2017 Shreedhar Inmdar-Behavior of Ferrocement Panels
2017 Shreedhar Inmdar-Behavior of Ferrocement Panels
2017 Shreedhar Inmdar-Behavior of Ferrocement Panels
Abstract— The main objective of these experimental tests layers of mesh and/or small diameter rods completely
is to study the effect of using different numbers of wire infiltrated with, or encapsulated in, mortar. To improve
mesh layers and thickness on the flexural strength and performance of ferrocement, various ingredients such as
impact strength of flat Ferrocement panels and to compare admixtures, silica fumes, fly ash and fibers are added in to it.
the effect of varying the number of wire mesh layers and Generally, the thickness of ferrocement ranges from 20- 100
thickness variations on the ductility. For studying the mm.
flexural behavior of panels, the thickness of panels kept
1.2. Historical background
varying from 20 to30 mm. For all the panels the
Ferrocement over the years have achieved respect in terms
Galvanized welded square mesh with square opening will
of its superior performance and versatility. In 1940’s, Pier
be used in different layers. Panels used were casted with
Luigi Nervi an Italian Engineer used them. Nervi named this
mortar having mix proportion 1:1.5 and Water/cement
material as “Ferro-Cemento”. In France, a rowing boat is
ratio 0.38
constructed by Joseph Louis Lambot by using wire meshes and
Index Terms— Ferrocement, wire mesh, Flexural thin steel bars were encapsulated in cement- sand mortar. In
Strength, Ductility, Admixture, Modulus of Elasticity. 1982, Joseph Louis Lambot took a patent of this material
named as “Ferciment”. His boat is now placed in Brignoles
1. INTRODUCTION
Museum in France. National Academy of Science [U.S.A] set
1.1. Overview up a committee to utilization of ferrocement in 1972.
to lack of quality control. In order to maintain proper In 1977, ACI [American Concrete Institute] was set up
serviceability, older structures must be strengthened or repaired Committee 549 on Ferrocement to formulate the code of
so that they meet as requirements demanded of the structures practice for ferrocement. After this, in 1980 the committee
built today and in future. As we know that, concrete having codified the definition of “Ferrocement”. Definition given as:
low tensile strength, limited ductility and a little resistance to “Ferrocement is a type of thin wall reinforced concrete
crack propagation. The behavior of RCC structure is ductile constructed of hydraulic cement mortar reinforced with closely
which imparts ductile failure of composite. Due to ductile spaced layers of continuous and relatively small size wire
failure, concrete suffers an excess amount of cracking along mesh”. Mesh is made by metallic or other suitable materials.
become more critical than strength. To overcome this problem, The main constituent of ferrocement includes the hydraulic
there is a necessity to find out a new material which improves cement mortar, wire mesh, skeletal steel and admixtures.
behavior than concrete. In ferrocement, closely spaced multiple Hydraulic cement mortar is designed according to the standard
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Paper Title:- Behavior of Ferrocement Panels Using Welded Square Mesh
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Paper Title:- Behavior of Ferrocement Panels Using Welded Square Mesh
super plasticizer was used. Eighteen specimens having size layers. For cyclic loading, flexural strength increased by 10.25
1100 mm x 550 mm with different thickness like 60mm, % for 3 layers over 2 layers and further 90 % for 4 layers over
80mm, 100mm. These plates were reinforced with expanded 2 layers. Increase in percentage of flexural strength 110.25 %
metal mesh and welded square mesh. Expanded mesh was for 4 layers as compared to 2 layers in cyclic loading. When
diamond size 16.5 mm and 33 mm and square welded mesh number of mesh layers increased, crack propagation was slow
with 12.5 mm x 12.5 mm in size. Wire diameter in both cases ultimately spacing between cracks were least which gives
was same as 0.55 mm. These testing were carried out on UTM better load carrying capacity.
having capacity 100KN. Dial gauge with 0.01 mm accuracy
2.4 A.W. HAGO, K.S. AL-JABRI, A.S. ALNUAIMI, H. AL-
was placed below specimen to measuring deflection. After
MOQBALI, M.A. AL-KUBAISY[4]
testing, result were obtained for each with various parameter
In this research, the main objective was effect of volume
like first crack load, ultimate failure load, ductility ratio and
fraction and shape of panels on ultimate flexural strength, first
energy absorption. Flexural strength was increased with
crack load, crack spacing and load deformation behavior.
specific surface area of mesh. Plates with expanded wire mesh
Mortar matrix with water cement ratio 0.55 and cement sand
having more number of cracks for ultimate load as compared to
proportion was 1:2 with compressive strength 40 Mpa.
plates with welded wire mesh. Plates with expanded wire mesh
Reinforcement consists of 12.13 mm x 12.13 mm opening and
having higher first crack load and ultimate load approximate
0.579 mm diameter. Simple geometry was used. Specimens
50% as that of plate with welded mesh with same specific area.
were arranged in two groups. One group consists of rectangular
Welded mesh having higher tensile strength as compared to
panels and other group consists of channels. All specimens
expanded mesh but specific surface of expanded mesh was
were 470 mm wide, 2100 in length and 25 mm thickness. For
twice of welded mesh when compared one plates with single
channel specimens additional 50 mm integrated beam on length
layer of welded mesh and other plate with expanded mesh.
are casted. In each group number of wire mesh layers vary
2.3. Dr. T.Ch.Madhavi, Shanmukha Kavya .V,
from 2 to 4 to 6.the slab were tested under two point load
Siddhartha Das, Sri Prashanth .V[3] In this Study, author
arrangement. Rectangular 20 mm bar act as a support at one
was concentrated on behavior of ferrocement panels under
end and rounded 20 mm bar support at other end. Load was
static and cyclic loading. Effect of increasing mesh layers on
measured on electric load cell. After completing this research
behavior of ferrocement was studied. Mortar matrix with water
work, author concluded that all slab showing good ductility.
/cement ratio 0.48 and that of cement/sand 1:3. Welded wire
Before failure of slab, it gives warning. Large deflection theory
mesh of 25 mm x 25 mm opening with 3 mm diameter was
was appropriate to be considered for analysis because of large
used as reinforcement for panels. Six panels were casted with
deflection and small thickness. Slab with channel section give
300 mm x 600 mm in size having 25 mm thickness. These
better result as compared with rectangular section for ultimate
panels were reinforced with 2, 3, 4 layers of mesh for static and
loading and service loading.
cyclic loading. Chicken mesh was used on either side. Panels
3. Experimental Work
were tested under two point loading mechanism with dial
gauge for deflection measurement. Author concluded that The experimental program includes casting and testing of flat
ferrocement slab panels for flexural test under two points
increasing number of wire mesh layer increasing flexural
strength for static and cyclic loading. As compared with 2 loading
layers, flexural strength increased by 50% for 3 layers. Flexural 3.1 Material Characteristics
strength also increases by 15.47% for 4 layers as compare with 3.1.1. Cement- Birla Super Ordinary Portland Cement
3 layers. In comparison between 2 layers and 4 layers for static having Grade 43 was used for casting.
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Paper Title:- Behavior of Ferrocement Panels Using Welded Square Mesh
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Paper Title:- Behavior of Ferrocement Panels Using Welded Square Mesh
3.5.2 Casting of Specimen- Before starting actual casing of For calculation of flexural strength of the specimens,
specimen, cutting and straitening of mesh was done with application of loading showing below:
proper cover. The steel moulds prepared were properly oiled
before casting. At bottom a layer of mortar was applied of
thickness 3 mm as a cover followed by layer of welded square
mesh and again followed by layer of mortar.
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Paper Title:- Behavior of Ferrocement Panels Using Welded Square Mesh
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Paper Title:- Behavior of Ferrocement Panels Using Welded Square Mesh
LOAD (KN)
3000
118.47 × 10 6
Ecr = = 1.795GPa 2000
0.66 × 10 5
1000
S3-550
0
Apparent modulus of mesh system (Er) = (Ecr) cracked / Vrl
0 10 20
Where Vrl = 𝜂𝐿. 𝑉𝑟
DEFLECTION (mm)
Where efficiency factor for welded square mesh = 0.50
Where Vrl = ηL.Vr = 0.5(2 × 0.010048) = 0.010048 Graph 4.4 Load Vs Deflection for average value
(20mm- 3 layers)
1.795
Er = = 178.64 GPa
0.010048
S3 550
4000
LOAD (KN)
3000
2000 S3-550A
1000 Graph 4.5 Load Vs Deflection for average value
S3-550 B (20mm- 2 and 3 layers)
0
S3-550 C
0 10 20
DEFLECTION (mm)
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Paper Title:- Behavior of Ferrocement Panels Using Welded Square Mesh
S3 750
5000
4000
LOAD (KN)
3000
S3-750 A
2000
S3-750 B
1000
S3-750 C
0
0 20
DEFLECTION (mm)
Graph 4.8 Load Vs Deflection (30mm- 3 layers)
S3 750
5000
4000
LOAD (KN)
3000
2000
S3 750
1000
0
0 20
DEFLECTION (mm)
Graph 4.9 Load Vs Deflection for average value
(30mm- 3 layers)
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Paper Title:- Behavior of Ferrocement Panels Using Welded Square Mesh
6000
LOAD (KN) 5000
4000
S4 750 3000 2 layers
6000 2000
3 layers
5000 1000
LOAD (KN)
4 layers
4000 0
S4-750 A
3000 0 10 20
2000 S4-750 B
1000 S4-750 C DEFLECTION (mm)
0 .
Graph 4.12 Load Vs Deflection for average value
0 20
DEFLECTION (mm) (30mm- 2, 3 and 4 layers)
Graph 4.10 Load Vs Deflection (30mm- 4 layers)
Table 4.8 Elastic Modulus of Panels
(20mm and 30mm)
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Paper Title:- Behavior of Ferrocement Panels Using Welded Square Mesh
Size of Number Volume Flexural Flexural Step1: Volume Fraction of one layer-
Panel of Fraction strength strength 2
𝑁×𝜋×𝑑 𝑤 1 1
Vf = [𝐷 +𝐷 ]
( mm ) Layers (%) at at 4ℎ 𝐿 𝑇
cracking ultimate
load load
𝑁 1×3.14×1.6×1.6 1 1
𝜎𝑐𝑟 ( 𝜎𝑢𝑙𝑡 ( 2 ) = 4×20
[20 + 20 ] = 0.010048
𝑁 𝑚𝑚
𝑚𝑚 2
)
Step2: Area of tensile reinforcement (Ari)
2 2.009 11.16 15.00
= 𝜂L×Vri×Ac
550×200×20 3 3.014 12.56 20.82
2 1.339 7.88 12.90 = 0.5×0.010048×200×20 =20.096 mm2
750×200×30 3 2.009 9.20 15.41 Step3: Applied moment at point of mesh yielding
4 2.679 11.35 17.92 𝑃×𝐿
4.3. Calculation for Modulus of Elasticity of composite (E c) M= 6
from Experimental result:- 2500 ×450
= 6
= 187.5×103 N-mm
Formula for deflection of panels of two point load,
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Paper Title:- Behavior of Ferrocement Panels Using Welded Square Mesh
Step4: Force equilibrium = 2. Layers of mesh above neutral axis in panels plays role in
0.85×fc×b×a = Ari×σry compressive strength. Their contribution is less in flexural
𝑎 strength as compared to mesh in tension zone.
Moment equilibrium = Mn = Ari×σry(𝑑 − )
2
𝑎 3. Increase in number of mesh layers and thickness of the
= 0.85×58.6×200×a (16.4- )
2
panels resulting increasing load carrying capacity of
= 187.5× 103
ferrocement panels.
= 4981a2-163376.8a+187500
4. First crack load and ultimate failure load was delay with
a=1.19 mm
Increase in the thickness of ferrocement panels.
0.85×58.6×200×1.19
σry= = 589.90 Mpa 5. Flexural strength of panels increasing with increasing
20.09
volume fraction and specific surface of reinforcement in panels
for each thickness.
4.6 DISCUSSIONS-
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
1. As the number of layers increased from 2 to 3 layers in
I take great pleasure in expressing my sincere gratitude,
rectangular panel having 20 mm thickness, which resulting in
which I owe to many people in making this project
increased flexural strength by 38.8% approximately.
successfully. I sincerely express my deep sense of gratitude
2. As the number of layers increased from 2 to 3 layers in
towards my guide Prof.D.G.Gaidhankar for his expert and
rectangular panel having 30 mm thickness, the flexural strength
valuable guidance, profound advice, persistent encouragement
increased by 20.58 %. Similarly, when the number of layers
and help during completion the dissertation work. I am grateful
increased from 3 to 4 for the same thickness then flexural
for his support and guidance that have helped me to expand our
strength increased by 23.08%.
horizon of thought and expression. He was very helpful in
3. When rectangular panels consist of 2 layers of mesh its
finding solution to several problems I had during the
load carrying capacity increased by 33.75% with increase in
dissertation work. I would like to thank Prof. Dr. M. S.
panel thickness from 20 mm to 30 mm.
Kulkarni, Head, Department of Applied Mechanics, for her
4. The load carrying capacity is increased by 16.22% for
kind co-operation and help required to complete this task.
panels consist of 3 layers of wire mesh, when its thickness
At last we must express our sincere and heartfelt gratitude
increased from 20 mm to 30 mm.
to all other Professors and Staff of structural Engineering
1. Occurrence of first crack and ultimate failure after during this course of work. I virtually fall short of words to
application of loading on ferrocement panels are depend on express my gratefulness to them. Therefore, I am leaving this
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REFERENCES
1. Mohamad N., Mahmood Sura, A. Majeed “Flexural
behaviour of flat and folded Ferrocement panels” Al-Rafidain
Engineering, Vol.17, No.4, August 2009
2. Yousry B I Shaheen , Mohamed A Safan , Abdalla M A “
Structural behavior of composite reinforced ferrocement
plates” Concrete Research Letter Vol. 3 (3) Sept. 2012
3 Dr. T.Ch.Madhavi, Shanmukha Kavya .V, Siddhartha Das,
Sri Prashanth .V, “composite action of ferrocement slabs
under static And cyclic loading” IJCIET, Volume 4, Issue 3
(Pages 57-62) May - June (2013)
4. A.W. Hago , K.S. Al-Jabri , A.S. Alnuaimi , H. Al-Moqbali
, M.A. Al-Kubaisy “Ultimate and service behavior of
ferrocement roof slab panels” Construction and Building
Material (Pages 31-37) - 2005
5.Antoine.E. Naaman “Ferrocement and Laminated
Cementitious Composite”
6. ACI Committee 549 “State of The Art Report On
Ferrocement (ACI 549R-97)”
7. ACI Committee 549 “Guide For The Design, Construction
And Repair Of Ferrocement (ACI.1R-93)”
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