Biology Investigatory project

Topic-Embryonic developments in humans and its

evolutionary significance
Name-Truptimayi Giri
Class-XII
Roll No- 40
Session-2022-23
School-Odisha Adarsha Vidyalaya,Sanmouda
 Index
1.certificate
2.Acknowledgement
3.Introduction.
4.what is embryo?
5.what is embryology?
6.History of embryology?
7.Different stages of embryonic development
(a) Fertilization
(b)Blastocyst development
(c) Blastocyst implantation
(d)Embryo development
(e) Fetal development
8.Evolutionary embryology
(a) Human evolutionary embryology
 Certificate
This is to certify that this biology investigatory

project on topic “ Embryonic development in

humans and its evolutionary significance has been

successfully completed by Truptimayi Giri of class XII

under the guidance of Miss smitashree Gouda in

particular fulfillment of the curriculum of Central

Board Of Secondary Education (CBCE) leading to the

award of annual examination of the year 2022-23.

 Acknowledgement
I have taken efforts in this project .However it would
not have been successfully completed without help
of my parents , teachers. I would like to thank my
principal Mr.pratap Chandra Behera and school for
providing name with facilities required to do my
project.
I am highly indebted to my biology teacher Miss
smitashree Gouda for her invaluable guidance which
has sustained by efforts in all the stages of this project
work.
I would also like to thank my parents for their
continuous support and encouragement.
Mu thanks and appreciations also go to my fellow
classmates and the laboratory assistant in developing
the project and to the people have willingly helped me
out with their abilities.
 Introduction
A diploid cell resulting from the fusion of two
haploid gamates of one female and one male. After
2 week embryo is formed which is the second stag
of human baby inside the uterus. Human
embryonic development, or human embryogenesis,
is the development and formation of the human
embryo. It is characterised by the processes of cell
division and cellular differentiation of the embryo
that occurs during the early stages of development.

In this investigatory project we will find

different stages of human embryo and the
evolutionary stages of human embryo after zygote
stage and upto 7 months of the human baby inside
the uterus, which are resembling to other organisms
body structure from which we have evolved stage
by stage from ancient to present day.
What is human embryo ?
The stage, when cells produced hp the division of the
zygote begin to form groups that develop into
different tissues and organs of the . body is termed as
an embryo. After 2 week of zygote formation embryo
is formed whereas the stage of embryo in which al
the body parts can be identified is known as foetus

.The zygote represents the first stage in the

development of a genetically unique organism. The
zygote is endowed with genes from two parents, and
thus it is diploid (carrying two sets of chromosomes).
The joining of haploid gametes to produce a diploid
zygote is a common feature in the sexual
reproduction of all organisms except bacteria.
An embryo is an initial stage of development of a
multicellular organism. In organisms that reproduce
sexually, embryonic development is the part of the
life cycle that begins just after fertilization of the
female egg cell by the male sperm cell. The resulting
fusion of these
What is embryology?
Study of embryo is called embryology. It is the
branch of animal biology that studies the prenatal
development of gametes (sex cells), fertilization, and
development of embryos and fetuses. Additionally,
embryology encompasses the study of congenital
disorders that occur before birth, known as
teratology. Karl Ernst von Baer is the father of
embryology. Luke Howard is the father of teratology.

Most complex embryonic development

is present in mammals .Elephants have the longest
gestation period of all mammals, carrying their young
for 18 to 22 months before giving birth.
Among all the organisms present on world some
organisms whose gestation period is longer are
elephant,whale(sperm), Rhinoceros,,girafe, donkey,
camel,sea lion,zebra,alpaca.etc.
History of embryology
Early scientists and philosophers were not ignorant,
and were aware of sperm as soon as the microscope
was invented. However, there have been competing
theories in early embryology. The first notions of
embryology are as old as the classical philosophers.
Aristotle first proposed the correct mechanism for the
development of an embryo, without having a
microscope to observe his theory. Aristotle suggested
that animal form through the process of epigenesis,
in which a single cell divides and differentiates into
the many tissues and organs of an animal. However,
without evidence, a theory is really only a guess
second theory, preformation, gained much traction
before the invention of microscopes and more
advanced imaging techniques. This idea suggested
that the embryo was contained, small but fully
formed, inside the sperm. An image of this theory can
be seen above. This theory also suggested women
were simply vessels to carry the growing child, and
that girls came from the left testicle, while boys came
from the right. Knowing modern biology, it is obvious
that this theory is incorrect.
 That this theory is incorrect.
Different stagesAt the oftime,embryonic
though, lack
of proof and religious overtones into science pushed
development
this rather sexist and equally unproven idea. When
the microscope
Humanfinally was invented,
embryonic one of the
development, or first
human
things people looked
embryogenesis, at was sperm.and
is the development Theformation
sperm wereof the
magnified
human to theIt limits
embryo. of early microscopes,
is characterised and no of
by the processes
fully
cell formedand
division small babiesdifferentiation
cellular were ever found. But, embryo
of the this
failed
that to fully
occurs convince
during thestages
the early preformation supporters
of development.
that epigenesis was the right answer.
Different stages of embryonic development are

(a) Fertilisation
Fertilization is the union of the female gamete (egg)
and the male gamete (spermatozoa). Whether it occurs
naturally inside the female reproductive system or with
the assistance of reproductive technologies outside of
the human body, the product is a structure called a
zygote.

When a woman is ovulating she releases one egg into

her Fallopian tubes (or more in the case of fraternal
twins). During this time, a woman’s cervical mucus will
thin, in preparation for sperm to pass through more
effectively.
Problem with Fertilisation

There are a wide range of problems that can prevent

fertilization, but they all have the same outcome.
Something is stopping sperm and egg from reaching
each other.

Absence of Sperm/Egg: If a woman has an

annovulatory cycle where she doesn’t release an egg,
or if no sperm reaches the egg because of azoospermia
or low sperm count, then fertilization will not occur.

Sperm’s Ability to Reach the Egg: Poor sperm motility

or movement, or poor chemotaxis (sperms ability to
navigate toward the egg) can cause problems.
Similarly, if a woman’s cervical mucus does not thin
enough during ovulation, it may not let sperm reach
the egg.

Sperm Penetration: Poor morphology, abnormal sperm

shape makes it harder to penetrate an egg. Sperm also
relies on a chemical reaction, called an acrosome