UNIT 1

CLOUD COMPUTING
 Cloud Computing

Introduction, Benefits and Challenges of Cloud Computing, services, Resource Virtualization,

Resource Pooling and provisioning.

INTRODUCTION

CLOUD COMPUTING
The practice of using a network of remote servers hosted on the Internet to store, manage, and
process data, rather than a local server or a personal computer.

It is a model for accessing IT networks, servers, storage, applications and services that are shared
with multiple users through the internet.

It delivers cost-efficient computer hardware, software and services as infinitely flexible and
adaptable resources. Popular software like cloud CRM requires minimal IT personnel and
management involvement from users. The data in the cloud exists on servers which are mirrored
onto other servers; this keeps it secure and available always. Model is a simplification of reality.

Cloud Deployment Model (Each on with its own set of customers it’s targeting.)
Public It allows systems and services to be easily accessible to the general public. Public cloud
Cloud may be less secure because of its openness, e.g., e-mail.
Private It allows systems and services to be accessible within an organization. It offers increased
Cloud security because of its private nature.
Hybrid It is mixture of public and private cloud. However, the critical activities are performed
Cloud using private cloud while the non-critical activities are performed using public cloud.

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Cloud Computing Service Model Types

On-premise Environment As you can see, for the first stack from left, you will need
to take care of everything from networking all the way up
to applications. This is typically what many of us are
doing today.
IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service) IaaS provides access to fundamental resources such as
physical machines, virtual machines, virtual storage, etc.
Example of IaaS market players: Amazon Web Service,
 Rackspace, and VMware vCloud.
PaaS (Platform as a Service) PaaS provides the runtime environment for applications,
development & deployment tools, etc. Example of PaaS
market player: Google AppEngine, Windows Azure
Platform, and force.com.
SaaS (Software as a Service) SaaS model allows to use software applications as a
service to end users. Example of SaaS market
player: GMail, Office 365, and Google Docs.

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BENEFITS OF CLOUD COMPUTING

1. Customers can forgo capital expenditure and consume resources as a service by just paying for
what they use.
2. This factor alone can
a. reduce infrastructure costs significantly.
b. Accelerate the speed of applications development.
3. One can access applications as utilities, over the Internet. Manipulate and configure the
application online at any time.
4. It does not require installing a specific piece of software to access/manipulate cloud
application.
5. Cloud Computing offers online development and deployment tools, programming runtime
environment through Platform as a Service model.
6. Cloud resources are available over the network in a manner that provides platform
independent access to any type of clients.
7. Cloud Computing offers on-demand self-service. The resources can be used without
interaction with cloud service provider.
8. Cloud Computing is highly cost effective because it operates at higher efficiencies with
greater utilization. It just requires an Internet connection.
9. Cloud Computing offers load balancing that makes it more reliable.

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CHALLENGES FOR THE CLOUD

1. Secure data storage
a. Data that is oriented around user privacy, identity, and application specific preferences in
centralized locations raises many concerns about data protection.
b. These concerns, in turn, give rise to questions regarding the legal framework that should be
implemented for a cloud-oriented environment. (Research Question)
2. High-speed access to the Internet: Google announced publicly in October 2008 that the 99.
9% service level agreement offered to their Premier Edition customers using Gmail would be
extended to Google Calendar, Google Docs, Google Sites, and Google Talk.
3. Standardization
It is a crucial factor in gaining widespread adoption of the cloud computing model.

SERVICES of CLOUD COMPUTING

It provides information technology (IT) as a service over the Internet or dedicated network, with
delivery on demand, and payment based on usage. Cloud computing services range from full
applications and development platforms, to servers, storage, and virtual desktops.

Services of Cloud Computing List

On-demand Resources should be always available when you need them, and you
have control over turning them on or off to ensure there’s no lack of
resource or wastage happen. i.e resources are self-provisioned from an
online catalogue of pre-defined configurations
Scalable/Elastic You should be able to scale (increase or decrease the resource) when
necessary. The cloud providers should have sufficient capacity to meet
customer’s needs. i.e resources can scale up / down, automatically
Multi-tenant Sometimes you may be sharing the same resource (e.g. hardware) with
another tenant (User). But of course, this is transparent to the customer.
Cloud provider shall responsible the security aspect, ensuring that one
tenant won’t be able to access other’s data. i.e resources are pooled and
shared among multiple users to gain economies of scale
Self-service Related processes including: billing, resource provisioning, and
computation and deployment should be self-service and automated, involving much less
storage resource manual processing. If a machine where our service is hosted fails, the
cloud provider should be able to failover our service immediately.
Reliability Cloud provider should be able to provide customer reliability service,
committing to uptimes of their service.
Utility-based ▪ You will pay the cloud provider as a utility based subscription, just like
subscription / paying your electricity bill – without any upfront investment. i.e
Metering/chargeback  resource usage is tracked and billed based on service arrangement
Among the many types of cloud computing services delivered
internally / by third party service providers, the most common are:
SaaS, IaaS and PaaS. 
Network Access  ▪ resources are accessed via web-browser or thin client using a variety of
networked devices (computer, tablet, smartphone)
Virtualization ▪ cloud computing utilizes server and storage virtualization extensively
to allocate/reallocate resources rapidly

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Software as a Service (SaaS) – software runs on computers owned and managed by the SaaS
provider, versus installed and managed on user computers. The software is accessed over the
public Internet and generally offered on a monthly or yearly subscription.

Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) – compute, storage, networking, and other elements (security
, tools) are provided by the IaaS provider via public Internet, VPN, or dedicated network
connection. Users own and manage operating systems, applications, and information running on
the infrastructure and pay by usage.

Platform as a Service (PaaS) – All software and hardware required to build and operate cloud-
based applications are provided by the PaaS provider via public Internet, VPN, or dedicated
network connection. Users pay by use of the platform and control how applications are utilized
throughout their lifecycle.

RESOURCE VIRTUALIZATION IN CLOUD COMPUTING

Virtualization in Cloud Computing

Virtualization is the "creation of a virtual (rather than actual) version of something, such as a
server, a desktop, a storage device, an operating system or network resources".

Virtualization is the ability which allows sharing the physical instance of a single application or
resource among multiple organizations or users. This technique is done by assigning a name
logically to all those physical resources & provides a pointer to those physical resources based
on demand.

Over an existing operating system & hardware, we generally create a virtual machine which and
above it we run other operating systems or applications. This is called Hardware Virtualization.
The virtual machine provides a separate environment that is logically distinct from its underlying
hardware. Here, the system or the machine is the host & virtual machine is the guest machine.
This virtual environment is managed by a firmware which is termed as a hypervisor.

In other words, Virtualization is a technique, which allows to share a single physical instance of
a resource or an application among multiple customers and organizations. It does by assigning a
logical name to a physical storage and providing a pointer to that physical resource when
demanded.

What is the concept behind the Virtualization?

Creation of a virtual machine over existing operating system and hardware is known as
Hardware Virtualization. A Virtual machine provides an environment that is logically separated
from the underlying hardware. The machine on which the virtual machine is going to create is
known as Host Machine and that virtual machine is referred as a Guest Machine.

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Types Of Virtualization
Hardware Virtualization When the virtual machine software or virtual machine manager (
VMM) is directly installed on the hardware system is known as
hardware virtualization. The main job of hypervisor is to control
and monitoring the processor, memory and other hardware
resources. After virtualization of hardware system we can install
different operating system on it and run different applications on
those OS.

Usage:
Hardware virtualization is mainly done for the server platforms,
because controlling virtual machines is much easier than controlling
a physical server.
Operating System When the virtual machine software or virtual machine manager (
Virtualization VMM) is installed on the Host operating system instead of directly
on the hardware system is known as operating system virtualization
.

Usage:
Operating System Virtualization is mainly used for testing the
applications on different platforms of OS.
Server Virtualization When the virtual machine software / virtual machine manager (
VMM) is directly installed on the Server system is known as server
virtualization.

Usage: Server virtualization is done because a single physical

server can be divided into multiple servers on the demand basis and
for balancing the load.
Storage Virtualization It is the process of grouping the physical storage from multiple
network storage devices so that it looks like a single storage device.
Storage virtualization is also implemented by using software
applications.
Usage: Storage virtualization is mainly done for back-up and
recovery purposes.
Network Virtualization It is the process of combining the available resources in a network
by splitting up the available bandwidth into different channels, each
being separate and distinguished. They can be either assigned to a
particular server or device or stay unassigned completely — all in
real time. The idea is that the technology disguises the true
complexity of the network by separating it into parts that are easy to
manage, much like your segmented hard drive makes it easier for
you to manage files.
Data Virtualization It is used abstracting the technical details usually used in data
management, such as location, performance or format, in favor of
broader access and more resiliency that are directly related to
business needs.

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Desktop Virtualization It enables you to emulate a workstation load, rather than a server.

This allows the user to access the desktop remotely. Since the
workstation is essentially running in a data center server, access to
it can be both more secure and portable.
Application Software virtualization in cloud computing abstracts the application
Virtualization layer, separating it from the operating system. This way the
application can run in an encapsulated form without being
dependant upon the operating system underneath. In addition to
providing a level of isolation, an application created for one OS can
run on a completely different operating system.

Which Technology to use? 

OpenSource. We prefer using XEN or KVM since they provide the best virtualization experience
and performance.
• XEN
• KVM
• OpenVZ

RESOURCE POOLING AND PROVISIONING

Resource pooling

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It is a resource management term that refers to the grouping together of resources for the
purposes of maximizing advantage and/or minimizing risk to the users. Provisioning means
providing.

It means that computing resources are pooled to meet the demand of the consumers so that
resources (physical / virtual) can be dynamically assigned, reassigned or de-allocated as per the
requirement. Generally the consumers are not aware of the exact location of computing resources
. However, they may be able to specify location (country, city, region and the like) for their need.
For example, I as a consumer might want to host my services with a cloud provider that has
cloud data centers within the boundaries of Australia.

Resource Pooling
How can IT resources be organized to support dynamic sharing?

Problem
When sharing identical IT resources for scalability purposes, it can be error-prone and
burdensome to keep them fully synchronized on an on-going basis.

Solution
An automated synchronization system is provided to group identical IT resources into pools and
to maintain their synchronicity.

Application
Resource pools can be created at different sizes and further organized into hierarchies to provide
parent and child pools.

Mechanisms
Audit Monitor, Cloud Storage Device, Cloud Usage Monitor, Hypervisor, Logical Network
Perimeter, Pay-Per-Use Monitor, Remote Administration System, Resource Management System
, Resource Replication, Virtual CPU, Virtual Infrastructure Manager, Virtual RAM, Virtual
Server

A sample resource pool comprised of four sub-pools of CPUs, memory, cloud storage devices,
and virtual network devices.

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Pools B and C are sibling pools taken from the larger Pool A that has been allocated to a cloud
consumer. This is an alternative to taking the IT resources for Pool B and Pool C from a general
reserve of IT resources that is shared throughout the cloud.

Nested Pools A.1 and Pool A.2 are comprised of the same IT resources as Pool A, but in
different quantities. Nested pools are generally used to provision cloud services that are rapidly
instantiated using the same kind of IT resources with the same configuration settings.