one or more electric motors
with a minimum continuous power rating of 2.5 kW (sum total of all motors) and one or more
I.C engines with a minimum (sum total) power rating of 2.5 kW.
A2.2 Electric
An Electric vehicle is defined as a vehicle wherein the accumulator is charged from an external
electrical source (and/or through regenerative braking) and propelled by electric drive only.
There is no minimum power requirement for electric-only drive motors.
A2.3 Hybrid in Progress (HIP)3
A Hybrid-in-Progress is a not-yet-completed hybrid vehicle, which includes both an internal
combustion engine and electric motor.
Note: The purpose of the HIP category is to give teams that are on a 2-year development/build
cycle an opportunity to enter and compete their vehicle alongside the regular entries. The HIP
is regarded, for all scoring purposes, as a hybrid, but will run the dynamic events on electric
power only.
A2.3.1 To qualify as an HIP, a vehicle must have been designed, and intended for completion as a
hybrid vehicle.
A2.3.2 Teams planning to enter a vehicle in the HIP category will initially register as a Hybrid. To
change to the HIP category, the team must submit a request to the organizers in writing before
the start of the design event.
Note: The advantages of entering as an HIP are:
(a) Receive a full technical inspection of the vehicle and electrical drive systems.
(b) Participate in all the competition events. (Provided tech inspection is passed).
(c) Receive feedback from the design judges.
Note: Teams can maximize the benefits of an HIP entry by including the full-hybrid
designs in their document submissions and design event presentations, as well as
including the full multi-year program in their Project Management materials.
(d) When the vehicle is completed and entered as a hybrid, in a subsequent competition, it is
considered an all-new vehicle, and not a second-year entry.

3
This category will be removed in 2023.

2022 Formula Hybrid Rules – Rev. 1 3 April 19, 2022

A2.4 Static Events Only (SEO)
A2.4.1 SEO is a category that may only be declared after arrival at the competition. All teams must
initially register as either Hybrid/HIP or Electric.
A2.4.2 A team may declare themselves as SEO and participate in the design4 and other static events
even if the vehicle is in an unfinished state.
(a) An SEO vehicle may not participate in any of the dynamic events.
(b) An SEO vehicle may continue the technical inspection process, but will be given a lower
priority than the non-SEO teams.
A2.4.3 An SEO declaration must be submitted in writing to the organizers before the scheduled start of
the design events.
A2.4.4 A vehicle that declares SEO in one year, will not be penalized by the design judges as a multi-
year vehicle the following year per A6.5.
A2.5 Electric vs. Hybrid Vehicles
A2.5.1 The Electric and Hybrid categories are separate. Although they compete in the same events, and
may be on the endurance course at the same time, they are scored separately and receive
separate awards.
A2.5.2 The event scoring formulas will maintain separate baselines (Tmax, Tmin) for Hybrid and
Electric categories.
Note: Electric vehicles, because they are not carrying the extra weight of engines and
generating systems, may demonstrate higher performances in some of the dynamic events.
Design scores should not be compared, as the engineering challenge between the two classes is
different and scored accordingly.

ARTICLE A3 THE FORMULA HYBRID COMPETITION

A3.1 Open Registration

The Formula Hybrid Competition has an open registration policy and will accept registrations
by student teams representing universities in any country.
A3.2 Official Announcements and Competition Information
A3.2.1 Teams should read any newsletters published by SAE or Formula Hybrid and to be familiar
with all official announcements concerning the competition and rules interpretations released
by the Formula Hybrid Rules Committee.
A3.2.2 Formula Hybrid posts announcements to the “Announcements” page of the Formula Hybrid
website at https://www.formula-hybrid.org/announcements
A3.3 Official Language
The official language of the Formula Hybrid competition is English.

4
Provided the team has met the document submission requirements of A8.3(c)

2022 Formula Hybrid Rules – Rev. 1 4 April 19, 2022

ARTICLE A4 FORMULA HYBRID RULES AND ORGANIZER AUTHORITY

A4.1 Rules Authority

A4.1.1 The Formula Hybrid Rules are the responsibility of the Formula Hybrid Rules Committee and
are issued under the authority of the SAE Collegiate Design Series Committee. Official
announcements from the Formula Hybrid Rules Committee shall be considered part of, and
shall have the same validity as, these rules.
A4.1.2 Ambiguities or questions concerning the meaning or intent of these rules will be resolved by
the Formula Hybrid Rules Committee, SAE or by the individual competition organizers as
appropriate. (See ARTICLE A11)
A4.2 Rules Validity
The Formula Hybrid Rules posted on the Formula Hybrid website and dated for the calendar
year of the competition are the rules in effect for the competition. Rule sets dated for other
years are invalid.
A4.3 Rules Compliance
A4.3.1 By entering a Formula Hybrid competition the team, members of the team as individuals,
faculty advisors and other personnel of the entering university agree to comply with, and be
bound by, these rules and all rule interpretations or procedures issued or announced by SAE,
the Formula Hybrid Rules Committee or the organizers.
A4.3.2 Any rules or regulations pertaining to the use of the competition site by teams or individuals
and which are posted, announced and/or otherwise publicly available are incorporated into
these rules by reference. As examples, all event site waiver requirements, speed limits, parking
and facility use rules apply to Formula Hybrid participants.
A4.3.3 All team members, faculty advisors and other university representatives are required to
cooperate with, and follow all instructions from, competition organizers, officials and judges.
A4.4 Understanding the Rules
Teams, team members as individuals and faculty advisors, are responsible for reading and
understanding the rules in effect for the competition in which they are participating.
A4.5 Participating in the Competition
Teams, team members as individuals, faculty advisors and other representatives of a registered
university who are present on-site at a competition are considered to be “participating in the
competition” from the time they arrive at the event site until they depart the site at the
conclusion of the competition or earlier by withdrawing.
A4.6 Violations of Intent
A4.6.1 The violation of intent of a rule will be considered a violation of the rule itself.
A4.6.2 Questions about the intent or meaning of a rule may be addressed to the Formula Hybrid Rules
Committee or by the individual competition organizers as appropriate.
A4.7 Right to Impound
SAE and other competition organizing bodies reserve the right to impound any onsite registered
vehicles at any time during a competition for inspection and examination by the organizers,
officials and technical inspectors. The organizers may also impound any equipment deemed
hazardous by the technical inspectors.

2022 Formula Hybrid Rules – Rev. 1 5 April 19, 2022

A4.8 Restriction on Vehicle Use
Teams are cautioned that the vehicles designed in compliance with these Formula Hybrid Rules
are intended for competition operation only at the official Formula Hybrid competitions.
A4.9 Headings
The article, section and paragraph headings in these rules are provided only to facilitate
reading: they do not affect the paragraph contents.
A4.10 General Authority
SAE and the competition organizing bodies reserve the right to revise the schedule of any
competition and/or interpret or modify the competition rules at any time and in any manner that
is, in their sole judgment, required for the efficient operation of the event or the Formula
Hybrid series as a whole.
A4.11 SAE Technical Standards Access
A4.11.1 A cooperative program of SAE International University Programs and Technical Standards
Board is making some of SAE’s Technical Standards available to teams registered for any SAE
International hosted competition at no cost. A list of accessible standards can be found
online www.fsaeonline.com and accessed under the team’s registration online www.sae.org.

INDIVIDUAL PARTICIPATION REQUIREMENTS

A4.12 Eligibility Limits

Eligibility is limited to undergraduate and graduate students to insure that this is an engineering
design competition.
A4.13 Student Status
A4.13.1 Team members must be enrolled as degree seeking undergraduate or graduate students in the
college or university of the team with which they are participating. Team members who have
graduated during the twelve (12) month period prior to the competition remain eligible to
participate.
A4.13.2 Teams which are formed with members from two or more Universities are treated as a single
team. A student at any University making up the team may compete at any event where the
team participates. The multiple Universities are in effect treated as one University with two
campuses and all eligibility requirements are enforced.
A4.14 Society Membership
A4.14.1 Team members must be members of at least one of the following societies:
(a) SAE
(b) IEEE
(c) SAE Australasia
(d) SAE Brazil
(e) ATA
(f) IMechE
(g) VDI

2022 Formula Hybrid Rules – Rev. 1 6 April 19, 2022

A4.14.2 Proof of membership, such as membership card, is required at the competition. Students who
are members of one of the societies listed above are not required to join any of the other
societies in order to participate in the Formula Hybrid competition.
A4.14.3 Students can join

Note: SAE membership is required to complete the on-line vehicle registration process, so at
least one team member must be a member of SAE.
A4.15 Age
Team members must be at least eighteen (18) years of age.
A4.16 Driver’s License
Team members who will drive a competition vehicle at any time during a competition must
hold a valid, government issued driver’s license. All drivers must upload a copy of their
driver’s license, front and back, and email it as a .jpeg to [email protected]

A4.17 Driver Restrictions

Drivers who have driven for a professional racing team in a national or international series at
any time may not drive in any competition event. A “professional racing team” is defined as a
team that provides racing cars and enables drivers to compete in national or international racing
series and employs full time staff in order to achieve this.
A4.18 Liability Waiver
All on-site participants, including students, faculty, volunteers and guests, are required to sign a
liability waiver upon registering on-site.
A4.19 Medical Insurance
Individual medical insurance coverage is required and is the sole responsibility of the
participant.

ARTICLE A5 INDIVIDUAL REGISTRATION REQUIREMENTS

A5.1 SAE Student Members

A5.1.1 If your qualifying professional society membership is with the SAE, you should link yourself to
your respective school, and complete the following information on the SAE website:
(a) Medical insurance (provider, policy/ID number,
telephone number)
(b) Driver’s license (state/country, ID number)
(c) Emergency contact data (point of contact
(parent/guardian, spouse), relationship, and phone
number)
A5.1.2 To do this you will need to go to “Registration” page under the specific event the team is
registered and then click on the “Register Your Team / Update Team Information” link. At this
point, if you are properly affiliated to the school/college/university, a link will appear with your

2022 Formula Hybrid Rules – Rev. 1 7 April 19, 2022

 team name to select. Once you have selected the link, the registration page will appear.
Selecting the “Add New Member” button will allow individuals to include themselves with the
rest of the team. This can also be completed by team captain and faculty advisor for all team
members.
A5.1.3 All students, both domestic and international, must affiliate themselves online or submit the
International Student Registration form by March 1, 2022. For additional assistance, please
contact [email protected]
A5.2 Onsite Registration Requirement
A5.2.1 Onsite registration is required of all team members and faculty advisors
A5.2.2 Registration must be completed and the credentials and/or other identification issued by the
organizers properly worn before the car can be unloaded, uncrated or worked upon in any
manner.
A5.2.3 The following is required at registration:
(a) Government issued driver’s license or passport and
(b) Medical insurance card or documentation
(c) Proof of professional society membership (such as card
or member number)
A5.2.4 All international student participants (or unaffiliated faculty advisors) who are not SAE
members are required to complete the International Student Registration form for the entire
team found under “Competition Resources” on the event specific webpage. Upon completion,
email the form to [email protected]
A5.2.5 All students, both domestic and international, must affiliate themselves online or submit the
International Student Registration form prior to the date shown in the Action Deadlines on the
Formula Hybrid website. For additional assistance, please contact
[email protected]
NOTE: When your team is registering for a competition, only the student or faculty advisor
completing the registration needs to be linked to the school. All other students and faculty can
affiliate themselves after registration has been completed.
A5.3 Faculty Advisor
A5.3.1 Each team is expected to have a Faculty Advisor appointed by the university. The Faculty
Advisor is expected to accompany the team to the competition and will be considered by
competition officials to be the official university representative.
A5.3.2 Faculty Advisors are expected to review their team’s Structural Equivalency, Impact Attenuator
data and both ESFs prior to submission. Advisors are not required to certify the accuracy of
these documents, but should perform a “sanity check” and look for omissions.
A5.3.3 Faculty Advisors may advise their teams on general engineering and engineering project
management theory, but may not design any part of the vehicle nor directly participate in the
development of any documentation or presentation. Additionally, Faculty Advisors may neither
fabricate nor assemble any components nor assist in the preparation, maintenance, testing or
operation of the vehicle.
In Brief – Faculty Advisors may not design, build or repair any part of the car.

2022 Formula Hybrid Rules – Rev. 1 8 April 19, 2022

A5.4 Rules and Safety Officer (RSO)
A5.4.1 Each team must appoint a person to be the “Rules and Safety Officer (RSO)”.
A5.4.2 The RSO must:
(a) Be present at the entire Formula Hybrid event.
(b) Be responsible for understanding the Formula Hybrid
rules prior to the competition and ensuring that
competing vehicles comply with all those rules
requirements.
(c) System Documentation – Have vehicle designs, plans,
schematics and supporting documents available for
review by the officials as needed.
(d) Component Documentation – Have manufacturer’s
documentation and information available on all
components of the electrical system.
(e) Be responsible for team safety while at the event. This
includes issues such as:
(i) Use of safety glasses and other safety equipment
(ii) Control of shock hazards such as charging equipment and accessible high voltage
sources
(iii) Control of fire hazards such as fuel, sources of ignition (grinding, welding etc.)
(iv) Safe working practices (lock-out/tag-out, clean work area, use of jack stands etc.)
(f) Be the point of contact between the team and Formula
Hybrid organizers should rules or safety issues arise.
A5.4.3 If the RSO is also a driver in a dynamic event, a backup RSO must be appointed who will take
responsibility for sections A5.4.2(e) and A5.4.2(f) (above) while the primary RSO is in the
vehicle.
A5.4.4 Preferably, the RSO will be the team's faculty advisor or a member of the university's
professional staff, but the position may be held by a student member of the team.
A5.4.5 Contact information for the primary and backup RSOs (Name, Cell Phone number, etc.) must
be provided to the organizers during registration.

ARTICLE A6 VEHICLE ELIGIBILITY

A6.1 Student Developed Vehicle

Vehicles entered into Formula SAE competitions must be conceived, designed, fabricated and
maintained by the student team members without direct involvement from professional
engineers, automotive engineers, racers, machinists or related professionals.
A6.2 Information Sources
The student team may use any literature or knowledge related to car design and information
from professionals or from academics as long as the information is given as a discussion of
alternatives with their pros and cons.

2022 Formula Hybrid Rules – Rev. 1 9 April 19, 2022

A6.3 Professional Assistance
Professionals may not make design decisions or drawings and the Faculty Advisor may be
required to sign a statement of compliance with this restriction.
A6.4 Student Fabrication
It is the intent of the SAE Collegiate Design Series competitions to provide direct hands-on
experience to the students. Therefore, students should perform all fabrication tasks whenever
possible.
A6.5 Vehicles Entered for Multiple Years
Formula Hybrid does not require that teams design and build a new vehicle from scratch each
year.
A6.5.1 Teams may enter the same vehicle used in previous competitions, provided it complies with all
the Formula Hybrid rules in effect at the competition in which it is entered.
A6.5.2 Rules waivers issued to vehicles are valid for only one year. It is assumed that teams will
address the issues requiring a waiver before entering the vehicle in a subsequent year.
NOTE 1: Design judges will look more favorably on vehicles that have clearly documented
upgrades and improvements since last entered in a Formula Hybrid competition.
NOTE 2: Because the Formula Hybrid competition emphasizes high-efficiency drive systems,
engineered improvements to the drive train and control systems will be weighted more heavily
by the design judges than updates to the chassis, suspension etc.
A6.6 Entries per University
Universities may enter up to two vehicles per competition. Note that there will be a registration
wait period imposed for a second vehicle.

ARTICLE A7 REGISTRATION

Registration for the Formula Hybrid competition must be completed on-line. Online registration
must be done by either (a) an SAE member or (b) the official faculty advisor connected with
the registering university and recorded as such in the SAE record system.
Note: It typically takes at least 1 working day between the time you complete an online SAE
membership application and our system recognizes you as eligible to register your team.
A7.1 Registration Cap
The Formula Hybrid competition is capped at 35 entries. Registrations received after the entry
cap is reached will be placed on a waiting list. If no slots become available prior to the
competition, the entry fee will be refunded.
Registration Fees

A7.1.1 Registration fees must be paid to the organizer by the deadline specified on the Formula Hybrid
website.
A7.1.2 Registration fees are not refundable.

2022 Formula Hybrid Rules – Rev. 1 10 April 19, 2022

A7.2 Withdrawals
Registered teams that find that they will not be able to attend the Formula Hybrid competition
are requested to officially withdraw by notifying the organizers at the following address not
later than one (1) week before the event: [email protected]
A7.3 United States Visas
A7.3.1 Teams requiring visas to enter to the United States are advised to apply at least sixty (60) days
prior to the competition. Although many visa applications go through without an unreasonable
delay, occasionally teams have had difficulties and in several instances visas were not issued
before the competition.
Don’t wait – apply early for your visa.
Note: After your team has registered for the Formula Hybrid competition, the organizers can
provide an acknowledgement your registration. We do not issue letters of invitation or
participation certificates.
A7.3.2 Neither SAE staff nor any competition organizers are permitted to give advice on visas,
customs regulations or vehicle shipping regulations concerning the United States or any other
country.

ARTICLE A8 VEHICLE DOCUMENTS, DEADLINES AND PENALTIES

A8.1 Required Documents

The following documents supporting each vehicle must be submitted by the action deadlines
posted on the Formula Hybrid website or otherwise published by the organizers.

Document Section
Project Management Plan S3.3
Electrical System Form (ESF-1) EV13.1
Change Management Report S3.4
Structural Equivalency Spreadsheet (SES) T3.8
Impact Attenuator Data (IA) T3.21
Program Submission ARTICLE A9(f)
Site Pre-Registration ARTICLE A9(l)
Design Report S4.2.1
Sustainability Report S4.2.2
Design Specification Sheet S4.2.3
Electrical System Form (ESF-2) EV13.2

Table 3 - Required Documents

2022 Formula Hybrid Rules – Rev. 1 11 April 19, 2022

A8.2 Document Submission Policies
Note: Volunteer examiners and judges evaluate all the required submissions and it is essential
that they have enough time to complete their work. There are no exceptions to the document
submission deadlines and late submissions will incur penalties.
A8.2.1 Document submission penalties or bonus points are factored in to a team’s final score. They do
not alter the individual event scores.
A8.2.2 All documents must be submitted using the following document title, unless otherwise noted in
individual document requirements: Car Number_University_Document_Competition Year
i.e. 000_Oxford University_SES_2022
Teams are responsible for submitting properly labeled documents and will accrue applicable
penalty points if documents with corrected formatting are late.
A8.2.3 Teams must submit the required documents online at https://ticket.formula-
hybrid.org/level6/upload/index.php
A8.2.4 Document submission deadlines are listed in GMT (Greenwich Mean Time) unless otherwise
explicitly stated. This means that deadlines are typically 7:00 PM Eastern Standard Time.
Please use this website for time conversions.
A8.2.5 The time and date that the document is uploaded is recorded in GMT (Greenwich Mean Time)
and constitutes the official record for deadline compliance.
A8.2.6 The official time and date of document receipt will be posted on the Formula Hybrid website.
Teams are responsible for ensuring the accuracy of these postings and must notify the
organizers within three days of their submission to report a discrepancy. After three days the
submission time and date will become final.
A8.3 Late submissions
Documents received after their deadlines will be penalized as follows:
(a) Structural Equivalency Spreadsheet (SES) – The penalty for late SES submission is 10
points per day and is capped at negative fifty (-50) points. However, teams are advised
that the SES’s are evaluated in the order in which they are received and that late
submissions will be reviewed last. Late SES approval could delay the completion of your
vehicle. We strongly recommend you submit your SES as early as possible.
(b) Impact Attenuator Report (IA) - The penalty for late IA submissions is 10 points per
day and is capped at negative fifty (-50) points.
(c) Design Reports – The Design Report, Sustainability Report, and Design Spec Sheet
collectively constitute the “Design Documents”.
(i) Design Report 10 points/day up to 100 points
(ii) Design Spec Sheet 5 points/day up to 50 points
(iii) Sustainability Report 5 points/day up to 20 points
NOTE: The total penalty for late arrival of any or all three design documents will not
exceed 100 points.

IMPORTANT: If your Design Documents are not received within ten (10) days of the
submission deadline, they will not be evaluated by the judges, and your team will not be
permitted to participate in the Design Event.

2022 Formula Hybrid Rules – Rev. 1 12 April 19, 2022

 (d) Program Submissions – There are no penalties for late program submissions. However,
late submissions will not be included in the race program, which can be an important tool
for future team fund raising.
(e) Project Management Project Plan - Late submission or failure to submit the Project
Plan will be penalized at five (5) points per day and is capped at negative fifty-five (-55)
points.
(f) Change Mangement Report - Late submission or failure to submit the interim report
will be penalized at five (5) points per day and is capped at negative forty (-40) points.
(g) ESF - The penalty for late ESF submissions is 10 points per day and is capped at
negative twenty-five points (-25) per ESF or fifty (-50) points total.
(h) Site Pre-Registration – The penalty for late submission of Site Pre-Registration will be
five (5) points. Teams may submit additional team member information prior to the
competition, and all drivers must submit a photo of their driver’s license prior to April
27th on the “Document Upload Page”.
A8.4 Early submissions
In some cases, documents submitted before their deadline can earn a team bonus points as
follows:
(a) Structural Equivalency Spreadsheet (SES)
(i) Approved documents that were submitted 30 days or more before the SES deadline
will receive 20 bonus points.
(ii) Approved documents that were submitted between 29 and 15 days before the SES
deadline will receive 10 bonus points.
(b) Electrical System Forms (ESF-1 and ESF-2)
(i) Approved documents that were submitted 30 days or more before each ESF deadline
will receive 10 bonus points.
(ii) Approved documents that were submitted between 29 and 15 days before each ESF
deadline will receive 5 bonus points.
Note 1: The qualifying dates for bonus points will be listed on the Formula Hybrid website.
Note 2: The number of bonus points will be based on the submission date of the document, not
on the approval date. Documents submitted early that are not approved will not qualify for
bonus points.
Note 3: Some bonus point deadlines may occur before the closing date of registration. If a team
has not previously registered for a Formula Hybrid competition, they may not be listed on the
documents submission page. (A8.2.3) In that case, a team should submit the document via
email to [email protected]

2022 Formula Hybrid Rules – Rev. 1 13 April 19, 2022

ARTICLE A9 FORMS AND DOCUMENTS

The following forms and documents are available on the Formula Hybrid website:
(a) 2022 Formula Hybrid Rules (This Document)
(b) Structural Equivalency Spreadsheet (SES)
(c) Impact Attenuator (IA) Data Sheet
(d) Electrical Systems Form (ESF-1) template
(e) Electrical Systems Form (ESF-2) template
(f) Program Information Sheet (Team information for the Event Program)
(g) Mechanical Inspection Sheet (For reference)
(h) Electrical Inspection Sheet (For reference)
(i) Design Specification Sheet
(j) Design Event Judging Form (For reference)
(k) Project Management Judging Form (For reference)
(l) Site pre-registration form
(m) Paddock Safety Inspection sheet (For reference)
Note: Formula Hybrid strives to provide student engineering teams with timely and useful
information to assist in the design and construction of their vehicles. Check the Formula Hybrid
website often for new or updated advisory publications.

ARTICLE A10 PROTESTS

A10.1 Protests - General

It is recognized that thousands of hours of work have gone into fielding a vehicle and that
teams are entitled to all the points they can earn. We also recognize that there can be
differences in the interpretation of rules, the application of penalties and the understanding of
procedures. The officials and SAE staff will make every effort to fully review all questions and
resolve problems and discrepancies quickly and equitably
A10.2 Preliminary Review – Required
If a team has a question about scoring, judging, policies or any official action it must be
brought to the organizer’s or SAE staff’s attention for an informal preliminary review before a
protest can be filed.
A10.3 Cause for Protest
A team may protest any rule interpretation, score or official action (unless specifically excluded
from protest) which they feel has caused some actual, non-trivial, harm to their team, or has had
substantive effect on their score. Teams may not protest rule interpretations or actions that have
not caused them any substantive damage.

2022 Formula Hybrid Rules – Rev. 1 14 April 19, 2022

A10.4 Protest Format and Forfeit
All protests must be filed in writing and presented to the organizer or SAE staff by the team
captain. In order to have a protest considered, a team must post a twenty-five (25) point protest
bond which will be forfeited if their protest is rejected.
A10.5 Protest Period
Protests concerning any aspect of the competition must be filed within one-half hour (30
minutes) of the posting of the scores of the event to which the protest relates.
A10.6 Decision
The decision of the competition protest committee regarding any protest is final.

ARTICLE A11 QUESTIONS ABOUT THE FORMULA HYBRID RULES

A11.1 Question Publication

By submitting, a question to the Formula Hybrid Rules Committee or the competition’s
organizing body you and your team agree that both your question and the official answer can be
reproduced and distributed by SAE or Formula Hybrid, in both complete and edited versions, in
any medium or format anywhere in the world.
A11.2 Question Types
A11.2.1 The Committee will answer questions that are not already answered in the rules or FAQs or that
require new or novel rule interpretations. The Committee will not respond to questions that are
already answered in the rules. For example, if a rule specifies a minimum dimension for a part
the Committee will not answer questions asking if a smaller dimension can be used.
A11.3 Frequently Asked Questions
A11.3.1 Before submitting a question, check the Frequently Asked Questions section of the Formula
Hybrid website.
A11.4 Question Submission
Questions must be submitted on the Formula Hybrid Support page:
https://ticket.formula-hybrid.org/level4/osticket/

2022 Formula Hybrid Rules – Rev. 1 15 April 19, 2022

 Figure 1 - Formula Hybrid Support Page

A11.5 Question Format

The following information is required:
(a) Submitter’s Name
(b) Submitter’s Email
(c) Topic (Select from the pull-down menu)
(d) University Name (Registered teams will find their
University name in a pull-down list)
You may type your question into the “Message” box, or upload a document.
You will receive a confirmation email with a link to enable you to check on your question’s
status.
A11.6 Response Time
Please allow a minimum of 3 days for a response. The Rules Committee will respond as
quickly as possible, however responses to questions presenting new issues, or of unusual
complexity, may take more than one week.
Please do not resend questions.

2022 Formula Hybrid Rules – Rev. 1 16 April 19, 2022

 PART T - GENERAL TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS

ARTICLE T1 VEHICLE REQUIREMENTS AND RESTRICTIONS

T1.1 Technical Inspection

T1.1.1 The following requirements and restrictions will be enforced through technical inspection.
Noncompliance must be corrected and the car re-inspected before the car is allowed to operate
under power.
T1.2 Modifications and Repairs
T1.2.1 Once the vehicle has been presented for judging in the Design Events, or submitted for
Technical Inspection, and until the vehicle is approved to compete in the dynamic events, i.e.
all the inspection stickers are awarded, the only modifications permitted to the vehicle are those
directed by the Inspector(s) and noted on the Inspection Form.
T1.2.2 Once the vehicle is approved to compete in the dynamic events, the ONLY modifications
permitted to the vehicle are:
(a) Adjustment of belts, chains and clutches
(b) Adjustment of brake bias
(c) Adjustment of the driver restraint system, head restraint, seat and pedal assembly
(d) Substitution of the head restraint or seat inserts for different drivers
(e) Adjustment to engine operating parameters, e.g. fuel mixture and ignition timing and any
software calibration changes
(f) Adjustment of mirrors
(g) Adjustment of the suspension where no part substitution is required, (except that springs,
sway bars and shims may be changed)
(h) Adjustment of tire pressure
(i) Adjustment of wing angle (but not the location)
(j) Replenishment of fluids
(k) Replacement of worn tires or brake pads The replacement tires and/or brake pads must be
identical in material, composition and size to those presented and approved at Technical
Inspection.
(l) The changing of wheels and tires for “wet” or “damp” conditions as allowed in D3.1 of the
Formula Hybrid Rules.
(m) Recharging of Grounded Low Voltage (GLV) supplies.
(n) Recharging of Accumulators. (See EV12.2)
(o) Adjustment of motor controller operating parameters.
T1.2.3 The vehicle must maintain all required specifications, e.g. ride height, suspension travel,
braking capacity, sound level and wing location throughout the competition.
T1.2.4 Once the vehicle is approved for competition, any damage to the vehicle that requires repair,
e.g. crash damage, electrical or mechanical damage will void the Inspection Approval. Upon

2022 Formula Hybrid Rules – Rev. 1 17 April 19, 2022

 the completion of the repair and before re-entering into any dynamic competition, the vehicle
MUST be re-submitted to Technical Inspection for re-approval.

ARTICLE T2 GENERAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS

T2.1 Vehicle Configuration

T2.1.1 The vehicle must be open-wheeled and open-cockpit (a formula style body) with four (4)
wheels that are not in a straight line.
T2.1.2 Definition of "Open Wheel" – Open Wheel vehicles must satisfy all of the following
criteria:
(a) The top 180 degrees of the wheels/tires must be unobstructed when viewed from
vertically above the wheel.
(b) The wheels/tires must be unobstructed when viewed from the side.
(c) No part of the vehicle may enter a keep-out-zone defined by two lines extending
vertically from positions 75 mm in front of and 75 mm behind the outer diameter
of the front and rear tires in side view elevation of the vehicle with the tires
steered straight ahead. This keep-out zone will extend laterally from the outside
plane of the wheel/tire to the inboard plane of the wheel/tire. See Figure 2 below.
Note: The dry tires will be used for all inspections.

Figure 2 - Open Wheel Definition

T2.2 Bodywork
There must be no openings through the bodywork into the driver compartment from the front of
the vehicle back to the roll bar main hoop or firewall other than that required for the cockpit
opening. Minimal openings around the front suspension components are allowed.

2022 Formula Hybrid Rules – Rev. 1 18 April 19, 2022

T2.3 Wheelbase
The car must have a wheelbase of at least 1524 mm. The wheelbase is measured from the
center of ground contact of the front and rear tires with the wheels pointed straight ahead.
T2.4 Vehicle Track
The smaller track of the vehicle (front or rear) must be no less than 75% of the larger track.
T2.5 Visible Access
All items on the Inspection Form must be clearly visible to the technical inspectors without
using instruments such as endoscopes or mirrors. Visible access can be provided by removing
body panels or by providing removable access panels.

ARTICLE T3 DRIVER’S CELL

T3.1 General Requirements

T3.1.1 Among other requirements, the vehicle’s structure must include two roll hoops that are braced,
a front bulkhead with support system and Impact Attenuator, and side impact structures.
Note: Many teams will be retrofitting Formula SAE cars for Formula Hybrid. In most cases
these vehicles will be considerably heavier than what the original frame and suspension was
designed to carry. It is important to analyze the structure of the car and to strengthen it as
required to insure that it will handle the additional stresses.
The technical inspectors will also be paying close attention to the mounting of accumulator
systems. These can be very heavy and must be adequately fastened to the main structure of the
vehicle.
T3.2 Definitions
The following definitions apply throughout the Rules document:
(a) Main Hoop - A roll bar located alongside or just behind the driver’s torso.
(b) Front Hoop - A roll bar located above the driver’s legs, in proximity to the steering wheel.
(c) Roll Hoops – Both the Front Hoop and the Main Hoop are classified as “Roll Hoops”
(d) Roll Hoop Bracing Supports – The structure from the lower end of the Roll Hoop Bracing
back to the Roll Hoop(s).
(e) Frame Member - A minimum representative single piece of uncut, continuous tubing.
(f) Frame - The “Frame” is the fabricated structural assembly that supports all functional
vehicle systems. This assembly may be a single welded structure, multiple welded
structures or a combination of composite and welded structures.
(g) Primary Structure – The Primary Structure is comprised of the following Frame
components:
(i) Main Hoop
(ii) Front Hoop
(iii) Roll Hoop Braces and Supports
(iv) Side Impact Structure
(v) Front Bulkhead

2022 Formula Hybrid Rules – Rev. 1 19 April 19, 2022

 (vi) Front Bulkhead Support System
(vii) All Frame Members, guides and supports that transfer load from the Driver’s
Restraint System into items (i) through (vi).
(h) Major Structure of the Frame – The portion of the Frame that lies within the envelope
defined by the Primary Structure. The upper portion of the Main Hoop and the Main Hoop
Bracing are not included in defining this envelope.
(i) Front Bulkhead – A planar structure that defines the forward plane of the Major Structure
of the Frame and functions to provide protection for the driver’s feet.
(j) Impact Attenuator – A deformable, energy absorbing device located forward of the Front
Bulkhead.
(k) Side Impact Zone – The area of the side of the car extending from the top of the floor to
350 mm above the ground and from the Front Hoop back to the Main Hoop.
(l) Node-to-node triangulation – An arrangement of frame members projected onto a plane,
where a co-planar load applied in any direction, at any node, results in only tensile or
compressive forces in the frame members. This is also what is meant by “properly
triangulated”.

Not OK Properly Triangulated

Figure 3 - Triangulation

T3.3 Minimum Material Requirements

T3.3.1 Baseline Steel Material
The Primary Structure of the car must be constructed of:
Either: Round, mild or alloy, steel tubing (minimum 0.1% carbon) of the minimum dimensions
specified in Table 4 .
Or: Approved alternatives per Rules T3.3, T3.3.2, T3.5 and T3.6.

2022 Formula Hybrid Rules – Rev. 1 20 April 19, 2022

 OUTSIDE DIMENSION x WALL THICKNESS
ITEM or APPLICATION
Inch Metric
Main & Front Hoops, Round: 1.0" x 0.095" Round: 25.0 mm x 2.50 mm
Shoulder Harness Mounting Bar
Side Impact Structure Round: 1.0" x 0.065" Round: 25.0 mm x 1.75 mm
Roll Hoop Bracing Square: 1.0" x 1.0" x 0.049" Square: 25.0 mm x 25.0 mm x 1.25 mm
Front Bulkhead Square: 26.0 mm x 26.0 mm x 1.2 mm
Driver’s Restraint Harness Attachment
(except for Shoulder Harness Mounting Bar)
Main Hoop Bracing Supports Round: 1.0" x 0.049" Round: 25.0 mm x 1.5 mm
Front Bulkhead Supports Round: 26.0 mm x 1.2 mm
Protection of Tractive System Components

Table 4 - Baseline Steel

Note 1: The use of alloy steel does not allow the wall thickness to be thinner than that used for
mild steel.
Note 2: For a specific application using tubing of the specified outside diameter but with
greater wall thickness, or of the specified wall thickness and a greater outside diameter, or
replacing round tubing with square tubing of the same or larger size to those listed above, are
NOT rules deviations requiring approval.
Note 3: Except for inspection holes, any holes drilled in any regulated tubing require the
submission of an SES.
Note 4: Baseline steel properties used for calculations to be submitted in an SES may not be
lower than the following:
Bending and buckling strength calculations:
Young’s Modulus (E) = 200 GPa (29,000 ksi)
Yield Strength (Sy) = 305 MPa (44.2 ksi)
Ultimate Strength (Su) = 365 MPa (52.9 ksi)

Welded monocoque attachment points or welded tube joint calculations:

Yield Strength (Sy) = 180 MPa (26 ksi)
Ultimate Strength (Su) = 300 MPa (43.5 ksi)

T3.3.2 When a cutout, or a hole greater in diameter than 3/16 inch (4 mm), is made in a regulated tube,
e.g. to mount the safety harness or suspension and steering components, in order to regain the
baseline, cold rolled strength of the original tubing, the tubing must be reinforced by the use of
a welded insert or other reinforcement. The welded strength figures given above must be used
for the additional material. And the details, including dimensioned drawings, must be included
in the SES.

2022 Formula Hybrid Rules – Rev. 1 21 April 19, 2022

T3.4 Alternative Tubing and Material - General
T3.4.1 Alternative tubing geometry and/or materials may be used except that the Main Roll Hoop and
Main Roll Hoop Bracing must be made from steel, i.e. the use of aluminum or titanium tubing
or composites for these components is prohibited.
T3.4.2 Titanium or magnesium on which welding has been utilized may not be used for any part of the
Primary Structure. This includes the attachment of brackets to the tubing or the attachment of
the tubing to other components.
T3.4.3 If a team chooses to use alternative tubing and/or materials they must still submit a “Structural
Equivalency Spreadsheet” per Rule T3.8. The teams must submit calculations for the material
they have chosen, demonstrating equivalence to the minimum requirements found in Section
T3.3.1 for yield and ultimate strengths in bending, buckling and tension, for buckling modulus
and for energy dissipation.
Note: The Buckling Modulus is defined as EI, where, E = modulus of Elasticity, and I = area
moment of inertia about the weakest axis.
T3.4.4 To be considered as a structural tube in the SES Submission (T3.8) tubing cannot have an
outside dimension less than 25 mm or a wall thickness less than that listed in T3.5 or T3.6.
T3.4.5 If a bent tube is used anywhere in the primary structure, other than the front and main roll
hoops, an additional tube must be attached to support it. The attachment point must be the
position along the tube where it deviates farthest from a straight line connecting both ends. The
support tube must have the same diameter and thickness as the bent tube. The support tube
must terminate at a node of the chassis.
T3.4.6 Any chassis design that is a hybrid of the baseline and monocoque rules, must meet all relevant
rules requirements, e.g. a sandwich panel side impact structure in a tube frame chassis must
meet the requirements of rules T3.27, T3.28, T3.29, T3.30 and T3.33.
Note: It is allowable for the properties of tubes and laminates to be combined to prove
equivalence. E.g. in a side-impact structure consisting of one tube as per T3.3 and a laminate
panel, the panel only needs to be equivalent to two side-impact tubes.
T3.5 Alternative Steel Tubing
Minimum Wall Thickness Allowed:

2022 Formula Hybrid Rules – Rev. 1 22 April 19, 2022

 MATERIAL & APPLICATION MINIMUM WALL THICKNESS

Front and Main Roll Hoops

2.0 mm
Shoulder Harness Mounting Bar

Roll Hoop Bracing

Roll Hoop Bracing Supports
Side Impact Structure
Front Bulkhead
Front Bulkhead Support 1.2 mm
Driver’s Harness Attachment (Except for
Shoulder Harness Mounting Bar - above)
Protection of accumulators
Protection of TSV components

Table 5 - Steel Tubing Minimum Wall Thicknesses

Note 1: All steel is treated equally - there is no allowance for alloy steel tubing, e.g. SAE 4130,
to have a thinner wall thickness than that used with mild steel.
Note 2: To maintain EI with a thinner wall thickness than specified in T3.3.1, the outside
diameter MUST be increased.
Note 3: To maintain the equivalent yield and ultimate tensile strength the same cross-sectional
area of steel as the baseline tubing specified in T3.3.1 must be maintained.
T3.6 Aluminum Tubing Requirements
T3.6.1 Minimum Wall Thickness of Aluminum Tubing is 3.0 mm
T3.6.2 The equivalent yield strength must be considered in the “as-welded” condition, (Reference:
WELDING ALUMINUM (latest Edition) by the Aluminum Association, or THE WELDING
HANDBOOK, Volume 4, 7th Ed., by The American Welding Society), unless the team
demonstrates and shows proof that the frame has been properly solution heat treated and
artificially aged.
T3.6.3 Should aluminum tubing be solution heat-treated and age hardened to increase its strength after
welding; the team must supply sufficient documentation as to how the process was performed.
This includes, but is not limited to, the heat-treating facility used, the process applied, and the
fixturing used.
T3.7 Composite Materials
T3.7.1 If any composite or other material is used, the team must present documentation of material
type, e.g. purchase receipt, shipping document or letter of donation, and of the material
properties. Details of the composite lay-up technique as well as the structural material used
(cloth type, weight, and resin type, number of layers, core material, and skin material if metal)
must also be submitted. The team must submit calculations demonstrating equivalence of their
composite structure to one of similar geometry made to the minimum requirements found in
Section T3.3.1. Equivalency calculations must be submitted for energy dissipation, yield and
ultimate strengths in bending, buckling, and tension. Submit the completed “Structural
Equivalency Spreadsheet” per Section T3.8

2022 Formula Hybrid Rules – Rev. 1 23 April 19, 2022

 Note: Some composite materials present unique electrical shock hazards, and may require
additional engineering and fabrication effort to minimize those hazards. See: ARTICLE EV8.
T3.7.2 Composite materials are not allowed for the Main Hoop or the Front Hoop.
T3.8 Structural Documentation – SES Submission
All equivalency calculations must prove equivalency relative to steel grade SAE/AISI 1010.
T3.8.1 All teams must submit a Structural Equivalency Spreadsheet (SES) even if they are not
planning to use alternative materials or tubing sizes to those specified in T3.3.1 Baseline Steel
Materials.
T3.8.2 The use of alternative materials or tubing sizes to those specified in T3.3.1 “Baseline Steel
Material,” is allowed, provided they have been judged by a technical review to have equal or
superior properties to those specified in T3.3.1.
T3.8.3 Approval of alternative material or tubing sizes will be based upon the engineering judgment
and experience of the chief technical inspector or their appointee.
T3.8.4 The technical review is initiated by completing the “Structural Equivalency Spreadsheet” (SES)
which can be downloaded from the Formula Hybrid website.
T3.8.5 Structural Equivalency Spreadsheet – Submission
SESs must be submitted via the Formula Hybrid Document Upload page. See Section A8.2.
Do Not Resubmit SES’s unless instructed to do so.

T3.8.6 Vehicles completed under an approved SES must be fabricated in accordance with the materials
and processes described in the SES.
T3.8.7 Teams must bring a copy of the approved SES with them to Technical Inspection.
Comment - The resubmission of an SES that was written and submitted for a competition in a
previous year is strongly discouraged. Each team is expected to perform their own tests and to
submit SESs based on their original work. Understanding the engineering that justifies the
equivalency is essential to discussing your work with the officials.

T3.8.8 An approved SES for a Formula SAE 2021 or 2022 competition may be submitted in place of
the Formula Hybrid specific SES required by T3.8.4.

T3.9 Main and Front Roll Hoops – General Requirements

T3.9.1 The driver’s head and hands must not contact the ground in any rollover attitude.
T3.9.2 The Frame must include both a Main Hoop and a Front Hoop as shown in Figures from Top:
4.
T3.9.3 When seated normally and restrained by the Driver’s Restraint System, the helmet of a 95th
percentile male (anthropometrical data; See Table 6 and Figure 5) and all of the team’s drivers
must:
(a) Be a minimum of 50.8 mm from the straight line drawn from the top of the main hoop to
the top of the front hoop. (Figures from Top: 4a)

2022 Formula Hybrid Rules – Rev. 1 24 April 19, 2022

 (b) Be a minimum of 50.8 mm from the straight line drawn from the top of the main hoop to
the lower end of the main hoop bracing if the bracing extends rearwards. (Figures from
Top: 4b)
(c) Be no further rearwards than the rear surface of the main hoop if the main hoop bracing
extends forwards. (Figures from Top: 4c)

A two dimensional template used to represent the 95th percentile male is made to the
following dimensions:
• A circle of diameter 200 mm will represent the hips and buttocks.
• A circle of diameter 200 mm will represent the shoulder/cervical region.
• A circle of diameter 300 mm will represent the head (with helmet).
• A straight line measuring 490 mm will connect the centers of the two 200 mm
circles.
• A straight line measuring 280 mm will connect the centers of the upper 200
mm circle and the 300 mm head circle.

Table 6 - 95th Percentile Male Template Dimensions

2022 Formula Hybrid Rules – Rev. 1 25 April 19, 2022

 Figures from Top: 4a, 4b, and 4c- Roll Hoops and Helmet Clearance

Figure 5 - Percy -- 95th Percentile Male with Helmet

2022 Formula Hybrid Rules – Rev. 1 26 April 19, 2022

 Figure 6 – 95th Percentile Template Positioning

T3.9.4 The 95th percentile male template (Percy) will be positioned as follows: (See Figure 6)
(a) The seat will be adjusted to the rearmost position,
(b) The pedals will be placed in the most forward position.
(c) The bottom 200 mm circle will be placed on the seat bottom such that the distance
between the center of this circle and the rearmost face of the pedals is no less than 915
mm.
(d) The middle 200 mm circle, representing the shoulders, will be positioned on the seat back.
(e) The upper 300 mm circle will be positioned no more than 25.4 mm away from the head
restraint (i.e. where the driver’s helmet would normally be located while driving).

IMPORTANT: If the requirements of T3.9.3 are not met with the 95th percentile male
template, the car will not receive a Technical Inspection Sticker and will not be allowed to
compete in the dynamic events.

T3.9.5 Drivers who do not meet the helmet clearance requirements of T3.9.3 will not be allowed to
drive in the competition.
T3.9.6 The minimum radius of any bend, measured at the tube centerline, must be at least three times
the tube outside diameter. Bends must be smooth and continuous with no evidence of crimping
or wall failure.
T3.9.7 The Main Hoop and Front Hoop must be securely integrated into the Primary Structure using
gussets and/or tube triangulation.
T3.10 Main Hoop
T3.10.1 The Main Hoop must be constructed of a single piece of uncut, continuous, closed section steel
tubing per Rule T3.3.1

2022 Formula Hybrid Rules – Rev. 1 27 April 19, 2022

T3.10.2 The use of aluminum alloys, titanium alloys or composite materials for the Main Hoop is
prohibited.
T3.10.3 The Main Hoop must extend from the lowest Frame Member on one side of the Frame, up, over
and down the lowest Frame Member on the other side of the Frame.
T3.10.4 In the side view of the vehicle, the portion of the Main Roll Hoop that lies above its attachment
point to the Major Structure of the Frame must be within ten degrees (10°) of the vertical.
T3.10.5 In the side view of the vehicle, any bends in the Main Roll Hoop above its attachment point to
the Major Structure of the Frame must be braced to a node of the Main Hoop Bracing Support
structure with tubing meeting the requirements of Roll Hoop Bracing as per Rule T3.3.1
T3.10.6 In the front view of the vehicle, the vertical members of the Main Hoop must be at least 380
mm apart (inside dimension) at the location where the Main Hoop is attached to the Major
Structure of the Frame.
T3.11 Front Hoop
T3.11.1 The Front Hoop must be constructed of closed section metal tubing per Rule T3.3.1.
T3.11.2 The Front Hoop must extend from the lowest Frame Member on one side of the Frame, up,
over and down to the lowest Frame Member on the other side of the Frame.
T3.11.3 With proper gusseting and/or triangulation, it is permissible to fabricate the Front Hoop from
more than one piece of tubing.
T3.11.4 The top-most surface of the Front Hoop must be no lower than the top of the steering wheel in
any angular position.
T3.11.5 The Front Hoop must be no more than 250 mm forward of the steering wheel. This distance
shall be measured horizontally, on the vehicle centerline, from the rear surface of the Front
Hoop to the forward most surface of the steering wheel rim with the steering in the straight-
ahead position.
T3.11.6 In side view, no part of the Front Hoop can be inclined at more than twenty degrees (20°) from
the vertical.
T3.12 Main Hoop Bracing
T3.12.1 Main Hoop braces must be constructed of closed section steel tubing per Rule T3.3.1.
T3.12.2 The Main Hoop must be supported by two braces extending in the forward or rearward
direction on both the left and right sides of the Main Hoop.
T3.12.3 In the side view of the Frame, the Main Hoop and the Main Hoop braces must not lie on the
same side of the vertical line through the top of the Main Hoop, i.e. if the Main Hoop leans
forward, the braces must be forward of the Main Hoop, and if the Main Hoop leans rearward,
the braces must be rearward of the Main Hoop.
T3.12.4 The Main Hoop braces must be attached as near as possible to the top of the Main Hoop but not
more than 160 mm below the top-most surface of the Main Hoop. The included angle formed
by the Main Hoop and the Main Hoop braces must be at least thirty degrees (30°). See: Figure
7

2022 Formula Hybrid Rules – Rev. 1 28 April 19, 2022

 Figure 7 - Main and Front Hoop Bracing

T3.12.5 The Main Hoop braces must be straight, i.e. without any bends.
T3.12.6 The attachment of the Main Hoop braces must be capable of transmitting all loads from the
Main Hoop into the Major Structure of the Frame without failing. From the lower end of the
braces there must be a properly triangulated structure back to the lowest part of the Main Hoop
and the node at which the upper side impact tube meets the Main Hoop. This structure must
meet the minimum requirements for Main Hoop Bracing Supports (see Rule T3.3) or an SES
approved alternative. Bracing loads must not be fed solely into the engine, transmission or
differential, or through suspension components.
T3.12.7 If any item which is outside the envelope of the Primary Structure is attached to the Main Hoop
braces, then additional bracing must be added to prevent bending loads in the braces in any
rollover attitude.
T3.13 Front Hoop Bracing
T3.13.1 Front Hoop braces must be constructed of material per Rule T3.3.1.
T3.13.2 The Front Hoop must be supported by two braces extending in the forward direction, one on the
left side and one on the right side of the Front Hoop.
T3.13.3 The Front Hoop braces must be constructed such that they protect the driver’s legs and should
extend to the structure in front of the driver’s feet.
T3.13.4 The Front Hoop braces must be attached as near as possible to the top of the Front Hoop but not
more than 50.8 mm below the top-most surface of the Front Hoop. See: Figure 7
T3.13.5 If the Front Hoop leans rearwards by more than ten degrees (10°) from the vertical, it must be
supported by additional bracing to the rear. This bracing must be constructed of material per
Rule T3.3.1.

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T3.14 Other Bracing Requirements
Where the braces are not welded to steel Frame Members, the braces must be securely attached
to the Frame using 8 mm Metric Grade 8.8 (5/16 in SAE Grade 5), or stronger, bolts. Mounting
plates welded to the Roll Hoop braces must be at least 2.0 mm thick steel.
T3.15 Other Side Tube Requirements
If there is a Roll Hoop brace or other frame tube alongside the driver, at the height of the neck
of any of the team’s drivers, a metal tube or piece of sheet metal must be firmly attached to the
Frame to prevent the drivers’ shoulders from passing under the roll hoop brace or frame tube,
and his/her neck contacting this brace or tube.
T3.16 Mechanically Attached Roll Hoop Bracing
T3.16.1 Roll Hoop bracing may be mechanically attached.
T3.16.2 Any non-permanent joint at either end must be either a double-lug joint as shown in Figure 8
and Figure 9 or a sleeved butt joint as shown in Figure 10.

Figure 8 – Double-Lug Joint Figure 9 – Double Lug Joint

Figure 10 – Sleeved Butt Joint

2022 Formula Hybrid Rules – Rev. 1 30 April 19, 2022

T3.16.3 The threaded fasteners used to secure non-permanent joints are considered critical fasteners and
must comply with ARTICLE T11.
T3.16.4 No spherical rod ends are allowed.
T3.16.5 For double-lug joints, each lug must be at least 4.5 mm thick steel, measure 25 mm minimum
perpendicular to the axis of the bracing and be as short as practical along the axis of the
bracing.
T3.16.6 All double-lug joints, whether fitted at the top or bottom of the tube, must include a capping
arrangement. (See Figure 8 and Figure 9)
T3.16.7 In a double-lug joint the pin or bolt must be 10 mm Grade 9.8 or 3/8 inch SAE Grade 8
minimum. The attachment holes in the lugs and in the attached bracing must be a close fit with
the pin or bolt.
T3.16.8 For sleeved butt joints (Figure 10), the sleeve must have a minimum length of 76 mm (38 mm
on either side of the joint) and be a close-fit around the base tubes. The wall thickness of the
sleeve must be at least that of the base tubes. The bolts must be 6 mm Grade 9.8 or 1/4 inch
SAE Grade 8 minimum. The holes in the sleeves and tubes must be a close-fit with the bolts.
T3.17 Frontal Impact Structure
T3.17.1 The driver’s feet and legs must be completely contained within the Major Structure of the
Frame. While the driver’s feet are touching the pedals, in side and front views no part of the
driver’s feet or legs can extend above or outside of the Major Structure of the Frame.
T3.17.2 Forward of the Front Bulkhead must be an energy-absorbing Impact Attenuator.
T3.18 Bulkhead
T3.18.1 The Front Bulkhead must be constructed of closed section tubing per Rule T3.3.1.
T3.18.2 Except as allowed byT3.22.2, The Front Bulkhead must be located forward of all non-crushable
objects, e.g. batteries, master cylinders, hydraulic reservoirs.
T3.18.3 The Front Bulkhead must be located such that the soles of the driver’s feet, when touching but
not applying the pedals, are rearward of the bulkhead plane. (This plane is defined by the
forward-most surface of the tubing.) Adjustable pedals must be in the forward most position.
T3.19 Front Bulkhead Support
T3.19.1 The Front Bulkhead must be securely integrated into the Frame.
T3.19.2 The Front Bulkhead must be supported back to the Front Roll Hoop by a minimum of three (3)
Frame Members on each side of the vehicle with one at the top (within 50.8 mm of its top-most
surface), one (1) at the bottom, and one (1) as a diagonal brace to provide triangulation.
T3.19.3 The triangulation must be node-to-node, with triangles being formed by the Front Bulkhead, the
diagonal and one of the other two required Front Bulkhead Support Frame Members.
T3.19.4 All the Frame Members of the Front Bulkhead Support system listed above must be constructed
of closed section tubing per Section T3.3.1.
T3.20 Impact Attenuator (IA)
T3.20.1 On all cars there must be an Impact Attenuator and an Anti-Intrusion Plate forward of the Front
Bulkhead, with the Anti-Intrusion Plate between the Impact Attenuator and the Front Bulkhead.

2022 Formula Hybrid Rules – Rev. 1 31 April 19, 2022

 All methods of attachment of the IA to the Ant-Intrusion Plate and of the Anti-Intrusion Plate to
the Front Bulkhead must provide adequate load paths for transverse and vertical loads in the
event of off-axis impacts.
T3.20.2 The Anti-Intrusion Plate must:
(a) Be a 1.5 mm (0.060 in) thick solid steel or 4.0 mm (0.157 in) thick solid aluminum plate.
Monocoques may use an approved alternative as per T3.38.
(b) Be attached securely and directly to the Front Bulkhead.
(c) Have an outer profile that meets the requirements of T3.20.3.
T3.20.3 Alternative designs of the Anti-Intrusion Plate required by T3.20.2 that do not comply with the
minimum specifications given above require an approved “Structural Equivalency
Spreadsheet”, per T3.8. Equivalency must also be proven for perimeter shear strength of the
proposed design.
T3.20.4 The requirements for the outside profile of the Anti-Intrusion Plate are dependent on the
method of attachment to the Front Bulkhead:
• For welded joints the profile must extend at least to the centerline of the Front Bulkhead
tubes on all sides.
• For bolted joints the profile must match the outside dimensions of the Front Bulkhead
around the entire periphery.
T3.20.5 For tube frame cars, the accepted methods of attaching the Anti-Intrusion Plate to the Front
Bulkhead are:
(a) Welding, where the welds are either continuous or interrupted. If interrupted, the
weld/space ratio must be at least 1:1. All weld lengths must be greater than 25 mm (1”).
(b) Bolted joints, using a minimum of eight (8) 8 mm Metric Grade 8.8 (5/16” SAE Grade 5)
bolts with positive locking. The distance between any two bolt centers must be at least 50
mm (2”).
NOTE: Holes in mandated tubes will require appropriate measures to ensure compliance with
T3.3.1 Note 3, and T3.3.2
T3.20.6 For monocoque cars, the attachment of the Anti-Intrusion Plate to the monocoque structure
must be documented in the team’s SES submission. This must prove the attachment method is
equivalent to the bolted joints described in T3.20.5 and that the attachment method utilized will
fail before any other part of the monocoque.
T3.20.7 The Impact Attenuator must be:
(a) At least 200 mm (7.8 in) long, with its length oriented along the fore/aft axis of the Frame.
(b) At least 100 mm (3.9 in) high and 200 mm (7.8 in) wide for a minimum distance of 200
mm (7.8 in) forward of the Front Bulkhead.
(c) Attached securely to the Anti-Intrusion Plate.
Segmented foam attenuators must have all segments bonded together to prevent sliding or
parallelogramming.
T3.20.8 The accepted methods of attaching the Impact Attenuator to the Anti-Intrusion Plate are:

2022 Formula Hybrid Rules – Rev. 1 32 April 19, 2022

 (a) Bolted joints, using a minimum of four (4) 8 mm Metric Grade 8.8 (5/16” SAE Grade 5)
bolts with positive locking. The distance between any two bolt centers must be at least 50
mm (2”).
(b) By the use of a structural adhesive. The adhesive must be appropriate for use with both
substrate types. Appropriate adhesive choice, substrate preparation, and equivalency of this
bonded joint to the bolted joint in T3.20.8(a) must be documented in the team’s IAD
Report.
Note: Foam IA’s cannot be attached solely by the bolted method.
T3.20.9 If a team uses the “standard” FSAE Impact Attenuator5, and the outside profile of the Anti-
Intrusion Plate extends beyond the “standard” Impact Attenuator by more than 25 mm (1”) on
any side, a diagonal or X-brace made from 1.00” x 0.049” steel tube, or an approved equivalent
per T3.5, must be included in the Front Bulkhead.
T3.21 Impact Attenuator Test Data Report Requirement
T3.21.1 Impact Attenuator Test Data Report Requirement
All teams, whether they are using their own design of Impact Attenuator (IA) or the “standard”
FSAE Impact Attenuator, must submit an Impact Attenuator Data Report using the Impact
Attenuator Data (IAD) Template found on the Formula Hybrid Document page at:
https://www.formula-hybrid.org/documents
T3.21.2 All teams must submit calculations and/or test data to show that their Impact Attenuator, when
mounted on the front of their vehicle and run into a solid, non-yielding impact barrier with a
velocity of impact of 7.0 meters/second, would give an average deceleration of the vehicle not
to exceed 20 g, with a peak deceleration less than or equal to 40 g's.
NOTE 1: Quasi-static testing is allowed.
NOTE 2: The calculations of how the reported absorbed energy, average deceleration and peak
deceleration figures have been derived from the test data MUST be included in the report and
appended to the report template.
T3.21.3 Calculations must be based on the actual vehicle mass with a 175 lb. driver, full fluids, and
rounded up to the nearest 100 lb.
Note: Teams may only use the “Standard” FSAE impact attenuator design and data submission
process if their vehicle mass with driver is 300 kgs (661 lbs) or less.
To be eligible to utilize the “Standard” FSAE impact attenuator, teams must either have
previously brought a Formula Hybrid vehicle that weighs under 300 kgs (661 lbs) with driver to
a Formula Hybrid competition, or submit a detailed mass measurement spreadsheet covering all
the vehicle’s components as part of the Impact Attenuator Data Report, showing that the new
vehicle meets the above requirements.
T3.21.4 Teams using a front wing must prove that the combination of the Impact Attenuator and front
wing, when used together, do not exceed the peak deceleration of rule T3.21.2. Teams can use
the following methods to show the design does not exceed the limits given in T3.21.2.
(a) Physical testing of the Impact Attenuator with wing mounts, links, vertical plates, and a
structural representation of the airfoil section to determine the peak force. See

5
The officially approved “standard” Formula SAE Impact Attenuator may be found on the Formula SAE web site at
fsaeonline.com.

2022 Formula Hybrid Rules – Rev. 1 33 April 19, 2022

 http://formula-hybrid.org/students/tech-support/ FAQs for an example of the structure to
be included in the test. Or
(b) Combine the peak force from physical testing of the Impact Attenuator Assembly with
the wing mount failure load calculated from fastener shear and/or link buckling. Or
(c) If they are using the Standard FSAE Impact Attenuator (see T3.21.3 above), combine the
peak load of 95 kN exerted by the Standard FSAE Impact Attenuator with the wing
mount failure load calculated from fastener shear and/or buckling.
T3.21.5 When using acceleration data, the average deceleration must be calculated based on the raw
data. The peak deceleration can be assessed based on the raw data, and if peaks above the 40g
limit are apparent in the data, it can then be filtered with a Channel Filter Class (CFC) 60 (100
Hz) filter per SAE Recommended Practice J211 “Instrumentation for Impact Tests”, or a 100
Hz, 3rd order, lowpass Butterworth (-3dB at 100 Hz) filter.
T3.21.6 A schematic of the test method must be supplied along with photos of the attenuator before and
after testing.
T3.21.7 The test piece must be presented at technical inspection for comparison to the photographs and
the attenuator fitted to the vehicle.
T3.21.8 The report must be submitted electronically in Adobe Acrobat ® format (*.pdf file) to the
address and by the date provided in the Action Deadlines provided on the Formula Hybrid
website. This material must be a single file (text, drawings, data or whatever you are including).
T3.21.9 The Impact Attenuator Data Report must be named as follows:
carnumber_schoolname_competitioncode_IAD.pdf using the assigned car number, the
complete school name and competition code e.g.
087_University of SAE_FH_IAD.pdf
T3.21.10 Teams that submit their Impact Attenuator Data Report after the due date will be penalized as
listed in section A8.2.
T3.21.11 Impact Attenuator Reports will be evaluated by the organizers and the evaluations will be
passed to the Design Event Captain for consideration in that event.
T3.21.12 During the test, the attenuator must be attached to the Anti-Intrusion Plate using the intended
vehicle attachment method. The Anti-Intrusion Plate must be spaced at least 50 mm from any
rigid surface. No part of the Anti-Intrusion Plate may permanently deflect more than 25.4 mm
beyond the position of the Anti-Intrusion Plate before the test.
Note: The 25.4 mm spacing represents the front bulkhead support and insures that the plate
does not intrude excessively into the cockpit.
T3.21.13 Dynamic testing (sled, pendulum, drop tower, etc.) of the impact attenuator may only be done
at a dedicated test facility. The test facility may be part of the University but must be
supervised by professional staff or University faculty. Teams are not allowed to construct their
own dynamic test apparatus. Quasi-static testing may be performed by teams using their
universities facilities/equipment, but teams are advised to exercise due care when performing
all tests.
T3.22 Non-Crushable Objects
T3.22.1 Except as allowed by T3.22.2, all non-crushable objects (e.g. batteries, master cylinders,
hydraulic reservoirs) inside the primary structure must have 25 mm (1”) clearance to the rear
face of the Impact Attenuator Anti-Intrusion Plate.

2022 Formula Hybrid Rules – Rev. 1 34 April 19, 2022

T3.22.2 The front wing and wing supports may be forward of the Front Bulkhead, but may NOT be
located in or pass through the Impact Attenuator. If the wing supports are in front of the Front
Bulkhead, the supports must be included in the test of the Impact Attenuator. See T3.21.
T3.23 Front Bodywork
T3.23.1 Sharp edges on the forward facing bodywork or other protruding components are prohibited.
T3.23.2 All forward facing edges on the bodywork that could impact people, e.g. the nose, must have
forward facing radii of at least 38 mm. This minimum radius must extend to at least forty-five
degrees (45°) relative to the forward direction, along the top, sides and bottom of all affected
edges.
T3.24 Side Impact Structure for Tube Frame Cars
The Side Impact Structure must meet the requirements listed below.

T3.24.1 The Side Impact Structure for tube frame cars must be comprised of at least three (3) tubular
members located on each side of the driver while seated in the normal driving position, as
shown in Figure 11

Figure 11 – Side Impact Structure

T3.24.2 The three (3) required tubular members must be constructed of material per Section T3.3.
T3.24.3 The locations for the three (3) required tubular members are as follows:
(a) The upper Side Impact Structural member must connect the Main Hoop and the Front
Hoop. With a 77 kg driver seated in the normal driving position all of the member must be
at a height between 300 mm and 350 mm above the ground. The upper frame rail may be
used as this member if it meets the height, diameter and thickness requirements.
(b) The lower Side Impact Structural member must connect the bottom of the Main Hoop and
the bottom of the Front Hoop. The lower frame rail/frame member may be this member if
it meets the diameter and wall thickness requirements.

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 (c) The diagonal Side Impact Structural member must connect the upper and lower Side
Impact Structural members forward of the Main Hoop and rearward of the Front Hoop.

T3.24.4 With proper gusseting and/or triangulation, it is permissible to fabricate the Side Impact
Structural members from more than one piece of tubing.
T3.24.5 Alternative geometry that does not comply with the minimum requirements given above
requires an approved “Structural Equivalency Spreadsheet” per Rule T3.8.
T3.25 Inspection Holes
T3.25.1 To allow the verification of tubing wall thicknesses, 4.5 mm inspection holes must be drilled in
a non-critical location of both the Main Hoop and the Front Hoop.
T3.25.2 In addition, the Technical Inspectors may check the compliance of other tubes that have
minimum dimensions specified in T3.3.1. This may be done by the use of ultra-sonic testing or
by the drilling of additional inspection holes at the inspector’s request.
T3.25.3 Inspection holes must be located so that the outside diameter can be measured across the
inspection hole with a caliper, i.e. there must be access for the caliper to the inspection hole and
to the outside of the tube one hundred eighty degrees (180°) from the inspection hole.
T3.26 Composite Tubular Space Frames
T3.26.1 Composite tubular space frames are not permitted in the Primary Structure of the vehicle (See
T3.2(g))
T3.26.2 Composite tubular structures may be used for other tubes regulated under T3.3 provided the
team receives prior approval from the Formula Hybrid chief technical examiner. This will
require submission of the following data:
(a) Test data on the joints used in the structure.
(b) Static strength testing on all proposed configurations within the frame.
(c) An assessment of the ability of all joints to handle cyclic loading.
(d) The equivalency of the composite tubes to withstand maximum forces and moments
(when compared to baseline materials).
This information must also be included in the structural equivalency submission.
T3.27 Monocoque General Requirements
T3.27.1 All equivalency calculations must prove equivalency relative to steel grade SAE/AISI 1010.
T3.27.2 All sections of the rules apply to monocoque structures except for the following sections which
supplement or supersede other rule sections.
T3.27.3 Monocoque construction requires an approved Structural Equivalency Spreadsheet, per Section
T3.8. The form must demonstrate that the design is equivalent to a welded frame in terms of
energy dissipation, yield and ultimate strengths in bending, buckling and tension. Information
must include: material type(s), cloth weights, resin type, fiber orientation, number of layers,
core material, and lay-up technique. The 3 point bend test and shear test data and pictures must
also be included as per T3.30 Monocoque Laminate Testing. The Structural Equivalency must
address each of the items below. Data from the laminate testing results must be used as the
basis for any strength or stiffness calculations.
T3.27.4 Composite and metallic monocoques have the same requirements.

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T3.27.5 Composite monocoques must meet the materials requirements in Rule T3.7 Composite
Materials.
T3.28 Monocoque Inspections
T3.28.1 Due to the monocoque rules and methods of manufacture it is not always possible to inspect all
aspects of a monocoque during technical inspection. For items which cannot be verified by an
inspector it is the responsibility of the team to provide documentation, both visual and/or
written, that the requirements have been met. Generally the following items should be possible
to be confirmed by the technical inspector:
(a) Verification of the Main Hoop outer diameter and wall thickness where it protrudes above
the monocoque
(b) Visual verification that the Main Hoop goes to the lowest part of the tub, locally
(c) Verify mechanical attachment of Main Hoop to tub exists and matches the SES, at all
points shown on the SES.
(d) Verify the outside diameter and wall thickness of the Front Hoop by providing access as
required by Rule T3.25.3.
(e) Verify visually or by feel that the Front Hoop is installed.
(f) Verify that the Front Hoop goes to the lowest part of the tub, locally.
(g) Verify mechanical attachment of the Front Hoop (if included) against the SES.
T3.29 Monocoque Buckling Modulus – Equivalent Flat Panel Calculation
When specified in the rules, the EI of the monocoque must be calculated as the EI of a flat
panel with the same composition as the monocoque about the neutral axis of the laminate. The
curvature of the panel and geometric cross section of the monocoque must be ignored for these
calculations.
Note: Calculations of EI that do not reference T3.29 may take into account the actual geometry
of the monocoque.
T3.30 Monocoque Laminate Testing
T3.30.1 Teams must build a representative flat panel section of the monocoque side impact zone
(“zone” is defined in T3.32.2 and T3.2(k)) and perform a 3 point bending test on this panel.
They must prove by physical test that a section 200 mm x 500 mm has at least the same
properties as a baseline steel side impact tube (See T3.3.1 “Baseline Steel Materials”) for
bending stiffness and two side impact tubes for yield and ultimate strength.
The data from these tests and pictures of the test samples must be included in the SES, the test
results will be used to derive strength and stiffness properties used in the SES formulae for all
laminate panels. The test specimen must be presented at technical inspection. If the test
specimen does not meet these requirements then the monocoque side impact zone must be
strengthened appropriately.
Note: Teams are advised to make an equivalent test with the base line steel tubes such that any
compliance in the test rig can be accounted for.
T3.30.2 If laminates with a lay-up different to that of the side-impact structure are used then additional
physical tests must be completed for any part of the monocoque that forms part of the primary
structure. The material properties derived from these tests must then be used in the SES for the
appropriate equivalency calculations.

2022 Formula Hybrid Rules – Rev. 1 37 April 19, 2022

 Note: A laminate with more or less plies, of the same lay-up as the side-impact structure, does
not constitute a “different lay-up” and the material properties may be scaled accordingly.
T3.30.3 Perimeter shear tests must be completed by measuring the force required to push or pull a 25
mm diameter flat punch through a flat laminate sample.
The sample, measuring at least 100 mm x 100 mm must have core and skin thicknesses
identical to those used in the actual monocoque and be manufactured using the same materials
and processes.
The fixture must support the entire sample, except for a 32 mm hole aligned co-axially with the
punch. The sample must not be clamped to the fixture.
The force-displacement data and photos of the test setup must be included in the SES.
The first peak in the load-deflection curve must be used to determine the skin shear strength.
This may be less than the minimum force required by T3.32.3/T3.33.3.
The maximum force recorded must meet the requirements of T3.32.3/T3.33.3.
Note: The edge of the punch and hole in the fixture may include an optional fillet up-to a
maximum radius of 1 mm.
T3.31 Monocoque Front Bulkhead
See Rule T3.27 for general requirements that apply to all aspects of the monocoque. In
addition when modeled as an “L” shaped section the EI of the front bulkhead about both
vertical and lateral axis must be equivalent to that of the tubes specified for the front bulkhead
under T3.18. The length of the section perpendicular to the bulkhead may be a maximum of
25.4 mm measured from the rearmost face of the bulkhead.
Furthermore, any front bulkhead which supports the IA plate must have a perimeter shear
strength equivalent to a 1.5 mm thick steel plate.
T3.32 Monocoque Front Bulkhead Support
T3.32.1 In addition to proving that the strength of the monocoque is adequate, the monocoque must
have equivalent EI to the sum of the EI of the six (6) baseline steel tubes that it replaces.
T3.32.2 The EI of the vertical side of the front bulkhead support structure must be equivalent to at least
the EI of one baseline steel tube that it replaces when calculated as per rule T3.29 Monocoque
Buckling Modulus.
T3.32.3 The perimeter shear strength of the monocoque laminate in the front bulkhead support structure
should be at least 4 kN for a section with a diameter of 25 mm. This must be proven by a
physical test completed as per T3.30.3 and the results include in the SES
T3.33 Monocoque Side Impact
T3.33.1 In addition to proving that the strength of the monocoque is adequate, the side of the
monocoque must have equivalent EI to the sum of the EI of the three (3) baseline steel tubes
that it replaces.
T3.33.2 The side of the monocoque between the upper surface of the floor and 350 mm above the
ground (Side Impact Zone) must have an EI of at least 50% of the sum of the EI of the three (3)
baseline steel tubes that it replaces when calculated as per Rule T3.29 Monocoque Buckling
Modulus.

2022 Formula Hybrid Rules – Rev. 1 38 April 19, 2022

T3.33.3 The perimeter shear strength of the monocoque laminate should be at least 7.5 kN for a section
with a diameter of 25 mm. This must be proven by physical test completed as per T3.30.3 and
the results included in the SES.

Figure 12 – Side Impact Zone Definition for a Monocoque

T3.34 Monocoque Main Hoop

T3.34.1 The Main Hoop must be constructed of a single piece of uncut, continuous, closed section steel
tubing per T3.3.1 and extend down to the bottom of the monocoque.
T3.34.2 The Main Hoop must be mechanically attached at the top and bottom of the monocoque and at
intermediate locations as needed to show equivalency.
T3.34.3 Mounting plates welded to the Roll Hoop shall be at least 2.0 mm thick steel.
T3.34.4 Attachment of the Main Hoop to the monocoque must comply with T3.39.
T3.35 Monocoque Front Hoop
T3.35.1 Composite materials are not allowed for the front hoop. See Rule T3.27 for general
requirements that apply to all aspects of the monocoque.
T3.35.2 Attachment of the Front Hoop to the monocoque must comply with Rule T3.39.
T3.36 Monocoque Front and Main Hoop Bracing
T3.36.1 See Rule T3.27 for general requirements that apply to all aspects of the monocoque.
T3.36.2 Attachment of tubular Front or Main Hoop Bracing to the monocoque must comply with Rule
T3.39.
T3.37 Monocoque Impact Attenuator and Anti-Intrusion Plate Attachment
The attachment of the Impact Attenuator and Anti-Intrusion Plate to a monocoque structure
requires an approved “Structural Equivalency Spreadsheet” per Rule T3.8 that shows the
equivalency to a minimum of eight (8) 8 mm Metric Grade 8.8 (5/16 inch SAE Grade 5) bolts
for the Anti-Intrusion Plate attachment and a minimum of four (4) bolts to the same minimum
specification for the Impact Attenuator attachment.

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T3.38 Monocoque Impact Attenuator Anti-Intrusion Plate
T3.38.1 See Rule T3.27 for general requirements that apply to all aspects of the monocoque and Rule
T3.20.3 for alternate Anti-Intrusion Plate designs.
T3.39 Monocoque Attachments
T3.39.1 In any direction, each attachment point between the monocoque and the other primary structure
must be able to carry a load of 30 kN.
T3.39.2 The laminate, mounting plates, backing plates and inserts must have sufficient shear area, weld
area and strength to carry the specified 30 kN load in any direction. Data obtained from the
laminate perimeter shear strength test (T3.33.3) should be used to prove adequate shear area is
provided
T3.39.3 Each attachment point requires a minimum of two (2) 8 mm Metric Grade 8.8 or 5/16 inch SAE
Grade 5 bolts
T3.39.4 Each attachment point requires steel backing plates with a minimum thickness of 2.0 mm.
Alternate materials may be used for backing plates if equivalency is approved.
T3.39.5 The Front Hoop Bracing, Main Hoop Bracing and Main Hoop Bracing Supports only may use
one (1) 10 mm Metric Grade 8.8 or 3/8 inch SAE Grade 5 bolt as an alternative to T3.39.3 if
the bolt is on the centerline of tube similar to the figure below.

Figure 13 – Alternate Single Bolt Attachment

T3.39.6 No crushing of the core is permitted

T3.39.7 Main Hoop bracing attached to a monocoque (i.e. not welded to a rear space frame) is always
considered “mechanically attached” and must comply with Rule T3.16.
T3.40 Monocoque Driver’s Harness Attachment Points
T3.40.1 The monocoque attachment points for the shoulder and lap belts must support a load of 13 kN
before failure.
T3.40.2 The monocoque attachment points for the ant-submarine belts must support a load of 6.5 kN
before failure.
T3.40.3 If the lap belts and anti-submarine belts are attached to the same attachment point, then this
point must support a load of 19.5 kN before failure.

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T3.40.4 The strength of lap belt attachment and shoulder belt attachment must be proven by physical
test where the required load is applied to a representative attachment point where the proposed
layup and attachment bracket is used.

ARTICLE T4 COCKPIT

T4.1 Cockpit Opening

Important Note: Teams are advised that cockpit template and Percy (Figure 5) compliance
will be strictly enforced during mechanical technical inspection. Check the Formula Hybrid
website for an instructional video on template and Percy inspection procedures.

T4.1.1 In order to ensure that the opening giving access to the cockpit is of adequate size, a template
shown in Figure 14 will be inserted downwards into the cockpit opening. It will be held
horizontally and inserted vertically from a height above any Primary Structure or bodywork
that is between the Front Hoop and the Main Hoop until it has passed below the top bar of the
Side Impact Structure (or until it is 350 mm (13.8 inches) above the ground for monocoque
cars). Fore and aft translation of the template (while maintaining its position parallel to the
ground) will be permitted during insertion.

Figure 14 – Cockpit Opening Template

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T4.1.2 During this test, the steering wheel, steering column, seat and all padding may be removed. The
shifter or shift mechanism may not be removed unless it is integral with the steering wheel and
is removed with the steering wheel. The firewall may not be moved or removed.
Note: As a practical matter, for the checks, the steering column will not be removed. The
technical inspectors will maneuver the template around the steering column shaft, but not the
steering column supports.
T4.2 Cockpit Internal Cross Section:
T4.2.1 A free vertical cross section, which allows the template shown in Figure 15 to be passed
horizontally through the cockpit to a point 100 mm rearwards of the face of the rearmost pedal
when in the inoperative position, must be maintained over its entire length. If the pedals are
adjustable, they will be put in their most forward position.

Figure 15 – Cockpit Internal Cross Section Template

T4.2.2 The template, with maximum thickness of 7 mm, will be held vertically and inserted into the
cockpit opening rearward of the rear-most portion of the steering column.
Note: At the discretion of the technical inspectors, the internal cross-section template may be
moved vertically by small increments during fore and aft travel to clear height deviations in the
floor of the vehicle (e.g. those caused by the steering rack, etc.). The template must still fit
through the cross-section at the location of vertical deviation.
A video demonstrating the template procedure can be found on YouTube:
https://youtu.be/azz5kbmiQbw

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T4.2.3 The only items that may be removed for this test are the steering wheel, and any padding
required by Rule T5.8 “Driver’s Leg Protection” that can be easily removed without the use of
tools with the driver in the seat. The seat and any seat insert that may be used by any team
member must remain in the cockpit.
T4.2.4 Teams whose cars do not comply with T4.1 or T4.2 will not be given a Technical Inspection
Sticker and will not be allowed to compete in the dynamic events.
Note: Cables, wires, hoses, tubes, etc. must not impede the passage of the templates required by
T4.1 and T4.2.
T4.3 Driver’s Seat
T4.3.1 In side view the lowest point of the driver’s seat must be no lower than the top surface of the
lower frame rails or by having a longitudinal tube (or tubes) that meets the requirements for
Side Impact tubing, passing underneath the lowest point of the seat.
T4.3.2 When seated in the normal driving position, adequate heat insulation must be provided to
ensure that the driver will not contact any metal or other materials which may become heated to
a surface temperature above sixty degrees C (60°C). The insulation may be external to the
cockpit or incorporated with the driver’s seat or firewall. The design must show evidence of
addressing all three (3) types of heat transfer, namely conduction, convection and radiation,
with the following between the heat source, e.g. an exhaust pipe or coolant hose/tube and the
panel that the driver could contact, e.g. the seat or floor:
(a) Conduction Isolation by:
(i) No direct contact between the heat source and the panel, or
(ii) a heat resistant, conduction isolation material with a minimum thickness of 8 mm
between the heat source and the panel.
(b) Convection Isolation by a minimum air gap of 25 mm between the heat source and the
panel.
(c) Radiation Isolation by:
(i) A solid metal heat shield with a minimum thickness of 0.4 mm or
(ii) reflective foil or tape when combined with T4.3.2(a)(ii) above.
T4.4 Floor Close-out
All vehicles must have a floor closeout made of one or more panels, which separate the driver
from the pavement. If multiple panels are used, gaps between panels are not to exceed 3 mm.
The closeout must extend from the foot area to the firewall and prevent track debris from
entering the car. The panels must be made of a solid, non-brittle material.
T4.5 Firewall
T4.5.1 Firewall(s) must separate the driver compartment from the following components:
(a) Fuel Tanks.
(b) Accumulators.
(c) All components of the fuel supply.
(d) External engine oil systems including hoses, oil coolers, tanks, etc.

2022 Formula Hybrid Rules – Rev. 1 43 April 19, 2022

 (e) Liquid cooling systems including those for I.C. engine and electrical components.
(f) Lithium-based GLV batteries.
(g) All tractive systems (TS) components
(h) All conductors carrying tractive system voltages (TSV) (Whether contained within conduit
or not.)
T4.5.2 The firewall(s) must be a rigid, non-permeable surface made from 1.5 mm or thicker aluminum
or proven equivalent. See Appendix H – Firewall Equivalency Test.
T4.5.3 The firewall(s) must seal completely against the passage of fluids and hot gasses, including at
the sides and the floor of the cockpit, e.g. there can be no holes in a firewall through which seat
belts pass.
T4.5.4 Pass-throughs for GLV wiring, cables, etc. are allowable if grommets are used to seal the pass-
throughs.
Multiple panels may be used to form the firewall but must be mechanically fastened in place
and sealed at the joints.
T4.5.5 For those components listed in T4.5.1 that are mounted behind the driver, the firewall(s) must
extend sufficiently far upwards and/or rearwards such that a straight line from any part of any
listed component to any part of the tallest driver that is more than 150 mm below the top of
his/her helmet, must pass through the firewall.
T4.5.6 For those components listed in section T4.5.1 positioned under the driver, the firewall must
extend:
(a) Continuously rearwards the full width of the cockpit from the Front Bulkhead, under and
up behind the driver to a point where the helmet of the 95th percentile male template
(T3.9.4) touches the head restraint, and
(b) Alongside the driver, from the top of the Side Impact Structure down to the lower portion
of the firewall required by T4.5.6(a) and from the rearmost front suspension mounting
point to connect (without holes or gaps) behind the driver with the firewall required by
T4.5.6(a).
See Figure 16(a).
T4.5.7 For those components listed in section T4.5.1 that are mounted outboard of the Side Impact
System (e.g. in side pods), the firewall(s) must extend from 100 mm forward to 100 mm
rearward of the of the listed components and
(a) alongside the driver at the full height of the listed component, and
(b) cover the top of the listed components and
(c) run either
(i) under the cockpit between the firewall(s) required by T4.5.7(a), or
(ii) extend 100 mm out under the listed components from the firewall(s) that are
required by T4.5.8
See Figure 16(b&c).
T4.5.8 For the components listed in section T4.5.1 that are mounted in ways that do not fall clearly
under any of sections T4.5.5, T4.5.6 or T4.5.7, the firewall must be configured to provide

2022 Formula Hybrid Rules – Rev. 1 44 April 19, 2022

 equivalent protection to the driver, and the firewall configuration must be approved by the
Rules Committee.
T4.5.9 Containers that meet the firewall requirements of T4.5.2, including accumulator containers,
may be accepted as part of the firewall system; redundant barriers are not required. Tractive
System wiring and conduit must not be exposed to the driver while seated in or during egress
from the vehicle.
Note: To ensure adequate time for consideration and possible re-designs, applications should
be submitted at least 1 month in advance of the event.

Figure 16 – Examples6 of firewall configurations

6
The firewalls shown in red in Figure 16 are examples only and are not meant to imply that a firewall must lie
outside the frame rails.

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T4.6 Accessibility of Controls
All vehicle controls, including the shifter, must be operated from inside the cockpit without any
part of the driver, e.g. hands, arms or elbows, being outside the planes of the Side Impact
Structure defined in Rule T3.24 and T3.33.
T4.7 Driver Visibility
T4.7.1 The driver must have adequate visibility to the front and sides of the car. With the driver seated
in a normal driving position he/she must have a minimum field of vision of two hundred
degrees (200°) (a minimum one hundred degrees (100°) to either side of the driver). The
required visibility may be obtained by the driver turning his/her head and/or the use of mirrors.
T4.7.2 If mirrors are required to meet Rule T4.7.1, they must remain in place and adjusted to enable
the required visibility throughout all dynamic events.
T4.8 Driver Egress
All drivers must be able to exit to the side of the vehicle in no more than 5 seconds. Egress time
begins with the driver in the fully seated position, hands in driving position on the connected
steering wheel and wearing the required driver equipment. Egress time will stop when the
driver has both feet on the pavement.
T4.9 Emergency Shut Down Test
T4.9.1 With their vision obscured, all drivers must be able to operate the cockpit Big Red Button
(BRB) in less than one second.
Time begins with the driver in the fully seated position, hands in driving position on the
connected steering wheel, and wearing the required driver equipment.

ARTICLE T5 DRIVER’S EQUIPMENT (BELTS AND COCKPIT PADDING)

T5.1 Belts - General

T5.1.1 Definitions (Note: Belt dimensions listed are nominal widths.)
(a) 5-point system – consists of a lap belt, two (2) shoulder straps and a single anti-submarine
strap.
(b) 6-point system – consists of a lap belt, two (2) shoulder straps and two (2) leg or anti-
submarine straps.
(c) 7-point system – system is the same as the 6-point except it has three (3) anti-submarine
straps, two (2) from the 6-point system and one (1) from the 5-point system.
(d) Upright driving position - is defined as one with a seat back angled at thirty degrees
(30°) or less from the vertical as measured along the line joining the two 200 mm circles
of the template of the 95th percentile male as defined in Table 6 and positioned per
T3.9.4.
(e) Reclined driving position - is defined as one with a seat back angled at more than thirty
degrees (30°) from the vertical as measured along the line joining the two 200 mm circles
of the template of the 95th percentile male as defined in Table 6 and positioned per
T3.9.4.
(f) Chest-groin line - is the straight line that in side view follows the line of the shoulder
belts from the chest to the release buckle.

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T5.1.2 Harness Requirements
All drivers must use a 5, 6 or 7 point restraint harness meeting the following specifications:
(a) SFI Specification 16.1, SFI Specification 16.5, SFI Specification 16.6, or FIA
specification 8853/98 or FIA specification 8853-2016, except it is mandatory that the
shoulder harness, where it passes over the shoulders, be a minimum of 70 mm (“3 inch”)
wide. 44 mm (“2 inch”) wide shoulder straps are only allowed per T5.1.2(g) below.
Note: Harnesses with 44 mm (“2 inch”) lap belts are acceptable.
(b) To accommodate drivers of differing builds, all lap belts must incorporate a tilt lock
adjuster (“quick adjuster”).
Note: Lap belts with “pull-up” adjusters are recommended over “pull-down” adjusters
and a tilt lock adjuster in each portion of the lap belt is highly recommended.
(c) Cars with a “reclined driving position” (see T5.1.1(e) above) must have either a 6 point
or 7-point harness, AND have either anti-submarine belts with tilt lock adjusters (“quick
adjusters”) or have two (2) sets of anti-submarine belts installed.
(d) The shoulder harness must be the over-the-shoulder type. Only separate shoulder straps
are permitted (i.e. “Y”-type shoulder straps are not allowed). The “H”-type configuration
is allowed.
(e) The belts must bear the appropriate dated labels.
(f) The material of all straps must be in perfect condition.
(g) When the an FHR (HANS device) is used by the driver, 44 mm (“2 inch”) wide shoulder
harnesses are allowed. Should a driver, at any time not utilize the FHR then 70 mm (“3
inch”) wide shoulder harnesses are required.
T5.1.3 Harness Replacement - SFI spec harnesses must be replaced following December 31st of the 2nd
year after the date of manufacture as indicated by the label. FIA spec harnesses must be
replaced following December 31st of the year marked on the label. (Note: FIA belts are
normally certified for five (5) years from the date of manufacture.)
T5.1.4 The restraint system must be worn tightly at all times.
T5.2 Belt, Strap and Harness Installation - General
T5.2.1 The lap belt, shoulder harness and anti-submarine strap(s) must be securely mounted to the
Primary Structure. Such structure and any guide or support for the belts must meet the
minimum requirements of T3.3.1.
Note: Rule T3.4.5 applies to these tubes as well so a non-straight shoulder harness bar would
require support per T3.4.5
T5.2.2 The tab or bracket to which any harness is attached must fulfill the following requirements:
(a) Have a minimum cross sectional area of 60 sq. mm (0.093 sq. in) of steel to be sheared or
failed in tension at any point of the tab, and
(b) Have a minimum thickness of 1.6 mm (0.063 inch).
(c) Where lap belts and anti-submarine belts use the same attachment point, there must be a
minimum cross sectional area of 90 sq. mm (0.140 sq. in) of steel to be sheared or failed
in tension at any point of the tab.

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 (d) Where brackets are fastened to the chassis, two 6mm Metric Grade 8.8 (1/4 inch SAE
Grade 5) fasteners or stronger must be used to attach the bracket to the chassis.
(e) Where a single shear tab is welded to the chassis, the tab to tube welding must be on both
sides of the base of the tab.
(f) The bracket or tab should be aligned such that it is not put in bending when that portion
of the harness is put under load.
NOTE: Double shear attachments are preferred. Where possible, the tabs and brackets for
double shear mounts should also be welded on both sides.
T5.2.3 Harnesses, belts and straps must not pass through a firewall, i.e. all harness attachment points
must be on the driver’s side of any firewall.
T5.2.4 The attachment of the Driver’s Restraint System to a monocoque structure requires an approved
Structural Equivalency Spreadsheet per Rule T3.8.
T5.2.5 All adjusters must be threaded in accordance with manufacturer’s instructions. Examples are
given in Figure 17.

Figure 17 - Seat Belt Threading Examples

T5.2.6 The restraint system installation is subject to approval of the Chief Technical Inspector.

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T5.3 Lap Belt Mounting
T5.3.1 The lap belt must pass around the pelvic area below the Anterior Superior Iliac Spines (the hip
bones).
T5.3.2 The lap belts must not be routed over the sides of the seat. The lap belts must come through the
seat at the bottom of the sides of the seat to maximize the wrap of the pelvic surface and
continue in a straight line to the anchorage point.
T5.3.3 Where the belts or harness pass through a hole in the seat, the seat must be rolled or grommeted
to prevent chafing of the belts.
T5.3.4 To fit drivers of differing statures correctly, in side view, the lap belt must be capable of
pivoting freely by using either a shouldered bolt or an eye bolt attachment, i.e. mounting lap
belts by wrapping them around frame tubes is no longer acceptable.
T5.3.5 With an “upright driving position”, in side view the lap belt must be at an angle of between
forty-five degrees (45°) and sixty-five degrees (65°) to the horizontal. This means that the
centerline of the lap belt at the seat bottom should be between 0 – 76 mm forward of the seat
back to seat bottom junction. (See Figure 18)

Figure 18 – Lap Belt Angles with Upright Driver

T5.3.6 With a “reclined driving position”, in side view the lap belt must be between an angle of sixty
degrees (60°) and eighty degrees (80°) to the horizontal.
T5.3.7 Any bolt used to attach a lap belt, either directly to the chassis or to an intermediate bracket,
must be a minimum of either:
(a) 10mm Metric Grade 8.8 (3/8 inch SAE Grade 5) OR
(b) The bolt diameter specified by the harness manufacturer.

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T5.4 Shoulder Harness
T5.4.1 The shoulder harness must be mounted behind the driver to structure that meets the
requirements of T3.3.1. However, it cannot be mounted to the Main Roll Hoop Bracing or
attendant structure without additional bracing to prevent loads being transferred into the Main
Hoop Bracing.
T5.4.2 If the harness is mounted to a tube that is not straight, the joints between this tube and the
structure to which it is mounted must be reinforced in side view by gussets or triangulation
tubes to prevent torsional rotation of the harness mounting tube.
T5.4.3 The shoulder harness mounting points must be between 178 mm and 229 mm apart. (See
Figure 19)

Figure 19 – Shoulder Harness Mounting – Top View

T5.4.4 From the driver’s shoulders rearwards to the mounting point or structural guide, the shoulder
harness must be between ten degrees (10°) above the horizontal and twenty degrees (20°)
below the horizontal. (See Figure 20).

Figure 20 - Shoulder Harness Mounting – Side View

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T5.4.5 Any bolt used to attach a shoulder harness belt, either directly to the chassis or to an
intermediate bracket, must be must be a minimum of either:
(a) 10mm Metric Grade 8.8 (3/8 inch SAE Grade 5) OR
(b) The bolt diameter specified by the harness manufacturer.
T5.5 Anti-Submarine Belt Mounting
T5.5.1 The anti-submarine belt of a 5-point harness must be mounted so that the mounting point is in
line with, or angled slightly forward (up to twenty degrees (20°)) of, the driver’s chest-groin
line.

T5.5.2 The anti-submarine belts of a 6 point harness must be mounted either:

(a) With the belts going vertically down from the groin, or angled up to twenty degrees (20°)
rearwards. The anchorage points should be approximately 100 mm apart. Or

(b) With the anchorage points on the Primary Structure at or near the lap belt anchorages, the
driver sitting on the anti-submarine belts, and the belts coming up around the groin to the
release buckle.

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T5.5.3 All anti-submarine belts must be installed so that they go in a straight line from the anchorage
point(s) to:
• Either the harness release buckle for the 5-point mounting per T5.5.1,
• Or the first point where the belts touch the driver’s body for the 6-point mounting per
T5.5.2(a) or T5.5.2(b).
without touching any hole in the seat or any other intermediate structure.
T5.5.4 Any bolt used to attach an anti-submarine belt, either directly to the chassis or to an
intermediate bracket, must be a must be a minimum of either:
(a) 8mm Metric Grade 8.8 (5/16 inch SAE Grade 5) OR
(b) The bolt diameter specified by the belt manufacturer.
T5.6 Head Restraint
T5.6.1 A head restraint must be provided on the car to limit the rearward motion of the driver’s head.
T5.6.2 The restraint must:
(a) Be vertical or near vertical in side view.
(b) Be padded with a minimum thickness of 38 mm (1.5 inches) of an energy absorbing
material that meets either SFI Standard 45.2, or is listed on the FIA Technical List No.
17 as a “Type B Material for single seater cars”, i.e. CONFOR™ foam CF-42AC (pink) or
CF-42M (pink).
(c) Have a minimum width of 15 cm (6 inches).
(d) Have a minimum area of 235 sq. cms (36 sq. inches) AND have a minimum height
adjustment of 17.5 cm (7 inches), OR have a minimum height of 28 cm (11 inches).
(e) Be covered in a thin, flexible cover with a hole with a minimum dimeter of 20 mm in a
surface other than the front surface, through which the energy absorbing material can be
seen.
(f) Be located so that for each driver:
(i) The restraint is no more than 25 mm (1 inch) away from the back of the driver’s
helmet, with the driver in their normal driving position.
(ii) The contact point of the back of the driver’s helmet on the head restraint is no less
than 50 mm (2 inches) from any edge of the head restraint.
Note 1: Head restraints may be changed to accommodate different drivers (See T1.2.2(d)).
Note 2: The above requirements must be met for all drivers.

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 Note 3: Approximately 100 mm (4 inches) longitudinal adjustment is required to accommodate
5th to 95th Percentile drivers. This is not a specific rules requirement, but teams must have
sufficient longitudinal adjustment and/or alternative thickness head restraints available, such
that the above requirements are met by all their drivers.
T5.6.3 The restraint, its attachment and mounting must be strong enough to withstand a force of 890
Newtons applied in a rearward direction.
T5.7 Roll Bar Padding
Any portion of the roll bar, roll bar bracing or frame which might be contacted by the driver’s
helmet must be covered with a minimum thickness of 12 mm (0.5 inches) of padding which
meets SFI spec 45.1 or FIA 8857-2001.
T5.8 Driver’s Leg Protection
T5.8.1 To keep the driver’s legs away from moving or sharp components, all moving suspension and
steering components, and other sharp edges inside the cockpit between the front roll hoop and a
vertical plane 100 mm rearward of the pedals, must be shielded with a shield made of a solid
material. Moving components include, but are not limited to springs, shock absorbers, rocker
arms, anti-roll/sway bars, steering racks and steering column CV joints.
T5.8.2 Covers over suspension and steering components must be removable to allow inspection of the
mounting points.

ARTICLE T6 GENERAL CHASSIS RULES

T6.1 Suspension
T6.1.1 The car must be equipped with a fully operational suspension system with shock absorbers,
front and rear, with usable wheel travel of at least 50.8 mm, 25.4 mm jounce and 25.4 mm
rebound, with driver seated. The judges reserve the right to disqualify cars which do not
represent a serious attempt at an operational suspension system or which demonstrate handling
inappropriate for an autocross circuit.
T6.1.2 All suspension mounting points must be visible at Technical Inspection, either by direct view or
by removing any covers.
T6.2 Ground Clearance
The ground clearance must be sufficient to prevent any portion of the car (other than tires) from
touching the ground during track events, and with the driver aboard there must be a minimum
of 25.4 mm of static ground clearance under the complete car at all times.
T6.3 Wheels
T6.3.1 The wheels of the car must be 8 inches (203.2 mm) or more in diameter.
T6.3.2 Any wheel mounting system that uses a single retaining nut must incorporate a device to retain
the nut and the wheel in the event that the nut loosens. A second nut (“jam nut”) does not meet
these requirements.
T6.3.3 Standard wheel lug bolts are considered engineering fasteners and any modification will be
subject to extra scrutiny during technical inspection. Teams using modified lug bolts or
custom designs will be required to provide proof that good engineering practices have been
followed in their design.
T6.3.4 Aluminum wheel nuts may be used, but they must be hard anodized and in pristine condition.

2022 Formula Hybrid Rules – Rev. 1 53 April 19, 2022

T6.4 Tires
T6.4.1 Vehicles may have two types of tires as follows:
(a) Dry Tires – The tires on the vehicle when it is presented for technical inspection are
defined as its “Dry Tires”. The dry tires may be any size or type. They may be slicks or
treaded.
(b) Rain Tires – Rain tires may be any size or type of treaded or grooved tire provided:
(i) The tread pattern or grooves were molded in by the tire manufacturer, or were cut by
the tire manufacturer or his appointed agent. Any grooves that have been cut must
have documentary proof that it was done in accordance with these rules.
(ii) There is a minimum tread depth of 2.4 mm.
Note: Hand cutting, grooving or modification of the tires by the teams is specifically
prohibited.
T6.4.2 Within each tire set, the tire compound or size, or wheel type or size may not be changed after
static judging has begun. Tire warmers are not allowed. No traction enhancers may be applied
to the tires after the static judging has begun.
T6.5 Steering
T6.5.1 The steering wheel must be mechanically connected to the wheels, i.e. “steer-by-wire” or
electrically actuated steering is prohibited.
T6.5.2 The steering system must have positive steering stops that prevent the steering linkages from
locking up (the inversion of a four-bar linkage at one of the pivots). The stops may be placed on
the uprights or on the rack and must prevent the tires from contacting suspension, body, or
frame members during the track events.
T6.5.3 Allowable steering system free play is limited to seven degrees (7°) total measured at the
steering wheel.
T6.5.4 The steering wheel must be attached to the column with a quick disconnect. The driver must be
able to operate the quick disconnect while in the normal driving position with gloves on.
T6.5.5 Rear wheel steering, which can be electrically actuated, is permitted but only if mechanical
stops limit the range of angular movement of the rear wheels to a maximum of six degrees (6°).
This must be demonstrated with a driver in the car and the team must provide the facility for
the steering angle range to be verified at Technical Inspection.
T6.5.6 The steering wheel must have a continuous perimeter that is near circular or near oval, i.e. the
outer perimeter profile can have some straight sections, but no concave sections. “H”, “Figure
8”, or cutout wheels are not allowed.
T6.5.7 In any angular position, the top of the steering wheel must be no higher than the top-most
surface of the Front Hoop. See Figure 7.
T6.5.8 Steering systems using cables for actuation are not prohibited by T6.5.1 but additional
documentation must be submitted. The team must submit a failure modes and effects analysis
report with design details of the proposed system as part of the structural equivalency
spreadsheet (SES).
The report must outline the analysis that was done to show the steering system will function
properly, potential failure modes and the effects of each failure mode and finally failure
mitigation strategies used by the team. The organizing committee will review the submission

2022 Formula Hybrid Rules – Rev. 1 54 April 19, 2022

 and advise the team if the design is approved. If not approved, a non-cable based steering
system must be used instead.
T6.5.9 The steering rack must be mechanically attached to the frame. If fasteners are used they must
be compliant with ARTICLE T11.
T6.5.10 Joints between all components attaching the steering wheel to the steering rack must be
mechanical and be visible at Technical Inspection. Bonded joints without a mechanical backup
are not permitted.
T6.6 Jacking Point
T6.6.1 A jacking point, which is capable of supporting the car’s weight and of engaging the
organizers’ “quick jacks”, must be provided at the rear of the car.
T6.6.2 The jacking point is required to be:
(a) Visible to a person standing 1 meter behind the car.
(b) Painted orange.
(c) Oriented horizontally and perpendicular to the centerline of the car
(d) Made from round, 25–29 mm O.D. aluminum or steel tube
(e) A minimum of 300 mm long
(f) Exposed around the lower 180 degrees (180°) of its circumference over a minimum length
of 280 mm
(g) The height of the tube is required to be such that:
(i) There is a minimum of 75 mm clearance from the bottom of the tube to the ground
measured at tech inspection.
(ii) With the bottom of the tube 200 mm above ground, the wheels do not touch the
ground when they are in full rebound.
Comment on Disabled Cars – The organizers and the Rules Committee remind teams that cars
disabled on course must be removed as quickly as possible. A variety of tools may be used to
move disabled cars including quick jacks, dollies of different types, tow ropes and occasionally
even boards. We expect cars to be strong enough to be easily moved without damage. Speed is
important in clearing the course and although the course crew exercises due care, parts of a
vehicle can be damaged during removal. The organizers are not responsible for damage that
occurs when moving disabled vehicles. Removal/recovery workers will jack, lift, carry or tow
the car at whatever points they find easiest to access. Accordingly, we advise teams to consider
the strength and location of all obvious jacking, lifting and towing points during the design
process.
T6.7 Rollover Stability
T6.7.1 The track and center of gravity of the car must combine to provide adequate rollover stability.
T6.7.2 Rollover stability will be evaluated on a tilt table using a pass/fail test. The vehicle must not roll
when tilted at an angle of sixty degrees (60°) to the horizontal in either direction, corresponding
to 1.7 G’s. The tilt test will be conducted with the tallest driver in the normal driving position.

2022 Formula Hybrid Rules – Rev. 1 55 April 19, 2022

ARTICLE T7 BRAKE SYSTEM

T7.1 Brake System - General

T7.1.1 The car must be equipped with a braking system that acts on all four wheels and is operated by
a single control.
T7.1.2 It must have two (2) independent hydraulic circuits such that in the case of a leak or failure at
any point in the system, effective braking power is maintained on at least two (2) wheels. Each
hydraulic circuit must have its own fluid reserve, either by the use of separate reservoirs or by
the use of a dammed, OEM-style reservoir.
T7.1.3 A single brake acting on a limited-slip differential is acceptable.
T7.1.4 The brake system must be capable of locking all four (4) wheels during the test specified in
section T7.2.
T7.1.5 “Brake-by-wire” systems are prohibited.
T7.1.6 Unarmored plastic brake lines are prohibited.
T7.1.7 The braking systems must be protected with scatter shields from failure of the drive train (see
T8.4) or from minor collisions.
T7.1.8 In side view no portion of the brake system that is mounted on the sprung part of the car can
project below the lower surface of the frame or the monocoque, whichever is applicable.
T7.1.9 The brake pedal shall be designed to withstand a force of 2000 N without any failure of the
brake system or pedal box. This may be tested by pressing the pedal with the maximum force
that can be exerted by any official when seated normally.
T7.1.10 The brake pedal must be fabricated from steel or aluminum or machined from steel, aluminum
or titanium.
T7.1.11 The first 50% of the brake pedal travel may be used to control regeneration without necessarily
actuating the hydraulic brake system.
The remaining brake pedal travel must directly actuate the hydraulic brake system, but brake
energy regeneration may remain active.

Note: Any strategy to regenerate energy while coasting or braking must be covered by the ESF.
T7.2 Brake Test
T7.2.1 The brake system will be dynamically tested and must demonstrate the capability of locking
all four (4) wheels and stopping the vehicle in a straight line at the end of an acceleration run
specified by the brake inspectors7.
T7.2.2 After accelerating, the tractive system must be switched off by the driver and the driver has to
lock all four wheels of the vehicle by braking. The brake test is passed if all four wheels
simultaneously lock while the tractive system is shut down.
Note: It is acceptable if the Tractive System Active Light switches off shortly after the vehicle
has come to a complete stop as the reduction of the system voltage may take up to 5 seconds.

7
It is a persistent source of mystery to the organizers, how a small percentage of teams, after passing all the required
inspections, appear to have never checked to see if they can lock all four wheels. Check this early!

2022 Formula Hybrid Rules – Rev. 1 56 April 19, 2022

T7.3 Brake Over-Travel Switch
T7.3.1 A brake pedal over-travel switch must be installed on the car as part of the shutdown system
and wired in series with the shutdown buttons (EV7.1). This switch must be installed so that in
the event of brake system failure such that the brake pedal over travels it will result in the
shutdown system being activated.
T7.3.2 Repeated actuation of the switch must not restore power to these components, and it must be
designed so that the driver cannot reset it.
T7.3.3 The brake over-travel switch must not be used as a mechanical stop for the brake pedal and
must be installed in such a way that it and its mounting will remain intact and operational when
actuated.
T7.3.4 The switch must be implemented directly. i.e. It may not operate through programmable logic
controllers, engine control units, or digital controllers
T7.3.5 The Brake Over-Travel switch must be a mechanical single pole, single throw (commonly
known as a two-position) switch (push-pull or flip type) as shown below.

Figure 21 – Over-travel Switches

T7.4 Brake Light

T7.4.1 The car must be equipped with a red brake light.
T7.4.2 The brake light itself must have a black background and a rectangular, triangular or near round
shape with a minimum shining surface of at least 15 cm2.
T7.4.3 The brake light must be clearly visible from the rear in bright sunlight.
T7.4.4 When LED lights are used without an optical diffuser, they may not be more than 20 mm apart.
If a single line of LEDs is used, the minimum length is 150 mm.
T7.4.5 The light must be mounted between the wheel centerline and driver’s shoulder level vertically
and approximately on vehicle centerline laterally.

2022 Formula Hybrid Rules – Rev. 1 57 April 19, 2022

ARTICLE T8 POWERTRAIN

T8.1 Coolant Fluid Limitations

T8.1.1 Water-cooled engines must use only plain water. Glycol-based antifreeze, “water wetter”, water
pump lubricants of any kind, or any other additives are strictly prohibited.
T8.1.2 Electric motors, accumulators or electronics must use plain water or approved8 fluids as the
coolant.
T8.2 System Sealing
T8.2.1 Any cooling or lubrication system must be sealed to prevent leakage.
T8.2.2 Any vent on a cooling or lubrication system must employ a catch-can to retain any fluid that is
expelled. A separate catch-can is required for each vent.
T8.2.3 Each catch-can on an IC engine cooling or lubrication system must have a minimum volume of
ten (10) percent of the fluid being contained, or 0.9 liter whichever is greater.
T8.2.4 Any vent on other systems containing liquid lubricant, e.g. a differential or gearbox, etc., must
have a catch-can with a minimum volume of ten (10) percent of the fluid being contained or 0.5
liter, whichever is greater.
T8.2.5 Catch-cans must be capable of containing liquids at temperatures in excess of 100 deg. C
without deformation, be shielded by a firewall, be below the driver’s shoulder level, and be
positively retained, i.e. no tie-wraps or tape as the primary method of retention.
T8.2.6 Any catch-can for an IC engine cooling system must vent through a hose with a minimum
internal diameter of 3 mm down to the bottom levels of the Frame.
T8.3 Transmission and Drive
Any transmission may be used.
T8.4 Drive Train Shields and Guards
T8.4.1 Exposed high-speed final drivetrain equipment such as Continuously Variable Transmissions
(CVTs), sprockets, gears, pulleys, torque converters, clutches, belt drives and clutch drives,
must be fitted with scatter shields in case of failure. The final drivetrain shield must cover the
chain or belt from the drive sprocket to the driven sprocket/chain wheel/belt or pulley. The final
drivetrain shield must start and end parallel to the lowest point of the chain wheel/belt/pulley.
(See Figure 22) Body panels or other existing covers are not acceptable unless constructed
from approved materials per T8.4.3 or T8.4.4.

Note: If equipped, the engine drive sprocket cover may be used as part of the scatter shield
system.

8
“Opticool” (http://dsiventures.com/electronics-cooling/opticool-a-fluid/) is permitted.

2022 Formula Hybrid Rules – Rev. 1 58 April 19, 2022

 Figure 22 - Final Drive Scatter Shield Example

Comment: Scatter shields are intended to contain drivetrain parts which might separate from
the car.

T8.4.2 Perforated material may not be used for the construction of scatter shields.
T8.4.3 Chain Drive - Scatter shields for chains must be made of at least 2.6 mm steel or stainless steel
(no alternatives are allowed), and have a minimum width equal to three (3) times the width of
the chain. The guard must be centered on the center line of the chain and remain aligned with
the chain under all conditions.
T8.4.4 Non-metallic Belt Drive - Scatter shields for belts must be made from at least 3.0 mm
Aluminum Alloy 6061-T6, and have a minimum width that is equal to 1.7 times the width of
the belt.
T8.4.5 The guard must be centered on the center line of the belt and remain aligned with the belt under
all conditions.
T8.4.6 Attachment Fasteners - All fasteners attaching scatter shields and guards must be a minimum
6mm Metric Grade 8.8 or 1/4 inch SAE Grade 5 or stronger.
T8.4.7 Finger Guards – Finger guards are required to cover any drivetrain parts that spin while the
car is stationary with the engine running. Finger guards may be made of lighter material,
sufficient to resist finger forces. Mesh or perforated material may be used but must prevent the
passage of a 12 mm diameter object through the guard.
Comment: Finger guards are intended to prevent finger intrusion into rotating equipment while
the vehicle is at rest.
T8.5 Integrity of systems carrying fluids – Tilt Test
T8.5.1 During technical inspection, the car must be capable of being tilted to a forty-five degree (45°)
angle without leaking fluid of any type.

2022 Formula Hybrid Rules – Rev. 1 59 April 19, 2022

T8.5.2 The tilt test will be conducted on hybrid cars with the fuel tank filled with either 3.7 litres of
fuel or to 50 mm below the top of the filler neck (whichever is less), and on all cars with all
other vehicle systems that contain fluids filled to their normal maximum capacity.

ARTICLE T9 AERODYNAMIC DEVICES

T9.1 Aero Dynamics and Ground Effects - General

All aerodynamic devices must satisfy the following requirements:
T9.2 Location
In plan view, no part of any aerodynamic device, wing, under tray or splitter can be:
(a) Further forward than 460 mm forward of the fronts of the front tires
(b) No further rearward than the rear of the rear tires.
(c) No wider than the outside of the front tires or rear tires measured at the height of the hubs,
whichever is wider.
T9.3 Wing Edges - Minimum Radii
All wing leading edges must have a minimum radius 12.7 mm. Wing leading edges must be as
blunt or blunter than the required radii for an arc of plus or minus 45 degrees (± 45°) centered
on a plane parallel to the ground or similar reference plane for all incidence angles which lie
within the range of adjustment of the wing or wing element. If leading edge slats or slots are
used, both the fronts of the slats or slots and of the main body of the wings must meet the
minimum radius rules.
T9.4 Other Edge Radii Limitations
All wing edges, end plates, Gurney flaps, wicker bills, splitters undertrays and any other wing
accessories must have minimum edge radii of at least 3 mm i.e., this means at least a 6 mm
thick edge.
T9.5 Ground Effect Devices
No power device may be used to move or remove air from under the vehicle except fans
designed exclusively for cooling. Power ground effects are prohibited.
T9.6 Driver Egress Requirements
T9.6.1 Egress from the vehicle within the time set in Rule T4.8 “Driver Egress,” must not require any
movement of the wing or wings or their mountings.
T9.6.2 The wing or wings must be mounted in such positions, and sturdily enough, that any accident is
unlikely to deform the wings or their mountings in such a way to block the driver’s egress.

ARTICLE T10 COMPRESSED GAS SYSTEMS AND HIGH PRESSURE HYDRAULICS

T10.1 Compressed Gas Cylinders and Lines

Any system on the vehicle that uses a compressed gas as an actuating medium must comply
with the following requirements:
(a) Working Gas -The working gas must be nonflammable, e.g. air, nitrogen, carbon dioxide.

2022 Formula Hybrid Rules – Rev. 1 60 April 19, 2022

 (b) Cylinder Certification - The gas cylinder/tank must be of proprietary manufacture,
designed and built for the pressure being used, certified by an accredited testing laboratory
in the country of its origin, and labeled or stamped appropriately.
(c) Pressure Regulation -The pressure regulator must be mounted directly onto the gas
cylinder/tank.
(d) Protection – The gas cylinder/tank and lines must be protected from rollover, collision
from any direction, or damage resulting from the failure of rotating equipment.
(e) Cylinder Location - The gas cylinder/tank and the pressure regulator must be located
either rearward of the Main Roll Hoop and within the envelope defined by the Main Roll
Hoop and the Frame (See T3.2), or in a structural side-pod. In either case it must be
protected by structure that meets the requirements of T3.24 or T3.33. It must not be
located in the cockpit.
(f) Cylinder Mounting - The gas cylinder/tank must be securely mounted to the Frame, engine
or transmission.
(g) Cylinder Axis - The axis of the gas cylinder/tank must not point at the driver.
(h) Insulation - The gas cylinder/tank must be insulated from any heat sources, e.g. the
exhaust system.
(i) Lines and Fittings - The gas lines and fittings must be appropriate for the maximum
possible operating pressure of the system.
T10.2 High Pressure Hydraulic Pumps and Lines
The driver and anyone standing outside the car must be shielded from any hydraulic pumps and
lines with line pressures of 300 psi (2100 kPa) or higher. The shields must be steel or
aluminum with a minimum thickness of 1 mm.
Note: Brake and hydraulic clutch lines are not classified as “hydraulic pump lines” and as such,
are excluded from T10.2.

ARTICLE T11 FASTENERS

T11.1 Fastener Grade Requirements

T11.1.1 All threaded fasteners utilized in the driver’s cell structure, plus the steering, braking, driver’s
harness and suspension systems must meet or exceed, SAE Grade 5, Metric Grade 8.8 and/or
AN/MS specifications.
T11.1.2 The use of button head cap, pan head, flat head, round head or countersunk screws or bolts in
ANY location in the following systems is prohibited:
(a) Driver’s cell structure,
(b) Impact attenuator attachment
(c) Driver’s harness attachment
(d) Steering system
(e) Brake system
(f) Suspension system.

2022 Formula Hybrid Rules – Rev. 1 61 April 19, 2022

 Note: Hexagonal recessed drive screws or bolts (sometimes called Socket head cap screws or
Allen screws/bolts) are permitted.
T11.2 Securing Fasteners
T11.2.1 All critical bolt, nuts, and other fasteners on the steering, braking, driver’s harness, and
suspension must be secured from unintentional loosening by the use of positive locking
mechanisms.
Positive locking mechanisms are defined as those that:
(a) The Technical Inspectors (and the team members) are able to see that the device/system is
in place, i.e. it is visible, AND
(b) The “positive locking mechanism” does not rely on the clamping force to apply the
“locking” or anti-vibration feature. In other words, if it loosens a bit, it still prevents the
nut or bolt from coming completely loose.
See Figure 23
Positive locking mechanisms include:
(a) Correctly installed safety wiring
(b) Cotter pins
(c) Nylon lock nuts
(d) Prevailing torque lock nuts
Note: Lock washers, bolts with nylon patches, and thread locking compounds, e.g. Loctite®,
DO NOT meet the positive locking requirement.

Figure 23 - Examples of positive locking nuts

T11.2.2 There must be a minimum of two (2) full threads projecting from any lock nut.
T11.2.3 All spherical rod ends and spherical bearings on the steering or suspension must be in double
shear or captured by having a screw/bolt head or washer with an O.D. that is larger than
spherical bearing housing I.D.
T11.2.4 Adjustable tie-rod ends must be constrained with a jam nut to prevent loosening.

ARTICLE T12 TRANSPONDERS

T12.1 Transponders
T12.1.1 Transponders will be used as part of the timing system for the Formula Hybrid competition.

2022 Formula Hybrid Rules – Rev. 1 62 April 19, 2022

T12.1.2 Each team is responsible for having a functional, properly mounted transponder of the specified
type on their vehicle. Vehicles without a specified transponder will not be allowed to compete
in any event for which a transponder is used for timing and scoring.
T12.1.3 All vehicles must be equipped with at least one MYLAPS Car/Bike Rechargeable Power
Transponder or MYLAPS Car/Bike Direct Power Transponder9.
Note 1: Except for their name, AMB TranX260 transponders are identical to MYLAPS
Car/Bike Transponders and comply with this rule. If you own a functional AMB TranX260 it
does not need to be replaced.

Note 2: It is the responsibility of the team to ensure that electrical interference from their
vehicle does not stop the transponder from functioning correctly

T12.2 Transponder Mounting – All Events

The transponder mounting requirements are:

(a) Orientation – The transponder must be mounted vertically and orientated so the number
can be read “right-side up”.
(b) Location – The transponder must be mounted on the driver’s right side of the car forward
of the front roll hoop. The transponder must be no more than 60 cm above the track.
(c) Obstructions – There must be an open, unobstructed line between the antenna on the
bottom of the transponder and the ground. Metal and carbon fiber may interrupt the
transponder signal. The signal will normally transmit through fiberglass and plastic. If the
signal will be obstructed by metal or carbon fiber, a 10.2 cm diameter opening can be cut,
the transponder mounted flush with the opening, and the opening covered with a material
transparent to the signal.
(d) Protection – Mount the transponder where it will be protected from obstacles.

9
Transponders are usually available for loan at the competition. Please ask the organizers well in advance to
confirm availability.

2022 Formula Hybrid Rules – Rev. 1 63 April 19, 2022

ARTICLE T13 VEHICLE IDENTIFICATION

T13.1 Car Number

T13.1.1 Each car will be assigned a number at the time of its entry into a competition.
T13.1.2 Car numbers must appear on the vehicle as follows:
(a) Locations: In three (3) locations: the front and both sides;
(b) Height: At least 15.24 cm high;
(c) Font: Block numbers (i.e. sans-serif characters). Italic, outline, serif, shadow, or cursive
numbers are prohibited.
(d) Stroke Width and Spacing between Numbers: At least 2.0 cm.
(e) Color: Either white numbers on a black background or black numbers on a white
background. No other color combinations will be approved.
(f) Background shape: The number background must be one of the following: round, oval,
square or rectangular. There must be at least 2.5 cm between the edge of the numbers and
the edge of the background.
(g) Clear: The numbers must not be obscured by parts of the car, e.g. wheels, side pods,
exhaust system, etc.
T13.1.3 Car numbers for teams registered for Formula Hybrid can be found on the “Registered Teams”
section of the SAE Collegiate Design Series website.
Comment: Car numbers must be quickly read by course marshals when your car is moving at
speed. Make your numbers easy to see and easy to read.

Figure 24 - Example Car Number

T13.2 School Name

T13.2.1 Each car must clearly display the school name (or initials – if unique and generally recognized)
in roman characters at least 5 cm high on both sides of the vehicle. The characters must be
placed on a high contrast background in an easily visible location.
T13.2.2 The school name may also appear in non-roman characters, but the roman character version
must be uppermost on the sides.
T13.3 SAE & IEEE Logos
T13.3.1 SAE and IEEE logos must be prominently displayed on the front and/or both sides of the
vehicle. Each logo must be at least 7 cm x 20 cm. The organizers can provide the following
decals either by mail or at the competition:

2022 Formula Hybrid Rules – Rev. 1 64 April 19, 2022

 (a) SAE, 7.6 cm x 20.3 cm in either White or Black.
(b) IEEE, 11.4 cm x 30.5 cm (Blue and Gold only).
Actual-size JPEGs may be downloaded from the Formula Hybrid website.
T13.4 Technical Inspection Sticker Space
Technical inspection stickers will be placed on the upper nose of the vehicle. Cars must have a
clear and unobstructed area at least 25.4 cm wide x 20.3cm high on the upper front surface of
the nose along the vehicle centerline.

ARTICLE T14 EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS

T14.1 Driver’s Equipment

The equipment specified below must be worn by the driver anytime he or she is in the cockpit
with the engine running or with the tractive system energized.
T14.2 Helmet
T14.2.1 A well-fitting, closed face helmet that meets one of the following certifications and is labeled as
such:
(a) Snell K2010, K2015, K2020, M2010, M2015, M2020, SA2010, SAH2010, SA2015,
SA2020, EA2016
(b) SFI 31.1/2020, SFI 41.1/2020
(c) FIA 8859-2015, FIA 8860-2004, FIA 8860-2010, FIA 8860-2016, FIA 8860-2018. Open
faced helmets and off-road/motocross helmets (helmets without integrated face shields) are not
approved.
T14.2.2 All helmets to be used in the competition must be presented during Technical Inspection where
approved helmets will be stickered. The organizer reserves the right to impound all non-
approved helmets until the end of the competition.
T14.3 Balaclava
A balaclava which covers the driver’s head, hair and neck, made from acceptable fire resistant
material as defined in T14.12, or a full helmet skirt of acceptable fire resistant material. The
balaclava requirement applies to drivers of either gender, with any hair length.
T14.4 Eye Protection
An impact resistant face shield, made from approved impact resistant materials. The face
shields supplied with approved helmets (See T14.2 above) meet this requirement.

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T14.5 Suit
A fire-resistant suit that covers the body from the neck down to the ankles and the wrists. One
(1) piece suits are required. The suit must be in good condition, i.e. it must have no tears or
open seams, or oil stains that could compromise its fire-resistant capability.
The suit must be certified to one of the following standards and be labeled as such:

-FIA 8856-2018

-SFI 3.4/5

-FIA Standard 8856-1986

-SFI 3-2A/1 but only when used with

fire resistant, e.g. Nomex, underwear
that covers the body from wrist to ankles.
-SFI 3-2A/5 (or higher)

- FIA Standard 8856-2000

Table 7 – SFI / FIA Standards Logos

Note: An SFI 3-2A/1 or 3.4/1 (single layer) suit is ONLY allowed WITH fire resistant underwear.

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T14.6 Underclothing
It is strongly recommended that all drivers wear fire resistant underwear (long pants and long
sleeve top) under their approved driving suit. This fire resistant underwear must be made from
acceptable fire resistant material and cover the driver’s body completely from the neck down to
the ankles and wrists.
Note: If drivers do not wear fire resistant long underwear, it is strongly recommended that they
wear cotton underwear under the approved driving suit. Tee-shirts, or other undergarments
made from Nylon or any other synthetic materials may melt when exposed to high heat.
T14.7 Socks
Socks made from an accepted fire resistant material, e.g. Nomex, which cover the bare skin
between the driver’s suit and the boots or shoes. Socks made from wool or cotton are
acceptable. Socks of nylon or polyester are not acceptable.
T14.8 Shoes
Shoes of durable fire resistant material and which are in good condition (no holes worn in the
soles or uppers).
T14.9 Gloves
Fire resistant gloves made from made from acceptable fire resistant material as defined in
T14.12. Gloves of all leather construction or fire resistant gloves constructed using
leather palms with no insulating fire resisting material underneath are not acceptable.
T14.10 Arm Restraints
Arm restraints certified and labeled to SF1 standard 3.3, or a commercially manufactured
equivalent, must be worn such that the driver can release them and exit the vehicle unassisted
regardless of the vehicle’s position.
T14.11 Driver’s Equipment Condition
All driving apparel covered by ARTICLE T14 must be in good condition. Specifically,
driving apparel must not have any tears, rips, open seams, areas of significant wear or abrasion
or stains which might compromise fire resistant performance.
T14.12 Fire Resistant Material
For the purpose of this section some, but not all, of the approved fire resistant materials are:
Carbon X, Indura, Nomex, Polybenzimidazole (commonly known as PBI) and Proban.
T14.13 Synthetic Material – Prohibited
T-shirts, socks or other undergarments (not to be confused with FR underwear) made from
nylon or any other synthetic material which will melt when exposed to high heat are prohibited.

ARTICLE T15 OTHER REQUIRED EQUIPMENT

T15.1 Fire Extinguishers

T15.1.1 Each team must have at least two (2) 2.3 kg (5 lb.) dry chemical (Min. 3-A:40-B:C) Fire
extinguishers

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T15.1.2 Extinguishers of larger capacity (higher numerical ratings) are acceptable.
T15.1.3 All extinguishers must be equipped with a manufacturer installed pressure/charge gauge.
T15.2 Special Requirements
Teams must identify any fire hazards specific to their vehicle’s components and if fire
extinguisher/fire extinguisher material other than those required in section T15.1 are needed to
suppress such fires, then at least two (2) additional extinguishers/material (at least 5 lb or
equivalent) of the required type must be procured and accompany the car at all times.
As recommendations vary, teams are advised to consult the rules committee before purchasing
expensive extinguishers that may not be necessary.
T15.3 Chemical Spill Absorbent
Teams must have chemical spill absorbent at hand, appropriate to their specific risks. This
material must be presented at technical inspection.
T15.4 Insulated Gloves
Insulated gloves are required, rated for at least the voltage in the TSV system, with protective
over-gloves.
T15.4.1 Electrical gloves require testing by a qualified company and must have a test date printed on
them that is within 14 months of the competition.
T15.5 Safety Glasses
Safety glasses must be worn as specified in section D10.7
T15.6 MSDS Sheets
Materials Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) for the accumulator devices are required and must be
included in the ESF.
T15.7 Additional
Any special safety equipment called for in the MSDS, for example correct gloves
recommended for handling any electrolyte material in the accumulator.

ARTICLE T16 ON-BOARD CAMERAS

T16.1 Mounts
The mounts for video/photographic cameras must be of a safe and secure design.
T16.1.1 All camera installations must be approved at Technical Inspection.
T16.1.2 Helmet mounted cameras are prohibited.
T16.1.3 The body of a camera or recording unit that weighs more than 0.25 kg must be secured at a
minimum of 2 points on different sides of the camera body. Plastic or elastic attachments are
not permitted. If a tether is used to restrain the camera, the tether length must be limited so that
the camera cannot contact the driver.

2022 Formula Hybrid Rules – Rev. 1 68 April 19, 2022

 PART IC - INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE

ARTICLE IC1 INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE

IC1.1 Engine Limitation

Engines must be Internal Combustion, four-stroke piston engines, with a maximum
displacement of 250cc for spark ignition engines and 310cc for diesel engines and be either:
(a) Modified or custom fabricated. (See section IC1.2)
OR
(b) Stock – defined as:
(i) Any single cylinder engine,
OR
(ii) Any twin cylinder engine from a motorcycle approved for licensed use on public
roads,
OR
(iii) Any commercially available “industrial” IC engine meeting the above displacement
limits.
Note: If you are not sure whether or not your engine qualifies as “stock”, contact the
organizers.
IC1.2 Permitted modifications to a stock engine are:
(a) Modification or removal of the clutch, primary drive and/or transmission.
(b) Changes to fuel mixture, ignition or cam timings.
(c) Replacement of camshaft. (Any lobe profile may be used.)
(d) Replacement or modification of any exhaust system component.
(e) Replacement or modification of any intake system component; i.e., components upstream
of (but NOT including) the cylinder head. The addition of forced induction will move the
engine into the modified category.
(f) Modifications to the engine casings. (This does not include the cylinders or cylinder head.
(g) Replacement or modification of crankshafts for the purpose of simplifying mechanical
connections. (Stroke must remain stock.)
IC1.3 Engine Inspection
The organizers reserve the right to tear down any number of engines to confirm conformance to
the rules. The initial measurement will be made externally with a measurement accuracy of one
(1) percent. When installed to and coaxially with spark plug hole, the measurement tool has
dimensions of 381 mm long and 30 mm diameter. Teams may choose to design in access space
for this tool above each spark plug hole to reduce time should their vehicle be inspected.

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IC1.4 Starter
Each car must be equipped with an on-board starter or equivalent, and must be able to move
without any outside assistance at any time during the competition. Specifically, push starts are
not permitted.
IC1.4.1 A hybrid may use the forward motion of the vehicle derived from the electric drive to start the
I.C. engine, except that this starting technique may not be used until after the car receives the
“green flag” in any event.
IC1.4.2 A manual starting system operable by the driver while belted in is permissible.
IC1.5 Air Intake System
IC1.5.1 Air Intake System Location
All parts of the engine air and fuel control systems (including the throttle or carburetor, and the
complete air intake system, including the air cleaner and any air boxes) must lie within the
surface defined by the top of the roll bar and the outside edge of the four tires. (See Figure 25)

Figure 25- Surface Envelope

IC1.5.2 Any portion of the air intake system that is less than 350 mm above the ground must be
shielded from side or rear impact collisions by structure built to Rule T3.24 or T3.33 as
applicable.
IC1.5.3 Intake Manifold

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 If an intake manifold is used, it must be securely attached to the engine crankcase, cylinder, or
cylinder head with brackets and mechanical fasteners. This precludes the use of hose clamps,
plastic ties, or safety wires.
Original equipment rubber parts that bolt or clamp to the cylinder head and to the throttle body
or carburetor are acceptable.
Note: These rubber parts are referred to by various names by the engine manufacturers; e.g.,
“insulators” by Honda, “joints” by Yamaha, and “holders” by Kawasaki.
Other than such original equipment parts the use of rubber hose is not considered a structural
attachment. Intake systems with significant mass or cantilever from the cylinder head must be
supported to prevent stress to the intake system.
Supports to the engine must be rigid.
Supports to the frame or chassis must incorporate some isolation to allow for engine movement
and chassis flex.
IC1.5.4 Air boxes and filters
Large air boxes must be securely mounted to the frame or engine and connections between the
air box and throttle must be flexible. Small air cleaners designed for mounting to the carburetor
or throttle body may be cantilevered from the throttle body.
IC1.6 Accelerator and Accelerator Actuation
IC1.6.1 Carburetor/Throttle Body
All spark ignition engines must be equipped with a carburetor or throttle body. The carburetor
or throttle body may be of any size or design.
IC1.6.2 Accelerator Actuation - General
All systems that transmit the driver’s control of the speed of the vehicle, commonly called
“Accelerator systems”, must be designed and constructed as “fail safe” systems, so that the
failure of any one component, be it mechanical, electrical or electronic, will not result in an
uncontrolled acceleration of the vehicle. This applies to both IC engines and to electric motors
that power the vehicle.
The Accelerator control may be actuated mechanically, electrically or electronically, i.e.
electrical Accelerator control (ETC) or “drive-by-wire” is acceptable.
Drive-by-wire controls of the electric motor controller must comply with TS isolation
requirements. See EV5.1.1
Any Accelerator pedal must have a positive pedal stop incorporated on the Accelerator pedal to
prevent over stressing the Accelerator cable or any part of the actuation system.
IC1.6.3 Mechanical Accelerator Actuation
If mechanical Accelerator actuation is used, the Accelerator cable or rod must have smooth
operation, and must not have the possibility of binding or sticking.
The Accelerator actuation system must use at least two (2) return springs located at the throttle
body, so that the failure of any component of the Accelerator system will not prevent the
Accelerator returning to the closed position.
Note: Springs in Throttle Position Sensors (TPS) are NOT acceptable as return springs.

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 Accelerator cables must be at least 50 mm from any exhaust system component and out of the
exhaust stream.
Any Accelerator pedal cable must be protected from being bent or kinked by the driver’s foot
when it is operated by the driver or when the driver enters or exits the vehicle.
If the Accelerator system contains any mechanism that could become jammed, for example a
gear mechanism, then this must be covered to prevent ingress of any debris.
The use of a push-pull type Accelerator cable with an Accelerator pedal that is capable of
forcing the Accelerator closed (e.g. toe strap) is recommended.
Electrical actuation of a mechanical throttle is permissible, provided releasing the Accelerator
pedal will override the electrical system and cause the throttle to close.
IC1.6.4 Electrical Accelerator Actuation
When electrical or electronic throttle actuation is used, the throttle actuation system must be of
a fail-safe design to assure that any single failure in the mechanical or electrical components of
the Accelerator actuation system will result in the engine returning to idle (IC engine) or having
zero torque output (electric motor).
Teams are strongly encouraged to use commercially available electrical Accelerator actuation
systems.
The methodology used to ensure fail-safe operation must be included as a required appendix to
the Design Report.
IC1.7 Intake System Restrictor
IC1.7.1 Non-stock engines (See IC1.1) must be fitted with an air inlet restrictor as listed below. All the
air entering the engine must pass through the restrictor which must be located downstream of
any engine throttling device.
IC1.7.2 The restrictor must be circular with a maximum diameter of:
(a) Gasoline fueled cars – 12.90 mm
(b) E-85 fueled cars – 12.30 mm
IC1.7.3 The restrictor must be located to facilitate measurement during the inspection process.
IC1.7.4 The circular restricting cross section may NOT be movable or flexible in any way, e.g. the
restrictor may not be part of the movable portion of a barrel throttle body.
IC1.7.5 Any device that has the ability to throttle the engine downstream of the restrictor is prohibited.
IC1.7.6 If more than one engine is used, the intake air for all engines must pass through the one
restrictor.
Note: Section IC1.7 applies only to those engines that are not on the approved stock engine list,
or that have been modified beyond the limits specified in IC1.2.
IC1.8 Turbochargers & Superchargers
Turbochargers or superchargers are permitted. The compressor must be located downstream of
the inlet restrictor. The addition of a Turbo or Supercharger will move the engine into the
Modified category.
IC1.9 Fuel Lines
IC1.9.1 Plastic fuel lines between the fuel tank and the engine (supply and return) are prohibited.

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IC1.9.2 If rubber fuel line or hose is used, the components over which the hose is clamped must have
annular bulb or barbed fittings to retain the hose. Also, clamps specifically designed for fuel
lines must be used. These clamps have three (3) important features; (See Figure 26)
(a) A full 360 degree (360°) wrap,
(b) a nut and bolt system for tightening, and
(c) rolled edges to prevent the clamp cutting into the hose.
Worm-gear type hose clamps are not approved for use on any fuel line.

Figure 26 – Hose Clamps

IC1.9.3 Fuel lines must be securely attached to the vehicle and/or engine.
IC1.9.4 All fuel lines must be shielded from possible rotating equipment failure or collision damage.
IC1.10 Fuel Injection System Requirements
IC1.10.1 Fuel Lines – Flexible fuel lines must be either
(a) Metal braided hose with either crimped-on or reusable, threaded fittings, OR
(b) Reinforced rubber hose with some form of abrasion resistant protection with fuel line
clamps per IC1.9.2.
Note: Hose clamps over metal braided hose will not be accepted.
IC1.10.2 Fuel Rail – If used, a fuel rail must be securely attached to the engine cylinder block, cylinder
head, or intake manifold with brackets and mechanical fasteners. This precludes the use of
hose clamps, plastic ties, or safety wire.
IC1.11 Crankcase / Engine lubrication venting
IC1.11.1 Any crankcase or engine lubrication vent lines routed to the intake system must be connected
upstream of the intake system restrictor, if fitted.
IC1.11.2 Crankcase breathers that pass through the oil catch tank(s) to exhaust systems, or vacuum
devices that connect directly to the exhaust system, are prohibited.

ARTICLE IC2 FUEL AND FUEL SYSTEM

IC2.1 Fuel
IC2.1.1 All fuel at the Formula Hybrid Competition will be provided by the organizer.

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IC2.1.2 During all performance events the cars must be operated with the fuels provided by the
organizer.
IC2.1.3 The fuels provided at the Formula Hybrid Competition are:
(a) Gasoline (Sunoco Optima)
(b) Ethanol (Sunoco E-85R)
Note: More information including the fuel energy equivalencies, and a link for the Sunoco fuel
specifications are given in Appendix A
IC2.1.4 Deleted
IC2.2 Fuel Additives - Prohibited
IC2.2.1 Nothing may be added to the provided fuels. This prohibition includes nitrous oxide or any
other oxidizing agent.
IC2.2.2 No agents other than fuel and air may be induced into the combustion chamber. Non-adherence
to this rule will be reason for disqualification.
IC2.2.3 Officials have the right to inspect the oil.
IC2.3 Fuel Temperature Changes - Prohibited
The temperature of fuel introduced into the fuel system may not be changed with the intent to
improve calculated fuel efficiency.
IC2.4 Fuel Tanks
IC2.4.1 The fuel tank is defined as that part of the fuel containment device that is in contact with the
fuel. It may be made of a rigid material or a flexible material.
IC2.4.2 Fuel tanks made of a rigid material cannot be used to carry structural loads, e.g. from roll
hoops, suspension, engine or gearbox mounts, and must be securely attached to the vehicle
structure with mountings that allow some flexibility such that chassis flex cannot
unintentionally load the fuel tank.
IC2.4.3 Any fuel tank that is made from a flexible material, for example a bladder fuel cell or a bag
tank, must be enclosed within a rigid fuel tank container which is securely attached to the
vehicle structure. Fuel tank containers (containing a bladder fuel cell or bag tank) may be load
carrying.
IC2.4.4 Any size fuel tank may be used.
IC2.4.5 The fuel system must have a drain fitting for emptying the fuel tank. The drain must be at the
lowest point of the tank and be easily accessible. It must not protrude below the lowest plane of
the vehicle frame, and must have provision for safety wiring.
IC2.5 Fuel System Location Requirements
IC2.5.1 All parts of the fuel storage and supply system must lie within the surface defined by the top of
the roll bar and the outside edge of the four tires. (See Figure 25).
IC2.5.2 All fuel tanks must be shielded from side or rear impact collisions. Any fuel tank which is
located outside the Side Impact Structure required by T3.24 or T3.33 must be shielded by
structure built to T3.24 or T3.33.
IC2.5.3 A firewall must separate the fuel tank from the driver, per T4.5.

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IC2.6 Fuel Tank Filler Neck
IC2.6.1 All fuel tanks must have a filler neck10:
(a) With a minimum inside diameter of 38 mm
(b) That is vertical (with a horizontal filler cap) or angled at no more than forty-five degrees
(45º) from the vertical.
IC2.6.2 Deleted
IC2.6.3 If a sight tube is fitted, it may not run below the top surface of the fuel tank.

Figure 27 - Filler Neck

IC2.7 Tank Filling Requirement

IC2.7.1 The tank must be capable of being filled to capacity without manipulating the tank or vehicle in
any way (shaking vehicle, etc.).
IC2.7.2 The fuel system must be designed such that the spillage during refueling cannot contact the
driver position, exhaust system, hot engine parts, or the ignition system.
IC2.7.3 Belly pans must be vented to prevent accumulation of fuel.
IC2.8 Venting Systems
IC2.8.1 The fuel tank and carburetor venting systems must be designed such that fuel cannot spill
during hard cornering or acceleration. This is a concern since motorcycle carburetors normally
are not designed for lateral accelerations.

10
Some flush fillers may be approved by contacting the Formula Hybrid rules committee.

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IC2.8.2 All fuel vent lines must be equipped with a check valve to prevent fuel leakage when the tank is
inverted. All fuel vent lines must exit outside the bodywork.

ARTICLE IC3 EXHAUST SYSTEM AND NOISE CONTROL

IC3.1 Exhaust System General

IC3.1.1 Exhaust Outlet
The exhaust must be routed so that the driver is not subjected to fumes at any speed considering
the draft of the car.
IC3.1.2 The exhaust outlet(s) must not extend more than 45 cm behind the centerline of the rear wheels,
and shall be no more than 60 cm above the ground.
IC3.1.3 Any exhaust components (headers, mufflers, etc.) that protrude from the side of the body in
front of the main roll hoop must be shielded to prevent contact by persons approaching the car
or a driver exiting the car.
IC3.1.4 The application of fibrous material, e.g. “header wrap”, to the outside of an exhaust manifold or
exhaust system is prohibited.
IC3.2 Noise Measuring Procedure
IC3.2.1 The sound level will be measured during a static test. Measurements will be made with a free-
field microphone placed free from obstructions at the exhaust outlet level, 0.5 m from the end
of the exhaust outlet, at an angle of forty-five degrees (45°) with the outlet in the horizontal
plane. The test will be run with the gearbox in neutral at the engine speed defined below.
Where more than one exhaust outlet is present, the test will be repeated for each exhaust and
the highest reading will be used.
Vehicles that do not have manual throttle control must provide some means for running the
engine at the test RPM.
IC3.2.2 The car must be compliant at all engine speeds up to the test speed defined below.
IC3.2.3 If the exhaust has any form of movable tuning or throttling device or system, it must be
compliant with the device or system in all positions. The position of the device must be visible
to the officials for the noise test and must be manually operable by the officials during the noise
test.
IC3.2.4 Test Speeds
The test speed for a given engine will be the engine speed that corresponds to an average piston
speed of 914.4 m/min for automotive or motorcycle engines, and 731.5 m/min for Diesels and
“Industrial” engines. The calculated speed will be rounded to the nearest 500 rpm. The test
speeds for typical engines will be published by the organizers.
IC3.2.5 An “industrial engine” is defined as an engine which, according to the manufacturers’
specifications and without the required restrictor, is not capable of producing more than 5 hp
per 100cc. To have an engine classified as “an industrial engine”, approval must be obtained
from organizers prior to the Competition.
IC3.2.6 Vehicles not equipped with engine tachometers must provide some external means for
measuring RPM, such as a hand-held meter or lap top computer.
Note: Teams that do not provide the means to measure engine speed will not pass the noise test,
will not receive the sticker and hence will not be eligible to compete in any dynamic event.

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IC3.2.7 Engines with mechanical, closed loop speed control will be tested at their maximum (governed)
speed.
IC3.3 Maximum Sound Level
The maximum permitted sound level is 110 dB A, fast weighting.
IC3.4 Noise Level Re-testing
At the option of the officials, noise can be measured at any time during the competition. If a car
fails the noise test, it will be withheld from the competition until it has been modified and re-
passes the noise test.

2022 Formula Hybrid Rules – Rev. 1 77 April 19, 2022

 PART EV - ELECTRICAL POWERTRAINS AND SYSTEMS

ARTICLE EV1 ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS OVERVIEW

EV1.1 Definitions
• Accumulator - Batteries and/or capacitors that store the electrical energy to be used by
the tractive system. This term includes both electrochemical batteries and ultracapacitor
devices.
• Accumulator Container - A housing that encloses the accumulator devices, isolating
them both physically and electrically from the rest of the vehicle.
• Accumulator Segment - A subgroup of accumulator devices that must adhere to the
voltage and energy limits listed in Table 8.
• AMS – Accumulator Monitoring System. EV9.6
• Barrier – A material, usually rigid, that resists a flow of charge. Most often used to
provide a structural barrier and/or increase the creepage distance between two
conductors. See Figure 36.
• BRB – Big Red Button. EV7.5 and EV7.6
• Creepage Distance - The shortest distance measured along the surface of the insulating
material between two conductors. See Figure 36.
• Enclosure – An insulated housing containing electrical circuitry.
• GLV Grounded Low Voltage system - Every conductive part that is not part of the
tractive system. (This includes the GLV electrical system, frame, conductive housings,
carbon-fiber components etc.)
• GLVMS – Grounded Low Voltage Master Switch. EV7.3
• IMD – Insulation Monitoring Device. EV9.4
• Insulation – A material that physically resists a flow of charge. May be rigid or flexible.
• Isolation - Electrical, or “Galvanic” isolation between two or more electrical conductors
such that if a voltage potential exists between them, no current will flow.
• Region – A design/construction methodology wherein enclosures are divided by
insulating barriers and/or spacing into TS and GLV sections, simplifying the electrical
isolation of the two systems.
• Separation – A physical distance (“spacing”) maintained between conductors.
• SMD – Segment Maintenance Disconnect. EV2.7
• SSOK – Safety Systems OK. EV9.3
• Tractive System (TS) - The drive motors, the accumulators and every part that is
electrically connected to either of those components.
• Tractive System Enclosure - A housing that contains TS components other than
accumulator devices.
• TSAL – Tractive System Active Lamp. EV9.1
• TS/GLV – The relationship between two electrical conductors; one being part of the TS
system and the other GLV.

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 • TS/TS – The relationship between two TS conductors. This designation implies that they
are at different potentials and/or polarities.
• TSMP – Tractive System Measuring Points. EV10.3
• TSMS – Tractive System Master Switch. EV7.4

2022 Formula Hybrid Rules – Rev. 1 79 April 19, 2022

EV1.2 Maximum System Voltages
The maximum permitted operating voltage and energy limits are listed in Table 8 below.

Formula Hybrid voltage and energy limits

Maximum operating voltage for Hybrid11
300 V
(TSV)
Maximum operating voltage for EV 600V
Maximum GLV 30 VDC or 25 VAC
Maximum accumulator segment voltage 120 V
Maximum accumulator segment energy12 6 MJ

Table 8 - Voltage and Energy Limits

Maximum operating voltage for hybrid vehicles above those shown in Table 8 may be
permitted via a request for a special allowance to the FH rules committee. Teams requesting
such an allowance must demonstrate an appropriate level of electrical engineering knowledge
and experience.
Vehicles with a maximum operating voltage over 300V will be required to complete a form
demonstrating electrical safety competency including:
• Written vehicle electrical safety procedures
• A list of electrical safety team members
• Review of team experience and competency in high-voltage electrical systems
• Acceptance of this document is a requirement for participation in the event.

11
The maximum operating voltage is defined as the maximum measured accumulator voltage during normal
charging conditions. (A maximum capacity accumulator will require at least three segments.)
12
Segment energy is calculated as Energy (MJ) = (V • Ah • 3600) / 1e6. (Note that this is different from the fuel
allocation energy in Appendix A).

2022 Formula Hybrid Rules – Rev. 1 80 April 19, 2022

ARTICLE EV2 ENERGY STORAGE (ACCUMULATORS)

EV2.1 Permitted Devices

The following accumulator devices are acceptable; batteries (e.g. lithium-ion, NiMH, lead acid
and similar battery chemistries) and capacitors, such as super caps or ultracaps.
The following accumulator devices are not permitted; molten salt batteries, thermal batteries,
fuel cells, mechanical storage such as flywheels or hydraulic accumulators.
Accumulator systems using pouch-type lithium-ion cells must be commercially constructed
and specifically approved by the Formula Hybrid rules committee or must comply with the
requirements detailed in ARTICLE EV11
Manufacturer’s data sheets showing the rated specification of the accumulator cell(s) which
are used must be provided in the ESF along with their number and configurations.

EV2.2 Accumulator Segments

The accumulator segments must be separated so that the segment limits in Table 8 are met by
an electrically insulating barrier meeting the TS/GLV requirements in EV5.4. For all lithium
based cell chemistries, these barriers must also be fire resistant (according to UL94-V0,
FAR25 or equivalent).
The barrier must be non-conducting, fire retardant (UL94V0) and provide a complete barrier
to the spread of arc or fire. It must have a fire resistance equal to 1/8" FR4 fiberglass, such as
Garolite G-913.

EV2.3 Accumulator Containers

All devices which store the tractive system energy must be enclosed in (an) accumulator
container(s)
Each accumulator container must be labeled with the words “ACCUMULATOR –
ALWAYS ENERGIZED”. (This is in addition to the TSV label requirements in EV3.1.5).
Labels must be 3 inches by 9 inches with bold red lettering on a white background and be
clearly visible on all sides of the accumulator container that could be exposed during operation
and/or maintenance of the car and at least one such label must be visible with the bodywork in
place14.

Figure 28 - Accumulator Sticker

13
https://www.mcmaster.com/grade-g-9-garolite/
14
Self-adhesive stickers are available from the organizers on request.

2022 Formula Hybrid Rules – Rev. 1 81 April 19, 2022

 If the accumulator container(s) is not easily accessible during Electrical Tech Inspection,
detailed pictures of the internals taken during assembly must be provided. If the pictures do
not adequately depict the accumulator, it may be necessary to disassemble the accumulator to
pass Electrical Tech Inspection.
The accumulator container may not contain circuitry or components other than the
accumulator itself and necessary supporting circuitry such as the AIRs, AMS, IMD and pre-
charge circuitry.
For example, the accumulator container may not contain the motor controller, TSVP or any
GLV circuits other than those required for necessary accumulator functions.
Note 1: The purpose of this requirement is to allow work on other parts of the tractive system
without opening the accumulator container and exposing (always-live) high voltage.
Note 2: It is possible to meet this requirement by dividing a large box into an accumulator
section and a non-accumulator section, with an insulating barrier between them. In this case, it
must be possible to open the non-accumulator section while keeping the accumulator section
closed, meeting the requirements of the “finger probe” test. See: EV3.1.3.
If spare accumulators are to be used then they all must be of the same size, weight and type as
those that are replaced. Spare accumulator packs must be presented at Electrical Tech
Inspection.

EV2.4 Accumulator Container –Construction

The accumulator container(s) must be built of mechanically robust material.
The container material must be fire resistant according to UL94-V0, FAR25 or equivalent.
If any part of the accumulator container is made of electrically conductive material, an
insulating barrier meeting the TS/GLV requirements in EV5.4 must be affixed to the inside
wall of the accumulator container such that the barrier provides 100% coverage of all
electrically conductive container components.
All conductive penetrations (mounting hardware, hinges, latches etc.) must be covered on the
inside of the accumulator container by an insulating material meeting EV5.5.3.
All conductive surfaces on the outside of the container must have a low-resistance connection
to the GLV system ground. (See EV8.1.1)
The cells and/or segments must be appropriately secured against loosening inside the
container.
All accumulator devices must be attached to the accumulator container(s) with mechanical
fasteners.
Holes in the container are only allowed for the wiring-harness, ventilation, cooling or
fasteners. All wiring harness holes must be sealed according to EV3.3.1. Openings for
ventilation must be designed to prevent water entry from rain or road spray, and to minimize
spread of fire. Completely open side pods are not allowed.
Any accumulator that may vent an explosive gas must have a ventilation system or pressure
relief valve to prevent the vented gas from reaching an explosive concentration.
Every accumulator container which is completely sealed must have a pressure relief valve to
prevent high-pressure in the container.

2022 Formula Hybrid Rules – Rev. 1 82 April 19, 2022

 An Accumulator Container that is built to an approved 2021 or 2022 FSAE Structural
Equivalency EV-HV Enclosure Spreadsheet will be considered to be in compliance with
Formula Hybrid Rules EV2.4.1-EV2.4.7.

EV2.5 Accumulator Container – Mounting

All accumulator containers must lie within the surface envelope as defined by IC1.5.1
All accumulator containers must be rigidly mounted to the chassis to prevent the containers
from loosening during the dynamic events or possible accidents.
The mounting system for the accumulator container must be designed to withstand forces from
a 40g deceleration in the horizontal plane and 20 g deceleration in the vertical plane. The
calculations/tests proving this must be part of the SES.
For tube frame cars, each accumulator container must be attached to the Frame by a minimum
of four (4) 8 mm Metric Grade 8.8 or 5/16 inch Grade 5 bolts.
For monocoques:
(a) Each accumulator container must be attached to the Frame at a minimum of four (4)
points, each capable of carrying a load in any direction of 400 Newtons x the mass of
the accumulator in kgs, i.e. if the accumulator has a mass of 50 kgs, each attachment
point must be able to carry a load of 20kN in any direction.
(b) The laminate, mounting plates, backing plates and inserts must have sufficient shear
area, weld area and strength to carry the specified load in any direction. Data obtained
from the laminate perimeter shear strength test (T3.30) should be used to prove adequate
shear area is provided***
(c) Each attachment point requires a minimum of one (1) 8 mm Metric Grade 8.8 or 5/16
inch SAE Grade 5 bolt.
(d) Each attachment point requires steel backing plates with a minimum thickness of 2 mm.
Alternate materials may be used for backing plates if equivalency is approved.
(e) The calculations/tests must be included in the SES.
EV2.5.6 An Accumulator Mounting system that is built to an approved 2021 or 2022 FSAE Structural
Equivalency EV-HV Enclosure Spreadsheet will be considered to be in compliance with
Formula Hybrid Rules EV2.5, and the FSAE SES may be submitted in place of the Formula
Hybrid specific SES required by EV2.5.3.

EV2.6 Accumulator Fusing

Every accumulator container must contain at least one fuse in the high-current TS path,
located on the same side of the AIRs as the battery or capacitor. These fuses must comply with
EV6.1.
All details and documentation for fuse, fusible link and/or internal over current protection
must be included in the ESF.

2022 Formula Hybrid Rules – Rev. 1 83 April 19, 2022

 Parallel then Series (nPmS) connections.
If more than one battery cell or capacitor is used to form a set of cells in parallel and those
parallel groups are then combined in series (Figure 29) then either:
(a) Each cell must be protected with a fuse or fusible link with a current rating less than or equal
to 50% of the calculated short-circuit current (Isc) of the cell or capacitor, where Isc =
Vnom / IR(Ω). (The nominal cell voltage divided by its dc internal resistance).. The fuse
or fusible link must be rated for the full tractive system voltage, unless the special
conditions in EV2.6.5 (Fuse Voltage Ratings) are met.
OR
(b) Manufacturer’s documentation must be provided that certifies that it is acceptable to use
this number of single cells in parallel without fusing. This certification must be included
in the ESF. (Commercially assembled packs or modules installed per manufacturer's
instructions may be exempt from this requirement upon application to the rules
committee.)

Note: if option (a) is used, fuse j in figure 27 may be omitted if all conductors carrying the
entire pack current are adequately sized for the sum of the parallel fuse current ratings (i.e. for
n fuses in parallel, each with current rating i, the conductors must be sized for a total current
itotal = n·i)

Figure 29 - Example nP3S Configuration

Series then Parallel (nSmP) connections.

If strings of batteries or capacitors in series are then combined in parallel (Figure 30) then
each string must be individually fused per EV6.1.

2022 Formula Hybrid Rules – Rev. 1 84 April 19, 2022

 Fuse j in Figure 30 may be omitted if all conductors carrying the entire pack current are
adequately sized for the sum of the parallel fuse current ratings (i.e. for n fuses in parallel,
each with current rating i, the conductors must be sized for a total current 𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑛 ·
𝑖 without fuse j, or may be sized for a lower current j if fuse j is included.)
All fuses used in nSmP configurations must be rated for the full tractive system voltage.

Figure 30 – Example 5S4P Configuration

Fuse Voltage Ratings.

Although fuses in the tractive system must normally be rated for the full tractive system
voltage, under certain conditions an exception can be made for fuses or fusible links for
individual cells or capacitors. These conditions, defined in 0, apply to fuses or fusible links
used to meet 0, and to any fusible links that are included in the accumulator construction.
These requirements are intended to ensure coordination between cell fuses and pack
master fuses.
The following conditions must be met to allow reduced voltage ratings:
The series fuse used to satisfy EV2.6.1 is rated at a current less than or equal to one half
of the sum of the parallel low-voltage fuses or fusible links, AND
(a) fuse or fusible link current rating is specified in manufacturer’s data
OR
(b) suitable team generated test data is provided, demonstrating the ability to:
(i) Carry full rated current for at least 10 minutes with less than 50° C
temperature rise.
(ii) Trip at 300% of rated current.
(iii) Interrupt current equal to the maximum short circuit current expected without
producing heat, sparks, or flames that might damage nearby cells.
𝑖
For example, in Figure 29, this requirement is met if 𝑗 ≤ 𝑛 · 3, where i is the cell fuse or link
rating, n is the number of cells in parallel and j is the master series fuse rating.

2022 Formula Hybrid Rules – Rev. 1 85 April 19, 2022

EV2.7 Accumulator - Segment Maintenance Disconnect
A Segment Maintenance Disconnect (SMD) must be installed between each accumulator
segment See EV2.2). The SMD must be used whenever the accumulator containers are opened
for maintenance and whenever accumulator segments are removed from the container.
Note: If the high-voltage disconnect (HVD, section EV2.9) is located between segments, it
satisfies the requirement for an SMD between those segments.
The SMD may be implemented with a switch or a removable maintenance plug. Devices
capable of remote operation such as relays or contactors may not be used. There must be a
positive means of securing the SMD in the disconnected state; for example, a lockable switch
can be secured with a zip-tie or a clip.
SMD methods requiring tools to isolate the segments are not permitted.
If the SMD is operated with the accumulator container open, any removable part used with the
SMD (e.g., a removable plug or clip) must be non-conductive on its external surfaces. i.e. it
will not cause a short if dropped into the accumulator. This requirement may be waived on
application to the rules committee if connection to battery terminals is prevented by
barriers or location.
Devices used for SMDs must be rated for the expected battery current and voltages

EV2.8 Accumulator - Isolation Relays

At least two isolation relays (AIRs) must be installed in every accumulator container, or in the
accumulator section of a segmented container (See EV2.3.4 Note 2) such that no TS voltage
will be present outside the accumulator or accumulator section when the TS is shut down.
Note: AIRs must be before TSMPs, such that TSMPs de-energize when AIRs are open.
The accumulator isolation relays must be of a normally open (N.O.) type which are held in the
closed position by the current flowing through the shutdown loop (EV7.1). When this flow
of current is interrupted, the AIRs must disconnect both poles of the accumulator such that
no TS voltage is present outside of the accumulator container(s).
When the AIRs are opened, the voltage in the tractive system must drop to under 30 VDC (or
25 VAC RMS) in less than five seconds.
The AIR contacts must be protected by Pre-Charge and Discharge circuitry, See EV2.10.
If the AIR coils are not equipped with transient suppression by the manufacturer then
Transient suppressors15 must be added in parallel with the AIR coils.
AIRs containing mercury are not permitted.

15
Transient suppressors protect the circuitry in the shutdown loop from di/dt voltage spikes. One acceptable device
is Littelfuse 5KP43CA. (Mouser Part number 576-5KP43CA.)

2022 Formula Hybrid Rules – Rev. 1 86 April 19, 2022

 Figure 31 - Example Accumulator Segmenting

EV2.9 Accumulator - High Voltage Disconnect

Each vehicle must be fitted with a High Voltage Disconnect (HVD) making it possible to
quickly and positively break the current path of the tractive system accumulator. This can be
accomplished by turning off a disconnect switch, disconnecting the main connector or
removing an accessible element such as a fuse. A contactor or AIR device may not be used
as an HVD.
The HVD must be operable without the use of tools.
It must be possible to disconnect the HVD within 10 seconds in ready-to-race condition.
Note: Ready-to-race means that the car is fully assembled, including having all body panels in
position, with a driver seated in the vehicle and without the car jacked up.
The team must demonstrate this during Electrical Tech Inspection.

2022 Formula Hybrid Rules – Rev. 1 87 April 19, 2022

 The disconnect must be clearly marked with "HVD". Multiple disconnects must be marked
“HVD n of m”, such as “HVD 1 of 3”, HVD 2 of 3”, etc.
There must be a positive means of securing the HVD in the disconnected state; for example, a
lockable switch can be secured with a zip-tie or a clip.
Note: A removable plug will meet this requirement if the plug is secured or fully removed
such that it cannot accidentally reconnect.
The HVD must be opened as part of the Lockout/Tagout procedure. See EV12.1.1.
The recommended electrical location for the HVD is near the middle of the accumulator
string. In this case, it can serve as one of the SMDs. (See Figure 31).
Note: The HVD must be prior to TSMPs such that TSMPs are de-energized when the HVD is
open.

EV2.10 Accumulator - Pre-Charge and Discharge Circuits

One particularly dangerous failure mode in an electric vehicle is AIR contacts that have
welded shut. When the current through the AIR coils is interrupted, the AIRs should open,
isolating the potentially lethal voltages within the accumulator container.
If the AIRs are welded shut, these voltages will be present outside the accumulator even
though the system is presumably shut down.
Welding is caused by high instantaneous currents across the contacts. This can be avoided by
a correctly functioning pre-charge circuit.
Precharge
The AIR contacts must be protected by a circuit that will pre-charge the intermediate circuit to
at least 90% of the rated accumulator voltage before completing the intermediate circuit by
closing the second AIR.
The pre-charge circuit must be disabled if the shutdown circuit is deactivated; see EV7.1. i.e.
the pre-charge circuit must not be able to pre-charge the system if the shutdown circuit is
open.
It is allowed to pre-charge the intermediate circuit for a conservatively calculated time before
closing the second AIR. Monitoring the intermediate circuit voltage is not required.
The pre-charge circuit must operate regardless of the sequence of operations used to energize
the vehicle, including, for example, restarting after being automatically shut down by a safety
circuit.
Discharge
If a discharge circuit is needed to meet the requirements of EV2.8.3, it must be designed to
handle the maximum discharge current for at least 15 seconds. The calculations determining
the component values must be part of the ESF.
The discharge circuit must be fail-safe. i.e. wired in a way that it is always active whenever
the shutdown circuit is open or de-energized.
For always-on discharge circuits and other circuits that dissipate significant power for
extended time periods, calculations of the maximum operating temperature of the power
dissipating components (e.g., resistors) must be included in the ESF.

2022 Formula Hybrid Rules – Rev. 1 88 April 19, 2022

 Note: Resistors operating at their rated power level often operate at 200° C or more. Insulating
materials in proximity to resistors require care to ensure that they are not overheated.
Resistors that dissipate more than 50% of their power rating and resistors that dissipate
significant power without much open space around them will require additional care to ensure
they are safe.
It is recommended that teams use resistors rated for at least double the maximum predicted
power dissipation, document these design details in the ESF, and mount them that such that
heat dissipation is not impeded.
Note also that some resistors require external heat sinks in order to dissipate their rated power.
Using these resistors for significant power dissipation will require additional documentation of
the heat sink design or testing.
Fuses in the accumulator pre-charge or discharge current paths are not permitted.

EV2.11 Accumulator – Accumulator Management System (AMS)

Each accumulator must be monitored by an accumulator management system (AMS)
whenever the tractive system is active or the accumulator is connected to a charger.
Note: Some parts of EV2.11 may be waived for commercially manufactured accumulator
assemblies. Requests must be submitted to the Formula Hybrid rules committee at least one
month before the competition.
The AMS must monitor all critical voltages and temperatures in the accumulator as well the
integrity of all its voltage and temperature inputs. If an out-of-range or a malfunction is
detected, it must shut down the electrical systems, open the AIRs and shut down the I.C. drive
system within 60 seconds.16 (Some GLV systems may remain energized – See Figure 37)
The tractive system must remain disabled until manually reset by a person other than the
driver. It must not be possible for the driver to re-activate the tractive system from within the
car in case of an AMS fault. AMS faults must be latched using a mechanical relay circuit (see
Appendix G). Digital logic or microcontrollers may not be used for this function.
The AMS must continuously measure cell voltages in order to keep those voltages inside the
allowed minimum and maximums stated in the cell data sheet. (See Table 9)
Notes:
1. If individual cells are directly connected in parallel, only one voltage measurement is
required for that group. (Measured at the parallel connections, outside of the cell fuses.
(See Figure 29)
2. Exemptions may be granted for commercial accumulator assemblies that do not meet
these requirements.

16
Teams may wish to also use the AMS to detect a low voltage or high temperature before these cross the critical
threshold, and to alert the driver and/or decrease the power drawn from the accumulator, so as to mitigate the
problem before the vehicle must be shut down.

2022 Formula Hybrid Rules – Rev. 1 89 April 19, 2022

 Maximum number of cells per
Chemistry
voltage measurement
PbAcid 6
NiMh 6
Lithium based 1

Table 9 - AMS Voltage Monitoring

The AMS must monitor the temperature of the minimum number of cells in the accumulator as
specified in Table 10 below. The monitored cells must be equally distributed over the
accumulator container(s).

Chemistry Cells monitored

PbAcid 5%
UltraCap 10%
NiMh 10%
Li-Ion 30%

Table 10 – AMS Temperature Monitoring

NOTE: It is acceptable to monitor multiple cells with one sensor if this sensor has direct
contact to all monitored cells. It is also acceptable to use maximum-temperature detection
schemes such as diode-paralleled thermisters or zener diodes to monitor multiple cells on a
single circuit.
NOTE: It is recommended to monitor the temperature of all cells.
All voltage sense wires to the AMS must be protected by fuses or resistors (located as close as
possible to the energy source) so that they cannot exceed their current carrying capacity in the
event of a short circuit.
Note: If the AMS monitoring board is directly connected to the cell, it is acceptable to have a
fuse or resistor integrated into the monitoring board.
Input channels of the AMS used for different segments of the accumulator must be isolated
from one another with isolation rated for at least the maximum tractive system voltage. This
isolation is also required between channels or sections of the AMS that are connected to
different sides of a SMD, HVD, fuse, or AIR.
Any GLV connection to the AMS must be galvanically isolated from the TSV. This isolation
must be documented in the ESF.
Note: Per EV2.8.2, AMS connections that are not isolated, such as cell sense wires, cannot
exit the accumulator container, unless they are isolated by additional relays when the AIRs are
off. This requirement should be considered in the selection of an AMS system for a vehicle
that uses more than one accumulator container. The need for additional isolation relays may
also be avoided by utilizing a virtual accumulator. See EV2.12

2022 Formula Hybrid Rules – Rev. 1 90 April 19, 2022

 Team-Designed Accumulator Management Systems.
Teams may design and build their own Accumulator Management Systems. However,
microprocessor-based accumulator management systems are subject to the following
restrictions:
(a) The processor must be dedicated to the AMS function only. However it may
communicate with other systems through shared peripherals or other physical links.
(b) The AMS circuit board must include a watchdog timer. It is strongly recommended that
teams include the ability to test the watchdog function in their designs.
The status of the AMS must be shown to the driver by a red indicator light in the cockpit that
is easily visible even in bright sunlight. This indicator must show the latched fault rather than
instantaneous status of the AMS. Other indication methods may be used upon application for a
variance with the rules committee

EV2.12 Virtual Accumulators.

In many cases, difficulties can be encountered when multiple accumulator containers are
monitored by a single AMS. Therefore a vehicle may use a single AMS with more than one
accumulator container by defining a ‘Virtual Accumulator’ as provided below. See: Figure 32.
Each housing of the virtual accumulator container must be permanently installed in the
vehicle. i.e. not designed to be removed for charging or exchange.
The conduit(s) connecting accumulator housings must be flexible metallic liquid-tight steel
electrical conduit (NEC type LFMC) securely fastened at each end with fittings rated for
metallic LFMC.
Connectors between the interconnecting conduit and the housings containing the
accumulators, and along the length of the interconnecting conduit must be rated for LFMC
conduit.
The conduit must be red, or painted red17.
Any unsupported length of the interconnect conduit may be no greater than 150 mm. i.e. it
must be physically supported at least every 150 mm to ensure that it cannot droop or be
snagged by something on the track. The interconnect conduit must be contained entirely
within the chassis structure.
Separate conduits must be provided between housings for:
(a) Individual tractive System conductors. (Only one high-current TS conductor may pass
through any one conduit.)
(b) AMS wiring such as cell voltage sense wires that are at TS potential.
Note: GLV wiring may be run in its own conduit or outside of conduit.
All rules relating to accumulator housings (including, but not limited to firewalls, location
etc.) also apply to the interconnect conduit.
If the interconnect conduit is the lowest point in the virtual housing it must have a 3-5 mm
drain hole in its lowest point to allow accumulated fluids to drain.

17
LFMC conduit is available with a red jacket - see for example: http://www.afcweb.com/liquid-tuff-conduit/ul-
liquidtight-flexible-steel-conduit-type-lfmc/

2022 Formula Hybrid Rules – Rev. 1 91 April 19, 2022

 Segmentation requirements must be met considering the housings individually, and as an
interconnected system. For example, AMS wires must be grouped according to segment and
must maintain that grouping through to the AMS.
Each individual housing must comply with TS fusing requirements. (See EV2.6) i.e., there
must be at least one TS fuse in each container (See Figure 32).
A High Voltage Disconnect (HVD) can be installed in the conductors connecting accumulator
housings if mounted in a suitable enclosure. In this case, the accumulator boundary extends to
include conduit and the HVD enclosure.

Figure 32 - Virtual Accumulator example

2022 Formula Hybrid Rules – Rev. 1 92 April 19, 2022

ARTICLE EV3 TRACTIVE SYSTEM WIRING AND CONSTRUCTION

EV3.1 Positioning of tractive system parts

Housings and/or covers must prevent inadvertent human contact with any part of the tractive
system circuitry. This includes people working on or inside the vehicle. Covers must be secure
and adequately rigid.
Body panels that must be removed to access other components, etc. are not a substitute for
enclosing tractive system conductors.
Tractive system components and wiring must be physically protected from damage by rotating
and/or moving parts and must be isolated from fuel system components.
Finger Probe Test: Inspectors must not be able to touch any tractive system electrical
connection using a 10 cm long, 0.6 cm diameter non-conductive test probe.

Figure 33 - Finger Probe

Housings constructed of electrically conductive material must have a minimum-resistance

connection to GLV system ground. (See: ARTICLE EV8).
Every housing or enclosure containing parts of the tractive system must be labeled with the
words “Danger”, “High Voltage” and a black lightning bolt on a yellow background. The label
must be at least 4 x 6 cm. (See Figure 34 below.)

Figure 34 - High Voltage Label

2022 Formula Hybrid Rules – Rev. 1 93 April 19, 2022

 All parts belonging to the tractive system including conduit, cables and wiring must be
contained within the Surface Envelope of the vehicle (See Figure 25) such that they are
protected against being damaged in case of a crash or roll-over situation or being caught
(snagged) by road hazards.
If tractive system parts are mounted in a position where damage could occur from a rear or
side impact (below 350 mm from the ground), such as side mounted accumulators
or rear mounted motors, they must be protected by a fully triangulated structure meeting the
requirements of T3.3, or approved equivalent per T3.3.2 or T3.7.
Drive motors that are not located fully within the frame, must be protected by an interlock.
This interlock must be configured such that the Shutdown Circuit, EV7.1, will be opened if
any part of the driven wheel assembly is dislocated from the frame. Drive motors located
outside the frame must still comply with EV7.1.3
No part of the tractive-system may project below the lower surface of the frame or the
monocoque in either side or front view.
Tractive systems and containers must be protected from moisture in the form of rain or
puddles.

EV3.2 TS wiring and conduit

All tractive system wiring must be done to professional standards with adequate strain relief
and protection from loosening due to vibration etc.
Soldering in the high current path is prohibited. Exception: surface-mount fuses and similar
components that are designed for soldering and the rated current.
(a) Fuses must be mechanically supported by a PCB or equivalent, following manufacturer's
instructions (e.g. recommended footprint). Free-hanging fuses connected by wires are not
allowed.
(b) Team must submit a design document showing that PCB traces on these boards are properly
designed for the current carried on all circuits. The battery design must still comply with
EV2.6, Accumulator Fusing.
All wires, terminals and other conductors used in the tractive system must be sized
appropriately for the continuous rating of the fuse which protects them. Wires must be marked
with wire gauge, temperature rating and insulation voltage rating18.
The minimum acceptable temperature rating for TS wiring is 90°C. This requirement applies
to wire and cable; it does not apply to conduit.
All tractive system wiring that runs outside of electrical enclosures must be either:
(a) Orange shielded, dual-insulated cable rated for automotive application, at least 5 mm
overall cable diameter. or
(b) Enclosed in ORANGE non-conductive conduit (except for Virtual Accumulator systems
which must use RED conduit. See EV2.12)
Note: UL Listed Conduit of other colors may be painted or wrapped with colored tape.

18
Alternatively a manufacturer’s part number printed on the wire will be sufficient if this number can be referenced
to a manufacturer’s data sheet.

2022 Formula Hybrid Rules – Rev. 1 94 April 19, 2022

 Conduit must be non-metallic and UL Listed19 as:
(a) Conduit under UL1660, UL651 or UL651A
OR
(b) Non-Metallic Protective Tubing (NMPT) under UL1696.
Conduit runs must be one piece. Conduit splices and/or transitions between conduit and
shielded, dual-insulated cable may only occur within an enclosure and must comply with
section EV3.3.
Wiring to outboard wheel motors may be in conduit or may use shielded dual insulated cables.
All other tractive system wiring that runs outside the vehicle frame (but within the roll
envelope) must be within conduit.
When shielded dual-insulated cable is used the shield must be grounded at both ends of the
cable.

EV3.3 TS Cable Strain Relief

Cable or conduit exiting or entering a tractive system enclosure or the drive motor must use a
liquid-tight fitting proving strain relief to the cable or conduit such that it will withstand a
force of 200N without straining the cable20.
The fitting must be one of the following:
(a) For conduit: A conduit fitting rated for use with the conduit used.
(b) For shielded, dual insulated cable:
(i) A cable gland rated for use with the cable used
OR
(ii) A connector rated for use with the cable used. The connector must provide
termination of the shield to ground and latch in place securely enough to meet the
strain-relief requirements listed above. Both portions of the connector must meet or
exceed IEC standards IP53 (mated) and IP20 (unmated).
Connections to drive motors that do not have provision for conduit connection are allowed to
separate the strain-relief and insulation requirements. Specifically:
(a) Cable strain relief must be capable of withstanding a 200N force, and must be within 15
cm of the motor terminals.
Note: Conventional cable strain relief fittings, mechanical clamps or saddles may be
used, however the integrity of the cable insulation must be protected.
AND
(b) the TS wiring must pass EV3.1.3 (finger probe test)
For example, a motor with stud terminals for power input could use a 3D printed plastic cover
on the terminals and suitable cable clamps within 15 cm to provide strain relief.

19
"UL Recognized" is not the same as "UL Listed".
20
This will be tested during the electrical tech inspection by pulling on the conduit using a spring scale.

2022 Formula Hybrid Rules – Rev. 1 95 April 19, 2022

EV3.4 TS Electrical Connections
Tractive system connections must be designed so that they use intentional current paths
through conductors such as copper or aluminum21. Steel is not permitted.
Tractive system connections must not include compressible material such as plastic or
phenolic in the stack-up. (i.e. components identified as #1 in Figure 35)

Figure 35 - Connection Stack-up

Note: The bolt shown in Figure 35 can be steel since it is not the primary conductor. However
the washer (#2), if used, must not be steel, since it is in the primary conduction path. If
possible, no washer should be used in this location, so that the two primary conductors are
directly clamped together.
Conductors and terminals must not be modified from their original size/shape and must be
appropriate for the connection being made.
Bolts with nylon inserts (Nylocks, etc.) and thread-locking compounds (Loctite, etc.) are not
permitted.
All bolted or threaded connections must be torqued properly. The use of a contrasting
indicator paste22 is strongly recommended to indicate completion of proper torqueing
procedures.

21
Aluminum conductors may be used, but require specific approval from the Formula Hybrid rules committee.
22
Such as DYKEM® Cross-Check Torque Seal®. See: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W80C4XfyCQE

2022 Formula Hybrid Rules – Rev. 1 96 April 19, 2022

 Recommended TS Connection Fasteners
Fasteners specified and/or supplied by the component manufacturer.
Bolts with Belleville (conical) metal locking washers.
All-metal positive locking nuts. (See Figure 23)

Table 11 - Recommended TS Connection Fasteners

EV3.5 Motor Controllers

Note: Commercially available motor controllers containing boost converters that have internal
voltages greater than 300 VDC may be used provided the unit is approved in writing by the
rules committee.
The tractive system motor(s) must be connected to the accumulator through a motor controller.
Bypassing the control system and connecting the tractive system accumulator directly to the
motor(s) is prohibited.
The accelerator control must be a right-foot-operated foot pedal. Refer to IC1.6 for specific
requirements of the accelerator control
The foot pedal must return to its original, rearward position when released. The foot pedal
must have positive stops at both ends of its travel, preventing its sensors from being damaged
or overstressed.
All acceleration control signals (between the accelerator pedal and the motor controller) must
have error checking.
For analog acceleration control signals, this error checking must detect open circuit, short to
ground and short to sensor power
For digital acceleration control signals, this error checking must detect a loss of
communication.
An error in the acceleration control signal must shut down the torque production in less than
one (1) second when a fault is detected.
Note: If these capabilities are built into the motor controller, then no additional error-checking
circuitry is required.
The accelerator signal limit shutoff may be tested during electrical tech inspection by
replicating any of the fault conditions listed in EV3.5.4
TS circuitry, even at low voltage levels, is not allowed in the cockpit. All motor controller
inputs present in the cockpit must be galvanically isolated. This includes accelerator input,
forward/reverse, on/off switches etc.23.
Motor controller inputs that are galvanically isolated from the TSV may be run throughout the
vehicle, but must be positively bonded to GLV ground.
TS drive motors must spin freely when the TS system is in deactivated state, and when
transitioned to a deactivated state.

23
For commercial controllers that do not provide isolated throttle inputs, a remote throttle actuator can be fabricated
with a (grounded) Bowden cable and non-conductive linkages.

2022 Formula Hybrid Rules – Rev. 1 97 April 19, 2022

ARTICLE EV4 GROUNDED LOW VOLTAGE SYSTEM

EV4.1 Grounded Low Voltage System (GLV)

The GLV system may not have a voltage greater than that listed in Table 8.
All GLV batteries must be attached securely to the frame.
The hot (ungrounded) terminal of the battery must be insulated.
One terminal of the GLV battery or other GLV power source must be connected to the chassis
by a stranded ground wire or flexible strap, with a minimum size of 12 AWG or equivalent
cross-section.
The ground wire must run directly from the battery to the nearest frame ground and must be
properly secured at both ends.
Note: Through-bolting a ring terminal to a gusset plate or dedicated tab welded to the frame is
highly recommended.
Any wet-cell battery located in the driver compartment must be enclosed in a nonconductive
marine-type container or equivalent and include a layer of 1.5 mm aluminum or equivalent
between the container and driver.
GLV battery packs based on Lithium Chemistry (other than commercially assembled packs)
are not permitted.
Orange wire and/or conduit may not be used in GLV wiring. Exception: multi-conductor
telecom-type cables containing orange color coded wires may be used.

2022 Formula Hybrid Rules – Rev. 1 98 April 19, 2022

ARTICLE EV5 TRACTIVE SYSTEM VOLTAGE ISOLATION

Most Formula Hybrid vehicles contain voltages that could cause injury or death if they came
in contact with a human body. In addition, all Formula Hybrid accumulator systems are
capable of storing enough energy to cause injury, blindness or death if that energy is released
unintentionally.
To minimize these risks, all tractive system components and wiring must at a minimum
comply with the following rules.

EV5.1 Isolation Requirements

All TS wiring and components must be galvanically (electrically) isolated from GLV by
separation and/or insulation.
All interaction between TS and GLV must be by means of galvanically isolated devices such
as opto-couplers, transformers, digital isolators or isolated dc-dc converters.
All connections from external devices such as laptops to a tractive system component must be
galvanically isolated, and include a connection between the external device ground and the
vehicle frame ground.
All isolation devices must be rated for an isolation voltage of at least twice the maximum TS
voltage.

EV5.2 General
Tractive system and GLV conductors may not run through the same conduit.
Tractive system and GLV wiring may not both be present in one connector.
TS wiring must be separated from the driver's compartment by a firewall.
TS wiring may not be present behind the instrument panel. TS wiring may not be present in
the cockpit unless enclosed in conduit and separated from the driver by a firewall. TS potential
may not be present on accelerator pedal or other controls in the cockpit.

EV5.3 Insulation, Spacing and Segregation

Tractive system main current path wiring and any TS circuits that are not protected by over-
current devices must be constructed using spacing, insulation, or both, in order to prevent short
circuits between TS conductors. Minimum spacings are listed in Table 12. Insulation used to
meet this requirement must adhere to EV5.4.
Where GLV and TS circuits are present in the same enclosure, they must be segregated (in
addition to any insulating covering on the wire) by:
(a) at least the distance specified in Table 12,
OR
(b) a barrier material meeting the TS/GLV requirements of EV5.4
All required spacings must be clearly defined. Components and cables must be securely
restrained to prevent movement and maintain spacing.
Note: Grouping TS and GLV wiring into separate regions of an enclosure makes it easier to
implement spacing or barriers to meet EV5.3.2

2022 Formula Hybrid Rules – Rev. 1 99 April 19, 2022

 TS/TS
Maximum Vehicle Within Accumulator Container24
TS/GLV
TS Voltage Over Surface
(Creepage) Through Air
V < 100 VDC 5.3 mm 2.1 mm 10.0 mm
100 VDC < V < 200 VDC 7.5 mm 4.3 mm 20.0 mm
V > 200 VDC 9.6 mm 6.4 mm 30.0 mm

Table 12 – Minimum Spacings25

EV5.4 Insulation.
All electrical insulating material must be appropriate and adequately robust for the application
in which it is used.
Insulating materials used for TS/TS insulation or TS/GLV segregation must:
(a) Be UL recognized (i.e., have an Underwriters Laboratories26 or equivalent rating and
certification).
(b) Must be rated for the maximum expected operating temperatures at the location of use, or
the temperatures listed in Table 13 (whichever is greater).
(c) Must meet the minimum thickness requirements listed in Table 13

Minimum
Minimum Thickness
Temperature
TS / GLV
150º C 0.25 mm
(see Note below)
As required to be rated for
TS / TS 90º C
the full TS voltage

Table 13 - Insulating Material - Minimum Temperatures and Thicknesses

Note: For TS/GLV isolation, insulating material must be used in addition to any insulating
covering provided by the wire manufacturer.
Insulating materials must extend far enough at the edges to meet spacing and creepage
requirements between conductors.
Thermoplastic materials such as vinyl insulation tape may not be used. Thermoset materials
such as heat-shrink and self-fusing tapes (typically silicone) are acceptable.

24
Outside of the accumulator container TS/TS spacing should comply with standard industry practice.
25
Teams that have pre-existing systems built to comply with Table 10 in the 2016 rules will be permitted
26
http://www.ul.com

2022 Formula Hybrid Rules – Rev. 1 100 April 19, 2022

 Figure 36 – Creepage Distance Example

EV5.5 Printed circuit board (PCB) isolation

Printed circuit boards designed and/or fabricated by teams must comply with the following:
If tractive system circuits and GLV circuits are on the same circuit board they must be on
separate, clearly defined areas of the board. Furthermore, the tractive system and GLV areas
must be clearly marked on the PCB.
Prototyping boards having plated holes and/or generic conductor patterns may not be used for
applications where both GLV and TS circuits are present on the same board. Bare perforated
board may be used if the spacing and marking requirements in EV5.5.3 and EV5.5.1 are met,
and if the board is removable for inspection.
Required spacings between TS and GLV conductors are shown in Table 14. If a cut or hole
in the PC board is used to allow the “through air” spacing, the cut must not be plated with
metal, and the distance around the cut must satisfy the “over surface” spacing requirement.
Spacings between TS and GLV conductors on inner layers of PCBs may be reduced to the
“through air” spacings.

2022 Formula Hybrid Rules – Rev. 1 101 April 19, 2022

 Spacing
Maximum Vehicle TS Voltage Over surface Through air Under
Conformal
Coating
0-50 V 1.6 mm 1.6 mm 1 mm
50-150 V 6.4 mm 3.2 mm 2 mm
150-300 V 8.5 mm 6.4 mm 3mm
301-600V 12.7 mm 9.5 mm 4 mm

Table 14 – PCB TS/GLV Spacings: Teams must be prepared to demonstrate spacings on team-built
equipment. Information on this must be included in the ESF (EV13.1). If integrated circuits are used such as
opto-couplers which are rated for the respective maximum tractive system voltage, but do not fulfill the
required spacing, then they may still be used and the given spacing do not apply. This applies to the pin-to-
pin through air and the pin-to-pin spacing over the package surface, but does not exempt the need to slot the
board where pads would otherwise be too close.

(a) Teams must supply high resolution (min. 300 dpi at 1:1) digital photographs of team-
designed boards showing:
(i) All layers of unpopulated boards (inner layers or top/bottom layers that don’t
photograph well can be provided as copies of artwork files.)
(ii) Both top and bottom of fully populated and soldered boards.
If dimensional information is not obvious (i.e. 0.1 in x 0.1 in spacing) then a dimensional
reference must be included in the photo.
(b) Spare boards should be made available for inspection. Teams should also be prepared to
remove boards for direct inspection if asked to do so during the technical inspection.
printed circuit boards located inside the accumulator container and having tractive system
connections on them must be fused at 1 A or lower, with the exception of precharge and
discharge circuits.
If the fuses are located on the board, the spacing between tractive system conductors on the
source side of the fuse must be at least 3.2 mm.

2022 Formula Hybrid Rules – Rev. 1 102 April 19, 2022

ARTICLE EV6 FUSING

EV6.1 Fusing - General

All electrical systems (including tractive system, grounded low voltage system and charging
system) must be appropriately fused.
The continuous current rating of a fuse must not be greater than the continuous current rating
of any electrical component that it protects. This includes wires, bus bars, battery cells or other
conductors. See Appendix E for ampacity rating of copper wires.
Note: Many fuses have a peak current capability significantly higher than their continuous
current capability. Using such a fuse allows using a relative small wire for a high peak
current, because the rules only require the wire to be sized for the continuous current rating of
the fuse.
All fuses must be rated for the highest voltage in the systems they protect.
Fuses used for DC must be rated for DC, and must carry a DC voltage rating equal to or
greater than the maximum voltage of the system in which they are used27.
All fuses must have an interrupt current rating which is higher than the theoretical short circuit
current of the system that it protects.
The fuse protecting a circuit or must be physically located at the end of the wiring closest to
an uncontrolled energy source (e.g., a battery).
Note: For this rule, a battery is considered an energy source even for wiring intended for
charging the battery, because current could flow in the opposite direction in a fault scenario.
Circuits with branches using smaller wire than the main circuit require fuses or other current
limiting means (such as circuit breakers or suitably-rated current-limiting resistors) located
at the branching point, if the branch wire is too small to be protected by the main fuse for the
circuit.
Note: For further guidance on fusing, see the Fusing Tutorial found here:
https://drive.google.com/drive/u/0/search?q=fusing%20tutorial

27
Note that where a voltage rating is not specified as AC or DC it is assumed to be an AC rating. The DC rating
must be specifically called out in order for the fuse to be accepted as DC rated.

2022 Formula Hybrid Rules – Rev. 1 103 April 19, 2022

ARTICLE EV7 SHUTDOWN CIRCUIT AND SYSTEMS

EV7.1 Shutdown Circuit

The shutdown circuit is the primary safety system within a Formula Hybrid vehicle. It
consists of a current loop that holds the Accumulator Isolation Relays (AIRs) closed. If the
flow of current through this loop is interrupted, the AIRs will open, disconnecting the
vehicle’s high voltage systems from the source of that voltage within the accumulator
container.
Shutdown may be initiated by several devices having different priorities as shown in the
following table.

Figure 37 - Priority of shutdown sources

The shutdown circuit must consist of at least:

(a) Grounded Low Voltage Master Switch (GLVMS) See: EV7.3
(b) Tractive System Master Switch (TSMS) See: EV7.4
(c) Two side mounted shutdown buttons (BRBs) See: EV7.5
(d) Cockpit-mounted shutdown button. See: EV7.6
(e) Brake over-travel switch. See: T7.3
(f) A normally open (N.O.) relay controlled by the insulation monitoring device (IMD). See:
EV7.9 and Figure 38.
(g) A normally open (N.O.) relay controlled by the accumulator management system (AMS).
See: EV2.11 and Figure 38.
(h) All required interlocks.
(i) Both IMD and AMS must use mechanical latching means as described in Appendix G.
Latch reset must be by manual push button. Logic-controlled reset is not allowed.
Any failure causing the GLV system to shut down must immediately deactivate the tractive
system as well.

2022 Formula Hybrid Rules – Rev. 1 104 April 19, 2022

 The safety shutdown loop must be implemented as a series connection (logical AND) of all
devices included in EV7.1.1. Digital logic or microcontrollers may not be used for this
function. Normally open auxiliary relays may be used to power high-current devices such as
fans, pumps etc. The AIRs must be powered directly by the current flowing through the loop.
All components in the shutdown circuit must be rated for the maximum continuous current in
the circuit (i.e. AIR and relay current).
Note: A normally-open relay may be used to control AIR coils upon application to the rules
committee.
In the event of an AMS, IMD or Brake over-travel fault, it must not be possible for the driver
to re-activate the tractive system from within the cockpit. This includes “cycling power”
through the use of the cockpit shutdown button.
Note: Resetting or re-activating the tractive system by operating controls which cannot be
reached by the driver28 is considered to be working on the car.
Electronic systems that contain internal energy storage must be prevented from feeding power
back into the vehicle GLV circuits in the event of GLV shutdown.

28
This would include the use of a wireless link remote from the vehicle.

2022 Formula Hybrid Rules – Rev. 1 105 April 19, 2022

 *GLV fuse to comply with EV6.1.7

Figure 38 - Example Master Switch and Shutdown Circuit Configuration

EV7.2 Master Switches

Each vehicle must have two Master Switches:
(a) Grounded Low Voltage Master Switch (GLVMS)
(b) Tractive System Master Switch (TSMS).
Both master switches must be located on the right side of the vehicle, in proximity to the Main
Hoop, at the driver’s shoulder height and be easily actuated from outside the car.
Both master switches must be of the rotary type, with a red, removable key, similar to the one
shown in Figure 39.
Both master switches must be direct acting. i.e. they may not operate through a relay.
Removable master switches are not allowed, e.g. mounted onto removable body work.

2022 Formula Hybrid Rules – Rev. 1 106 April 19, 2022

 The function of each switch must be clearly marked with “GLV” and “TSV”.
The “ON” position of both switches must be parallel to the fore-aft axis of the vehicle

EV7.3 Grounded Low Voltage Master Switch (GLVMS)

The GLVMS is the highest priority shutdown and must disable power to all GLV electrical
circuits. This includes the alternator, lights, fuel pump(s), I.C. engine ignition and electrical
controls.
All GLV current must flow through the GLVMS.
Vehicles with GLV charging systems such as alternators or DC/DC converters must use a
multi-pole switch to isolate the charging source from the GLV as illustrated in Figure 3829.
The GLVMS must be identified with a label with a red lightning bolt in a blue triangle. (See
Figure 40)

EV7.4 Tractive System Master Switch (TSMS)

The TSMS must open the Tractive System shutdown circuit.
Deleted
The TSMS must be the last switch in the loop carrying the holding current to the AIRs. (See
Figure 38)

Figure 39 - Typical Master Switch

29
https://www.pegasusautoracing.com/productdetails.asp?RecID=1464

2022 Formula Hybrid Rules – Rev. 1 107 April 19, 2022

 Figure 40 - International Kill Switch Symbol

EV7.5 Side-mounted Shutdown Buttons (BRB)

The side-mounted shutdown buttons (Big Red Buttons – or BRBs) are the first line of defense
for a vehicle that is malfunctioning or in trouble. Corner and safety workers are instructed to
push the BRB first when responding to an emergency.
One button must be located on each side of the vehicle behind the driver’s compartment at
approximately the level of the driver’s head. They must be installed facing outward and be
easily visible from the sides of the car.
The side-mounted BRBs must be red and a minimum of 38 mm. in diameter.
The side-mounted shut-down buttons must be a push-pull or push-rotate emergency switch
where pushing the button opens the shutdown circuit.
The side-mounted shutdown buttons must shut down all electrical systems with the exception
of the high-current connection to the engine starter motor.
The shut-down buttons may not act through logic such as a micro-controller or relays.
The shutdown buttons may not be easily removable, e.g. they may not be mounted onto
removable body work.
The Side-mounted BRBs must be identified with a label with a red lightning bolt in a blue
triangle. (See Figure 40)

EV7.6 Cockpit Shutdown Button (BRB)

One shutdown button must be mounted in the cockpit and be easily accessible by the driver
while fully belted in and with the steering wheel in any position.
The cockpit shut-down button must be a push-pull or push-rotate emergency switch where
pushing the button opens the shutdown circuit. The cockpit shutdown button must be red and
at least 24 mm in diameter.
Pushing the cockpit mounted button must open the AIRs and shut down the I.C. engine. (See:
Figure 37)

2022 Formula Hybrid Rules – Rev. 1 108 April 19, 2022

 The cockpit shutdown button must be driver resettable. i.e. if the driver disables the system by
pressing the cockpit-mounted shutdown button, the driver must then be able to restore system
operation by pulling the button back out.
Note: There must still be one additional action by the driver after pulling the button back out
to reactivate the motor controller per EV7.7.2.
The cockpit shut-down buttons may not act through logic such as a micro-controller or relays.

EV7.7 Vehicle Start button

The GLV system must be powered up before it is possible to activate the tractive system
shutdown loop.
After enabling the shutdown circuit, at least one action, such as pressing a “start” button must
be performed by the driver before the vehicle is “ready to drive”. i.e. it will respond to any
accelerator input.
The “start” action must be configured such that it cannot inadvertently be left in the “on”
position after system shutdown.

EV7.8 Shutdown system sequencing

A recommended sequence of operation for the shutdown circuit and related systems is shown
in the form of a state diagram in Figure 41.
Teams must:
(a) Demonstrate that their vehicle operates according to this state diagram,
OR
(b) Obtain approval for an alternative state diagram by submitting an electrical rules query
on or before the ESF submission deadline, and demonstrate that the vehicle operates
according to the approved alternative state diagram.

IMPORTANT NOTE: If during technical inspection, it is found that the shutdown

circuit operates differently from the standard or approved alternative state diagram,
the car will be considered to have failed inspection.

2022 Formula Hybrid Rules – Rev. 1 109 April 19, 2022

 Figure 41 - Example Shutdown State Diagram

EV7.9 Insulation Monitoring Device (IMD)

Every car must have an insulation monitoring device installed in the tractive system.
The IMD must be a Bender30 A-ISOMETER ® iso-F1 IR155-3203 or IR155-3204 or
equivalent IMD approved for automotive use.
Equivalency may be approved by the rules committee based on the following criteria:
robustness to vibration, operating temperature range, availability of a direct output, a self-test
facility and must not be powered by the system which is monitored. The IMD must be a stand-
alone unit. IMD functionality integrated in an AMS is not acceptable.
The response value of the IMD needs to be set to no less than 500 ohm/volt, related to the
maximum tractive system operation voltage.
In case of an insulation failure or an IMD failure, the IMD must shut down all the electrical
systems, open the AIRs and shut down the I.C. drive system. (Some GLV systems such as
accumulator cooling pumps and fans, may remain energized – See Figure 37)

30
Bender Corporation is a Formula Hybrid Team sponsor. See the Formula Hybrid website for more information.

2022 Formula Hybrid Rules – Rev. 1 110 April 19, 2022

 The tractive system must remain disabled until manually reset by a person other than the
driver. It must not be possible for the driver to re-activate the tractive system from within the
car in case of an IMD-related fault.
Latching circuitry added by teams to comply with EV7.9.5 must be implemented using
electro-mechanical relays. (See Appendix G – Example Relay Latch Circuits.)
The status of the IMD must be displayed to the driver by a red indicator light in the cockpit.
(See EV9.4). The indicator must show the latched fault and not the instantaneous status of the
IMD.
Note: The electrical inspectors will test the IMD by applying a test resistor between tractive
system (positive or negative) and GLV system ground. This must deactivate the system.
Disconnecting the test resistor may not re-activate the system. i.e. the tractive system must
remain inactive until it is manually reset.
The IMD high voltage sense connections may be unfused if wiring is less than 30 cm in
length, is less than or equal to #16 wire gauge, has an insulation voltage rating of at least
600V, and is “double insulated” (e.g. has additional sleeving on both conductors). If any of
these conditions is not met, the IMD HV sense connections must be fused in accordance with
EV3.2.3 and ARTICLE EV6.

2022 Formula Hybrid Rules – Rev. 1 111 April 19, 2022

ARTICLE EV8 GROUNDING

EV8.1 General
All accessible metal parts of the vehicle (except for GLV system components) must have a
resistance below 300 mΩ to GLV system ground.
Accessible parts are defined as those that are exposed in the normal driving configuration or
when the vehicle is partially disassembled for maintenance or charging.
All non-metal parts of the vehicle containing conductive material (e.g. coated metal, carbon
fiber parts, etc.) that could potentially become energized (including post collision or accident),
no matter if tractive system or GLV, must have a resistance below 100 ohms to GLV system
ground.
NOTE: Carbon fiber parts may require special measures such as imbedding copper mesh or
similar modifications to keep the ground resistance below 100 ohms.
If exposed heat sinks are used in any TS system, they must be properly grounded to the GLV
system ground.
Grounding conductors or straps used for compliance with this section must be a minimum of
16 AWG and be stranded.
Note: For GLV system grounding conductor size see EV4.1.4.
Grounding Tests: Electrical conductivity of a part may be tested by checking any point on the
vehicle which is likely to be conductive, for example the driver's harness attachment bolts.
Where no convenient conductive point is available then an area of coating may be removed.
Note: If the resistance measurement displayed by a conventional two-wire meter is slightly
higher than the requirement, a four-terminal measurement technique may be used. If the four-
terminal measurement (which is more accurate) meets the requirement, then the vehicle passes
the test.
See: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four-terminal_sensing
Vehicles that use CANbus as a fundamental element of the safety shutdown system (e.g.,
AMS communication) will be required to document and demonstrate shutdown equivalent to
BRB operation if CAN communication is interrupted. A solution to this requirement could be
a separate device with relay output that monitors CAN traffic.

2022 Formula Hybrid Rules – Rev. 1 112 April 19, 2022

ARTICLE EV9 SYSTEM STATUS INDICATORS

EV9.1 Tractive System Active Lamp (TSAL)

The car must be equipped with a TSAL mounted under the highest point of the main roll hoop
which must be lit and clearly visible any time the AIR coils are energized.
The TSAL must be red.
The TSAL must flash continuously with a frequency between 2 Hz and 5 Hz.
It must not be possible for the driver's helmet to contact the TSAL.
The TSAL must be clearly visible from every horizontal direction, (except for the small angles
which are covered by the main roll hoop) even in very bright sunlight.
The TSAL must be visible from a person standing up to 3 m away from the TSAL itself. The
person's minimum eye height is 1.6 m.
NOTE: If any official e.g. track marshal, scrutineer, etc. considers the TSAL to not be easily
visible during track operations the team may not be allowed to compete in any dynamic event
before the problem is solved.
It is prohibited to mount other lights in proximity to the TSAL.
The TSAL must be lit and clearly visible any time the voltage outside the accumulator
containers is either the higher value of 60V or 50% of the nominal accumulator voltage.
The TSAL system must be powered entirely by the tractive system and must be directly
controlled by voltage being present at the output of the accumulator (no software control is
permitted).
TS wiring and/or voltages must not be present at the TSAL lamps.
Note: This requirement may be met by locating an isolated dc-dc converter inside a TS
enclosure, and connecting the output of the dc-dc converter to the lamp.
(Because the voltage driving the lamp is considered GLV, one side of the voltage driving the
lamps must be ground-referenced by connecting it to the frame in order to comply with
EV4.1.4.)

EV9.2 Ready-to-Drive Sound

The car must make a characteristic sound, for a minimum of 1 second and a maximum of 3
seconds, when it is ready to drive. (See EV7.7)
Note: The car is ready to drive as soon as the motor(s) will respond to the input of the torque
encoder / accelerator pedal.
The emitting device must produce a tone between 1000 and 3500 Hz with a minimum
loudness of 80dBA measured at any point in a 2m radius around the vehicle from the emitter31.
The sound level will be measured with a commercial sound level meter from three points, one
in the front, and one from each side of the vehicle.
The vehicle must not make any other sounds similar to the Ready-to-Drive sound.

31
Some compliant devices can be found here: https://www.mspindy.com/

2022 Formula Hybrid Rules – Rev. 1 113 April 19, 2022

EV9.3 Safety Systems OK Lamps (SSOK)
There must be two SSOK lamps. One mounted on each side of the roll bar in the vicinity of
the side-mounted shutdown buttons (EV7.5) that can easily be seen from the sides of the
vehicle.
They must be Amber, complying with DOT FMVSS 108 for trailer clearance lamps32. See
Figure 42
They must be clearly labeled “SSOK”.
They must be illuminated by the logical AND of the following systems:
• GLV Master Switch
• Both side-mounted shutdown buttons (BRBs)
• Brake over-travel switch
• Accumulator Monitoring System (AMS)
• Insulation Monitoring Device (IMD)
• Any additional required interlocks

i.e. if any of the systems listed above indicates a fault, the SSOK indicators must extinguish.
The SSOK lamps must not be extinguished by operating either:
• The cockpit shutdown button OR
• The tractive System Master Switch (TSMS).

See Figure 38 for an example of SSOK lamp wiring.

Figure 42 – Typical SSOK Lamp

EV9.4 Insulation Monitoring Device (IMD)

The status of the IMD must be shown to the driver by a red indicator light in the cockpit that is
easily visible even in bright sunlight. This indicator must light up if the IMD detects an
insulation failure or if the IMD detects a failure in its own operation e.g. when it loses
reference ground.
The IMD indicator light must be clearly marked with the lettering “IMD” or “GFD” (Ground
Fault Detector).

32
https://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-idx?node=se49.6.571_1108

2022 Formula Hybrid Rules – Rev. 1 114 April 19, 2022

EV9.5 Accumulator Voltage Indicator
Any removable accumulator container must have a prominent indicator, such as an LED, that
is visible through a closed container that will illuminate whenever a voltage greater than 30
VDC is present at the vehicle side of the AIRs.
The accumulator voltage indicator must be directly controlled by voltage present at the
container connectors using analog electronics. No software control is permitted.

EV9.6 Accumulator Monitoring System (AMS)

The status of the AMS must be shown to the driver by a red indicator light in the cockpit that
is easily visible even in bright sunlight. This indicator must light up if the AMS detects an
accumulator failure or if the AMS detects a failure in its own operation.
The AMS indicator light must be clearly marked with the lettering “AMS”.

2022 Formula Hybrid Rules – Rev. 1 115 April 19, 2022

ARTICLE EV10 ELECTRICAL SYSTEM TESTS

Note: During electrical tech inspection, these tests will normally be done in the following
order: IMD test, insulation measurement, AMS function then Rain test.

EV10.1 Insulation Monitoring Device (IMD) Test

The insulation monitoring device will be tested during Electrical Tech Inspection. This is done
by connecting a resistor between the TSMP (See Figure 43) and several electrically
conductive vehicle parts while the tractive system is active, as shown in the example below.
The test is passed if the IMD shuts down the tractive system within 30 seconds at a fault
resistance of 250 ohm/volt (50% below the response value).
Note: Allowance for the 2 x 10K TSMP resistors can be included in this test.
The IMD test may be repeated at any time during the event. After the car passes the test for the
first time, critical parts of the tractive system will be sealed. The vehicle is not allowed to take
part in any dynamic event if any of the seals are broken until the IMD test is successfully
passed again.

Figure 43 – Insulation Monitoring Device Test

EV10.2 Insulation Measurement Test

The technical inspectors may choose to measure the insulation resistance between the tractive
system and control system ground. The available measurement voltages are 250 V, 500 V and
750 V DC.
All cars will be measured with the next available voltage level. For example, a 175 V system
will be measured with 250 V; a 300 V system will be measured with 500 V, and a 600 V
system will be measured with 750 V etc.
To pass the insulation measurement test, the measured insulation resistance must be at least
500 ohm/volt related to the maximum nominal tractive system operation voltage.

EV10.3 Tractive System Measuring Points (TSMP)

The TSMPs are used for the IMD and insulation tests, and also for the 5 second discharge rule,
EV2.8.3.

2022 Formula Hybrid Rules – Rev. 1 116 April 19, 2022

 They may also be used to ensure the isolation of the tractive system of the vehicle during
possible rescue operations after an accident or when work on the vehicle is to be done.
Two tractive system voltage measuring points must be installed in an easily accessible33 well
marked location. Access must not require the removal of body panels.
The TSMPs must be protected by a non-conductive housing that can be opened without tools.
Shrouded 4 mm banana jacks that accept shrouded (sheathed) banana plugs with non-
retractable shrouds must be used for the TSMPs.
See Figure 44 for examples of the correct jacks and of jacks that are not permitted because
they do not accept the required plugs (also shown).
The TSMPs must be connected directly to the positive and negative motor controller/inverter
supply lines. (See Figure 38) The TSMP must measure motor controller input voltage even if
segmenting or TSMS switches are opened.
The wiring to each TSMP must be protected with a current limiting resistor sized per Table 15.
(Fuses or other forms of overcurrent protection are not permitted). The resistor must be
located as close to the voltage source as practical and must have a power rating of:
Maximum TS Voltage Resistor Value
<= 200 V** 5 kΩ
201 – 400 V 10 kΩ
401 – 600 V 15 kΩ

Table 15-TSMP Resistor Values34

The resistor must be located as close to the voltage source as practical and must have a
power rating of:
𝑇𝑆𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 2
2( )
𝑅

but not less than 5 W.

A GLV system ground measuring point must be installed next to the TSMPs. This measuring
point must be connected to the GLV system ground.

33
It should be possible to insert a connector with one hand while standing next to the car.
34
Teams with vehicles with Maximum TS Voltage of 200 V or less may use existing 10 kΩ resistor values upon
application to the rules committee

2022 Formula Hybrid Rules – Rev. 1 117 April 19, 2022

 Figure 44 - Shrouded 4mm Banana Jack

EV10.4 Accumulator Monitoring System (AMS) Test

The AMS will be tested in one of three ways: 1. By varying AMS software setpoints so that
actual cell voltage is above or below the trip limit 2. By removing the link in Figure 45 and
demonstrating an AMS shutdown, or 3. By varying the cell sense voltage using the
potentiometer in the test circuit shown in Figure 45. Teams must choose one method for test
at the competition and document it in the ESF.
To enable this test, a break-out connector must be provided within the accumulator container.
The connector must be located where it can be readily accessed during technical inspection. If
it is accessible from outside the accumulator container, there must be a cover that can be
secured when it is not being utilized. It is also acceptable to require opening of the
accumulator container for access.
The test connectors must be Anderson 1327G8FP. (The G8 refers to Blue, which is optional,
however the FP is for “Finger Protection” and non-FP connectors are not compatible with the
inspector’s test circuit.)

2022 Formula Hybrid Rules – Rev. 1 118 April 19, 2022

 Figure 45 - AMS Test Connector Wiring

Notes:
1. For normal operation, the two connectors are mated together.
2. It is recommended that teams construct their own circuit to confirm operation of
the AMS and test circuit prior to the competition. Use extreme caution, since TS
voltages will be present in the test circuit.
3. For options 2 & 3 in EV10.4.1, a break-out connector must be provided within the
accumulator container (See Figure 45).

The requirement for an AMS test port for commercial accumulator assemblies may be waived,
or alternate tests may be substituted, upon application to the rules committee.

2022 Formula Hybrid Rules – Rev. 1 119 April 19, 2022

 Figure 46 – Anderson Power Products 1327G8FP

EV10.5 Rain test

Vehicles that pass the rain test will receive a “Rain Certified” sticker and may be operated in
damp or wet conditions. See: ARTICLE D3
If a vehicle does not pass the rain test, or if the team chooses to forego the rain test, then the
vehicle is not rain certified and will not be allowed to operate in damp or wet conditions.
During the rain test:
(a) The tractive system must be active.
(b) It is not allowed to have anyone seated in the car.
(c) The vehicle must be on stands such that none of the driven wheels touch the ground.
Water will be sprayed at the car from any possible direction for 120 seconds. The water spray
will be rain-like. There will be no high-pressure water jet directed at the car.
The test is passed if the IMD does not trip while water is sprayed at the car and for 120
seconds after the water spray has stopped. Therefore the total time of the rain test is 240
seconds, 120 seconds with water-spray and 120 seconds without.
Teams must ensure that water cannot accumulate anywhere in the chassis.

2022 Formula Hybrid Rules – Rev. 1 120 April 19, 2022

ARTICLE EV11 POUCH TYPE LITHIUM ION CELLS

Important Note: Designing an accumulator system utilizing pouch cells is a substantial

engineering undertaking which may be avoided by using prismatic or cylindrical cells.

EV11.1 Design requirements

EV11.1.1 Stack arrangement
Cells in a stack (a group of pouch cells) must be arranged face-to-face (not edge-to-edge).

Figure 47 - Cells face to face

EV11.1.2 Expansion Limiter

A mechanical restraining system (expansion limiter) must limit volumetric expansion. The
expansion limiter must:
(a) Be capable of applying ≥10 psi without yielding at temperatures up to 90 °C.
(b) Allow for a cell volumetric expansion of 8% to 12% before reaching 10PSI (including
pre-load).
(c) Use materials that are fire retardant and immune to creep.
(d) Not impinge on the cell separator internal to the cell.
Conductive materials must be electrically insulated from cells.
Expansion limiter calculations (simulation results or appropriate mechanical analysis) must be
included in the ESF.

2022 Formula Hybrid Rules – Rev. 1 121 April 19, 2022

 NOTE: Formula Hybrid will consider variances to EV11.1.2 if the request includes drawings
and a mechanical analysis of the team's proposed cell mounting structures along with:
(e) Manufacturer's data sheets containing recommendations and/or requirements for
assembling a stack of the intended devices, OR
(f) A letter from the cell manufacturer with the same information.
EV11.1.3 Filler
Soft elastic material (filler) is required between cells.
The filler must:
(a) Be evenly distributed through the stack, such that at least a single face of the cell is in
contact with a filler.
(b) Apply pressure evenly across each cell surface.
(c) Be non-conductive and fire resistant with a rating of UL94-V0 or compliant with FAR25.
UL HF-1 foams are acceptable. See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UL_94.
EV11.1.4 Pouch Cell tabs
Pouch cell tabs must be:
(a) Mechanically restrained so they cannot move in relation to the cell due to vibration or
physical handling.
(b) Connected above the level of the tab insulator. No metallic parts of battery assembly may
bridge the insulation gap provided by the tab insulator.
(c) Insulated such that it is not possible to short circuit adjacent cells by accident.
EV11.1.5 Cell Restraint
Each cell in a stack must be held in position using a repeating frame or equivalent method.
Cell restraint must prevent cells from moving relative to the cell tab interconnections. Cell
restraints must not:
(a) Change the natural shape of the cell.
(b) Impinge on the cell separator internal to the cell.
(c) Allow the edges of the cell to move in relation to the cell due to vibration or physical
handling.
No cell may be in contact with or be likely to contact sharp corners or metal/plastic burrs.
Restraint components or repeating frames, if conductive, must be resistively grounded such
that an insulation failure will trip the IMD. The grounding resistance should be less than 250
ohms per volt (based on nominal system voltage) and be rated for the power it would dissipate
at full system voltage.

2022 Formula Hybrid Rules – Rev. 1 122 April 19, 2022

 Figure 48 - Repeating Frame (http://www.compositesworld.com)

EV11.1.6 General Construction

Pouch cells must be handled with care before, during, and after assembly. They must be
protected from being dented, deformed torn, or contaminated with debris such as shavings or
filings. Evidence of pouch cell damage or debris will require removal of the damaged or
contaminated cells.
EV11.1.7 Each stack must be firmly anchored in the accumulator container. (See EV2.4.6). Construction
must be robust and mechanically sound. Accumulator electrical spacing requirements must be
observed, including paths through tension rods etc.
EV11.1.8 Compliance with all of the preceding requirements must be documented in the ESF.

2022 Formula Hybrid Rules – Rev. 1 123 April 19, 2022

ARTICLE EV12 HIGH VOLTAGE PROCEDURES & TOOLS

The following rules relate to procedures that must be followed during the Formula Hybrid
competition. It is strongly recommended that these or similar rules be instituted at the teams
home institutions.
It is also important that all team members view the Formula Hybrid electrical safety lecture
which can be found here:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f_zLdzp1egI&feature=youtu.be

EV12.1 Working on Tractive Systems or accumulators

Teams must establish a formal lockout/tagout procedure that is documented in the ESF, and
that all team members know and follow.
Whenever the accumulator containers are opened the accumulator segments must be separated
by using the maintenance plugs. (See EV2.7).
If the organizers have provided a “Designated Charging Area”, then opening of or working on
accumulator containers is only allowed in that charging area (see EV12.2) and during
Electrical Tech Inspection.
Whenever the accumulator is being worked on, only appropriate insulated tools may be used.
Whenever the accumulator is open or being worked on, a “Danger High Voltage” sign (or
other warning device provided by the organizers) must be displayed.
Note: Be sure to remove the warning sign or indicator once the hazards are no longer present.

EV12.2 Charging
If the organizers have provided a “Designated Charging Area”, then charging tractive system
accumulators is only allowed inside this area.
The chassis or frame of the vehicle must be securely connected to earth ground using a
(minimum) 16 AWG green wire during charging.
Note: Earth ground can be a water pipe or metal electrical conduit permanently installed at the
competition site.
If the organizers have provided “High Voltage” signs and/or beacons these must be displayed
prominently while charging.
The accumulators may be charged inside the vehicle or outside, if fitted with a removable
accumulator container.
During charging, the accumulator containers or the car itself (depending on whether the
accumulators are charged externally or internally) must have a prominent sign with the
following data:
(a) Team name
(b) RSO Name with cell phone number(s).
Only chargers presented and sealed at Electrical Tech Inspection are allowed.

2022 Formula Hybrid Rules – Rev. 1 124 April 19, 2022

 All connections of the charger(s) must be isolated and covered, with intact strain relief and no
fraying of wires.
No work is allowed on any of the car’s systems during charging if the accumulators are
charging inside of or connected to the car.
No grinding, drilling, or any other activity that could produce either sparks or conductive
debris is allowed in the charging area.
At least one team member who has knowledge of the charging process must stay with the
accumulator(s) / car during charging.
Moving accumulator cells and/or stack(s) around at the event site is only allowed inside a
completely closed accumulator container.
High Voltage wiring in an off board charger does not require conduit; however it must be a
UL listed flexible cable that complies with NEC Article 400; jacketed.
All chargers must be UL (Underwriters Laboratories) listed or recognized . Any waivers of
this requirement require approval in advance, based on documentation of the safe design and
construction of the system, including galvanic isolation between the input and output of the
charger. Waivers for chargers must be submitted at least 30 days prior to the start of the
competition.35
The vehicle charging connection must be appropriately fused for the rating of its connector
and cabling in accordance with EV6.1.1.
The vehicle charging port shall only be energized when the tractive system is energized and
the TSAL is flashing.
i.e. there must be no voltage present on the charging port when the tractive system is de-
energized.
If charging on the vehicle, AMS and IMD systems must be active during charging. The
external charging system must shut down if there is an AMS or IMD fault, or if one of
the shutdown buttons (See EV7.5) is pressed. If charging off the vehicle, equivalent AMS and
IMD protection must be provided.

EV12.3 Accumulator Container Hand Cart

In case removable accumulator containers are used in order to accommodate charging, a hand
cart to transport the accumulators must be presented at Electrical Tech Inspection.
The hand cart must have a brake such that it can only be released using a dead man's switch,
i.e. the brake is always on except when someone releases it by pushing a handle for example.
The brake must be capable to stop the fully loaded accumulator container hand cart.
The hand cart must be able to carry the load of the accumulator container(s).
The hand cart(s) must be used whenever the accumulator container(s) are transported on the
event site.

2022 Formula Hybrid Rules – Rev. 1 125 April 19, 2022

EV12.4 Required Equipment
Each team must have the following equipment accessible at all times during the event. The
equipment must be in good condition, and must be presented during technical inspection. (See
also Appendix F)
(a) Multimeter rated for CAT III use with UL approval. (Must accept shrouded banana
leads.)
(b) Multimeter leads rated for CAT III use with shrouded banana leads at one end and
probes at the other end. The probes must have finger guards and no more than 3 mm of
exposed metal. (Heat shrink tubing may be used to cover additional exposed metal on
probes.)
(c) Multimeter leads rated for CAT III use with shrouded banana plugs at both ends.
(d) Insulated tools. (i.e. screwdrivers, wrenches etc. compatible with all fasteners used
inside the accumulator housing.)
(e) Face shield which meets ANSI Z87.1-2003
(f) HV insulating gloves (tested within the last14 Months) plus protective outer gloves.
(g) HV insulating blanket(s) of sufficient size and quantity to cover the vehicle’s
accumulator(s).
(h) Safety glasses with side shields (ANSI Z87.1-2003 compliant) for all team members.

Note: All electrical safety items must be rated for at least the maximum tractive system
voltage.

2022 Formula Hybrid Rules – Rev. 1 126 April 19, 2022

ARTICLE EV13 REQUIRED ELECTRICAL DOCUMENTATION

EV13.1 Electrical System Form – Part 1

Part 1 of the ESF requests preliminary design information. This is so that the technical
reviewers can identify areas of concern early and provide feedback to the teams.

EV13.2 Electrical System Form – Part 2

Note: Many of the fields in Part 2 ask for the same information that was entered in Part 1.
This information must be reentered in Part 2. However it is not expected that the fields will
contain identical information, since many aspects of a design will change as a project evolves.
The final ESF must illustrate the interconnection of all electric components including the
voltage level, the topology, the wiring in the car and the construction and build of the
accumulator(s).
Teams must present data pages with rated specifications for all tractive system parts used and
show that none of these ratings are exceeded (including wiring components). This includes
stress caused by the environment e.g. high temperatures, vibration, etc.
Deleted
A template containing the required structure for the ESF will be made available online.
The ESF must be submitted as a Microsoft Word format file.

2022 Formula Hybrid Rules – Rev. 1 127 April 19, 2022

ARTICLE EV14 - ACRONYMS

AC Alternating Current
AIR Accumulator Isolation Relay
AMS Accumulator Management System
BRB Big Red Buttons (Emergency shutdown switches)
ESF Electrical System Form
GLV Grounded Low Voltage
GLVMS Grounded Low Voltage Master Switch
HVD High Voltage Disconnect
IMD Insulation Monitoring Device
PCB Printed Circuit Board
SMD Segment Maintenance Disconnect
SSOK Safety Systems OK Lamp
TS Tractive System
TSMP Tractive System Measuring Point
TSMS Tractive System Master Switch
TSV Tractive System Voltage
TSAL Tractive System Active Lamp

2022 Formula Hybrid Rules – Rev. 1 128 April 19, 2022

 PART S - STATIC EVENTS

PEER Inspection 0 points

Technical Inspection 0 points
Presentation 150 points
Design 200 points
Total 350 points

Table 15 – Static Event Maximum Scores

ARTICLE S1 PRE-EVENT ELECTRICAL REVIEW (PEER)

S1.1.1 The first inspection of a vehicles electrical systems will take place at the team’s home
institution approximately three (3) weeks before the competition.
The review will be performed by volunteer Electrical Engineers from the IEEE or by other
qualified professionals.
Note: The electrical reviewers are professionals who have volunteered their time to assist your
team meet the Formula Hybrid electrical rules requirements. For the review to be effective, the
vehicle ESF and schematics must be complete and as accurate as possible. Asking these
engineers to review your vehicle with incomplete system documentation could be seen as
disrespectful.
S1.1.2 Vehicles should be presented in a condition that will allow an inspection of its electrical
systems.
At a minimum this would be:
• Major electrical components mounted in their final locations within the vehicle.
• GLV control wiring in place and functional
• TSV wiring in place with conduit and strain relief where required.
• TSV protective covers mounted in their final positions.
• Accumulator containers finished and mounted to the vehicle structure with conduit, strain
relief etc. in place.

Note: Accumulator devices do not need to be installed for the PEER inspection. However the
AIRs should be located in their final positions and should be functional, with all TSV wiring
outboard of the AIRs in place. AMS sense wiring should be complete up to where they would
connect to the accumulator cells.
S1.1.3 Teams will be contacted by the organizers approximately one month before the competition to
schedule the technical reviews.

2022 Formula Hybrid Rules – Rev. 1 129 April 19, 2022

ARTICLE S2 TECHNICAL INSPECTION

S2.1 Objective
S2.1.1 The objective of technical inspection is to determine if the vehicle meets the FH rules
requirements and restrictions and if, considered as a whole, it satisfies the intent of the Rules.
S2.1.2 For purposes of interpretation and inspection the violation of the intent of a rule is considered a
violation of the rule itself.
S2.1.3 Technical inspection is a non-scored activity.
S2.2 Inspection & Testing Requirement
S2.2.1 Each vehicle must pass all parts of technical inspection and testing, and bear the inspection
stickers, before it is permitted to participate in any dynamic event or to run on the practice
track. The exact procedures and instruments employed for inspection and testing are entirely at
the discretion of the Chief Technical Inspector.
S2.2.2 Technical inspection will examine all items included on the Inspection Form found on the
Formula Hybrid website, all the items on the Required Equipment list (Appendix F) plus any
other items the inspectors may wish to examine to ensure conformance with the Rules.
S2.2.3 All items on the Inspection Form must be clearly visible to the technical inspectors.
S2.2.4 Visible access can be provided by removing body panels or by providing removable access
panels.
S2.2.5 Once a vehicle has passed inspection, except as specifically allowed under T1.2 Modification
and Repairs, it must remain in the “As-approved” condition throughout the competition and
must not be modified.
S2.2.6 Decisions of the inspectors and the Chief Scrutineer concerning vehicle compliance are final
and are not permitted to be appealed.
S2.2.7 Technical inspection is conducted only to determine if the vehicle complies with the
requirements and restrictions of the Formula Hybrid rules.
S2.2.8 Technical approval is valid only for the duration of the specific Formula Hybrid competition
during which the inspection is conducted.
S2.3 Inspection Condition
Vehicles must be presented for technical inspection in finished condition, i.e. fully
assembled, complete and ready-to-run. Technical inspectors will not inspect any
vehicle presented for inspection in an unfinished state.
This requirement will be waived if the vehicle is registered as an HIP (A2.3) or SEO (A2.4.1).
Note: Cars may be presented for technical inspection even if final tuning and set-up has not
been finished.
S2.4 Inspection Process
Vehicle inspection will consist of five separate parts as follows:
(a) Part 1: Preliminary Electrical Inspection
Vehicles must pass a preliminary electrical safety inspection before they will be permitted
to proceed to Mechanical Scrutineering. A sticker will be affixed to the vehicle upon
passing the Preliminary Electrical Inspection.

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 (b) Part 2: Scrutineering - Mechanical
Each vehicle will be inspected to determine if it complies with the mechanical and
structural requirements of the rules. This inspection will include examination of the
driver’s equipment (ARTICLE T5) a test of the emergency shutdown response time (Rule
T4.9) and a test of the driver egress time (Rule T4.8).
The vehicle will be weighed, and the weight placed on a sticker affixed to the vehicle for
reference during the Design event.
(c) Part 3: Scrutineering – Electrical
Each vehicle will be inspected for compliance with the electrical portions of the rules.
Note: This is an extensive and detailed inspection. Teams that arrive well-prepared can
reduce the time spent in electrical inspection considerably.
The electrical inspection will include all the tests listed in EV9.5.1;
Note: In addition to the electrical rules contained in this document, the electrical
inspectors will use SAE Standard J1673 “High Voltage Automotive Wiring Assembly
Design” as the definitive reference for sound wiring practices.
Note: Parts 1, 2 and 3 must be passed before a vehicle may apply for Part 4 or Part 5
inspection.
(d) Part 4: Tilt Table Tests
Each vehicle will be tested to insure it satisfies both the 45 degree (45°) fuel and fluid tilt
requirement (Rule T8.5.1) and the 60 degree (60°) stability requirement (Rule T6.7).
(e) Part 5: Noise, Master Switch, and Brake Tests.
Noise will be tested by the specified method (Rule IC3.2). If the vehicle passes the noise
test then its master switches (EV7.2) will be tested.
Once the vehicle has passed the noise and master switch tests, its brakes will be tested by
the specified method (see Rule T7.2).
S2.5 Correction and Re-inspection
S2.5.1 If any part of a vehicle does not comply with the Rules, or is otherwise deemed to be a concern,
then the team must correct the problem and have the car re-inspected.
S2.5.2 The judges and inspectors have the right to re-inspect any vehicle at any time during the
competition and require correction of non-compliance.
S2.6 Inspection Stickers
Inspection stickers issued following the completion of any part of technical inspection will be
placed on the upper nose of the vehicle as specified in T13.4 “Technical Inspection Sticker
Space”. Inspection stickers are issued contingent on the vehicle remaining in the required
condition throughout the competition. Inspection stickers may be removed from vehicles that
are not in compliance with the rules or which are required to be re-inspected.

2022 Formula Hybrid Rules – Rev. 1 131 April 19, 2022

ARTICLE S3 PROJECT MANAGEMENT

S3.1 Project Management Objective

The objective of the Formula Hybrid Project Management component is to evaluate the team’s
ability to structure and execute a project management plan that helps the team define and meet
its goals.
A well written project management plan will not only aid each team in producing a functional,
rules compliant race car on-time, it will make it much easier to create the Interim Progress
Report and Final Presentation components of the Project Management Event.
Several resources are available to guide work in these areas. They can be found in Appendix C
No team should begin developing its project management plan without FIRST:
(a) Reviewing “Application of the Project Management Method to Formula Hybrid”, by
Dr. Edward March, former Formula Hybrid Chief Project Management Judge.
(b) Viewing in its entirety Dr. March’s 12-part video series”Formula Hybrid Project
Management”.
(c) Reading “Formula Hybrid Project Management Event Scoring Criteria”, found in
Appendix C of the Formula Hybrid Rules.
(d) Watching an example of a “perfect score” presentation, from a previous competiton.
S3.2 Project Management Segments
The Formula Hybrid Project Management component consists of three parts: (1) submission of
a written project plan (2) a written change management report (3) an oral final presentation
assessing the overall project management experience, to be delivered before a review board at
the competition.

Segment Points
Project Plan 55
Change Management 40
Report
Presentation 55
Total 150

Table 16 - Project Management Scoring

S3.3 Submission 1 -- Project Plan

S3.3.1 Each Formula Hybrid team is required to submit a formal project plan that reflects its goals and
objectives for the upcoming competition, the management structure and tasks that will be
completed to accomplish these objectives, and the time schedule over which these tasks will be
performed. The topics covered in the project plan should include:
(a) Scope: What will be accomplished, “SMART” goals and objectives (see Appendix C for
more information), major deliverables and milestones.

2022 Formula Hybrid Rules – Rev. 1 132 April 19, 2022

 (b) Operations: Organization of the project team, Work Breakdown Structure, project
timeline, budget and funding strategy.
(c) Risk Management: tasks expected to be particularly difficult for the team, but whose
completion is essential for achieving team goals and having a functional car ready before
shipment to the track; contingency plans to mitigate these risks if problems arise during
project execution.
(d) Expected Results: Team goals and objectives quantified into “measure of success”.
These attributes are useful for assigning task priorities and allocating resources during
project execution. They are also used to determine the extent to which the goals have
been achieved.
(e) Change Management Process: system designed by the team for administering project
change and maintaining communication across all team members.
S3.3.2 This Project Plan must consist of at least (1) page and may not exceed three (3) pages of text.
Appendices with supporting information may be attached to the back of the Project Plan.
Note 1: Title pages, appendices and table-of-contents do not count as “pages”.
Note 2: Submittal of the Project Plan is due very soon after registration closes. See the Formula
Hybrid rules and deadlines page at: https://www.formula-hybrid.org/deadlines for the exact due
date.
Note 3: After the scoring of the Project Plans has been completed and at the
discretion of the Project Management judges a one half hour online review session
may be made available to each team.

S3.4 Submission 2 – Change Management Report

S3.4.1 Following completion and acceptance of the formal project plan by student team members, the
project team begins the execution phase. During this phase, members of the student team and
other stakeholders must be updated on progress being made and on issues identified that put the
project schedule at risk. The ability of the team to change direction or “pivot” in the face of
risks is often a key factor in a team’s successful completion of the project. Changes to the plan
are adopted and formally communicated through a change management report. Each team must
submit one change management report. See the Formula Hybrid rules and deadlines page at:
https://www.formula-hybrid.org/deadlines for the exact due date
S3.4.2 These reports are not lengthy but are intended to clearly and concisely communicate to others
the documented changes to the project scope and plan that have been approved using the
change management process. The topics covered in the progress report should include:
A) Change Management Process: Detail the Change Management processes and
platforms used by the team. At a minimum, the report is expected to cover:
a. what triggers the process
b. how does information flow through the process
c. how are final decisions transmitted to all team members
d. what provisions are in place for major scope or goal changes.

2022 Formula Hybrid Rules – Rev. 1 133 April 19, 2022

S3.4.3 The Change Management Report must not exceed two (2) pages. Appendices may be included
with the Report
Note 1: Appendix content does not count as “pages”.
Note 2: See the Formula Hybrid rules and deadlines page at: https://www.formula-
hybrid.org/deadlines for the due date of the Change Management Report.
S3.5 Submission Formats
S3.5.1 The Project Plan and Change Management Report must be submitted electronically in separate
Microsoft Word files (*.doc or .docx file). These documents must each be a single file (text,
drawings, and optional content).
S3.5.2 These Report files must be named as follows: Carnumber_Schoolname_Project Plan.doc(x)
and Carnumber_Schoolname_ChangeManagement.doc(x) using the Formula Hybrid
assigned car number and the complete school name, e.g.:

999_University of SAE_Project Plan.doc(x)

999_University of SAE_ChangeManagement.doc(x

S3.6 Submission Deadlines

The Project Plan and Change Management Report must be submitted by the date and time
shown in the Action Deadlines. Submission instructions are in section A8.2.
See section A8.3 for late submission penalties.
S3.7 Presentation
S3.7.1 Objective: Teams must convince a review board that the team’s project has been carefully
planned and effectively and dynamically executed.
S3.7.2 The Project Management presentation will be made on the static events day. Presentation times
will be scheduled by the organizers and either posted in advance on the competition website or
released during on-site registration (or both).
Note: The presentation schedule set by Formula Hybrid organizers is final and non-negotiable.
S3.7.3 Teams that fail to make their presentation during their assigned time period will receive zero
(0) points for that section of the event.
Note: Teams are encouraged to arrive fifteen (15) minutes prior to their scheduled presentation
time to deal with unexpected technical difficulties.
The scoring of the event is based on the average of the presentation judging forms.
S3.8 Presentation Format
The presentation judges should be regarded as a project management or executive review
board.
S3.8.1 Evaluation Criteria - Project Management presentations will be evaluated based on team’s
accomplishments in project planning, execution, change management, and succession planning.

2022 Formula Hybrid Rules – Rev. 1 134 April 19, 2022

 Presentation organization and quality of visual aids as well as the presenters’ delivery, timing
and the team’s response to questions will also be factors in the evaluation.
S3.8.2 One or more team members will give the presentation to the judges. It is strongly suggested,
although not required, that the project manager accompany the presentation team. All team
members who will give any part of the presentation, or who will respond to the judges’
questions, must be in the podium area when the presentation starts and must be introduced to
the judges. Team members who are part of this “presentation group” may answer the judge’s
questions even if they did not speak during the presentation itself.
S3.8.3 Presentations are limited to a maximum of ten (10) minutes. Teams may use handouts, posters,
etc. to convey information relevant to their project management case that cannot be contained
within a 10-minute presentation.
S3.8.4 The judges will stop any presentation exceeding ten minutes. The judges will not interrupt the
presentation itself.
S3.8.5 Feedback on presentations will take place immediately following the five (5) minute question
and answer session. Judges and any team members present may ask questions. The maximum
feedback time for each team is five (5) minutes.
S3.8.6 Formula Hybrid may record a team’s presentation for publication or educational purposes.
Students have the right to opt out of being recorded - however they must notify the chief
presentation judge in writing prior to the beginning of their presentation.
S3.9 Data Projection Equipment
Projection equipment is provided by the organizers. However, teams are advised to bring their
own computer equipment in the event the organizer’s equipment malfunctions or is not
compatible with their presentation software.
S3.10 Scoring Formula
The Project Management score is equal to the Project Plan score (max. 55 points), plus the
Change Management Report score (max. 40 points), plus the presentation score (max. 55
points). It is then normalized as follows:

𝐹𝐼𝑁𝐴𝐿 𝑃𝑅𝑂𝐽𝐸𝐶𝑇 𝑀𝐴𝑁𝐴𝐺𝐸𝑀𝐸𝑁𝑇 𝑆𝐶𝑂𝑅𝐸 = 150 * (𝑃𝑦𝑜𝑢𝑟/𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥)

Where:
Pmax is the highest point score awarded to any team in your vehicle category
Pyour is the point score awarded to your team.

Notes:

1. It is intended that the scores will range from near zero (0) to one hundred and fifty (150)
points, providing a good separation range.
2. The Project Management Presentation Captain may at her/his discretion normalize the
scores of different presentation judging teams for consistency in scoring.
3. Penalties associated with late submittals (see A8.3 “Late Submission Penalties”) are
applied after the scores are normalized up to a maximum of the team’s normalized
Project Management Score.

2022 Formula Hybrid Rules – Rev. 1 135 April 19, 2022

ARTICLE S4 DESIGN EVENT

S4.1 Design Event Objective

The concept of the design event is to evaluate the engineering effort that went into the design of
the car (or the substantial modifications to a prior year car), and how the engineering meets the
intent of the market. The car that illustrates the best use of engineering to meet the design goals
and the best understanding of the design by the team members will win the design event.
Comment: Teams are reminded that Formula Hybrid is an engineering design competition and
that in the Design event, teams are evaluated on their design. Components and systems that are
incorporated into the design as finished items are not evaluated as a student designed unit, but
are only assessed on the team’s selection and application of that unit. For example, teams that
design and fabricate their own shocks are evaluated on the shock design itself as well as the
shock’s application within the suspension system. Teams using commercially available shocks
are evaluated only on selection and application within the suspension system.
S4.2 Submission Requirements
S4.2.1 Design Report - Judging will start with a Design Review before the event.
The principal document submitted for the Design Review is a Design Report. This report must
not exceed eight (8) pages, consisting of not more than four (4) pages of text, three (3) pages of
drawings (see S4.4, “Vehicle Drawings”) and one (1) optional page containing content to be
defined by the team (photos, graphs, etc…).
This document should contain a brief description of the vehicle with the majority of the report
specifically addressing only the engineering, design features, and vehicle concepts new for this
year's event. Include a list of different analysis and testing techniques (FEA, dynamometer
testing, etc.).
Evidence of this analysis and back-up data should be brought to the competition and be
available, on request, for review by the judges. These documents will be used by the judges to
sort teams into the appropriate design groups based on the quality of their review.
Comment: Consider your Design Report to be the “resume of your car”.
S4.2.2 Sustainability Report – The Sustainability Report is a separate document to be submitted at
the same time as the Design Report. This report will contribute to the team’s overall design
score and may be used as partial criteria for an efficiency award given out by one of the
sponsors. The report should be no longer than one page, including text, diagrams and formulas,
and be submitted as a separate .pdf file.
S4.2.3 Design Spec Sheet - In addition to the above documents, a completed FH Design Spec Sheet
must also be submitted. The FH Design Spec Sheet template can be found on the FH website.
(Do not alter or re-format the template prior to submission.)
Note: The design judges realize that final design refinements and vehicle development may
cause the submitted figures to diverge slightly from those of the completed vehicle. For
specifications that are subject to tuning, an anticipated range of values may be appropriate.
The Design Report, Sustainability Report and the Design Spec Sheet, while related documents,
should stand alone and be considered three (3) separate submissions. Three separate file
submissions are required.

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S4.3 Sustainability Requirement
S4.3.1 Sustainability is an oft used, but ill-defined objective of minimizing a product’s impact on the
environment. One of the ways to quantify sustainability is to calculate or measure the CO2
generated by a vehicle. Two techniques for automobiles are common, LCA (Life Cycle
Analysis) and WTW (Well To Wheels) analysis. Although LCA is more comprehensive, a
WTW analysis is easier to perform and nearly as useful, accounting for approximately 80% of
an automobile’s lifetime CO2 emissions.
S4.3.2 CO2 reduction is one justification for transitioning to alternative powertrains or fuels. To
properly compare and contrast various design and fuel options, FH is requiring a one page
sustainability report analysis as part of the design report. This analysis consists of three parts:
(a) Calculation of the CO2 generated in the production and delivery of each MJ of fuel used
by the vehicle (well to tank).
(b) Calculation of the CO2 generated by the vehicle per km of the endurance race (tank to
wheels)
(c) A discussion of how sustainability and efficiency objectives affected the engineering and
design decision process. For example, how did the team’s performance and efficiency
targets influence the type of energy storage, its capacity and liquid fuel choice?
S4.3.3 For part S4.3.2(a) teams are encouraged to use public databases to calculate CO2 generated
during the production and delivery of all fuels used by the vehicle. Do not include factors for
land use change and reference all sources.
S4.3.4 For part S4.3.2(b) calculate vehicle fuel consumption and CO2 emissions generated during the
endurance event as defined for the current year. (See ARTICLE D7). Reference all sources
and use only publically available vehicle simulation models. This can be done by modeling or
extrapolation of vehicle test data.
S4.3.5 At a minimum, provide the following data for parts S4.3.2(a) and S4.3.2(b)

Electricity Fuel
CO2 generated in fuel production CO2/MJ CO2/MJ
Delivery efficiency – from plant to battery or tank % %
Fuel consumption MJ/km MJ/km
Total CO2 generated kg/km kg/km

Table 17 – Minimum Sustainability Data Requirements

S4.3.6 The Sustainability Report is worth twenty (20) points - 10 points for parts S4.3.2(a) and
S4.3.2(b) and 10 points for part S4.3.2(c) - toward the team’s overall design score.
S4.4 Vehicle Drawings
S4.4.1 The Design report must include all of the following drawings:
(a) One set of 3 view drawings showing the vehicle from the front, top, and side.
(b) A schematic of the high voltage wiring showing the wiring between the major
components. (See section EV13.1)

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 (c) A wiring diagram superimposed on a top view of the vehicle showing the locations of all
major high voltage components and the routing of high voltage wiring. The components
shown must (at a minimum) include all those listed in the major sections of the ESF (See
section EV13.1)
S4.5 Submission Formats
S4.5.1 The Design and Sustainability Reports must be submitted electronically in separate Adobe
Acrobat™ Format files (*.pdf file). These documents must each be a single file (text, drawings,
and optional content). These Report files must be named as follows:
carnumber_schoolname_Design.pdf and carnumber_schoolname_Sustain.pdf using the SAE
assigned car number and the complete school name, e.g.:
999_University of SAE_Design.pdf

999_University of SAE_Sustain.pdf

S4.5.2 Design Spec Sheets must be submitted electronically in Microsoft Excel™ Format. The format
of the Spec Sheet MUST NOT be altered. Similar to the Design Report, the Design Spec Sheet
file must be named as follows: carnumber_schoolname_Specs.xls (or .xlsx) using the Formula
Hybrid assigned car number and the complete school name, e.g.
999_University of SAE_Specs.xls (or)

999_University of SAE_Specs.xlsx

WARNING – Failure to exactly follow the above submission requirements may result in
exclusion from the Design Event. If your files are not submitted in the required format or are
not properly named then they cannot be included in the documents provided to the design
judges and your team will be excluded from the event.
S4.6 Excess Size Design Reports
If a team submits a Design Report that exceeds four (4) pages of text, three (3) pages of
drawing and one (1) optional page, then only the first four pages of text, three pages of
drawings and first optional page will be read and evaluated by the judges.
Note: If included, cover sheets and tables of contents will count as text pages.
S4.7 Submission Deadlines
The Design Report and the Design Spec Sheets must be submitted by the date and time shown
in the Action Deadlines. (See A8.2). You will receive confirmation of receipt via email and/or
the event website once report is reviewed for accuracy. Teams should have a printed copy of
this reply available at the competition as proof of submission in the event of discrepancy.
S4.8 Penalty for Late Submission or Non-Submission
See section A8.3 for late submission penalties.
S4.9 Penalty for Unsatisfactory Submissions
S4.9.1 At the discretion of the judges, teams that submit a Design Report or a Design Spec Sheet
which is deemed to be unsatisfactory, will not compete in the design event, but may receive
between five (5) and twenty (20) points for their efforts.

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S4.9.2 Failure to fully document the changes made for the current year’s event to a vehicle used in
prior FH events, or reuse of any part of a prior year design report are just two examples of
Unsatisfactory Submissions
S4.10 Vehicle Condition
S4.10.1 With the exception of Static Event Only (See A2.4.1) or Hybrid In Progress (See A2.3) cars
must be presented for design judging in finished condition, i.e. fully assembled, complete and
ready-to-run. The judges will not evaluate any car that is presented at the design event in what
they consider to be an unfinished state.
Unfinished cars that are refused judging will receive zero (0) points for design. Point penalties
may be assessed for cars with obvious preparation issues, e.g. notably loose or missing
fasteners.
Note: Cars can be presented for design judging without having passed technical inspection, or
if final tuning and setup is still in progress.
S4.11 Judging Criteria
The design judges will evaluate the engineering effort based upon the team’s Design Report,
Spec Sheet, responses to questions and an inspection of the car. The design judges will inspect
the car to determine if the design concepts are adequate and appropriate for the application
(relative to the objectives set forth in the rules). It is the responsibility of the judges to deduct
points on the design judging form, as given in 0, if the team cannot adequately explain the
engineering and construction of the car.
S4.12 Judging Sequence
The actual format of the design event may change from year to year as determined by the
organizing body. Formula Hybrid design judging will normally involve two parts:
(a) Initial judging of all vehicles
(b) Final judging ranking the top 2 to 4 vehicles.
S4.13 Scoring Formula
The scoring of the event is based on either the average of the scores from the Design Judging
Forms (see 0) or the consensus of the judging team.

𝑃𝑦𝑜𝑢𝑟
𝐷𝐸𝑆𝐼𝐺𝑁 𝑆𝐶𝑂𝑅𝐸 = 200
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥

Where: Pmax is the highest point score awarded to any team in your vehicle category
Pyour is the point score awarded to your team

Notes:

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S4.14 Support Materials
Teams may bring with them to the Design Event any photographs, drawings, plans, charts,
example components or other materials that they believe are needed to support the presentation
of the vehicle and the discussion of the their development process.

2022 Formula Hybrid Rules – Rev. 1 140 April 19, 2022

 PART D - DYNAMIC EVENTS

ARTICLE D1 DYNAMIC EVENTS GENERAL

D1.1 Maximum Scores

Event
Acceleration 100 Points
Autocross 200 Points
Endurance 350 Points
Total 650 Points

Table 18 – Dynamic Event Maximum Scores

D1.2 Driving Behavior

During the Formula Hybrid Competition, any driving behavior that, in the opinion of the Event
Captain, the Director of Operations or the Clerk of the Course, could result in potential injury to
an official, worker, spectator or other driver, will result in a penalty.
Depending on the potential consequences of the behavior, the penalty will range from an
admonishment, to disqualification of that driver from all events, to disqualification of the team
from that event, to exclusion of the team from the Competition.
D1.3 Safety Procedures
D1.3.1 Drivers must properly use all required safety equipment at all times while staged for an event,
while running the event and while stopped on track during an event. Required safety
equipment includes all drivers gear and all restraint harnesses.
D1.3.2 In the event it is necessary to stop on track during an event the driver must attempt to position
the vehicle in a safe position off of the racing line.
D1.3.3 Drivers must not exit a vehicle stopped on track during an event until directed to do so by an
event official. An exception to this is if there is a fire or a risk of fire due to fuel leakage and/or
electrical problems.
D1.4 Vehicle Integrity and Disqualification
D1.4.1 During the Dynamic Events, the mechanical and electrical integrity of the vehicle must be
maintained. Any vehicle condition that could compromise vehicle integrity, e.g. damaged
suspension, brakes or steering components, electrical tractive system fault, or any condition that
could compromise the track surface, e.g. fluid leaks or dragging bodywork, will be a valid
reason for exclusion by the officials.
D1.4.2 The safety systems monitoring the electrical tractive system must be functional as indicated by
an illuminated Safety System OK (SSOK) light to enter or continue in any dynamic event.
D1.4.3 If vehicle integrity is compromised during the Endurance Event, scoring for that segment will
be terminated as of the last completed lap.

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ARTICLE D2 WEATHER CONDITIONS

The organizer reserves the right to alter the conduct and scoring of the competition based on
weather conditions.

ARTICLE D3 RUNNING IN RAIN

A vehicle may not be operated in damp (D3.1(b)) or wet (D3.1(c)) conditions unless Rain
Certified. (See EV10.5)
D3.1 Operating Conditions
The following operating conditions will be recognized at Formula Hybrid:
(a) Dry – Overall the track surface is dry.
(b) Damp – Significant sections of the track surface are damp.
(c) Wet – The entire track surface is wet and there may be puddles of water.
(d) Weather Delay/Cancellation – Any situation in which all, or part, of an event is delayed,
rescheduled or canceled in response to weather conditions.
D3.2 Decision on Operating Conditions
The operating condition in effect at any time during the competition will be decided by the
competition officials.
D3.3 Notification
If the competition officials declare the track(s) to be "Damp" or "Wet",
(a) This decision will be announced over the public address system, and
(b) A sign with either "Damp" or "Wet" will be prominently displayed at both the starting
line(s) and the start-finish line of the event(s), and the entry gate to the "hot" area.
D3.4 Tire Requirements
The operating conditions will determine the type of tires a car may run as follows:
(a) Dry – Cars must run their Dry Tires, except as covered in D3.8.
(b) Damp – Cars may run either their Dry Tires or Rain Tires, at each team’s option.
(c) Wet – Cars must run their Rain Tires.
D3.5 Event Rules
All event rules remain in effect.
D3.6 Penalties
All penalties remain in effect.
D3.7 Scoring
No adjustments will be made to teams' times for running in "Damp" or "Wet" conditions. The
minimum performance levels to score points may be adjusted if deemed appropriate by the
officials.
D3.8 Tire Changing
D3.8.1 During the Acceleration or Autocross Events:

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 Within the provisions of D3.4 above, teams may change from Dry Tires to Rain Tires or vice
versa at any time during those events at their own discretion.
D3.8.2 During the Endurance Event: Teams may change from Dry to Rain Tires or vice versa at any
time while their car is in the staging area inside the "hot" area.
All tire changes after a car has received the "green flag" to start the Endurance Event must take
place in the Driver Change Area.
(a) If the track was "Dry" and is declared "Damp":
(i) Teams may start on either Dry or Rain Tires at their option.
(ii) Teams that are on the track when it is declared "Damp", may elect, at their option, to
pit in the Driver Change Area and change to Rain Tires under the terms spelled out
below in "Tire Changes in the Driver Change Area".
(b) If the track is declared "Wet":
(i) A Red Flag will be shown at the Start/Finish Line and all cars will enter the Driver
Change Area.
(ii) Those cars that are already fitted with "Rain" tires will be allowed restart without delay
subject to the discretion of the Event Captain/Clerk of the Course.
(iii) Those cars without "Rain" tires will be required to fit them under the terms spelled out
below in "Tire Changes in the Driver Change Area". They will then be allowed to re-
start at the discretion of the Event Captain/Clerk of the Course.
(c) If the track is declared "Dry" after being "Damp" or "Wet":
The teams will NOT be required to change back to “Dry” tires.
(d) Tire Changes at Team's Option:
(i) Within the provisions of D3.4 above and D3.8 below, a team will be permitted to
change tires at their option.
(ii) If a team elects to change from “Dry” to “Rain” tires, the time to make the change will
NOT be included in the team’s total time.
(iii) If a team elects to change from “Rain” tires back to “Dry” tires, the time taken to
make the change WILL be included in the team’s total time for the event, i.e. it will
not be subtracted from the total elapsed time. However, a change from “Rain” tires
back to “Dry” tires will not be permitted during the driver change.
(iv) To make such a change, the following procedure must be followed:
1. Team makes the decision,
2. Team has tires and equipment ready near Driver Change Area,
3. The team informs the Event Captain/Clerk of the Course they wish their car to be
brought in for a tire change,
4. Officials inform the driver by means of a sign or flag at the checker flag station,
5. Driver exits the track and enters the Driver Change Area in the normal manner.
(e) Tire Changes in the Driver Change Area:

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 (i) Per Rule D7.13.3 no more than three people for each team may be present in the
Driver Change Area during any tire change, e.g. a driver and two crew or two drivers
and one crew member.
(ii) No other work may be performed on the cars during a tire change.
(iii) Teams changing from "Dry" to "Rain" tires will be allowed a maximum of ten (10)
minutes to make the change.
(iv) If a team elects to change from "Dry" to "Rain" tires during their scheduled driver
change, they may do so, and the total allowed time in the Driver Change Area will be
increased without penalty by ten (10) minutes.
(v) The time spent in the driver change area of less than 10 minutes without driver change
will not be counted in the team's total time for the event. Any time in excess of these
times will be counted in the team's total time for the event.

ARTICLE D4 DRIVER LIMITATIONS

D4.1 Two Event Limit

D4.1.1 An individual team member may not drive in more than two (2) events.
Note: A minimum of two (2) drivers is required to participate in all of the dynamic events. A
minimum of four (4) drivers is required to participate in all possible runs in all of the dynamic
events.
D4.1.2 It is the team’s option to participate in any event. The team may forfeit any runs in any
performance event.
D4.1.3 In order to drive in the endurance event, a driver must have attended the mandatory drivers
meeting and walked the endurance track with an official.
D4.1.4 The time and location of the meeting and walk-around will be announced at the event.

ARTICLE D5 ACCELERATION EVENT

D5.1 Acceleration Objective

The acceleration event evaluates the car’s acceleration in a straight line on flat pavement.
D5.2 Acceleration Procedure
The cars will accelerate from a standing start over a distance of 75 m (82 yards) on a flat
surface. The foremost part of the car will be staged at 0.30 m behind the starting line. A green
flag will be used to indicate the approval to begin, however, time starts only after the vehicle
crosses the start line. There will be no particular order of the cars in the event. A driver has the
option to take a second run immediately after the first.
D5.4 Acceleration Event
D5.4.1 All vehicles may make a total of up to 6 runs. It is permissible for one driver to make all the
acceleration runs.
D5.4.2 Hybrid vehicles may use their I.C. engine, Electric motor(s) or any combination of these during
any of their acceleration runs.

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D5.5 Tire Traction – Limitations
Special agents that increase traction may not be added to the tires or track surface and
“burnouts” are not allowed.
D5.6 Acceleration Scoring
The acceleration score is based upon the corrected elapsed time. Elapsed time will be measured
from the time the car crosses the starting line until it crosses the finish line.
D5.7 Acceleration Penalties
D5.7.1 Cones Down Or Out (DOO)
A two (2) second penalty will be added for each DOO (including entry and exit gate cones) that
occurred on that particular run to give the corrected elapsed time.
D5.7.2 Off Course
An Off Course (OC) will result in a DNF for that run.
D5.8 Did Not Attempt
The organizer will determine the allowable windows for each event and retains the right to
adjust for weather or technical delays. Cars that have not run by the end of the event will be
scored as a Did Not Finish (DNF).
D5.9 Acceleration Scoring Formula
The equation below is used to determine the scores for the Acceleration Event. The first term
represents the “Start Points”, the second term the “Participation Points” and the last term the
“Performance Points”.
D5.9.1 A team is awarded ”Start Points” for crossing the start line under its own power. A team is
awarded “Participation Points” if it completes a minimum of one (1) run. A team is awarded
“Performance Points” based on its corrected elapsed time relative to the time of the best team in
its class.

𝑇𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝐴𝐶𝐶𝐸𝐿𝐸𝑅𝐴𝑇𝐼𝑂𝑁 𝑆𝐶𝑂𝑅𝐸 = 10 + 15 + (75 × )
𝑇𝑦𝑜𝑢𝑟

Where:
Tyour is the lowest corrected elapsed time (including penalties) recorded by your team.
Tmin is the lowest corrected elapsed time (including penalties) recorded by the fastest team
in your vehicle category.
Note: A Did Not Start (DNS) will score (0) points for the event

ARTICLE D6 AUTOCROSS EVENT

D6.1 Autocross Objective

The objective of the autocross event is to evaluate the car's maneuverability and handling
qualities on a tight course without the hindrance of competing cars. The autocross course will
combine the performance features of acceleration, braking, and cornering into one event.

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D6.2 Autocross Procedure
D6.2.1 There will be four (4) Autocross-style heats, with each heat having a different driver. Three (3)
timed laps will be run (weather and time permitting) by each driver and the best lap time will
stand as the time for that heat.
D6.2.2 The car will be staged such that the front wheels are 6 m (19.7 feet) behind the starting line.
The timer starts only after the car crosses the start line.
D6.2.3 There will be no particular order of the cars to run each heat but a driver has the option to take a
second run immediately after the first.
D6.2.4 The organizer will determine the allowable windows for each event and retains the right to
adjust for weather or technical delays. Cars that have not run by the end of the event will be
scored as a Did Not Start (DNS).
D6.3 Autocross Course Specifications & Speeds
D6.3.1 The following specifications will suggest the maximum speeds that will be encountered on the
course. Average speeds should be 40 km/hr (25 mph) to 48 km/hr (30 mph).
(a) Straights: No longer than 60 m (200 feet) with hairpins at both ends (or) no longer than 45
m (150 feet) with wide turns on the ends.
(b) Constant Turns: 23 m (75 feet) to 45 m (148 feet) diameter.
(c) Hairpin Turns: Minimum of 9 m (29.5 feet) outside diameter (of the turn).
(d) Slaloms: Cones in a straight line with 7.62 m (25 feet) to 12.19 m (40 feet) spacing.
(e) Miscellaneous: Chicanes, multiple turns, decreasing radius turns, etc. The minimum track
width will be 3.5 m (11.5 feet).
D6.3.2 The length of each run will be approximately 0.805 km (1/2 mile) and the driver will complete
a specified number of runs.
D6.4 Autocross Penalties
The cars are judged on elapsed time plus penalties. The following penalties will be added to the
elapsed time:
D6.4.1 Cone Down or Out (DOO)
Two (2) seconds per cone, including any after the finish line.
D6.4.2 Off Course
Driver must re-enter the track at or prior to the missed gate or a twenty (20) second penalty will
be assessed. Penalties will not be assessed for accident avoidance or other reasons deemed
sufficient by the track officials.
If a paved road edged by grass or dirt is being used as the track, e.g. a go kart track, four (4)
wheels off the paved surface will count as an "off course". Two (2) wheels off will not incur an
immediate penalty; however, consistent driving of this type may be penalized at the discretion
of the event officials.
D6.4.3 Missed Slalom
Missing one or more gates of a given slalom will be counted as one "off-course" per
occurrence. Each occurrence will incur a twenty (20) second penalty.
D6.4.4 Stalled & Disabled Vehicles

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 If a car stalls and cannot restart without external assistance, the car will be deemed disabled.
Cars deemed disabled will be cleared from the track by the track workers. At the direction of
the track officials team members may be instructed to retrieve the vehicle. Vehicle recovery
may only be done under the control of the track officials.
D6.5 Corrected Elapsed Time
The elapsed time plus any penalties from that specific run will be used as the corrected elapsed
time.
D6.6 Best Run Scored
The time required to complete each run will be recorded and the team’s best corrected elapsed
time will be used to determine the score.
D6.7 Autocross Scoring Formula
The equation below is used to determine the scores for the Autocross Event. The first term
represents the “Start Points”, the second term the “Participation Points” and the last term the
“Performance Points”. A team is awarded ”Start Points” for crossing the start line under its
own power. A team is awarded “Participation Points” if it completes a minimum of one (1)
run. A team is awarded “Performance Points” based on its corrected elapsed time relative to
the time of the best team in its vehicle category.
𝑇𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝐴𝑈𝑇𝑂𝐶𝑅𝑂𝑆𝑆 𝑆𝐶𝑂𝑅𝐸 = 20 + 30 + (150 × )
𝑇𝑦𝑜𝑢𝑟

Where:
Tmin is the lowest corrected elapsed time (including penalties) recorded by the fastest team
in your vehicle category over their four heats.
Tyour is the lowest corrected elapsed time (including penalties) recorded by your team
over the four heats.

Note: A Did Not Start (DNS) in all four heats will score zero (0) points for the event.

ARTICLE D7 ENDURANCE EVENT

D7.1 Right to Change Procedure

The following are general guidelines for conducting the endurance event. The organizers
reserve the right to establish procedures specific to the conduct of the event at the site. All such
procedures will be made known to the teams through newsletters, or the Formula Hybrid
website, or on the official bulletin board at the event.
D7.2 Endurance Objective
The endurance event is designed to evaluate the vehicle’s overall performance, reliability and
efficiency. Unlike fuel economy tests that result in vehicles going as slow as possible in order
to use the least amount of fuel, Formula Hybrid rewards the team that can cover a designated
distance on a fixed amount of energy in the least amount of time.

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D7.3 Endurance General Procedure
D7.3.1 In general, the team completing the most laps in the shortest time will earn the maximum points
available for this event. Formula Hybrid uses an endurance scoring formula that rewards both
speed and distance traveled. (See D7.18)
D7.3.2 The endurance distance is approximately 44km (27.3 miles) comprised of four (4) 11 km (6.84
mile) segments.
D7.3.3 Driver changes will be made between each segment.
D7.3.4 Wheel to wheel racing is prohibited.
D7.3.5 Passing another vehicle may only be done in an established passing zone or under the control of
a course marshal.
D7.4 Endurance Course Specifications & Speeds
Course speeds can be estimated by the following course specifications. Average speed should
be 48 km/hr (29.8 mph) to 57 km/hr (35.4 mph) with top speeds of approximately 105 km/hr
(65.2 mph). Endurance courses will be configured, where possible, in a manner which
maximizes the advantage of regenerative braking.
(a) Straights: No longer than 77.0 m (252.6 feet) with hairpins at both ends (or) no longer than
61.0 m (200.1 feet) with wide turns on the ends. There will be passing zones at several
locations.
(b) Constant Turns: 30.0 m (98.4 feet) to 54.0 m (177.2 feet) diameter.
(c) Hairpin Turns: Minimum of 9.0 m (29.5 feet) outside diameter (of the turn).
(d) Slaloms: Cones in a straight line with 9.0 m (29.5 feet) to 15.0 m (49.2 feet) spacing.

(f) Miscellaneous: The organizers may include chicanes, multiple turns, decreasing radius
turns, elevation changes, etc.
D7.5 Energy
D7.5.1 All vehicles competing in the endurance event must complete the event using only the energy
stored on board the vehicle at the start of the event plus any energy reclaimed through
regenerative braking during the event.
D7.5.2 Prior to the beginning of the endurance event, all competitors may charge their electric
accumulators from any power source they wish.
D7.5.3 Once a vehicle has begun the endurance event, recharging accumulators from an outside source
is not permitted.
D7.6 Hybrid Vehicles
D7.6.1 All Hybrid vehicles will begin the endurance event with the defined amount of energy on
board.
D7.6.2 The amount of energy allotted to each team is determined by the Formula Hybrid Rules
Committee and is listed in Table 1 – 2022 Energy and Accumulator Limits
D7.6.3 The fuel allocation for each team is based on the tables in Appendix A, adjusted downward by
an amount equal to the stated energy capacity of the vehicle’s accumulator(s).
D7.6.4 There will be no extra points given for fuel remaining at the end of the endurance event.

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D7.7 Fueling - Hybrid Vehicles
D7.7.1 Prior to the beginning of the endurance event, the vehicle fuel tank and any downstream fuel
accumulators, e.g., carburetor float bowls, will be drained. The allocated amount of fuel will
then be added to the tank by the organizers and the filler will be sealed.
D7.7.2 Teams must arrive at the fueling station with jacks and jack stands appropriate for raising and
supporting the vehicle to facilitate draining the fuel tank.
D7.7.3 Once fueled, the vehicle must proceed directly to the endurance staging area.
D7.8 Charging - Electric Vehicles
Each Electric vehicle will begin the endurance event with whatever energy can be stored in its
accumulator(s), given the accumulator capacity limitations in Table 1.
D7.9 Endurance Run Order
Endurance run order will be determined by the team’s corrected elapsed time in the autocross.
Teams with the best autocross corrected elapsed time will run first. If a team did not score in
the autocross event, the run order will then continue based on acceleration event times,
followed by any vehicles that may not have completed either previous dynamic event.
Endurance run order will be published at least one hour before the endurance event is run.
D7.10 Entering the Track
At the start of the event and after driver changes, vehicles will be directed to enter the track by
the starter based on traffic conditions.
D7.11 Endurance Vehicle Restarting
D7.11.1 The vehicle must be capable of restarting without external assistance at all times once the
vehicle has begun the event.
D7.11.2 If a vehicle stops out on the track, it will be allowed one (1) lap by the vehicle that is following
it (approximately one (1) minute) to restart.
D7.11.3 At the end of Driver Change, the vehicle will be allowed two (2) minutes to ensure the
electrical tractive system is safe and restart the vehicle drive system.(See: D7.13.8).
D7.11.4 If restarts are not accomplished within the above times, the vehicle will be deemed disabled and
scored as a DNF for the event.
D7.12 Breakdowns & Stalls
D7.12.1 If a vehicle breaks down it will be removed from the course and will not be allowed to re-enter
the course.
D7.12.2 If a vehicle spins, stalls, ingests a cone, etc., it will be allowed to restart and re-enter the course
where it went off, but no work may be performed on the vehicle
D7.12.3 If a vehicle stops on track and cannot be restarted without external assistance, the track workers
will push the vehicle clear of the track. At the discretion of event officials, two (2) team
members may retrieve the vehicle under direction of the track workers.
D7.13 Endurance Driver Change Procedure
D7.13.1 There must be a minimum of two (2) drivers for the endurance event, with a maximum of four
(4) drivers. One driver may not drive in two consecutive segments.
D7.13.2 Each driver will drive an 11 km (6.83 miles) segment, and then be signaled into the driver
change area.

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D7.13.3 Only three (3) team members, including the driver or drivers, will be allowed in the driver
change area. Only the tools necessary to adjust the vehicle to accommodate the different drivers
and/or change tires will be carried into this area (no tool chests, electronic test equipment,
computers, etc.).
Extra people entering the driver change area will result in a twenty (20) point penalty to the
final endurance score for each extra person entering the area.
Note: Teams are permitted to “tag-team” in and out of the driver change area as long as there
are no more than three (3) team members present at any one time.
D7.13.4 The vehicle must come to a complete stop, the IC engine turned off and the TSV shut down.
These systems must remain shut down until the new driver is in place. (See D7.13.8)
D7.13.5 The driver will exit the vehicle and any necessary adjustments will be made to the vehicle to fit
the new driver (seat cushions, head restraint, pedal position, etc.). The new driver will then be
secured in the vehicle.
D7.13.6 Three (3) minutes are allowed for the team to change drivers. The time starts when the vehicle
comes to a halt in the driver change area and stops when the correct adjustment of the driver
restraints and safety equipment has been verified by the driver change area official. Any time
taken over the allowed time will incur a penalty. (See D7.17.2(k))
D7.13.7 During the driver change, teams are not permitted to do any work on, or make any adjustments
to the vehicle with the following exceptions:
(a) Changes required to accommodate each driver
(b) Tire changing as covered by D3.8 “Tire Changing”,
(c) Actuation of the following buttons/switches to assist the driver with re-energizing the
electrical tractive system
(i) Ground Low Voltage Master Switch
(ii) Tractive System Master Switch
(iii) Side Mounted BRBs
(iv) IMD Reset (Button/Switch must be clearly marked “IMD RESET”)
(v) AMS Reset (Button/Switch must be clearly marked “AMS RESET”)

D7.13.8 Once the new driver is in place and an official has verified the correct adjustment of the driver
restraints and safety equipment, a maximum of two (2) minutes are allowed to ensure the
electrical tractive system is safe (as indicated by the SSOK indicator), restart the vehicle drive
system (IC engine, electrical tractive system, or both) and begin moving out of the driver
change area.

The SSOK indicator must be illuminated and verified by the driver change area official prior to
the vehicle being released out of the driver change area.

D7.13.9 The process given in D7.13.2 through D7.13.8 will be repeated for each 11 km (6.83 mile)
segment. The vehicle will continue until it completes the total 44 km (27.34 miles) distance or
until the endurance event track closing time, at which point the vehicle will be signaled off the
course.

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D7.13.10 The driver change area will be placed such that the timing system will see the driver change as
an extra-long lap. Unless a driver change takes longer than three (3) minutes, this extra-long lap
will not count into a team’s final time. If a driver change takes longer than three minutes, the
extra time will be added to the team’s final time.
D7.13.11 Once the vehicle has begun the event, electronic adjustment to the vehicle may only be made
by the driver using driver-accessible controls.
D7.14 Endurance Lap Timing
D7.14.1 Each lap of the endurance event will be individually timed either by electronic means, or by
hand.
D7.14.2 Each team is required to time their vehicle during the endurance event as a backup in case of a
timing equipment malfunction. An area will be provided where a maximum of two team
members can perform this function. All laps, including the extra-long laps must be recorded
legibly and turned in to the organizers at the end of the endurance event. Standardized lap
timing forms will be provided by the organizers.
D7.15 Exiting the Course
D7.15.1 Timing will stop when the vehicle crosses the start/finish line.
D7.15.2 Teams may elect to shut down and coast after crossing the start/finish line, but must fully enter
the driver change area before coming to a stop. There will be no “cool down” laps.
D7.15.3 The speed limit when entering the shut-down area is 15 MPH. Excessive speed will be
penalized.
D7.16 Endurance Minimum Speed Requirement
D7.16.1 A car's allotted number of laps, including driver’s changes, must be completed in a maximum
of 120 minutes elapsed time from the start of that car's first lap.
Cars that are unable to comply will be flagged off the course and their actual completed laps
tallied.
D7.16.2 If a vehicle’s lap time becomes greater than Max Average Lap Time (See: D7.18) it may be
declared “out of energy”, and flagged off the course. The vehicle will be deemed disabled and
scored as a DNF for the event.
Note: Teams should familiarize themselves with the Formula Hybrid endurance scoring
formulas. Attempting to complete additional laps at too low a speed can cost a team points.
D7.17 Endurance Penalties
D7.17.1 Penalties will not be assessed for accident avoidance or other reason deemed sufficient by the
track official.
D7.17.2 The penalties in effect during the endurance event are listed below.
(a) Cone down or out (DOO)
Two (2) seconds per cone. This includes cones before the start line and after the finish line.
(b) Off Course (OC)
For an OC, the driver must re-enter the track at or prior to the missed gate or a twenty (20)
second penalty will be assessed.
If a paved surface edged by grass or dirt is being used as the track, e.g. a go kart track, four
(4) wheels off the paved surface will count as an "off course". Two (2) wheels off will not

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 incur an immediate penalty. However, consistent driving of this type may be penalized at
the discretion of the event officials.
(c) Missed Slalom
Missing one or more gates of a given slalom will incur a twenty (20) second penalty.
(d) Failure to obey a flag
Penalty: 1 minute
(e) Over Driving (After a closed black flag)
Penalty: 1 Minute
(f) Vehicle to Vehicle Contact
Penalty: DISQUALIFIED
(g) Running Out of Order
Penalty: 2 Minutes
(h) Mechanical Black Flag
See D7.23.3(b). No time penalty. The time taken for mechanical or electrical inspection
under a “mechanical black flag” is considered officials’ time and is not included in the
team’s total time. However, if the inspection reveals a mechanical or electrical integrity
problem the vehicle may be deemed disabled and scored as a DNF for the event.
(i) Reckless or Aggressive Driving
Any reckless or aggressive driving behavior (such as forcing another vehicle off the track,
refusal to allow passing, or close driving that would cause the likelihood of vehicle contact)
will result in a black flag for that driver.
When a driver receives a black flag signal, he/she must proceed to the penalty box to listen
to a reprimand for his/her driving behavior.
The amount of time spent in the penalty box will vary from one (1) to four (4) minutes
depending upon the severity of the offense.
If it is impossible to impose a penalty by a stop under a black flag, e.g. not enough laps left,
the event officials may add an appropriate time penalty to the team’s elapsed time.
(j) Inexperienced Driver
The Chief Marshall/Director of Operations may disqualify a driver if the driver is too slow,
too aggressive, or driving in a manner that, in the sole opinion of the event officials,
demonstrates an inability to properly control their vehicle. This will result in a DNF for the
event.
(k) Driver Change
Driver changes taking longer than three (3) minutes will be penalized.
D7.18 Endurance Scoring Formula
The scoring for the endurance event will be based upon the total laps completed, the on-track
elapsed time for all drivers (less the uncharged extra-long laps for the driver changes, change to
wet tires, etc.), plus any penalty time and penalty points assessed against all drivers and team
members.

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 Vehicles scored as a Did Not Finish (DNF) for the event will get credit for all laps completed
prior to the DNF
D7.18.1 The equation below is used to determine the scores for the Endurance Event. The first term
represents the “Start Points”, the second term the “Participation Points” and the last term the
“Performance Points”.
A team is awarded ”Start Points” for crossing the start line under its own power. A team is
awarded “Participation Points” if it completes a minimum of one (1) lap. A team is awarded
“Performance Points” based on the number of laps it completes relative to the best team in its
vehicle category (distance factor) and its corrected average lap time relative to the event
standard time and the time of the best team in its vehicle category (speed factor).

𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐿𝑎𝑝 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒

( )−1
𝐿𝑎𝑝𝑆𝑢𝑚(𝑛)𝑦𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑇𝑦𝑜𝑢𝑟
𝐸𝑁𝐷𝑈𝑅𝐴𝑁𝐶𝐸 𝑆𝐶𝑂𝑅𝐸 = 35 + 52.5 + 262.5 ( )
𝐿𝑎𝑝𝑆𝑢𝑚(𝑛)𝑚𝑎𝑥 (𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐿𝑎𝑝 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒) − 1
𝑇𝑚𝑖𝑛

Where:
Max Average Lap Time is the event standard time in seconds and is calculated as
105
𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐿𝑎𝑝 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑎𝑝𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑒 44 𝑘𝑚

Tmin = the lowest corrected average lap time (including penalties) recorded by the fastest
team in your vehicle category over their completed laps.
Tyour = the corrected average lap time (including penalties) recorded by your team over
your completed laps.
LapSum(n)max = The value of LapSum corresponding to number of complete laps credited
to the team in your vehicle category that covered the greatest distance.
LapSum(n)your = The value of LapSum corresponding to the number of complete laps
credited to your team

Notes:
(a) If your team completes all of the required laps, then LapSum(n)your will equal the
maximum possible value of LapSum(n). (990 for a 44 lap event).
(b) If your team does not complete the required number of laps, then LapSum(n)your will be
based on the number of laps completed. See Appendix B for LapSum(n) calculation
methodology.
(c) Negative “performance points” will not be given.
(d) A Did Not Start (DNS) will score (0) points for the event

D7.18.2 Teams exceeding 120 minutes elapsed clock time since starting their first lap will have their
results truncated at the last lap completed within the 120 minute limit.

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D7.19 Post Event Engine and Energy Check
The organizer reserves the right to impound any vehicle immediately after the event to check
accumulator capacity, engine displacement (method to be determined by the organizer) and
restrictor size (if fitted).
D7.20 Endurance Event – Driving
D7.20.1 During the endurance event when multiple vehicles are running on the course it is paramount
that the drivers strictly follow all of the rules and driving requirements. Aggressive driving,
failing to obey signals, not yielding for passing, etc. will result in a black flag and a discussion
in the penalty box with course officials. The amount of time spent in the penalty box is at the
discretion of the officials and is included in the run time. Penalty box time serves as a
reprimand as well as informing the driver of what he/she did wrong. Drivers should be aware
that contact between open wheel racers is especially dangerous because tires touching can
throw one vehicle into the air.
D7.20.2 Endurance is a timed event in which drivers compete only against the clock not against other
vehicles. Aggressive driving is unnecessary.
D7.21 Endurance Event – Passing
D7.21.1 Passing during the endurance event may only be done in the designated passing zones and
under the control of the track officials. Passing zones have two parallel lanes – a slow lane for
the vehicles that are being passed and a fast lane for the vehicles that are making a pass. On
approaching a passing zone a slower leading vehicle will be blue flagged and must shift into the
slow lane and decelerate. The following faster vehicle will continue in the fast lane and make
the pass. The vehicle that had been passed may reenter traffic only under the control of the
passing zone exit marshal.
The passing lanes, e.g. the slow lanes, may be either to the left or the right of the fast lane
depending on the design of the specific course.
D7.21.2 These passing rules do not apply to vehicles that are passing disabled vehicles on the course or
vehicles that have spun out and are not moving. When passing a disabled or off-track vehicle it
is critical to slow down, drive cautiously and be aware of all the vehicles and track workers in
the area.
D7.21.3 Under normal driving conditions when not being passed all vehicles use the fast lane.
D7.22 Endurance Event – Driver’s Course Walk
The endurance course will be available for walk by drivers prior to the event. All endurance
drivers should walk the course before the event starts.
D7.23 Flags
D7.23.1 The flag signals convey the commands described below, and must be obeyed immediately and
without question.
D7.23.2 There are two kinds of flags for the competition: Command Flags and Informational Flags.
Command Flags are just that, flags that send a message to the competitor that the competitor
must obey without question. Informational Flags, on the other hand, require no action from the
driver, but should be used as added information to help him or her maximize performance.
What follows is a brief description of the flags used at the competitions in North America and
what each flag means.
Note: Not all of these flags are used at all competitions and some alternate designs are
occasionally displayed. Any variations from this list will be explained at the drivers meetings.

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 Table 19 - Flags

D7.23.3 Command Flags

(a) BLACK FLAG - Pull into the penalty box for discussion with the Director of Operations
or other official concerning an incident. A time penalty may be assessed for such
incident.
(b) MECHANICAL BLACK FLAG (Black Flag with Orange Dot) (“Meatball”) - Pull into
the penalty box for a mechanical inspection of your vehicle, something has been observed
that needs closer inspection.
(c) BLUE FLAG - Pull into the designated passing zone to be passed by a faster competitor
or competitors. Obey the course marshal’s hand or flag signals at the end of the passing
zone to merge into competition.
(d) CHECKER FLAG - Your segment has been completed. Exit the course at the first
opportunity after crossing the finish line.
(e) GREEN FLAG - Your segment has started, enter the course under direction of the
starter. NOTE: If you are unable to enter the course when directed, await another green
flag as the opening in traffic may have closed.
(f) RED FLAG - Come to an immediate safe controlled stop on the course. Pull to the side
of the course as much as possible to keep the course open. Follow course marshal’s
directions.
(g) YELLOW FLAG (Stationary) - Danger, SLOW DOWN, be prepared to take evasive
action, something has happened beyond the flag station. NO PASSING unless directed by
the course marshals.
(h) YELLOW FLAG (Waved) - Great Danger, SLOW DOWN, evasive action is most
likely required, BE PREPARED TO STOP, something has happened beyond the flag
station, NO PASSING unless directed by the course marshals.
D7.23.4 Informational Flags

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 (i) RED AND YELLOW STRIPED FLAG - Something is on the racing surface that
should not be there. Be prepared for evasive maneuvers to avoid the situation. (Course
marshals may be able to point out what and where it is located, but do not expect it.)
(j) WHITE FLAG - There is a slow moving vehicle on the course that is much slower than
you are. Be prepared to approach it at a cautious rate.

ARTICLE D8 RULES OF CONDUCT

D8.1 Competition Objective – A Reminder

The Formula Hybrid event is a design engineering competition that requires performance
demonstration of vehicles and is NOT a race. Engineering ethics will apply. It is recognized
that hundreds of hours of labor have gone into fielding an entry into Formula Hybrid. It is also
recognized that this event is an “engineering educational experience” but that it often times
becomes confused with a high stakes race. In the heat of competition, emotions peak and
disputes arise. Our officials are trained volunteers and maximum human effort will be made to
settle problems in an equitable, professional manner.
D8.2 Unsportsmanlike Conduct
In the event of unsportsmanlike conduct, the team will receive a warning from an official. A
second violation will result in expulsion of the team from the competition.
D8.3 Official Instructions
Failure of a team member to follow an instruction or command directed specifically to that
team or team member will result in a twenty five (25) point penalty.
Note: This penalty can be individually applied to all members of a team.
D8.4 Arguments with Officials
Argument with, or disobedience to, any official may result in the team being eliminated from
the competition. All members of the team may be immediately escorted from the grounds.
D8.5 Alcohol and Illegal Material
Alcohol, illegal drugs, weapons or other illegal material are prohibited on the event site during
the competition. This rule will be in effect during the entire competition. Any violation of this
rule by a team member will cause the expulsion of the entire team. This applies to both team
members and faculty advisors. Any use of drugs, or the use of alcohol by an underage
individual, will be reported to the local authorities for prosecution.
D8.6 Parties
Disruptive parties either on or off-site should be prevented by the Faculty Advisor.
D8.7 Trash Clean-up
D8.7.1 Cleanup of trash and debris is the responsibility of the teams. The team’s work area should be
kept uncluttered. At the end of the day, each team must clean all debris from their area and help
with maintaining a clean paddock.
D8.7.2 Teams are required to remove all of their material and trash when leaving the site at the end of
the competition. Teams that abandon furniture, or that leave a paddock that requires special
cleaning, will be billed for removal and/or cleanup costs.

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D8.7.3 All liquid hazardous waste (engine oil, fuel, brake fluid, etc.) must be put in well-marked,
capped containers and left at the hazardous waste collection building. The track must be
notified as soon as the material is deposited by calling the phone number posted on the
building. See the map in the registration packet for the building location.

ARTICLE D9 GENERAL RULES

D9.1 Dynamometer Usage

D9.1.1 If a dynamometer is available, it may be used by any competing team. Vehicles to be
dynamometer tested must have passed all parts of technical inspection.
D9.1.2 Fuel, ignition and drivetrain tuning will be permitted while testing on the dynamometer.
D9.2 Problem Resolution
Any problems that arise during the competition will be resolved through the Operations Center
and the decision will be final.
D9.3 Forfeit for Non-Appearance
It is the responsibility of teams to be in the right place at the right time. If a team is not present
and ready to compete at the scheduled time they forfeit their attempt at that event. There are no
make-ups for missed appearances.
D9.4 Safety Class – Attendance Required
An electrical safety class is required for all team members. The time and location will be
provided in the team’s registration packet.
D9.5 Drivers Meetings – Attendance Required
All drivers for an event are required to attend the pre-event drivers meeting(s). The driver for
an event will be disqualified if he/she does not attend the driver meeting for the event.
D9.6 Personal Vehicles
D9.6.1 Personal cars, motorcycles and trailers must be parked in designated areas only. Only FH
competition vehicles will be allowed in the track areas.
All vehicles and trailers must be parked behind the white “Fire Lane” lines.
D9.6.2 Some self-powered transport such as Bicycles and Skate boards are permitted, subject to
restrictions posted in the event guide
D9.6.3 The use of self-propelled pit carts, tool boxes, tire carriers or similar motorized devices in any
part of the competition site, including the paddocks, is prohibited.

ARTICLE D10 PIT/PADDOCK/GARAGE RULES

D10.1 Vehicle Movement

D10.1.1 Vehicles may not move under their own power anywhere outside of an officially designated
dynamic area.
D10.1.2 When being moved outside the dynamic area:
(a) The vehicle TSV must be deactivated.
(b) The vehicle must be pushed at a normal walking pace by means of a “Push Bar” (D10.2).

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 (d) A team member must be sitting in the cockpit and must be able to operate the steering and
braking in a normal manner.
(e) A team member must be walking beside the car.
(f) The team has the option to move the car either with
(i) all four (4) wheels on the ground OR
(ii) with the rear wheels supported on a dolly or push bar mounted wheels, provided that
the external wheels supporting the rear of the car are non-pivoting such that the
vehicle will travel only where the front wheels are steered.
D10.1.3 Cars with wings are required to have two team members walking on either side of the vehicle
whenever the vehicle is being pushed.
NOTE: During performance events when the excitement is high, it is particularly important
that the car be moved at a slow pace in the pits. The walking rule will be enforced and a point
penalty of twenty five (25) points will be assessed for each violation.
D10.2 Push Bar
Each car must have a removable device that attaches to the rear of the car that allows two (2)
people, standing erect behind the vehicle, to push the car around the event site. This device
must also be capable of decelerating, i.e. slowing and stopping the forward motion of the
vehicle by pulling it rearwards. It must be presented with the car at Technical Inspection.
D10.3 Smoking – Prohibited
Smoking is prohibited in all competition areas.
D10.4 Fueling and Refueling
Officials must conduct all fueling and refueling. The vehicle must be de-energized when
refueling, and no other activities (including any mechanical or electrical work) are allowed
while refueling.
D10.5 Energized Vehicles in the Paddock or Garage Area
Any time a vehicle is energized such that it is capable of motion (i.e. the TSAL lamp is
illuminated), the drive wheels must be removed or properly supported clear of the ground.
D10.6 Engine Running in the Paddock
Engines may be run in the paddock provided:
(a) The car has passed all technical inspections.
AND
(b) The drive wheels are removed or properly supported clear of the ground.
D10.7 Safety Glasses
Safety glasses must be worn at all times while working on a vehicle, and by anyone within 10
ft. (3 meters) of a vehicle that is being worked on.
D10.8 Curfews
A curfew period may be imposed on working in the garages. Be sure to check the event guide
for further information

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ARTICLE D11 DRIVING RULES

D11.1 Driving Under Power

D11.1.1 Cars may only be driven under power:
(a) When running in an event.
(b) When on the practice track.
(c) During the brake test.
(d) During any powered vehicle movement specified and authorized by the organizers.
D11.1.2 For all other movements cars must be pushed at a normal walking pace using a push bar.
D11.1.3 Driving a vehicle outside of scheduled events or scheduled practice will result in a two hundred
(200) point penalty for the first violation and expulsion of the team for a second violation.
D11.2 Driving Off-Site - Prohibited
Driving off-site is absolutely prohibited. Teams found to have driven their vehicle at an off-site
location during the period of the competition will be excluded from the competition.
D11.3 Practice Track
D11.3.1 A practice track for testing and tuning cars may be available at the discretion of the organizers.
The practice area will be controlled and may only be used during the scheduled practice times.
D11.3.2 Practice or testing at any location other than the practice track is absolutely forbidden.
D11.3.3 Cars using the practice track must have passed all parts of the technical inspection.
D11.4 Situational Awareness
Drivers must maintain a high state of situational awareness at all times and be ready to respond
to the track conditions and incidents. Flag signals and hand signals from course marshals and
officials must be immediately obeyed.

ARTICLE D12 DEFINITIONS

DOO - A cone is “Down or Out”—if the cone has been knocked over or the entire base of the
cone lies outside the box marked around the cone in its undisturbed position.
DNF- Did Not Finish
Gate - The path between two cones through which the car must pass. Two cones, one on each
side of the course define a gate: Two sequential cones in a slalom define a gate.
Entry Gate -The path marked by cones which establishes the required path the vehicle must
take to enter the course.
Exit Gate - The path marked by cones which establishes the required path the vehicle must
take to exit the course.
Staging Area - An area prior to the entry to an event for the purpose of gathering those cars
that are about to start.
OC - A car is Off Course if it does not pass through a gate in the required direction.

2022 Formula Hybrid Rules – Rev. 1 159 April 19, 2022

 Accumulator Rating & Fuel Equivalency

Each accumulator device will be assigned an energy rating and fuel equivalency based on
the following:

Note: C, Vnom, Vpeak and Ah are device nameplate values at the 2C (0.5 hour) rate. To convert from
manufacturer’s data at other hour-rates, Peukert’s equation should be used (see below).

Batteries: Energy (Wh ) = (Vnom )( Ah)(0.8)

 C (V peak 2 − Vmin 2 ) 
Energy (Wh ) =   / 3600
Capacitors:  2 
 
where Vmin is assumed to be 10% of Vpeak.

Table 20 – Accumulator Device Energy Calculations

Liquid Fuels Wh / Liter36

Gasoline (Sunoco37 Optima) 2,343
Ethanol (Sunoco E-85R) 1,718

Table 21 – Fuel Energy Equivalencies

The 0.8 factor is applied to battery energy to reflect the useable energy in a typical electrochemical
battery. For example, using 89 Maxwell MC 2600 ultracaps (2600 F, 2.7 V), the fuel equivalency would
be 2.606 Wh per device, or 231.9 Wh for a bank of 89, resulting in a 99cc reduction of gasoline or 135cc
reduction of E-85.

Peukert's Equation

The Peukert equation models how the capacity of a battery changes with its rate of discharge:

C0.5 / Cn = (I0.5 / In)P

Where:
C0.5 is the capacity at the 0.5 hour rate
Cn is the capacity at the “n” hour rate
I0.5 is the current at the 0.5 hour rate
In is the current at the “n” hour rate, and
P is the “Peukert Number” which can be scaled from discharge curves
for the battery when plotted on logarithmic axes.

36
Formula Hybrid assumes a mechanical efficiency of 27%
37 Full specifications for Sunoco racing fuels may be found at: http://www.racegas.com/fuel/compare

2022 Formula Hybrid Rules – Rev. 1 160 April 19, 2022

 Determination of LapSum(n) Values

The parameter LapSum(n) is used in the calculation of the scores for the endurance event. It is a
function of the number of laps (n) completed by a team during the endurance event. It is
calculated by summing the lap numbers from 1 to (n), the number of laps completed. This gives
increasing weight to each additional lap completed during the endurance event.

For example:
If your team is credited with completing five (5) laps of the endurance event, the value of
LapSum(n)your used in compute your endurance score would be the following:

LapSum(5)your = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 = 15

Number of Laps Number of Laps

LapSum(n) LapSum(n)
Completed (n) Completed (n)
0 0 23 276
1 1 24 300
2 3 25 325
3 6 26 351
4 10 27 378
5 15 28 406
6 21 29 435
7 28 30 465
8 36 31 496
9 45 32 528
10 55 33 561
11 66 34 595
12 78 35 630
13 91 36 666
14 105 37 703
15 120 38 741
16 136 39 780
17 153 40 820
18 171 41 861
19 190 42 903
20 210 43 946
21 231 44 990
22 253

Table 22 - Example of LapSum(n) calculation for a 44-lap Endurance event

2022 Formula Hybrid Rules – Rev. 1 161 April 19, 2022

 LapSum(n) vs. Number of Laps Completed

1000

900

800

700
LapSum(n)

600

500

400

300

200

100

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

Laps Completed

Figure 49 - Plot of LapSum(n) calculation for a 44-lap Endurance event

2022 Formula Hybrid Rules – Rev. 1 162 April 19, 2022

 Formula Hybrid Project Management
Event Scoring Criteria

INTRODUCTION
The Formula Hybrid Project Management Event is comprised of three components:

These components cover the entire life cycle of the Formula Hybrid Project from design of the vehicle
through fabrication and performance verification, culminating in Formula Hybrid competition at the track.
The Project Management Event includes both written reports and an oral presentation, providing project
team members the opportunity to develop further their communications skills in the context of a
challenging automotive engineering team experience.
Design, construction, and performance testing of a hybrid race car are complex activities that require a
structured effort to increase the probability of success. The Project Management Event is included in the
Formula Hybrid competition to encourage each team to create this structure specific to their set of
circumstances and goals. Comments each team receives from judges relative to their project plan and
progress report, offer guidance directed at project execution. Verbal comments made by judges following
the presentation component offer suggestions to improve performance in future competitions.
In scoring the Project Management Event judges assess (1) if a well thought-out project plan has been
developed, (2) that the plan was executed effectively while addressing challenges encountered and
managing change (3) the significance of lessons learned by team members from this experience and
quality of recommendations proposed to improve future team performance.

Basic Areas Evaluated

Five categories of effort are evaluated across the three components of Formula Hybrid Project
Management, but the scoring criteria differ for each, reflecting the phase of the project life-cycle that is
being assessed. The criteria includes: (1) Scope (2) Operations (3) Risk Management (4) Expected
Results (5) Change Management. Each is briefly defined below.

2022 Formula Hybrid Rules – Rev. 1 163 April 19, 2022

1. SCORING GUIDELINES
The guidelines used by judges for scoring the three components of the Project Management Event are
given in the following sections: (1) Project Plan, (2) Change Management Report, and (3) Project
Management Presentation at the competition.

Project Plan
Each Formula Hybrid team is required to submit a formal Project Plan that reflects team goals and
objectives for the upcoming competition, the management structure and tasks that will be completed to
accomplish these objectives, and the time schedule over which these tasks will be performed. In addition,
the formal process for managing change must be defined. A maximum of fifty-five (55) points is awarded
for the Project Plan.
Quality of the Written Document: The plan should look and read like a professional document. The
flow of information is expected to be logical; the content should be clear and concise. The reader should
be able to understand the plan that will be executed.
The Project Plan must consist of at least one (1) page and not exceed three (3) pages of text. Appendices
may be attached to the Project Plan and do not count as “pages”, but they must be relevant to the plan.

2022 Formula Hybrid Rules – Rev. 1 164 April 19, 2022

“SMART” Goals
Projects are initiated to achieve predetermined goals, which are identified in the Scope statement. The
project plan is a “roadmap” for effectively deploying team resources to accomplish these goals. Overall,
the requirements of the Project Plan incorporate the basic principles of “SMART” goals. These goals have
the following characteristics:
Specific: Sufficient detail is provided to clearly identify the targeted objectives; goals are specifically
stated so that all individual project team members understand what the team must accomplish.
Measurable: The objectives are quantified so that progress toward the goals can be measured; “measures
of success” are defined for this purpose.
Assignable: The person or group responsible for achieving the goals is identified; each task, milestone,
and deliverable has an owner, someone responsible for seeing that each is completed.
Realistic: The goals can actually be achieved given the resources and time available. Along with realistic
goals, a team might define “stretch goals” which are more aggressive objectives that challenge the team.
If the “stretch goals” become barriers to progress during project execution, the change management
process is used to pull-back “stretch goals”, re-focusing the team on more realistic objectives.
Time-Related: Deadlines are set for achieving each goal, milestone, or deliverable. These deadlines are
consistent with the overall project schedule and can be extracted from the project timeline.

Characteristics of an Excellent Project Plan Submission

Scope: A brief overview is included covering the team’s past performance and recommendations received
from previous teams for improvement. Achievable primary and secondary goals for this year’s team are
clearly stated. These goals are more than simply winning the competition. Milestones, with due dates, and
major deliverables that support accomplishing the goals are listed.
Operations: An organization chart showing the structure of the team and Work Breakdown Structure
showing the cascading linkage of tasks comprising the project are included. The timeframe and
interdependencies of each task are shown in a Gantt chart timeline. The project budget is specified and a
brief overview of how these funds will be obtained is given.
Risk Management: Careful thought is demonstrated to understand the weakest areas of the project plan.
Several “High Risk” tasks are identified that might have a significant impact on a functional car being
produced on time. A contingency plan is described to mitigate these risks if they become barriers during
project execution.
Expected Results: All teams are expected to complete the project on schedule, within budget, and to
deliver a functional, rules complaint race car to the track. But each team has a set of primary and
secondary goals specific to its project plan. Additional depth is given to these goals by quantifying them,
defining measurable targets helpful for directing team efforts. At least two “measures of success” are
defined that are related to the team’s specific performance goals.
Change Management: A process for administering changes has been carefully thought-out; it is briefly
described and shown schematically. There are sufficient controls in place to prevent un-managed changes.
The team has an effective communication plan in place to keep all team members informed throughout
project duration.

2022 Formula Hybrid Rules – Rev. 1 165 April 19, 2022

Applying the Project Plan Scoring Guidelines
The guidelines for awarding points in each Project Plan category are given in Figure 50. Four
performance designations are also specified: Excellent, Good, Marginal, and Deficient. A range of points
is suggested for each designation to give reviewers flexibility in evaluating the quality and completeness
of the submitted plans.

Excellent Good Marginal Deficient

Project Plan 10 - 7 Points 6 - 4 Points 3 - 1 Points 0 Points Project Plan
Components Includes Includes Includes Score

Scope Project Introduction Project Introduction Project Introduction Project Introduction and ____/10 Points
Primary, Secondary Goals Primary, Secondary Goals Includes Only General Goals are Missing
Major Deliverables Defined Objectives
Milestones Established over Some Milestones Defined
Project Duration

Operations Team Organization Chart Team Organization Chart Team Organization Chart All Four Operations ____/10 Points
Work Break Structure-Tasks Work Break Structure-Tasks Work Break Structure-Tasks Components Missing
Gantt Chart - Timeline Gantt Chart - Timeline
Budget, Funding Plan Budget

Risk Several High Risk Tasks are One High Risk Impactful Task High Risk Tasks Identified High Risk Tasks are Missing ____/10 Points
Management Identified; Each Makes a is Identified; Others Key Have Only Minimal Impact on
Significant Impact on Car High Risk Tasks are Missing; Successful Car Completion
Completion Prior to Shipment; Contingency Plan
Risk Contingency Plan

Expected Two Attributes are Given for Two Attributes are Given for One Attribute is Given for "Measures of Success" are ____/10 Points
Results Measuring Project Success Measuring Project Success Measuring Project Success Missing

These Attributes are Attributes Not Quantified This Attribute is a Quantified

Quantified Goals Goal

Change Process Designed for Process Designed for Process Designed for Change Management ____/10 Points
Management Administering Change Administering Change Administering Change Process is Missing
Process has Sufficient
Controls
Reasonable to Expect that Reasonable to Expect that Questionable if the Process
the Process will Work the Process will Work will Work
Team Communications Plan Team Communications Plan

Document Understandable, Acceptable Spelling and Grammar, Effective use of Tables and Diagrams, Professional Appearance,
Quality Compliant with Formula Hybrid Rules ____/ 5 Points

Total ____/55 Points

Figure 50 - Scoring Guidelines: Project Plan Component

2022 Formula Hybrid Rules – Rev. 1 166 April 19, 2022

Change Management Report
The purpose of the Change Management Report is to give each judge a sense of the team’s ability to deal
with issues that will put the project schedule at risk.
Frequently, as the project progresses or as problems arise, changes may be required to vehicle
specifications or the plan for completing the project. This is an area that many teams find difficult to
manage. Of particular interest to judges are barriers encountered and creative actions taken by the team to
overcome these challenges and advance the project forward.
The Change Management Report is a maximum two (2) page summary clearly communicating the
documented changes to the project scope and plan that have been approved using the change management
process. Appendices may be included with supporting information; they do not have a page limit but the
content is expected to be supportive of the information covered in the main body of the report.
A maximum of forty (40) points is awarded for the Change Management report. The content of the report
is evaluated in two broad areas: (1) Review of the Change Management Process (2) Example of the
Implementation of the Change Management Process. A third area evaluated is the quality of the overall
report document.

Characteristics of an Excellent Interim Progress Report Submission

Change Management Process: Assessment is given regarding the effectiveness of the Change
Management Process: what triggers the Change Management process, how does information flow through
the process, how are final decisions transmitted to all team members, what provisions are in place for
major scope or goal changes. Modifications made to the process for improvement are briefly explained. It
is acknowledged that change approval decisions were made based on schedule, cost, and resource
implications.
Implementation of the Change Management Process: Assessment is made on the review of an
example of how the Change Management process has been used to modify at least one of the team’s
project’s main components (Scope or Goals, Operational Plan, Risk Management, Expected Results).
Thoroughly discuss both major and minor “pivots” and detail the final impact to the project. Evidence of
using the process should be provided through flow charts or similar diagrams.

Applying the Change Management Scoring Guidelines

2022 Formula Hybrid Rules – Rev. 1 167 April 19, 2022

The guidelines for awarding points in each Change Management Report evaluation category are given in
Change
Management Change
Components Excellent Good Marginal Deficient Management Score
20-14 Points Includes: 13-7 Points Includes: 6-1 Points Includes: 0 Points:
Process Performance: Process Performance: Process Performance: Change Management Process
Number of Changes, Average Number of Changes, Average Number of Changes, Average is Missing
Process Interval. Process Interval Process Interval
Process Modifications to Process. ____/20 points
15-11 Points Includes: 10- 6 Points Includes: 5-1 Points Includes:
Assess Effectiveness of Assess Effectiveness of Assess Effectiveness of
Process and Team Process and Team Process and Team
Communications. Communications. Communications Not Given.
Example of use of change Example of use of change Example of use of change
management process and management process and management process and
impact to the project is clearly impact to the project is not impact to the project is vague. 0 Points:
described. Clear evidence clearly described. Partial Evidence and documentation Examples of Implementation
and fully documentation evidence and partial provided lacking clarity or of Change Management
Implementation provided. documentation provided. missing. Process Missing ____/15 points
Change Management is Clearly Conveyed and Verified with Descriptions, Data, Tables, Diagrams, or Photographs.
Document Quality Professional Appearance, Acceptable Spelling and Grammar. Compliant with Formula Hybrid + Electric Rules ____/5 points

Total____/40 points

Figure 51. Similar to the Project Plan guidelines, four performance designations are specified: Excellent,
Good, Marginal, and Deficient. A range of points is suggested for each designation to give reviewers
flexibility in weighing quality and completeness of information for each category.

Change
Management Change
Components Excellent Good Marginal Deficient Management Score
20-14 Points Includes: 13-7 Points Includes: 6-1 Points Includes: 0 Points:
Process Performance: Process Performance: Process Performance: Change Management Process
Number of Changes, Average Number of Changes, Average Number of Changes, Average is Missing
Process Interval. Process Interval Process Interval
Process Modifications to Process. ____/20 points
15-11 Points Includes: 10- 6 Points Includes: 5-1 Points Includes:
Assess Effectiveness of Assess Effectiveness of Assess Effectiveness of
Process and Team Process and Team Process and Team
Communications. Communications. Communications Not Given.
Example of use of change Example of use of change Example of use of change
management process and management process and management process and
impact to the project is clearly impact to the project is not impact to the project is vague. 0 Points:
described. Clear evidence clearly described. Partial Evidence and documentation Examples of Implementation
and fully documentation evidence and partial provided lacking clarity or of Change Management
Implementation provided. documentation provided. missing. Process Missing ____/15 points
Change Management is Clearly Conveyed and Verified with Descriptions, Data, Tables, Diagrams, or Photographs.
Document Quality Professional Appearance, Acceptable Spelling and Grammar. Compliant with Formula Hybrid + Electric Rules ____/5 points

Total____/40 points

Figure 51 - Scoring Guidelines: Change Management Report

Project Management Presentation at the Competition

The Presentation component gives teams the opportunity to briefly explain their project plans, assess how
well their project management process worked, and identify recommendations for improving their team’s
project management process in the future. In addition, the Presentation component enables team leaders to
enhance their communication skills in presenting a complex topic clearly and concisely.

2022 Formula Hybrid Rules – Rev. 1 168 April 19, 2022

The Presentation component is the culmination of the project management experience, which included
submission by each team of a project plan and interim project progress report. Scoring of each
presentation is based on how well project management practices were used by the team in the planning,
execution, and change management aspects of the project. Of particular interest are innovative approaches
used by each team in dealing with challenges and how lessons learned from the current competition will
be used to foster continuous improvement in the design, development, and testing of their cars for future
competitions.
Project Management presentations are made on the Static Events Day during the competition. Each
presentation is limited to a maximum of ten (10) minutes. A five (5) minute question and answer period
will follow along with a feedback discussion with judges lasting no longer than ten (10) minutes.
This format will give each team an opportunity to critique their project management performance, clarify
major points, and have a discussion with judges on areas that can be improved or strengths that can be
built upon for next year’s competition.

Scoring the Project Management Presentation

In awarding points, each judge must determine if the team demonstrated an understanding of project
management, if the described accomplishments are credible, and if the approaches used to manage the
project were effective. These judgements are formed after listening to each presentation and probing the
teams for clarity and additional details during the questioning period afterward. Presentation quality and
communications skills of team members are extremely important for establishing a positive impression.
A chart summarizing the evaluation criteria for the Presentation component is given in Figure 52. Figure
53 provides more detailed guidelines used by the judging review team for evaluating each project
management presentation.

2022 Formula Hybrid Rules – Rev. 1 169 April 19, 2022

 Figure 52 – Evaluation Criteria

Characteristics on an Excellent Project Management Presentation

Scope: The primary and secondary goals defined in the project plan are addressed; the degree to which
each has been accomplished is explained. Where applicable, the “Measures of Success” are used to
support the stated level of accomplishment. If the original goals have been changed, the reasons for
modification are explained.
Operations: Was this project a success? This conclusion is supported by Team performance against the
budget, project schedule, and deliverables produced. The effectiveness of the team’s structure is
explained. If the operation was disorderly or inefficient during project execution, an overview of
corrective actions taken to fix the problem is given.
Risk Management: The team’s success to correctly anticipate risk in the original project plan and
effectiveness of the risk mitigation plan are described. An overview of unanticipated risks that were
encountered during project execution and approaches to overcome these barriers are explained.
Change Management: A need for change occurs naturally in almost every project; it is anticipated that
every Formula Hybrid team will have experienced some type of change during project execution. The
effectiveness of the change management process in dealing with needed modifications is described. This
is supported with statistics on the number of changes approved and rejected. Change management strives
to align the efforts of all team members working in the dynamic project environment. The effectiveness of
the team’s communication methods, both written and verbal, is explained.
Lessons Learned: When a project is completed, the team usually conducts an assessment of overall
performance to determine what worked well and what failed. The strengths and weaknesses of the team
are described. This evaluation is used to propose recommendations for improving the performance of next

2022 Formula Hybrid Rules – Rev. 1 170 April 19, 2022

year’s team. Also, a plan for conveying this information to the new leadership team is described. A
leadership succession plan is briefly described.
Communications Skills: The team establishes credibility by demonstrating that it has taken the time
necessary to carefully plan and create the presentation. The presentation is well organized, content is
relevant to the purpose of the presentation. Charts have a professional appearance and are informative.
Without the speaker rushing through the material, a large amount of information is conveyed within the
allowed time limit. Tables, Diagrams, and graphs are used effectively.
Team members demonstrate mutual accountability with shared responses to questions. Answers are
conveyed in a manner that instills confidence in the team’s ability to plan and execute a complex project
like Formula Hybrid.

2022 Formula Hybrid Rules – Rev. 1 171 April 19, 2022

 Figure 53 - Project Management Scoring Sheet

2022 Formula Hybrid Rules – Rev. 1 172 April 19, 2022

 Design Judging Form38

SCHOOL ________________________________ CAR NUMBER __________

DESIGN PROCESS – The most common question to the students from the design judges is “Why?” For each
subsystem of the car the team should be able to clearly and quickly state:

The judges will consider the following factors when assigning scores to each of the scored items.

NOTE TO JUDGES: Judges with limited expertise in any area may insert an ‘X’ in that sections score. The chief
Design Judge will scale the remaining scores so that the omitted score will not penalize the team.

CHASSIS & SUSPENSION

__________ CHASSIS (0-15)

What are the requirements for the chassis design? Are load paths direct and short? Are components sized properly for the loads?
Were weight distribution and C.G. height optimized?

__________ COCKPIT & HUMAN FACTORS (0-10)

Is the vehicle designed to accommodate & function with a wide variety of body sizes? Are controls and instruments easy to use?
Are electrical systems well isolated? Does the design consider occupant safety beyond the requirements?

__________ SUSPENSION (0-20)

What were the requirements for suspension design? How were kinematics, lateral load transfer, adjustability, etc. addressed?
How was vehicle handling developed?

__________ BRAKES (0-8)

38
This form is for informational use only – the actual form used may differ. Check the Formula Hybrid website
prior to the competition for the latest Design judging form.

2022 Formula Hybrid Rules – Rev. 1 173 April 19, 2022

How was the brake system designed?

__________ STEERING (0-7)

How was the steering system designed?

POWERTRAIN

__________ POWERTRAIN SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE (0-30)

Was the balance between I.C. engine, electric drive and energy storage well thought out. What were the resulting requirements?
Where different architectures considered and why was the current one selected? How does the system architecture relate to
scoring points in the FH competition?

__________ POWERTRAIN ELECTRICAL (0-20)

Are the accumulator, power electronics, and electrical machine well matched? What were the requirements for the power
electronics and electrical machine, and why were the components chosen? How well does the power electronics and electrical
machine meet the requirements? What are the design requirements for the high voltage wiring harness, fuse block and
connectors?
__________ POWERTRAIN / MECHANICAL (0-20)
What were the requirements for the IC engine? Was the engine modified (optimized) for the hybrid application?

__________ ENERGY STORAGE (0-20)

Did the team utilize a commercial battery pack or design their own? Did they use batteries or capacitors (or perhaps a
combination)? Was it sized specifically for the competition? How is SOC measured or derived? Accumulator devices can be
expensive – was cost a factor in the design?

__________ ELECTRONICS & CONTROLS (0-25)

What are the requirements on the electronics and controls system and what determined these requirements? Did the students
design the electronic systems? Is there closed loop control of the engine? Data acquisition?

GENERAL

__________ SUSTAINABILITY (0 to 20)

Did the team demonstrate an understanding and ability to calculate upstream and vehicle CO2 emissions? How were
sustainability and efficiency objectives incorporated into the design process? Did the team demonstrate an understanding of how
sustainability can impact wide-ranging design decisions? (See Section S4.3)

__________ AESTHETICS & CRAFTSMANSHIP (0-5)

Fit and finish, use of appropriate materials, professional quality fabrication (e.g., wiring routed, loomed, and labeled; quality of
fabrication, welding, machine work), detail work completed. Does the vehicle look attractive?
Does it have a high performance appearance?

__________ MISCELLANEOUS (0 to -50)

If the team does not exhibit a good understanding of the car a penalty may be applied.

__________ TOTAL DESIGN POINTS (200 points maximum)

DESIGN COMMENTS:

2022 Formula Hybrid Rules – Rev. 1 174 April 19, 2022

 Wire Current Capacity (DC)

Max. Max.
Wire Gauge Continuous Standard Continuous
Copper Conductor Fuse Rating Metric Wire Fuse Rating
AWG Area mm2 (A) Size mm2 (A)
24 0.20 5 0.50 10
22 0.33 7 0.75 12.5
20 0.52 10 1.0 15
18 0.82 14 1.5 20
16 1.31 20 2.5 30
14 2.08 28 4.0 40
12 3.31 40 6.0 60
10 5.26 55 10 90
8 8.37 80 16 130
6 13.3 105 25 150
4 21.2 140 35 200
3 26.7 165 50 250
2 33.6 190 70 300
1 42.4 220 95 375
0 53.5 260 120 425
2/0 67.4 300 150 500
3/0 85.0 350 185 550
4/0 107 405 240 650
250 MCM 127 455 300 800
300 MCM 152 505
350 MCM 177 570
400 MCM 203 615
500 MCM 253 700

Table 23 – Wire Current Capacity (single conductor in air)

Reference: US National Electrical Code Table 400.5(A)(2), 90C Column D1 (Copper wire only)

2022 Formula Hybrid Rules – Rev. 1 175 April 19, 2022

 Required Equipment

□ Fire Extinguishers
Minimum Requirements
Each team must have at least two (2) 2.3 kg (5 lb.) dry chemical (Min. 3-A:40-B:C) Fire
extinguishers

Extinguishers of larger capacity (higher numerical ratings) are acceptable.

All extinguishers must be equipped with a manufacturer installed pressure/charge gauge.

Special Requirements
Teams must identify any fire hazards specific to their vehicle’s components and if fire
extinguisher/fire extinguisher material other than those required in section T15.1 are needed to
suppress such fires, then at least two (2) additional extinguishers/material (at least 5 lb. or
equivalent) of the required type must be procured and accompany the car at all times. As
recommendations vary, teams are advised to consult the rules committee before purchasing
expensive extinguishers that may not be necessary.

□ Chemical Spill Absorbent

Teams must have chemical spill absorbent at hand, appropriate to their specific risks. This
material must be presented at technical inspection.

□ Insulated Gloves
Insulated gloves, rated for at least the voltage in the TS system, with protective over-gloves.
Electrical gloves require testing by a qualified company. The testing is valid for 14 months after
the date of the test. All gloves must have the test date printed on them.

□ Safety Glasses
Safety glasses must be worn as specified in section D10.7

□ Additional
Any special safety equipment required for dealing with accumulator mishaps, for example
correct gloves recommended for handling any electrolyte material in the accumulator.

2022 Formula Hybrid Rules – Rev. 1 176 April 19, 2022

 Example Relay Latch Circuits

The diagrams below are examples of relay-based latch circuits that can be used to latch the momentary
output of the Bender IMD (either high-true or low-true) such that it will comply with Formula Hybrid rule
EV7.1. Circuits such as these can also be used to latch AMS faults in accordance with EV2.1.3.
It is highly recommended that IMD and AMS latching circuits be separate and independent to
aid fault identification during the event.

Note: It is important to confirm by checking the data sheets, that the output pin of the IMD can power the
relay directly. If not, an amplification device will be required39

Figure 54 - Latching for Active-High output Figure 55 - Latching for Active-Low output

39
An example relay is the Omron LY3-DC12:
http://www.ia.omron.com/product/item/6403/

2022 Formula Hybrid Rules – Rev. 1 177 April 19, 2022

 Firewall Equivalency Test

To demonstrate equivalence to the aluminum sheet specified in rule T4.5.2, teams should submit
a video, showing a torch test of their proposed firewall material.

Camera angle, etc. should be similar to the video found here:

http://www.formula-hybrid.org/torch-test/

A propane plumber’s torch should be held at a distance from the test piece such that the hottest
part of the flame (the tip of the inner cone) is just touching the test piece.

The video must show two sequential tests and be contiguous and unedited (except for trimming
the irrelevant leading and trailing portions).

The first part of the video should show the torch applied to a piece of Aluminum of the thickness
called for in T4.5.2, and held long enough to burn through the aluminum. The torch should then
be moved directly to a similarly sized test piece of the proposed material without changing any
settings, and held for at least as long as the burn-through time for the Aluminum.

There must be no penetration of the test piece. The equivalent firewall construction must have
similar mechanical strength to the aluminum barrier called for in T4.5.2. This can be
demonstrated by equivalent resistance to deformation or puncturing.

2022 Formula Hybrid Rules – Rev. 1 178 April 19, 2022

 Virtual Static Events Only in 2021, Full Competition in 2022

In 2021 the on-track portion of the Formula Hybrid+Electric competition was canceled due to the
COVID pandemic, with teams having the opportunity to compete in Static Only Events through
a virtual platform. The competition this year is comprised of the Design Event, Optimal Hybrid
Event, Project Management Event, and an 40iRacing component.

The full competition, including both Static and Dynamic Events, is planned to be held in 2022.

40
iRacing Component will be found in Appendix J

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 Virtual Racing Challenge Framework

In 2022, the Virtual Racing Challenge will focus on car set-up and the comparison of lap times
set by one Student Driver from each team. Feedback will be provided by the Blue Ribbon Driver
(BRD) in order for the team to improve their car set-up and to ready the team for competing on
the NHMS hill section of the Road Course during the on-track Endurance Event. The
competition will be for trophies, not points as described below.

Framework

VRC Sessions

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 Scoring

VIRTUAL RACING CHALLENGE SCORE = 25 × (T your / T best)

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 END

2022 Formula Hybrid Rules – Rev. 1 182 April 19, 2022