Achievements - of - India - in - Science - and - Technology - 19 (2 Files Merged)

Significant Contributions to the Global IT Industry
Achievements of India in In 1970, the Department of Electronics was established in India, along with public sector
companies like ECIL and CMC, which broke the monopoly of certain global IT companies.
Today, India is the largest exporter of IT services. Tata Consultancy Services (TCS) is ranked
Science and Technology among the top 10 IT companies in the world.
India has made some great achievements in the field of science and technology. Be it ancient Global Recognition of Achievements of India in Science and
technology or modern one, the country has contributed greatly to its development on a global
level. Here are some of the notable innovations that the scientists of the country developed: Technology
India has been one of the pioneers of modern-day science and technology. Indian scientists
have proved their competence and made India one of the scientific centers of the world. With
Development of Modern Agricultural Technology During The Green Revolution more and more innovations in sectors like defence, IT, agriculture, etc., the future seems even
The Green Revolution was an achievement that ended India's dependency on foreign countries brighter for the country's innovators.
for food grains. After independence, the country needed modern agricultural technology, better
water supply, and high-yielding seeds to increase crop production. To tackle the situation, agro-
scientists developed tools and techniques that helped with increasing agricultural production. It Many of India's proud contributors to science and technology have received global recognition
consequently led to India becoming the leading exporter of food grains as well. in the form of awards and nominations. A total of 12 Indians have also been awarded the Nobel
prize for their scientific and technological contributions.
Introducing Asia-Pacific's Largest Satellite Communication System
Vikram Sarabhai, the chairman of the Indian National Committee for Space Research,
envisioned using satellite technology for communication and weather forecasting. India soon
became a capable developer of space technology and introduced Space Instructional Television
Experiment (SITE). In 1983, India launched INSAT, Asia-Pacific's largest domestic
communication system. This achievement of India in the field of science and technology has
been a game-changer.
Supplying Affordable and Effective Drugs and Vaccines Globally

India holds the title of "the pharmacy of the world" today. This is due to the contribution of India
to the global supply of affordable, effective drugs and vaccines. The government established
Hindustan Antibiotics Limited in 1954, followed by Indian Drugs and Pharmaceuticals Limited. In
the private sector, the Central Drug Research Institute council was expanded by Shanti Swarup
Bhatnagar. The joint efforts of both sectors took us to where we are today.
Development of Indigenous Defence Systems

The Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO) (1958) has helped India build a
powerful defence system to stand against the potential threats from China and Pakistan.
One of the greatest achievements of India in the field of science and technology is that it has
built aircraft, arms, tanks, EW systems, missile systems, etc. India also became nuclear-
powered after testing the first successful nuclear test in 1974 at Pokhran.
Successful Space Missions

Vikram Sarabhai helped set up the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) in 1969, which
has been a cornerstone in our progress in space research. Our first satellite, Aryabhatta, was
launched with the Soviet Union in 1975. It was followed by two successful space missions,
Chandrayan (2008) to the moon and Mangalyaan (2014) to the orbit of Mars. Mangalyaan made
India the first nation to send a satellite to the orbit of Mars in the first attempt.
Information contained in the work has been obtained by Prabhat Paperbacks, from sources believed to be
reliable. However, neither, Prabhat Paperbacks nor its authors guarantee the accuracy or completeness of
any information published herein, and neither Prabhat Paperbacks nor its authors shall be responsible for
any errors, omissions, or damages arising out of use of this information. This work is published with the
understanding that Prabhat Paperbacks and its authors are supplying information but are not attempting to
render engineering or other professional services.
All disputes are subject to Delhi jurisdiction only.
Publisher
CONTENTS
Prabhat PaPerbacks Preface xiii
4/19 Asaf Ali Road, New Delhi–110 002
Ph. 23289555 • 23289666 • 23289777 • Helpline/ 7827007777 IndIan HIStoRy 1
e-mail: [email protected] • Website: www.prabhatbooks.com
ancIent IndIa 3
R.K. Saxena
© Reserved Sources of Ancient Indian History 3
Literary Sources 3
Edition Archaeological Sources 6
2019 Coin Types 8
Culture and Civilisation 9
The Stone Age: An Introduction 10
Indus Valley Civilisation 11
General KnowledGe 2020 Vedic Culture (1500 BC-600 BC) 14
by R.K. Saxena Later Vedic Period (1000 BC-600 BC) 19
Mahajanapada Period (600 BC-325 BC) 21
Published by Prabhat PaPerbacKs Magadha Empire 21
4/19 Asaf Ali Road, New Delhi–110 002 Haryanaka Dynasty (544 BC-412 BC) 22
Shishunaga Dynasty (413 BC-344 BC) 22
Nanda Dynasty (344 BC-323 BC) 22
Foreign Invasions 23
Religious Movements (600 BC-400 BC) 23
Maurya Period (322 BC-185 BC) 28
Post-Maurya/Pre-Gupta Period (185 BC-319 AD) 32
Kanva Dynasty (73 BC-28 BC) 32
Satavahana Dynasty (60 BC-225 AD) 32
The Cheti Dynasty of Kalinga 33
Prabhat
Foreign Successors of Mauryas 33
Gupta Period (319 AD-540 AD) 34
PaPerbacks The Hunas (500 AD-530 AD)

Vakatakas (3rd Century AD-5th Century AD)
36
36
iv General Knowledge 2020 Contents v vi General Knowledge 2020
Post-Gupta Period/Vardhana Dynasty (550 AD-647 AD) 38 aRt and cultuRe 103 Plains 156
States of the Deccan and South India 39 Atmosphere 157
Sangam Age 41 aRt and cultuRe of IndIa 105 Structure of the Atmosphere 157
Religious Development 43 Religion in India 105 Weather and Climate 158
Indian Literature and Languages 105 Winds 159
MedIeval IndIa 45
Literature of India 106 Primary Wind Movements (Permanent Winds) 160
The Rajputs 45 Indian Architecture 109 Secondary Wind Movements 160
Delhi Sultanate (1206 AD-1526 AD) 45 The Schools of Art 110 Tertiary Wind Movement (Local Winds) 161
The Slave Dynasty (1206 AD-1290 AD) 46 Temple Architecture of India 111 Clouds 161
The Khilji Dynasty (1290 AD-1320 AD) 47 Cave Architecture of India 112 Climate 162
The Tughlaq Dynasty (1320 AD-1414 AD) 48 Rajput Architecture 113 Forests 163
The Sayyid Dynasty (1414 AD-1450 AD) 49 Delhi Style of Architecture 113 Hydrosphere 163
The Lodhi Dynasty (1451 AD-1526 AD) 50 Provincial Style of Architecture 114
Relief of the Ocean Basin 164
Provincial Kingdoms 52 Mughal Style of Architecture 115
Continents of the World 167
Vijayanagar and Other Kingdoms 52 Post-Mughal Style of Architecture 116
Some Important Facts 170
Bahamani Kingdom 54 Colonial Architecture 116
Paintings of India 117 IndIan GeoGRapHy 175
Religious Movements in the 15th-16th Centuries 55
Classical Dance of India 118 The Indian Subcontinent 175
Mughal Period (1526 AD-1540 AD and 1555 AD-1857 AD) 58
List of Indian Musical Instruments 120 Physical Features 176
Later Mughals 62
Music 122 Himalayas 176
Maratha State (1674 AD-1720 AD) and Maratha Confederate (1720 AD-1818 AD) 65
Puppetry 125 Hill Ranges of the Peninsula 178
The Peshwas (1713 AD-1880 AD) 66 Important Places in India 127 The Coastal Plains 179
The Advent of Europeans 67
WoRld HIStoRy 129 The Island Groups 179
ModeRn IndIa 70 Drainage system of India 180
Expansion of British Power 70 Ancient World 131
Climate of India 182
Anglo-Mysore Wars 71 Medieval world (500 AD-1500 AD) 133
Climatic Regions of India 183
Modern world (1500 AD Onwards) 134
Anglo-Burmese War 72 Soil 184
The Carnatic Wars 72 GeoGRapHy 139 Agriculture in India 185
Anglo-Maratha Wars 72 Types of Farming 186
Economic Impact of British Rule 73 WoRld GeoGRapHy 141 Green Revolution 187
Land Revenue Systems 73 Universe 141 Impact of Green Revolution 187
Indian Renaissance 74 Evolution of Universe 141 Mineral Resources of India 187
The Revolt of 1857 AD 76 Stars 141 National Highways 188
Indian National Movement 77 Evolutionary stages of a star 142 States of India 200
The Partition of Bengal (1905) and Boycott and Swadeshi The Solar System 142 Glossary of Geographical Terms 201
Movement (1905 AD-1908 AD) 78 Origin of Solar System 142
Members of the Solar System 142 envIRonMent and ecoloGy 205
The Gandhian Era (1917 AD-1947 AD) 81
The Earth 147 Environment 207
Main Events During the Gandhian Era 82
Internal Structure of the Earth 150 Ecology 208
Growth of Modern Education in India 89
Rocks 152 Biodiversity 209
Important Foreign Travellers/Envoys 90
Earthquakes 153 NTCA 210
Important Sayings 90
Volcanic Eruptions 153
Governor-Generals and Viceroys 96 Project Elephant 210
Governor-Generals of India 97 landfoRMS 155 Zones 211
Governor Generals of Free India (1947 AD-1950 AD) 99 Mountains 155 Pollution 211
Important National Leaders 99 Plateaus 155 Critically Endangered Animal Species of India 216
Contents vii viii General Knowledge 2020 Contents ix
More At @Aj_ebooks
IndIan polIty and conStItutIon 219 Constitutional Amendments 273 Sound Wave 346
Some important Amendments of the Constitution 274 Heat 348
Constitution 221
Glossary of Constitutional Terms 277 Relation between temperatures on different scales 348
Evolution OF Indian Constitution 221
Some Practical Applications of Thermal Expansion 349
Administrative and Legislative Reforms Before 1857 221 IndIan econoMy 281 Transmission of Heat 349
Administrative and Legislative Reforms After 1857 222 Characteristics of Indian Economy 283 Latent Heat or Heat of Transformation 350
Constituent Assembly and Making of the Constitution 224 Agriculture and Land Development 283 Thermodynamics 351
Important Articles of the Constitution 227 National Income 286 Light 351
Schedules of the Indian Constitution 230 Economic Planning 288 Human Eye 356
Important Cases of the Constitution 231 Types of Planning 290 Electricity 357
Some Special Features of the Indian Constitution 231 Niti Aayog 291 Electrochemical Cell 358
Federal and Unitary Features of the Indian Union 232 Unemployment 293 Magnetism 359
Lapse of Paramountcy 232 Some Important Development and Employment Programmes 294 Atomic and Nuclear Physics 360
Integration and Merger of Indian States 232 Electronics 362
Trade and Commerce 301
Evolution of States and Union Territories 233 Nanotechnology 363
New Economic Policy 302
The Preamble 233 Indian financial system 303 cHeMIStRy 371
Reorganization of States 234 The Indian Capital Market 303 States of Matter 371
Timeline of States and Union Territories 234 Indian Fiscal System 305 Elements 371
Citizenship 234 Banking in India 307 Compounds 372
Fundamental Rights 235 Tax System 310 Mixtures 372
The Writs 237 Industry 311 Separation of mixtures 372
Fundamental Duties 239 Large Scale Industries 314 Atomic Structure 374
Procedure for Amending The Constitution 240 Foreign Direct Investment 315 Radioactivity 376
Executive of the Union 240 Foreign Trade 316 Periodic Classification of Elements 377
Demography 319 Chemical Bonding 378
Powers of President 242
Acids, Bases and Salts 380
The Prime Minister and the Union Council of Ministers 245 Miscellaneous Facts 319
Electrolysis 383
The Parliament of India 247
ScIence 333 Faraday’s Laws of Electrolysis 383
Executive of the States: the Governor 254 Carbon and its Compounds 384
Chief Minister’s (CM) Appointment 256 pHySIcS 335 Hydrocarbons 384
Special Position of Jammu and Kashmir 260 Unit 335 Plastics 385
Panchayats 260 Kinematics 335 Uses of Some Important Organic Compounds 385
Municipalities 262 Motion 336 Fuels 386
The Supreme Court 262 Friction 338 Metallurgy 387
The High Court 265 Work, Energy and Power 338 Compounds of Metals and Non-Metals and Their Uses 388
Inter-State Council 267 Gravitation 339 Important Facts About Some Metals 389
Finance Commission 267 Satellite 340 Non-Metal 390
National Development Council (NDC) 268 General Properties of Matter 341 Common Facts 391
National Integration Council 268 Pressure 342 Air, water and their Pollution 391
Inter-State Relations 268 Floatation 342 Smog 392
Emergency Provisions 269 Surface Tension 343 Man-made substance 393
Public Service Commissions 270 Capillarity 343 Glass 393
Election 270 Density 344 Soaps 393
Delimitation Commission of India 271 Viscosity 344 BIoloGy 395
The Official Languages 271 Wave 345 Classification of Organisms 395
National Symbols 272 Important Terms 346 Study of Cell 395
x General Knowledge 2020 Contents xi xii General Knowledge 2020
Genetics 399 WoRld panoRaMa 457 aBBRevIatIonS 553

Sex Determination in Human 399
United Nations 459 Abbreviations of Associations 555
Organic Evolution 400
Important Lines and Boundaries 471 Industries and Companies Abbreviations 556
Botany 401
Health and Medical Abbreviations 557
Plants 401 IndIan panoRaMa 483 Foreign Base Abbreviations 557
Phanerogams or Floral Plant 401 National Insignia 485 Banking and Business Abbreviations 559
Plant Morphology 402 Defence Research in India 495 Abbreviations of Defence 562
Plant Tissue 403 India’s Missile Programme 499 Educational Abbreviations 562
Photosynthesis 403 UNESCO World Heritage Sites of India 504 Infrastructure in Universities and Higher Educational Institutions Abbreviations 563
Plant Hormones 404 Famous Tourist Places in India 505 General Abbreviations 563
Plant Diseases 404 Important National and International Days and Dates 507 Official Abbreviations 566
Nitrogen cycle 404 Political Abbreviations 568
Population and Biotic Community 404 BooKS and autHoRS 511 Postal Telegraphic Abbreviations 569
ZooloGy 406 Alphabetical Listing of Books 513 Scientific Abbreviations 569
Classification of Animal Kingdom 406 Resource Management Abbreviations 574
aWaRdS and HonouRS 533 Railway Abbreviations 576
Some Main Groups of Phylum Chordata 407
International Awards 535 Sports Abbreviations 577
Human Blood 408
International Beauty Contest 537 Military Abbreviations 580
System of the Human Body 410
India’s International Awards 537
Circulatory System 412
National Awards 537
Excretory System 413
Other National Awards 537
Excretory Products 413
Gallantry Awards 537
Central Nervous System 413
Literary and Cultural Awards in India 538
Peripheral Nervous System 414
Science Awards 538
Skeletal System 414
Sports Awards 539
Muscular System 415
Reproductive System 417 GaMeS and SpoRtS 541
Gonads 417 Olympic Games 543
Respiratory System 418 Commonwealth Games 544
Sense Organs 418 ASIAN Games 545
Nutrients 419 SAF Games 545
Diseases 421 Cricket 546
Biotechnology 422 Women’s Cricket World Cup 546
ICC Twenty-20 Cricket World Cup 546
ScIence and tecHnoloGy 427
ICC Twenty-20 Women’s Cricket World Cup 546
IndIan Space ReSeaRcH oRGanISatIon 429 Football 546
Hockey 547
InfoRMatIon tecHnoloGy 449 Volleyball 548
Computers 449 Table Tennis 548
Classification of Computers 450 Basketball 548
Central Processing Unit (CPU) 452 Badminton 548
Memory Unit (MU) 453 Lawn Tennis 548
Input/Output 453 Sports Terms 549
Computer Languages 454 Cups and Trophies Associated With Sports 550
PREFACE
This is a well known fact that importance of GK is increasing day by day in terms of all
competitive exams. Although, General Knowledge is the very basic knowledge of History,
Geography, Science, Computer, Polity and Constitution etc. but due to latest researches and
Ancient indiA
findings, facts keep on changing. Therefore, it is very important to be up-to-date in order to • As a whole, this text seems to have been
crack a competitive exam. This book is an attempt in that direction with all the latest data, SourceS of Ancient indiAn composed later than Mahabharata.
facts and concepts. HiStory mAHAbHArAtA, Ved VyAS
This book is based on the questions asked in different competitive exams but with an
1. Literary Sources : Vedic, Sanskrit, • Reflects the state of affairs between
eye on the future prospects also. It is largely divided into different segments so that an Pali, Prakrit and other literature and 70BC to 4AD.
aspirant can easily find out the desired information from it. Thus, it can be used as a • Originally 8800 verses, collection dealing
foreign accounts.
reference book as well. with victory.
2. Archaeological : Epigraphic, numismatic
• Later raised to 24000 verses- came to be
– R.K. Saxena and architectural remains; archaeological
known as Bharata after Bharat tribe
explorations and excavations.
• Final compilation: 1 lakh verses and
• Study of development of scripts: Palaeography.
came to be known as Mahabharata or
• Study of inscriptions: Epigraphy.
Satasahasri Samhita.
• Study of coins: Numismatics • Didactic portion from Post Maurya,
• Study of monuments, material remains: Gupta times.
Archaeology.
Vedic LiterAture
IndIan HIstory LiterAry SourceS • The Four Vedas : We cannot find much trace
of political history in the Vedas, but can
• Winternitz writes in his work History of have reliable glimpses of the culture and
Sanskrit Literature, “It has never been civilization of the Vedic period.
the Indian way to make a clearly defined • Vedic literature are entirely in a different
distinction between myth, legend and language, which can be called the Vedic
history; histography in India was never more language. Its vocabulary contains a wide
than a branch of epic poetry.” range of meaning and at times different in
PurAnic LiterAture grammatical usages.
• The Puranic literature is very vast. • It has a definite mode of pronunciation in
• 18 main Puranas, 18 subsidiary Puranas which emphasis changes the meaning entirely.
and a large number of other books. LAter Vedic LiterAture
• In all the Puranas royal genealogies are dealt
with the reign of Parikshit, the grandson of Brahmanas elaborate on vedic rituals
Arjun, as a benchmark. This may be because Aranyakas give discourses on different
of the fact that the coronation of Parikshit is spiritual and philosophical
considered to be the beginning of Kali Age. problems.
rAmAyAnA, VALmiki Upanishads culmination of the vedas
• The composition of Ramayana started in Sulvasutra prescribe measurements
5BC. It passed through five stages, the fifth for sacrificial altars. Mark
stage being 12AD. the beginning of study of
• 6000 verses to 12000 verses and finally geometry and maths.
24000 verses.
4 General Knowledge 2020 Indian History 5 6 General Knowledge 2020
Srautasutra account of royal • M u d r a r a k s h a s a , a p l a y w r i t t e n b y • These poets assembled in colleges and HiStoriAnS ArAb HiStoriAn: AL-beruni inScriPtionS
coronation ceremonies Vishakhadatta, also gives a glimpse of compiled poems over a period of 3 to 4 • Notable: Herodotus, Megasthenese, • Abu Rihan better known as Al-Beruni. • James Burger writes, “Indian inscriptions
society and culture. centuries. This is Sangam literature. Nearchus, Plutarch, Arrian, Strabo, Pliny • Born in central Asia in A.D. 973 and died in are the real archives of the annals of its
Grihyasutra domestic rituals with • Describes many kings and dynasties the Elder, and Ptolemy (Geography).
Ghazni (present-day Afghanistan) in A.D.1048 ancient history of the contemporaneous
birth, naming, marriage, of South India. • They were concerned mostly with the north
notAbLe writerS • Contemporary of Mahmud of Ghazni. witnesses of the events and of the men
funeral etc. • This literature generally describes events western part of India and primarily the areas
Kalidasa Malavikagnimitram is based • When Mahmud conquered part of central whose deeds they handed down and their
upto the fourth century A.D. which were either part of the Persian and authencity renders them most valuable and
JAin And buddHiSt LiterAture on some events of the reign of
• Total 30,000 lines of poetry Greek Satrapies or Alexander’s campaign. Asia, he took Al-Beruni with him.
• Jain literature was written in Prakrit language Pushyamitra Sunga dynasty
• Though Al-Beruni deplored his loss of
deserving careful record.”
• Arranged in eight Anthologies called Ettuttokai Megasthenese : • The Inscriptions occupy a unique position as
• Buddhist literature was written in Pali. which followed the Mauryas.
• Two main groups, Patinenkilkanakku (18 • The Greek ambassador (in the court of freedom, he appreciated the favourable
• Since the modern historians have discarded Abhijanashakuntalam: glimpse a source material of Indian history.
of Guptas. lower collections) and the Pattupattu (ten Chandragupta Maurya c. 324-300 B.C.) circumstances for his work.
most of the dynasties mentioned in the • Inscriptions were carved on seals, stone
Puranas; and Mahavira and Buddha are Bhasa and Wrote plays based on historical songs). The former is older than the latter. • Megasthenese wrote extensively in a • Unlike Megasthenese, Al-Beruni studied pillars, rocks, copper plates, temple walls,
considered historical personalities, only Sudraka events • Some kings and events are supported by book called Indika which is no longer Sanskrit language and tried to gain a
inscriptions also. bricks, images etc. and so cannot be altered,
available to us.
those portions of the puranic dynastic lists Banabhatta Harshacharita throws light on precise knowledge of Indian sources. The subtracted from or added to.
have been accepted which are supplemented • We know about Megasthenese’s Writings list of works consulted by him is long and
many historical facts foreign AccountS through various extracts of the writings of • While in case of books, there is possibility
and supported by the Buddhist and Vakpati Wrote Gaudauaho, based on the impressive. His observations range from of interpolations by known and unknown
Greek Ambassadors : Diodorous, Strabo and Arrian.
Jaina literature. exploits of Yasovarman of Kanauj • Ambassadors were sent to Pataliputra • These fragments of Indika, provide valuable
philosophy, religion, culture, society to authors, that is not the case with inscriptions.
JAtAkA StorieS Bilhana Vikramankadevacharita by Greek kings. information on Maurya Administration, science, literature, art and medicine. In the country as a whole the earliest
• Before he was born as Gautama, the Buddha describes the victories of • Notable: Megasthenese, Deimachus and social classes and economic activities. • Al-Beruni’s work can be termed as fairly inscriptions were recorded on stone.
passed through more than 550 births, in the later Chalukya king Dionysios. • The existence of a list of 153 kings whose objective and wherever he has faltered- is • The earliest inscriptions were written
many cases in animal-form. Vikramaditya. • They mention Sandrokottas (Chandragupta reigns had covered a period of about 6053 not because of any other reason but his lack in the Prakrit language in the 3rd
• Each birth story is called Jataka. There are Kalhana His book Rajatarangini. Maurya)- help fixing his date of accession years uptill then. century BC. Sanskrit was adopted as an
more than 550 such stories. of proper understanding.
at 322BC. This helps as sheet-anchor in epigraphic medium in the 2nd century
• Throw light on socio-economic conditions biogrAPHicAL writingS Ancient Indian Chronology. • Does not give any political information of his
AD and its use became widespread in the
between 5BC to 2BC. times.
Banabhatta’s 7th AD 4th-5th century AD.
Greek Writers • Comparatively free from religious or racial
dHAmASutrAS And tHe SmritiS Harshacharita Describes the early career • There can be various kinds of inscriptions:
• These are rules and regulations for the of Harshavardhana- Darius India figures in his foreign inscriptions biases. commercial, magical, religious and didactic,
general public and the rulers. courtlife and social life in Ctesian Got Info of India from through the Persian sources. administrative, eulogistic, votive or dedicative,
• It can be termed in the modern concept as his age.
Herodotus In his “Histories” gives us much information about Indo-Persian relations ArcHAeoLogicAL SourceS donative, commemorative and literary.
the constitution and the law books for the Sandhyakar Nandi Ramacharit. 12th AD Ashokan Inscriptions
ancient Indian polity and society. These are Arrian Detailed account of the invasion of India by Alexander on the basis of information
Conflict between Kaivarta from those who accompanied the campaign. megALitHS : • These were recorded in different years of
also called Dharmashastras.
• These were compiled between 600 and 200 B.C.
peasants and Pala prince
Anonymous Book: “Periplus of the Erythrean Sea” by an anonymous author, who was a • Some people in South India buried their his reign and are called edicts because they
Ramapala. Prince wins. dead with tools, weapons, potteries etc. Such are in the form of the king’s order or desire.
• Manusmriti and Arthashastra are prominent Greek, settled in Egypton the basis of his personal voyage of Indian coast in about
among them. Bilhana’s On the life of king A.D.80. He gives valuable information about the Indian coasts. graves were encircled by a big piece of stone. • They also give a glimpse of Ashoka’s image
Vikramanak- Vikramaditya, These structures are called Megaliths. and personality as a benevolent king
Ptolemy Wrote a geographical treatise on India in the second century A.D.
kAutiLyA’S ArtHASHAStrA adevacharita the sixth concerned with the welfare of not only his
• A book on statecraft was written in cHineSe trAVeLLerS somewhat tilted towards Buddhism. Three cArbon-dAting PrinciPLe subjects but also of the whole humanity.
the Maurya period.
• Kumarapalacharita of Jayasimha, • Visited India from time to time- as Buddhist important pilgrims were: • Half life-period during which, half of the • These are found written in four scripts.
• The text is divided into 15 chapters pilgrims and therefore their accounts are material decays out.
known as books. • Kumarapatacharita or Duayashraya Language used in Ashokan inscriptions
• Half-life of C14 is 5568 years.
• Different books deal with different subject Mahakauya of Hemachandra, Notable Chinese writers
• Carbon is associated with all living beings. Empire Script used in Ashokan Edicts
matter concerning polity, economy and society. • Harnmirakavya of Nayachandra,
Fa-Hien visited India in fifth century A.D. Describes social-religious and economic • When an object ceases to live, it stops Afghanistan 1. Aramaic
• Even before the final version of Arthashastra • Navasahasankacharita of Padmagupta, 2. Greek scripts
conditions of India in the time of Guptas. receiving fresh supply of Carbon C14
was written in the fourth century B.C. • Bhojaprabandha of Billal, Hiuen-Tsang 7th Century. In the age of Harshavardhana and some other contemporary • And its existing undergoes decacy into Pakistan 3. Kharoshthi evolved on the
by Kautilya, there appeared a tradition
• Prithuirajacharit of Chandbardai. kings of Northern India. an isotope C12. Varnantata system of the
of writing on and teaching of statecrafts Indian languages and is written
because Kautilya acknowledges his debt to • Sangam Literature I-tsing 7th Century • We can measure the decaying of C14 to C12
from right to left.
his predecessors in the field. • Earliest Tamil text and identify the number of years elapsed.
Indian History 7 8 General Knowledge 2020 Indian History 9
Kalsi in the 4. Brahmi inscriptions. The edicts of Ashoka are unmistakably point out the relation between • The portrait or bust of the king on the • A large range of coins in silver and copper law, its own art and literature, scientific
north in • written from left to right. appropriately called Dhamma-Lipi. India and Rome. obverse side appear to be real portraits. On of varied weight and character, was issued knowledge and its own beliefs in religion.
Uttaranchal • Its individual letters were • The Sohagaura Copper plate inscriptions of • The numerous coins of the Gupta Kings the reverse some deity is depicted. by the indigenous kings, tribes and cities of These various ways of acting and thinking
upto modified century after century the 3rd century BC is an example of pure prove their prosperity and their high artistic • From these coins we know that more than Northern India in the centuries immediately constitute Culture.
Mysore in and through this process all administrative inscription. sense. Coins have helped us to fix the dates forty Indo-Greek rulers ruled in a small preceding and following the beginning of • When the group is very large and its
the south the scripts of India, including • The Junagarh Rock Inscription contains of Samudragupta. north-western region of India. the Christian era. organisation is complex, the culture is
Tamil, Telugu, Kannada and • The earliest coins of India have only figures, • The earlier Greek kings minted coins • The Satavahanas issued coins of lead and
inscriptions of Ashoka, Rudraman I and called Civilisation. It includes economy,
Malayalam in the south and
Skandagupta. Banskhera copper plate gives devices or symbols and no legends. according to the Attic standard, based on potin (base silver). Satavahanas’ copper social condition, religious condition and
Nagari, Gujarati, Bangla., etc. in
the north have developed from it. us information about harshavardhana and • Some coins were issued by merchants and the drachm of 67.2 grains and the obol (one- coins with the Ujjain symbol bearing a ship political condition.
his ancestor Naravardhana. guilds with permission of rulers. This proves sixth of drachm) of 11.2 grains. were abundant in Avanti. • The earliest traces of human activity in
• Firoz Shah Tughlaq found an Ashokan Pilar • The Hathigumpha Inscription of King that commerce had become important in • Silver coinage of this type ranges from • The gold coins of the Guptas (Dinara) India, so far discovered, go back to the
Kharvela of Kalinga belongs to the category of later history of Ancient India. hemiobols to the very large double originally approximated to the Kushana second Inter-Glacial Period i.e., 400,000 and
inscription from Topra, Haryana, brought it
pure eulogy. The Allahabad Pillar Inscription, • Coins found in systematic excavations are decadrachms, struck by a king Amyntas, standard, but in the middile of the 5th 200,000 BC and these show evidence of the
to Delhi and asked Pandits to decipher it.
written by Harisena, the court poet of less in number but are very valuable because which have recently been found in century rose in weight to 144 grains, thus use of stone implements.
How ever they failed in this endeavour.
Samudragupta, is also a good example of their chronology and cultural context can be Afghanistan. returning to the Indian standard of the •
• James Prinsep made a complete chart of The part of man’s past that was not recorded
pure eulogistic inscription. fixed precisely. • After their southward expansion, the Greeks copper Karsapana. in writing is referred to as Pre-History. The
Ashokan Alphabets in 1837. After this the
• The Aihole Inscription of Pulakesin II is a adopted a reduced weight, with silver coins • The silver coins (Rupaka or Rupiya) of the archaeologist who studies Pre-History, does
study of epigraphs became a subject in itself. coin tyPeS
good example of votive inscription which of 152 and 38 grains. Guptas based on those of the Sakas of so by analysing artefacts that are usually
Thus, the oldest inscriptions deciphered so
gives a dynastic genealogy. • The Greek kings issued numerous copper Ujjaini, weighed 32-36 grains. uncovered through excavation.
far were issued by Ashoka in the 3rd century • The metrology of Gupta copper coinage is
• The Gwalior Inscription of Bhoja gives PuncH-mArked coinS coins, but their metrology is not clear. Gold • Artefacts are objects made, modified
BC. But the earliest inscriptions were
found on the seals of Harappa belonging
full account of his predecessors and • The earliest coins of India so far found were coins must have been very rare. There exist obscure, and weights of those from 3.3 to
or used by man. It is any object that
their achievements. punch-marked silver or copper pieces. a very large 20 stater piece of the Bactrian 101 grains are attested.
to about 2500 BC. involves human skills.
• The Piprahwa vase inscription records Usually these were square or rectangular usurper Eucratides and rare staters of a • Kings are depicted engaged in activities like
• Inscriptions of the Indo-Greeks, Saka- • The first modern use of term Pre-History
the dedications of the relic casket of in shape and called Karsapana. This type few other kings. hunting a lion or rhinoceros, holding a bow
kshatrapas and Kushanas adopt Indian was made in 1581 by Daniel Wilson in
Lord Buddha. The Besnagar Gruda Pillar of coin was prevalent between 7th century • Saka and Pahlava coins in silver and copper or battle-axes, playing musical instrument
names within two or three generations. his text The Archaeology and Pre-Historic
Inscription of Heliodorus also belongs BC and 2nd century BC. follow the reduced Indo-Greek standard. or performing Ashwamedh yajna.
These inscriptions show them engaged in • The basic silver punch-marked coin of the Annals of Scotland.
to this category. • T Wilson (1899) writes, “Man be assumed
social and religious welfare activities like usual type was the Karsapana of 57.8 grains kuSHAnAS coinS excAVAtionS
any other Indian. coinS (3.76 grams). The Masa or Masika weighed • Kushanas issued mostly gold coins and • In addition to epigraphic and numismatic to be Pre-historic wherever his chroniclings
• Although a good number of coins have been one-sixteenth of this or 3.6 grains. numerous copper coins which are found in sources there are many other antiquarian of himself are undesigned and his history is
SAnSkrit found on the surface, many of them have most parts of north India up to Bihar. remains which speak much about our past. wholly recoverable by induction”.
• Most of the Gupta epigraphs give genealogy. been unearthed by digging. The study of Gold Coins : Nishka, Hiranyapinda and • The Gold Dinaras or Suvarnas were based • Temples and sculptures are found all over • Pre-History ends about 4000 BC.
This became the practice of the subsequent coins is called Numismatics. Suvarnadhool (1400 BC) on the Roman denarius and were of 124 the country right from the Gupta period • Proto-History refers to the transitional period
• However, Nishka was not a gold coin but a
dynasties. They took the opportunity to • The numismatic evidence is the second grains (8.04 grams). Double and quarter upto recent times. and though it is a part of Pre-History, it has
gold ornament.
give an account of their conquests and important source to determine the Dinaras were also issued. The copper coins • These show architectural and artistic history written records which are not deciphered yet.
Rayya : Silver coins (It was a measurement
achievements of their predecessor including chronology, property, territorial extent, batt). were large, from 26 to 28 Masas or 240 to of the Indians. • History may be defined as the recorded
mythology of their origins. religion and relation with neighbouring 260 grains (15.55 to 16.85) grams. • They excavated large caves in the hills memory of mankind. History is primarily
• Sanskrit came to occupy a prominent place countries of the reigning king and dynasty; • They do not bear any inscription, or • The coins of Vima Kadphises bear the figure in Western India which are mostly the story of the people of a nation.
since the Gupta period. the most important source being inscriptions. legend on them. of Siva standing beside a bull. Chaityas and viharas. It is a progressive record of their life
• The Harappan inscriptions seem to have • The coins alone tell us the history of the • These have been found throughout the • In the legend on these coins the king calls and achievements.
been written in a pictographic script, Saka, Kushanas, Scythians, Parthians and country from Taxila to Magadha to Mysore himself Maheshwara, i.e. devotee of Siva. cuLture And ciViLiSAtion • The exploits and traditions of people serve
are commercial inscriptions. There are the Bactrian Greeks. The Greek coins refer or even further south. • Kanishka, Huvishka and Vasudeva etc. all
• The people of a particular region in a as the pillars on which the superstructure of
also references to the use of seals for to about 30 Greek kings and queens who • Only one gold punch-marked coin is known have this depiction on their coins. history is built to elucidate the characteristic
particular period adopt one pattern, while
commercial purposes in other inscriptions: ruled in India. and it must be assumed that gold was • We find many Indian gods and goddesses reaction of the people to political, social and
• The existence of the Malavas, Yaudheyas others in other areas adopt a different
Mandsore stone inscriptions of the time very rarely minted before the beginning of depicted on Kushana coins besides many
and Mitra rulers of Panchala is known only behaviour. In the language of History and economic changes.
of Kumaragupta and Bandhuvarman the Christian era. Persian and Greek deities.
from the coins. Sociology they are called Cultural Groups. • History includes the story of political
Malwa (S.V. 529). • Each culture group has its own language,
• The inscriptions of Ashoka are the best • The coins of Satavahanas supplement, indo-greek coinS Pre guPtAn And guPtAn coinS changes and vicissitudes which create the
correct and corroborate the accounts • The Indo-Greek coins show beautiful artistic • Gupta kings issued largest number of its own type of family organisation, its forces and conditions operating upon life,
specimen of the religious and didactic own form of economic life and system of social institutions and beliefs.
of the Puranas. The Kushana coins features on them. Gold coins.
in Allahabad district are noted for the Chalcolithic Culture (2800 Distinct painted Cultures: Ahar culture (oldest), Mohenjo daro Larkana, Sindh Indus 1922 R.D. Banerjee
tHe Stone Age: An introduction cultivation of rice in the sixth millennium BC. BC-700 BC) pottery Kayatha, Malwa culture, Salvada
Rangpur Ahmedabad, Gujarat Bhadar 1931 R.S. Bisht
• The Palaeolithic culture of India developed They domesticated cattle, sheep and goats. culture, Prabhas culture, Rangpur
They wove cotton and wool to make clothes. culture and Jarwe culture Ropar Rupnagar, Punjab Sutlej 1953 Y.D. Sharma
in the Pleistocene period or the Ice Age.
• Palaeolithic men belonged to the Negrito • Handmade pottery and use of potter’s wheel Surkotada Gujarat Rann of Kutch 1964 J.P. Joshi
race. Homo sapiens first appeared towards first appear during the Neolithic Age. coPPer HoArd cuLture induS VALLey ciViLiSAtion Sutkagen Dor Makran, Balochistan Dasht 1927 R.L. Stein
• The earliest evidence of use of pottery in the • OCP Culture (Ochre Coloured Pottery)
the end of this phase.
• Harpoons, Antennae Swords Anthromorphs. • The most accepted period–2500 BC-1750
• Palaeolithic men were hunters and food world was found in “Chopani Mando”. • Capital cities–Harappa, Mohenjodaro. Copper Khetri (Rajasthan), Baluchistan,
• Pottery with bright red slip & painted BC (by Carbon-14 dating).
gatherers. They had no knowledge of • Koldihwa in Uttar Pradesh revealed a • Port cities–Lothal, Sutkagen Dor, Allah- Arabia
black Gungeria (MP) is found all over the • John Marshall was the first scholar to use adino, Balakot, Kuntasi and Daimabad were
agriculture, fire or pottery; they used tools three-fold cultural sequence: Neolithic, the term ‘Indus Valley Civilisation’. Tin Afghanistan, Bihar
of unpolished, undressed rough stones and Chalcolithic and Iron Age. Mehargarh in Gangetic plain with some regions of copper coastal towns of the civilisation. Lapis Lazuli Badakshan (Afghanistan)
hoard culture. • The Indus Valley Civilisation belongs to • Mohenjodaro–The largest site of Indus
lived in cave rock shelters. They are also Baluchistan is the oldest Neolithic site in and Sapphire
called Quartzite men. Protohistoric Period (Chalcolithic Age/Bronze Valley Civilisation.
India (7000 BC). Pre-HiStoricAL findingS Jade Central Asia
• The main tools used during palaeolithic • Belan Valley of Vindhyas and middle part
Age). • Rakhigarhi–The largest Indian site of Indus Steatite Shaher-i-Sokhta (Iran), Kirther
age include hand axes, cleavers, choppers, • Bhimbetka–Homo sapiens’ cave 500 Painted • Dayaram Sahni first discovered Harappa Valley Civilisation.
of the Narmada Valley show all the three Hills (Pakistan)
flakes, burins and scrapers. Rock Shelters (MH) Civilisation in 1921. • Common features of major cities: Systematic
phases of the Stone Age. Amethyst Maharashtra
• The Mesolithic people survived by hunting, • Nevasa–Evidence of cotton • R.D. Banerjee discovered Mohenjodaro or town planning on the lines of grid system;
• Chalcolithic people primarily were rural Agate Chalcedonies and Saurashtra,
fishing and gathering food; at a later stage, • Atranjikhera–Textile Printing Mound of the Dead in 1922. Use of burnt bricks in construction;
communities. They domesticated animals and West India Carnelians.
they also domesticated animals. • Hastinapur–Wild Sugarcane • The Indus Valley Civilisation was spread Underground drainage system (giant water
• Adamgarh in Madhya Pradesh and Bagor
and practised agriculture. They were not
• Inamgaon–Statue of Mother Goddess reservoirs in Dholavira); Fortified citadel • Agriculture was the backbone of the
over Sindh, Baluchistan, Punjab, Haryana,
acquainted with the technique of burnt civilisation.
in Rajasthan provide the earliest evidence • Mehargerh–Earliest evidence of agriculture, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Western Uttar Pradesh (exception: Chanhudaro).
for the domestication of animals. bricks and lived in thatched houses.
settled life • A common feature of this was grid system, • They used wooden plough share (ploughed
They venerated the mother Goddess and and Northern Maharashtra.
• The people of Palaeolithic and Mesolithic • Koldihva–Earliest evidence of rice • The northernmost site of Indus Valley i.e. streets cutting across one another at field from Kalibangan) and stone sickles
ages practised painting. Bhimbetka in worshipped the bull. right angles, dividing the town into large for harvesting.
• Bagor and Adamgarh–Earliest evidences of Civilisation–Manda (Chenab)/Jammu-
Madhya Pradesh is a striking site of pre- • The people of Chalcolithic culture were the rectangular blocks. • Gabarbands or nalas enclosed by the dam for
domestication of animals Kashmir (now).
historic painting. first to use painted pottery. Black and red
• • The Great Bath (Mohenjodaro): It was used string water were a feature in parts of
• The term Neolithic was coined by Sir John pottery painted with white line design was
Chirand–Serpant cult Burzahom • The southernmost site of Indus Valley for religious bathing.
• Gufkaral–Pit-dwelling Baluchistan. Grains were stored in granaries.
Civilisation–Daimabad (Pravara)/ • The Granaries (Harappa): Six granaries in
Lubbock in his book ‘Pre-Historic times”. the most popular.
• Ahore people (Aravalli region)–distinctive • Sugarcane was not known to the Indus
• The Neolithic settlers were the earliest, • The Malwa ware is considered the richest Maharashtra (now). a row were found in the Citadel at Harappa. Valley people.
farming communities. They produced ragi black & red ware decorated with white designs. • The easternmost site of Indus Valley • Windows did not face the main streets. They
among the Chalcolithic ceramics.
• Prabhas & Rangpur wares have a glossy • Animal rearing was practised and mainly
and horse-gram (kulathi). Neolithic sites Civilisation–Alamgirpur (Hindon)/Uttar had tiled bathrooms. humped bull was reared. They domesticated
surface due to which they are called lustrous Pradesh. • Lamp-posts were erected at regular intervals.
overview of Stone Age red ware. buffaloes, oxen, sheep, asses, goats, pigs,
• The westernmost site of Indus Valley • Surkotada (Kutchh district, Gujarat): The elephants, dogs, cats, etc.
Stone Age Period tools Sites • Jarwe culture (Maharashtra)–Painted Civilisation–Sutkagen Dor (Dashk), Makran only Indus Valley site where the remains of
black on red but has a matt surface treated • Camel bones have been reported at Kalibangan.
Lower Palaeolithic Age (500000 Hand axe, cleavers Pahalgam, Belan Valley (U.P.), Coast, Pakistan-Iran Border. a horse have actually been found.
• Trade was based on Barter System. Coins
BC-100000 BC) and choppers Bhimbetka (M.P.), Narmada Valley, with a wash. • Main Crops: Wheat, Barley and Cotton
Soan Valley • The Harappans were the earliest people are not evident; bullock carts, animals and
indus Site at a glance
Middle Palaeolithic Age (100000 Blades, Point and Sindh, Rajasthan, M.P., West Bengal to produce cotton. (It was called Sindon boats were used for transportation.
BC-40000 BC) Scrapers year of
by the Greeks.) • Weights and measures were made of
Site district river excavation Archaeologist (s)
Upper Palaeolithic Age (40000 Bone tools, needles, A.P., Karnataka, M.P., U.P., • Exports: Agricultural products, cotton limestone, steatite, etc.
BC-9000 BC) fishing tools, Rajasthan, Gujarat Alamgirpur Meerut, Uttar Pradesh Hindon 1974 Y.D. Sharma goods, terracotta figurines, pottery, certain • Linear system of measurement was in use.
harpoons, blades Banawali Hisar, Haryana Ghaggar 1974 R.S. Bisht beads (from Chanhudaro), conch-shell (from • Foreign trade flourished with Mesopotamia
and florin tools Lothal), ivory products, copper, etc.
Chanhudaro Sindh, Pakistan Indus 1931 M.G. Majumdar or Sumeria (Iraq), Central Asia, Persia,
Mesolithic Age (9000 Microlithic, pointed Adamgarh (M.P.), Bagor (Rajasthan), major imports
Dholavira Gujarat Rann of Kutch 1985–90 M.S. Vats, B.B. Lal Afghanistan and Bahrain.
BC-4000 BC) cresconic blades, Langhanaj (Gujarat)
scrapers Harappa Montgomery, Pakistan, Punjab Ravi 1921 Daya Ram Sahni imports from • Iron was not known to these people although
Neolithic Age (4000 Polished stone Mehrgarh (Pak) Gufkral and Kalibangan Hanumangarh, Rajasthan Ghaggar 1953 B.B. Lal Gold Kolar (Karnataka), Afghanistan, copper, bronze, silver and gold were known.
BC-1000 BC) Burzahom (J&K), Mahgara, Chopani Persia (Iran) • The Sumerian texts refer to trade relations
Kot Diji Khairpur, Sindh Indus 1953 Fazal Ahmed
Mando, Kodihwa in Belan Valley Silver Afghanistan, Persia (Iran), South with Meluha which was the name given
(U.P.), Chirand (Bihar) Lothal Ahmedabad, Gujarat Bhogava 1957 S.R. Rao India to the Indus Valley region.
• Shatughai and Mundigaq were the Indus Mohenjodaro ‘Mound of the dead’–well- Surkotada Flourishing urban centres, • Evidence of snake worship is also found. • There are four Vedas–Rigveda, Samaveda, • There are 108 Upanishads and the period
Valley sites found in Afghanistan. known for the Great Bath, elaborate fortification, • General practice was extended inhumation Yajurveda and Atharvaveda. The first of 800 BC to 500 BC is known as the
• The Sumerian texts also refer to two Great Granary, Collegiate shipping complex, large in North-South direction. three Vedas are jointly called Vedatrayi, period of Upanishads.
intermediate stations–Dilmun (Bahrain) Building and Assembly Hall. stone-age jar with a short i.e. trio of Vedas. • 11 are predominant and they are called
decline of Harrapan civilisation
A steatite male head with inscription, bead industry,
and Makan (Makran coast). Susa and Ur flowing hair, long-bearded; antimony rod, fossils,
mokhya Upanishadas.
thinkers Views
are Mesopotamian places where Harappan the bronze dancing girl and remains of horses. rigVedA
Wheeler, Piggot and External Aggression VedAngS
seals were found. complex toys. Rangpur Surrounded by a fort, local • The oldest religious text in the world.
Gordan Childe
• Collection of hymns, composed around 1700 • They are the limbs of the Vedas. These
• Harappans used stone tools and implements, Kalibangan Mud-brick fortification, stone Rangpur Pottery (red ware,
lustrous red ware), plant Sahani Inundation are treaties of Science and Arts.
and were well acquainted with bronze. blade, cart wheel, a grave in BC, contains 1,028 hymns and is divided
east-west direction, discovery remains (rice, millets and KVR Kennedy Epidemic • There are six Vedangs:
• Pottery, both plain (red) and painted (red into 10 mandalas.
of a plough field, no drainage possibly bajra) and copper ii. Shiksha (Phonetics)
and black), was made. rod.
Marshall and Raikes Tectonic Disturbance • The third mandala contains the Gayatri
system, wall bifurcating iii. Kalpa Sutras (Rituals)
• Seals were made of steatite; pictures citadel, fire altars Rojdi Red pottery, perforated jars
Wheeler Sudden Decline Mantra.
iv. Vyakarana (Grammar)
of one-horned bull (the most), buffalo, Koti-Diji Defensive wall, wheel-turned and sprinklers. RL Stein and AN Climatic Change • Saraswati is the deity river in the Rigveda.
v. Nirukta (Etymology)
tiger, rhinoceros, goat and elephant are pottery. Blade industry and Dholavira Several cultural stages; Ghosh • Rigveda consists of 10 Mandalas of which
vi. Chhanda (Metrics)
found on the seals. These seals marked houses of stone. three parts of city; unique Marshal, SR Rao, Flood 2nd to 7th are the earliest Mandalas each
vii. Jyotisha (Astronomy)
ownership of property. Chanhu-Daro Brick or Stone fortification, water management, Maickey of which is ascribed at a particular family
first evidence of stone • Panini wrote Ashtadhyayi (4th century BC)
• Steatite was mainly used in the manu- curved bricks for bath tubs, HT Lambrick, Walter Unstable river system, of Rishi Gritsamad, Viswamitra, Vama,
water tanks, intersecting architecture, largest on Vyakarana.
facture of seals. Harappan inscription, use of
Fairservis, Sood and Ecological imbalance, Atri, Bharadwaja, Vashistha. VIII Mandal is
circles painted on jars, toys like Aggarwal Dryness of river
• Metal images: Bronze image of a nude decorated carts with humped fire-altars. ascribed to Kanvas and Angiras. IX Mandala brAHmAnAS
woman dancer (identified as devdasi) and oxen, fish compartmented Kunal Silver crown. Sites of Pre-Harappan civilisation is the compilation of soma hymns. • These are the prose commentaries on
stone steatite image of a bearded man have seals of faience, bronze shaft- (now outside india) • The 10th Mandala of Rigveda contain the various vedic hymns.
hole axe. Mitathal Copper Axe.
been obtained from Mohenjodaro. Site Situation Purushasukta hymn which tells about the • The most important is the ‘Shatapatha
• Terracotta figurines: Fire-baked clay was Amri Evidence of antelope ditches, reLigiouS PrActiceS Dabarkot Baluchistan
origin of caste system. Brahmana’ attached to Yajurveda.
shopping complex, traces • The Harappan people did not worship their
used to make toys, objects of worship, Kotdiji Sindh (Pak)
of drainage and platforms, SAmAVedA (book of cHAntS)
animals, cattle toys with movable head, toy- Lronze tools and knives.
gods in temples. An idea of their religion is Ranaghundai Baluchistan tHe ArAnyAkAS
formed from the statues and figurines found. Anjira Baluchistan • It is a collection of melodies. The hymns of • The sages dwelling in the forest explained
carts, whistles shaped like birds and both Ropar Ware with and without slip,
male and female figurines. • Shiva-Shakti worship, the oldest form of Goomla Afghanistan the Samaveda were recited by Udgatri at the
the Vedic scriptures to their pupil in the
black and red ware and
worship in India, appears to have been part Deh Morasi Ghundai Afghanistan Soma sacrifice.
• The Indus valley civilisation was primarily ochre-coloured ware, spouted form of Aranyakas.
vessels and copper objects. of the religious belief of Harappan people Afghanistan • It contains Dhrupad Raga.
urban.
(especially humped bull). uPAVedAS
• It was Pictographic in nature first symbol is Banwali Pre-Harappan and
• The origin of the Swastika symbol can be yAJurVedA
Harappan sites; remains of Vedic cuLture (1500 bc-600 bc) There are four Upavedas:
most represented. traced to the Indus Valley Civilisation. • The beliefs and rituals of non-Aryans
• Overlapping of the letters in the script
streets and drains; traces of • Ayurveda (Upaveda of the Atharvaveda)
barley. • Chief female deity: A terracotta figure, • Aryans were migrated from outside are written in it.
shows that it was written from right in the • Two texts of Yajurveda are: • Dhanurveda (Upaveda of the Rigveda)
Alamgirpur Pottery; black ware, red where a plant is shown growing out of the [Central Asia (Max Muller)/Europe/Arctic
second line. The style is called Boustrophedon. embryo of a woman, represents Mother Shukla (White) Yajurveda • Gandharvaveda (Upaveda of the Samaveda).
ware, plant fossils, animal region B.C. Tilak].
bone and copper tools. Goddess (Goddess of Earth). • Boghazkai inscription (Asia Minor, Turkey) Krishna (Black) Yajurveda. • Sthapatyaveda (Upaveda of the Yajurveda)
Harappan Sites and their
Archaeological findings Suktagendor Trade point between • Chief male deity: Pashupati Mahadeva proves Central Asian Theory as their
Harappa and Babylon is (Proto-Shiva), represented in seals as sitting AtHArVAVedA PHiLoSoPHy
Harappan Sites Archaeological findings
homeland.
situated on a natural rock in in a yogic posture on a low throne and having • It is book of magical formula. There are six systems of Hindu philosophy,
• The group that came to India first settled
Harappa Gateway city, fortified western-most site. three faces and two horns. He is surrounded • Mentioned of the Gotra is found in given by six philosophers of ancient India.
wall, workmen’s quarter,
in the present Frontier Province and the
Lothal A coastal site, dockyard by an elephant, a tiger, a rhino and a buffalo Punjab–then called Sapta Sindhu, i.e. region Atharvaveda. • Nyaya (analysis) Gautama
copper chariot with canopy, built with brick, discovery of and two deer appear at his feet.
R-37cemetry vanity case, of seven rivers. • Vaisesika Kanaad
dyeing-vats, Large cemetery, • Lingam and yoni worship was prevalent. tHe uPAniSHAdS
seven layers showing pre- Rice grain funnel, evidence • Vedic literature comprises four literary • Sankhya Kapila
Harappan to late Harappan • Indus Valley people believed in ghosts and • Also called Vedarita because they denote the
of cotton, bead factory, productions: (1) The Samhitas or Vedas; • Yoga (application) Patanjali
stage, two statues (red stone evil forces and used amulets as protection last phase of the Vedic period.
pottery with the painting (2) The Brahmans; (3) The Aranyakas;
torso and a dancer), copper of ‘clever fox’; Iranian Seal, against them. Fire altars are found at Lothal • They define the doctrine of Karma, Atman • Purva Mimansa Jamini
(4) The Upanishads.
specimen of bullock cart. Ivory etc. and Kalibangan. (soul), Brahma (God), and origin of Universe. • Uttar Mimansa Vyasa
PurAnAS 2000 and 1500 BC and settled in Eastern Vish 170 • Aryans were primarily agricultural and Surya Similar to that of the Greek God,
Vipas Beas
• It refers to the change in the mode of worship Afghanistan, modern Pakistan, Punjab and pastoral people who reckoned their wealth Helios.
Sutudri Satluj Krishi 24 in terms of cows.
(from sacrifice to idol worship) and visual Western Uttar Pradesh. Savitri The famous Gayatri mantra is
appeal of deities as against worship of ideas. Gumal Gomati Gau 176 • Alcoholic drinks, Sura and Soma were addressed to Savitri.
original Home of Aryans
• There are 18 famous ‘Puranas’. Matsya Krumu Kurram Mitra 1 also consumed.
Pusan Lord of jungle pathi, the main
Arctic region b.g. tilak Drishdvati Ghagghar
Purana is the oldest Puranic text. Samiti 9 function was that of guarding of
Central India Rajbali Pandey reLigion
Kubha Kabul roads, herdsmen and cattle.
SutrAS Ashwa 215 • During the Rigvedic time, the gods worshipped
Kashmir L.D. Kala Suvastu Swat Vishnu A relatively minor God at that time.
were generally the personified powers
• Sutra literature is divided into three classes: Central Asia Max Muller Sury 10
tHe dASrAJAn wAr of nature. Vayu Wind God.
Srauta Sutra–Dealing with large public Tibet Dayanand Yava 15 • Indra, Agni and Varuna were the most
(tHe bAttLe of ten kingS) Dyaus Father of Heaven.
sacrifices Saraswati popular deities of Rigvedic Aryans.
• According to Rigveda, the famous Dasrajan Brahmana 14 Aditi Goddess of Eternity.
Griha Sutra– Dealing with rituals con- German plain Professor Penka • Indra or Purandara (destroyer of fort) was
war was the internecine war of the Aryans. Kshatriya 9
nected with birth, naming, marriage considered to be the rain god. Maruts Storm spirits.
Pamirs Mayor The Dasrajan war gives names of ten Sudra 1
Dharma Sutra–Explain social and local Steppes Brandstein kings who participated in a war against • Agni: The second most important god, fire Gandharvas Divine musicians.
Ganga 2 god was considered to be the intermediary
customs Turkistan Hurz Feld Sudas who was Bharata king from the Ashvins Healers of diseases and experts in
Tritsus family. The battle was fought on Yamuna 3 between the gods and the people. surgical art.
Bactria J.C. Rod
SmritiS the bank of Parushni (Ravi) in which Sudas Sabha 8 • Varuna: Personified water was
Sapta Sindhu A.C. Das Ribhus Gnomes.
• Dharma Shastra is the other name for emerged victorious. Vidata 122 supposed to uphold Rita or the natural
Apsaras Mistresses of Gods.
smritis, which are the law books written • The Kula (family) was the basis of both Veshya 1 order (Ritasyagopa).
in shloka form. rigVedic/eArLy Vedic Period social and political organisations. • Savitri (the god of light): The famous Rudra An archer of God, whose anger
Arya 33 brought disease.
• Manav Dharma Shastra or Manusmirti (1500–1000 bc) • Regarding the form of government, it was of Gayatri Mantra is addressed to her.
Gana 46 • Sometimes gods were visualised as animals Vishvadeva Intermediate deities.
is the oldest and most famous. Manu is Geographical Area patriarchal nature. Monarchy was normal,
supposed to be the first king and law maker. • Rigveda is the only source of knowledge but non-monarchical politics was also there. Society but there was no animal worship. Aranyani Goddess of Forest.
for this period. • The Purohita or domestic priest was the first • The Rig-vedic society comprised four varnas, • The nature of Rigvedic religion was Usha Goddess of Dawn.
ePic • Rigveda mentions 40 rivers. ranking official. He was the king’s preceptor, namely Brahmana, Kshatriya, Vaishya and Henotheism, i.e. a belief in many gods but Prithvi Goddess of Earth.
• There are mainly two Mahakavyas (Epics): • Early Vedic people had knowledge of rivers friend, philosopher and guide. Shudra. This classification of society was each god standing out in turns as the highest.
Yamuna, Saraswati (Nandi tara) and Ganga, • The army consisted of foot-soldiers and • Their religion primarily consisted of the
i. The Ramayana (Valmiki): It is known based on the professions or occupations of rigvedic gods
Ocean mentioned as Samudra (referred charioteers. the individuals. worship of gods with a simple ceremony
as Adi Kavya (the oldest epic of the • The king had religious duties also. He Indra He was the most important
to collection of water and not sea), snow • These vocations were followed by people known as Yajna or sacrifice. Sacrifices
world). At present, it consists of 24,000 mountains (Himvat) and desert land (Dhawa). was the upholder of the established order divinity. He played the role of consisted of offerings of milk, ghee, grain,
according to their ability and liking, and the a warlord, leading the Aryan
shlokas. So, they lived in Sapta Sindhu region. and moral rules. flesh and soma.
occupations had not become hereditary as
ii. The Mahabharata (Ved Vyasa): The • Aryans came into conflict with the indigenous • Rigveda speaks of assemblies, such as the soldiers to victory against the
they became later on. demons. He was associated
longest epic of the world. At present, inhabitants called Dasas (early branch of Sabha, Samiti, Vidath and Gana. economy
• Child marriage was not in vogue. with thunder and storm and is
Aryans) and Dasyus (original inhabitants). • Sabha was committee of few privileged • Aryans followed a mixed economy, both
it consists of 1,00,000 shlokas, i.e., • A widow could marry the younger brother of addressed by various names:
verses in 18 Parvans, i.e., chapters, plus Dasyuhatya or slaughter of Dasyus is and important individuals. Two popular agriculture and pastoralism.
her deceased husband (Niyoga). Ratheshtha, Jitendra Somapa,
repeatedly mentioned in Rigveda. assemblies, Sabha and Samiti, acted as • They possessed better knowledge in
the Harivamsa supplement. Bhagavad • The father’s property was inherited by son. Purandra, Varitrahan and
• According to the Rigveda, the most mentioned checks on the arbitrary rule of kings. Later
• Right to property existed in respect of Maghayam. agriculture. Ploughshare is mentioned
Gita is extracted from Bhishma Parvan Vedas record that the Sabha functioned as
river is Sindhu, the most pious river is movable things, like cattle, horse, gold and Agni He was the second-important in Rigveda.
of Mahabharata. Shanti Parvan is Saraswati while mention of the Ganges and a court of justice.
the largest parvan (chapter) of the ornaments and also in respect of immovable divinity. He was intermediary • The reference of cow in the Rigveda shows
occurs just once. words mentioned in rigveda property like land and house. between Gods and men.
Mahabharata. that Rigvedic Aryans were predominantly
rivers mentioned in rigveda words no. of times mentioned • Milk and its products–curd, butter and Varuna He was the upholder of Rita or pastoral people. The term for war in the
tHe AryAn And tHe Vedic Age rigvedic name modern name Indra 250 ghee–formed an important part of the diet. cosmic order or natural order. He Rigveda is Gavishthi or search for cows.
• The meat of fish, birds and animals was eaten. personified water. The horse was almost as important as cow.
Agni 200
original Home and identity Sindhu Indus • The cow was already deemed Aghanya, i.e. Soma He was considered to be the God • Cow was the standard unit of exchange.
• The location of the original homeland of the Vitasta Jhelum Varuna 30 not to be killed. of plants. An intoxicant drink was Gold coins like Niskka, Krishna and
Aryans is still controversial but the most Som 114 • Rigveda prescribes a penalty of death or also called soma.
Askini Chenab Satmana were also in use. Godhuli was
accepted theory is that they migrated from expulsion from the kingdom to those who Yama He was the guardian of the world
Jana 275 kill or injure cows. used as a measure of time and Gavyuti as a
Central Asia in several groups between Purushni Ravi of dead.
measure of distance.
• The Vedic people were probably not familiar • Even during the later Vedic times, kings did • Women were prohibited to attend the • In the later Vedas and Brahamanas, • Vajapeya: A chariot race was performed in Kamboja Rajput
with cat and camel. Tiger was not known, not possess a standing army. political assemblies. sacrifices (Yajnas) came into prominence. which the king must win the race. It was
Vajjis Vaishali
but the wild animals like lion, elephant and Important officers in Later Vedic Period • Yajnavalkya-Gargi dialogue (Vrihad- • There were two varieties of sacrifices: meant to re-esatablish the supermacy of the
boar were known to them. aranyaka Upanishada) indicates that some i. Laghuyajnas (simple sacrifices): king over his people. Asmaka Patna
• The art of healing wounds and curing Purohita Chief Priest women had got higher education. Performed by householders. • Rajasuya: A sacrifice ceremony which Anga Champa
diseases were in existence. Senani Supreme Commander of Army ii. Mahayajnas (grand sacrifices): Sacrifices conferred supreme power on the King. Vatsa Kaushambi
tyPeS of mArriAge that could only be undertaken by an • Ratnahavimsi: A part of Rajasuya ceremony
metals known in rigvedic Period Vrajapati Officer in charge of Pasture land Kashi Banaras
i. Brahma: Marriage of a girl to a man of aristocratic and wealthy man and the where different royal officials invoked
Gold Hiranya Jivagribha Police Officer Avanti (North/South) Ujjain/Mahishmati
the same class with proper dowry. king. different gods and goddesses.
Iron Shyama (Krishna Ayas) Spasas Dutas ii. Daiva: The father gives a daughter to • Towards the end of the Vedic period, • Upanayana: An initiation ceremony to confer
Kosala Sravasti
Copper Ayas Gramani Head of village a sacrificial priest as a part of his fee. there was the emergence of a strong dvija status to boys of the higher varnas in Shurasena Mathura
iii. Arsa: A token bride-price of a cow and reaction against cults, rituals and priestly their eighth year. Magadha Girivraja
Kulapati Head of family
domination; reflection of the mood is found • Paumasayam: A ceremony to produce a male
LAter Vedic Period a bull is given in place of dowry. Chedi Shuktimati
Madhyamasi Judge in the Upanishads.
iv. Prajapatya: The father gives the girl child. Panchala (North/South) Ahichhatra/Kampilya
(1000 bc-600 bc) Bhagadugha Revenue Collector
without dowry and without demanding 16 SAnSkArAS Malla Kushinara
Sangrahitri Treasurer the bride-price. 1. Garbhadhana, 2. Pumsavana, mAHAJAnAPAdA Period
geogrAPHicAL AreA Kurus Indraprastha
Mahishi Chief Queen v. Gandharva: Marriage by the consent of 3. Simantonnyan, 4. Jatakarma, (600 bc-325 bc)
• Later Vedic literatures mention Vindhya Gandhara Taxila
Suta Charioteer the two parties (love marriage). 5. Namakaran, 6. Nishkramana,
Mountain (Southern mountain).
7. Annaprashana, 8. Chudakarma,
• With reference to the territorial divisions, Govikartana Head of Forest Department vi. Asura: Marriage in which the bride was Pre-mAuryAn Age
9. Karnachhedana, 10. Vidyarmbha, mAgAdHA emPire
the later Vedas give three broad divisions Palagala Messenger bought from her father. It was looked • Many janapadas sprung up in the 6th
down upon with disfavour by all sacred 11. Upanayana, 12. Vedarambha,
of India, viz. Aryavarta (Northern century BC, the larger of which were called • The period from 6th century BC to 4th
Akshavapa Accountant texts, though Arthashastra allows it 13. Samavaratana, 14. Vivaha,
India), Madhyadesa (Central India) and Mahajanapadas. century BC saw the struggle for supremacy
Sthapati Chief Justice without criticism. 15. Vanaprastha, 16. Antyesti. • Buddhist literature (Anguttara Nikaya,
Dakshinapath (Southern India). among four mahajanapadas–Magadha,
Takshan Carpenter vii. Rakshasa: Marriage with the daughter Mahavastu) and Jain literature (Bhagavati
economy Kosala, Vatsa and Avanti.
PoLity of a defeated king-practised especially by Sutra) present a list of 16 Mahajanapadas
warriors or marriage with a captured girl. • Agriculture began to replace rearing of cattle. • Ultimately, Magadha emerged as the
• The term ‘Rashtra’, indicating territory, first Society with minor variations of names. most powerful and prosperous kingdom
Manure was known.
appeared in this period. • Judiciary also grew. The king played a great viii. Paishacha: Marriage to a girl after They were of two types:
seducing or raping her • Rice, barley, beans, sesame and wheat in North India.
• There was development of judiciary. Kings role in administering criminal law.
were cultivated. Non-monarchial/republican states: • The founder of Magadha was Jarasandha
administered the criminal court. Treason • As the time passed by, Yajnas became Kamboj, Kuru, Koliyas (Ramgrama),
elaborate and complicated ceremonials Anuloma Vivaha: Marriage between a • Mention of tin, silver and iron was made and Brihadratha.
was a capital offence. apart from gold and ayas (either copper or Malla, Moriya (Pipplivana), Shakya
leading to the emergence of learned men man from an upper caste and a girl from
• Large kingdoms and stately cities made their iron) in the Rigveda. (Kapilvastu), Vajji (Panchal), Lichchhavis riSe of mAgAdHA
known as Brahmanas. a lower caste.
appearance in the later Vedic period. • The political history of India from 6th
• And as the Aryans expanded to the east Pratiloma Vivaha: Marriage between a • New occupational group emerged, such (Vaishali), Bhaggas (Sumsumasa),
• In Taittariya Brahmana, we notice the Kalamas (Kesaputta), Videhas (Mithila) century BC onwards is the history of struggle
and south, group of people known as girl from an upper caste and a man from a as fishermen, washermen, dyers, door-
theory of the divine origin of kingships. and Jnatrikas (Kundalgrama). between four states–Magadha, Kosala, Vatsa
Kshatriyas emerged to conquer territories lower caste. keepers and footmen.
• New civil functionaries besides the only and Avanti–for supremacy.
and administer them. The remaining Aryans • Evidence was there regarding organisation Monarchial States: Anga, Avanti, Chedi,
civil functionary of the Rig-vedic period, the
formed a separate class known as Vaishyas, Kashi, Kosala, Gandharva, Magadha, • Ultimately, the kingdom of Magadha emerged
Purohita came into existence. reLigion of merchants into guilds because of
to be the most powerful one and succeed in
a word derived from Vis meaning ‘people’. • The earlier divinities Indra and Agni were reference to corporations (Ganas) and Matsya, Sursena, Vatsa.
regions and kings • The non-Aryan formed the fourth class relegated into the background while Prajapati aldermen (Sreshtins).
founding an empire.
Eastern King Samrat known as Shudras. (creator of the Universe, later known as tHe rePubLicAn StAteS
• The institution of Gotra, i.e. the clan • The republicans, unlike the monarchies, cAuSeS of mAgAdHA’S SucceSS
Western King Suvrat Brahma), Vishnu (Patron god of Aryans) and imPortAnt Vedic rituALS
appeared in the later Vedic period. were ruled by tribal oligarchies and i. Magadha enjoyed an advantageous
Rudra (God of animals later identified with • Asvamedha: A King performed this sacrifice
Northern King Virat • The higher castes could marry with the lower Brahmanas had no place. geographical position in the age of iron,
Shiva/Mahesha) rose in prominence. Now which meant control over the area in which
Southern King Bhoja ones, but marriage with Shudras was not Prajapati became supreme God. • Lichchhavis are said to be the oldest because the richest iron deposits were
the royal horse ran uninterrupted. The
King of middle country Raja permitted. The concept of pollution started • Pushana became the God of Shudras. republicans in the world. situated not far away from Rajir, the
ceremony lasted for three days in the end
• The popular control over the affairs of the
appearing in the society. • Vrihadaranyaka Upanishad was the first the mahajanapadas earliest capital of Magadha and could
• The status of women declined. work to give the doctrine of transmigration of which the horse sacrifice was performed. be used for making weapons.
kingdom was exercised through Sabha and The Aswamedha sacrifice concluded with mahajanapadas capitals
• According to Maitrayani Samhita, there are (Punarjanma/Sansara-chakra) and deeds ii. Magadha lay at the centre of the middle
Samiti as in the Rigvedic period.
three evils–liquor, woman and dice. (karma). the sacrifice of 21 sterile cows. Matsya Virat Nagari
Gangetic plains. The alluvium, once
cleared of the jungles, proved immense • He fortified Rajagriha to meet the threat from • Mahapadma is known as Sarvashatrantak, ALexAnder’S inVASion 4. Introduction of a new agricultural Niranjana (modern name Falgu), he attained
fertile and food surplus was thus Avanti. He also built the fort of Rajagriha and i.e., uprooter of all the Kshatriyas (Puranas) • Alexander, from Iran, marched towards economy in Eastern India. Nirvana (enlightenment) after 49 days of
available. Jaladurga (a watch fort) at Patali village on and Ugrasena, i.e., owner of huge army India attracted by its great wealth and 5. The desire of Vaishyas to improve their continuous meditation; now he was a fully
iii. Magadha enjoyed a special advantage the bank of river Ganges. (Pali texts). divided polity. social position with the increase in enlightened (Buddha or Tathagat).
in military organisations. Although • He patronised first Buddhist Council and • The Puranas call Mahapadma Ekrat, i.e., • Alexander conquered Kabul in 328 BC. their economic position due to the • Buddha delivered his first sermon at
the Indian states were well acquainted Buddha died during his reign. the sole monarch. He is often described as He moved to India through the unguarded growth of trade. Sarnath (deer park) to his five disciples.
with the use of horses and chariots, it “the first empire builder of Indian history”. Khyber Pass and reached Sirhind near Division of the society into four varnas. This is known as Dharmachaka Pravartana
udAyin (460 bc-440 bc) Attock in 326 BC. To preserve cattle wealth. (turning of the wheel of law).
was Magadha who first used elephants • He conquered Kosala and Kalinga (from
• Ajatshatru was succeeded by his son Udayin. • Ambhi, the ruler of Taxila, readily submitted Desire to go back to simple life. The • He died at the age of 80 in 483 BC at
on a large scale in its war against its here he brought an image of the Jina as
• His reign is important because he laid victory trophy).
to Alexander. use of Sanskrit in Vedic texts was not Kushinagar (identical with the village
neighbours. • Porus: Alexander defeated Porus in the Kasia is Siddharthanagar Japanaa of
the foundations of the city of Patliputra • Succeeded by his eighth sons, last one understandable to the masses.
at the confluence of the Sone and the Battle of Hydaspes on the bank of river Deoria district of U.P.). This is known as
HAryAnAkA dynASty being Dhanananda.
Vitasta (Jhelum). He restored to Porus his buddHiSm: buddHA’S Life Mahaparinirvana (final blowing out).
Ganges and shifted the capital from
(544 bc-412 bc) Rajagriha to Patliputra. dHAnAnAndA kingdom and made him his ally. • Gautama Buddha, founder of Buddhism,
• After the Battle of Sakala, Alexander
teAcHingS of buddHA
• Udayin was succeeded by Anuruddha, • The last king Dhanananda is possibly was born in 563 BC (widely accepted), on the
proceeded upto Beas with a view to conquer (a) His four Noble Truths:
bimbiSArA (SHronikA) (544 bc-492 bc) Munda and Naga-Dasak, respectively who identical with the Agrammes or Xandrames Vaishakha Purnima day at Lumbinivana in
1. The world is full of sorrows.
• He was the founder of Haryanaka dynasty all were weak and parricides. of the Greek texts.
the East, but his fatigued army refused to Kapilvastu (now situated in the foothills of
2. The cause of sorrow is desire, Dwadash
cross the river. Nepal) in the Sakya Kshatriya clan.
with capital Rajagriha. • It was during the rule of Dhanananda that Nidan/Pratitya Samutpada.
• Magadha came into prominence under the SHiSHunAgA dynASty • So, he was forced to retreat. He placed • His father Suddhodhana was the republican
the invasion of Alexander took place in 3. If desires are conquered, all sorrows can
the North-Western India under the Greek king of Kapilvastu and mother Mahamaya
leadership of Bimbisara. (413 bc-344 bc) north-west India in 326 BC. be removed, Nirvana.
Governor Seleucus Nicator. was a princess of Kosala dynasty.
• He was a contemporary of Gautama Buddha. • It was the might of Dhanananda that 4. This can be achieved by following the
• Naga-Dasak was unworthy to rule. So the • Died in Babylon (323 BC) at the age of 33 years.
• He married the princesses of Kosala terrorised Alexander and stopped his march major events of buddha’s Life eight-fold path, Ashtangika Marga.
(Kosaldevi/Mahakosala, sister of Kosal people got disgusted and elected Shishunaga to the Gangetic Valley. effectS of ALexAnder’S inVASion (b) Eight-fold Path:
events Symbols
King Prasenjit), Lichchhavi (Chellana, sister as the king, the minister of the last king. • The Nanda dynasty came to an end 1. India and Europe: It brought both of (Ashtangika marga)
Janma (Birth) Lotus and Bull
of Lichchhavi Head Chetaka) and Madra • The most important achievement of about 322–21 BC and was supplanted by them closer to each other. • Right understanding
Shishunaga was the destruction of the Mahabhinishkramana Horse • Right thought
(Khema, daughter of Madra King), which another dynasty known as Mauryas, with 2. Invasion made possible the establish-
(Renunciation)
helped him in his expansionist policy. Pradyota dynasty of Avanti. From then on, Chandragupta Maurya as the founder. ment of Indo-Bactrian and Indo- • Right speech
• He gained a part of Kashi as the dowry Avanti became a part of the Magadha rule. Parthian States. Nirvana (Sambodhi Bodhi tree • Right action
in his marriage with the sister of king • The most famous event was that the capital foreign inVASionS 3. The invasion opened the eyes of Indian Enlightenment) • Right livelihood
was shifted to Vaishali. politicians to the necessity of creating a Dharmachakra Paravartan Wheel • Right effort
Prasenjit of Kosala.
unified empire. First Sermon • Right mindfulness
• He conquered Anga. irAniAn And mAcedoniAn inVASionS
kALASokA 4. The date of the invasion of Alexander Mahaparinirvana (Death) Stupa • Right concentration.
• The Gandhara ruler of Taxila, Pukku Sati • He succeeded Shishunaga in 344 BC. • Cyrus of Persia was the first foreign conqueror
is the ‘first reliable date in early Indian (c) Three Jewels (Triratnas):
sent an embassy to Bimbisara. who penetrated well into India. He enrolled • After his mother’s early death, he was
• He transferred the capital from Vaishali history’ and considerably helps us in • Buddha
• Known as Seniya, he was the first Indian to Patliputra and convened the second the Indian soldiers in the Persian Army. solving chronological difficulties.
brought up by his stepmother and aunt
• Dhamma
king who had a regular and standing army. • Darius-I, grandson of Cyrus invaded north- Mahaprajapati Gautami.
Buddhist Council in Vaishali (383 BC). • Sangha
• He built the city of New Rajagriha. • His father married him at an early age to
• Mandivardhana was the last ruler of West India (516 BC) and annexed Punjab, reLigiouS moVementS Yosodhara (princess of Kolli dynasty) from
(d) Belief in Nirvana:
this dynasty. west of Indus and Sind. (600 bc-400 bc) • Also known as moksha or salvation. It
AJAtASHAtru (492 bc-460 bc) whom he had a son Rahul.
• Four sights–an old man, a diseased person, refers to belief in the concept of ultimate
• He was son of Chellana and Bimbisara. imPAct of irAniAn inVASion
nAndA dynASty (344 bc-323 bc) bliss, where by the person gets freedom
• Gained complete control over Kashi. • Iranian contact gave an impetus to cAuSeS of reLigiouS moVementS a dead body and an ascetic–proved to be a
turning point in his career. from the cycle of birth and death.
• He defeated Vajji confederacy and divided it 1. The Vedic philosophy had lost its
Indo-Iranian trade. (e) Belief in Ahimsa:
with the help of Vassakar. mAHAPAdmAnAndA original purity. • At the age of 29, he renounced home, this
• There was cultural exchange in the form of was his Mahabhiniskramana. • Law of Karma and Madhya Marga/
• He defeated his maternal uncle Prasenjit, king 2. The Vedic religion had become very
• The Shishunaga dynasty was overthrown by Kharoshthi script from Iran to India. Some Madhyama Pratipada (the middle path).
of Kosala and married his daughter Vajira. complex and had degenerated into • His first teacher was Alara Kalam from
Mahapadma who established a new line of of Ashoka’s inscriptions in North-West India superstitions, dogmas and rituals. whom he learnt the technique of meditation. • Note: Pratitya Samutapada is also
• He destroyed Vaishali (capital of Lichchhavis). known as Hetuvada (theory of cause-
• Mahashilakantaka–A war, engaging in which
kings known as the Nandas. were written in this script. 3. Supremacy of the Brahmans created • His next teacher was Udraka Ramputra.
catapulted a big stone and Rathamusala, a • It is considered to be the first non-Kshatriya • Iranian influence is perceptible in sculpture, unrest in the society and Kshatriyas reacted • At the age of 35, under a peepal tree at effect) and Kshana-bhanga Vada (theory
dynasty and ruled for 100 years. e.g., the bell-shaped capitals. against the Brahmanical domination. Uruvell (Bodh Gaya) on the bank of river of momentariness impermanence).
kind of chari with a mace.
(f) Code of conduct: • Vajrayana: (i) Its followers believed that cAuSeS for tHe decLine of buddHiSm • The name of two Jain Tirthankaras– • He delivered his first sermon at Pava. • Anekantavada–Doctrine of merriness of
• Do not covet the property of others. salvation could be best attained by acquiring • Incorporation of rituals and Rishabha and Arishtanemi are found in • At the Age of 72 in 468 BC, he passed away reality.
• Do not commit violence. the magical power, which they called Vajra. ceremonies, it originally denounced. the Rigveda. at Pavapuri near Bihar Sharif in Bihar.
• Do not use intoxicants. (ii) The chief divinities of this new sect were • R efor m in Brah mani sm and ri se of • Parshvnath: His four main teachings JAin LiterAture
• Do not speak a lie. the Taras. (iii) It became popular in Eastern Bhagavatism. (Chaturthi) were: 1. Ahimsa (non-injury); teAcHingS of mAHAVirA • The sacred literature of the Svetambaras is
• Do not indulge in corrupt practices. India, particularly Bengal and Bihar. • Buddhists took up the use of Sanskrit 2. Satya (non-lying); 3. Asteya (non-stealing); • Rejected the authority of Vedas and did not written in a type of Prakrit called Ardha-
(earlier Pali), started practising idol worship, 4. Aparigraha (non-possession). Mahavira believe in existence of God. magadhi Prakrit.
buddHiSt SAngHA SAcred SHrineS • He believed that every object possesses a
adopted all these four teachings and added • The important Jain texts are: (i) Kalpasutra
• It consisted of monks (Bhikshus or • Lumbini, Bodh Gaya, Sarnath and receiving offerings and huge donation.
soul. So he professed strict non-violence.
one more, i.e., Brahmacharya (chastity) to it. (in Sanskrit)–Bhadrabahu, (ii) Bhadrabahu
Kushinagar, where the four principal
Shramanas) and nuns, who acted as a Some fAmouS buddHiSt ScHoLArS • Attainment of salvation by believing in Charita, (iii) Parishishta Parvan (an
torchbearer of the dhamma. The worshippers events of the Buddha’s life, namely Birth, JAin tirtHAnkArAS
• Ashvaghosha, Nagarjuna, Asanga, penance and dying of starvation. appendix of Trishashthi-shalaka Purush)
Enlightenment, First sermon and Death
were called upasakas.
Vasubandhu, Buddhaghosha,
1. Rishabhdev 13. Vimalnath • Universal brotherhood (equality) and non- –Hemchandra.
took place. To these are added four 2. Ajitnath 14. Anandanath
buddhist councils Dinnaga and Harmakirti. belief in caste system.
places, Sravasti, Rajgriha, Vaishali and
3. Sambhavnath 15. Dharmanath • He believed in karma and transmigration SAcred LiterAture
councils year Venue chairman Sankasya–these eight places have all long • Buddhist Architecture: Buddhism takes
4. Abhinandan 16. Shantinath of soul. • The sacred literature of the Svetambaras
been considered as the eight holy places the credit for first human statues to be
First 483 BC Rajgriha Mahakassaapa 5. Sumitnath 17. Kunthunath
(Ashtasthanas). worshipped. doctrineS of JAiniSm is written in a form of Prakrit called
Second 383 BC Vaishali Sabakami • Other centres of Buddhism in Ancient India– 6. Padmaprabhu 18. Arnath
• Stone pillars depicting the life of Buddha are • Triratnas, i.e., Three Gems of Jainism Ardhamagadhi, and may be classified
Mogaliputta Amaravati and Nagarjunakonda in Andhra 7. Suparsavanath 19. Mallinath
Third 250 BC Patliputra at Gaya, Sanchi and Barhut. 1. Samyak Shradha/Vishwas (right faith): as follows:
Tissa Pradesh; Nalanda in Bihar; Junagadh and 8. Suridhi 20. Munisuvratanath
• Gandhara art and the beautiful images of 9. Chandraprabh 21. Neminath
It is the belief in Tirthankaras. (a) The twelve Angas
Fourth 72 AD Kundalvan Vasumitra Vallabhi in Gujarat; Sanchi and Bharhut 2. Samyak Gyan (right knowledge): It is (b) The twelve Upangas
the Buddha. 10. Sheetal Nath 22. Arishtanemi
in M.P.; Ajanta-Ellora in Maharashtra;
• Gaya architecture in the Barahat hills at Gaya 11. Shreyanshanath 23. Parshvanath
the knowledge of the Jain creed. (c) The ten Parikarnas
buddHiSt ScriPtureS Dhaulagiri in Orissa; Kannauj, Kaushambi 3. Samyak Karma/Acharana (right (d) The six Chhedasutras
and in the Western India around Nashik.
• Tripitakas and Mathura in U.P. and Jagadala and 12. Vasupujya 24. Mahavira
action/conduct): It is the practice of
• Vinay Pitaka consist rules of monastic Somapuri in West Bengal. • Art pieces of Amaravati and Nagarjunakonda. (e) The four Mulasutras.
• Stupa relics of Buddha or some prominent mAHAVirA’S Life the five vows of Jainism.
discipline for monks. i. Stupa–relics of the Buddha or some SectS of JAiniSm
• Sutta Pitaka is the collection of Buddha’s prominent Buddhist monks are monks. • Mahavira was born in 540 BC in a village
named Kundgrama near Vaishali in Bihar. Five Carinal Principles • After the death of Mahavira, during the
sermons. preserved. buddhist universities • Non-injury (Ahimsa).
• Abhidhama Pitaka is the philosophy of ii. Vihara–residence. • His father Siddhartha was the head of reign of King Chandragupta Maurya, a
• Non-lying (Satya).
Buddha’s teachings. buddhist the Jnathrika Kshatriya clan under Vajji severe famine led to a great exodus of Jain
• Non-stealing (Asteya).
royAL PAtronS university Location founder monk from Ganga valley to the Deccan. This
• Milindapanho (i.e. Questions of Milinda)–a of Vaishali and his mother Trishala was • Non-possession (Aparigraha).
dialogue between Milinda (identical with • Bimbisara and Ajatshatru (Magadhan Nalanda Badagaon Kumargupta I the sister of Chetaka, the king of Vaishali. • Observing continence (Brahmacharya). migration led to a great schism in Jainism.
Indo-Greek ruler Menander) and Buddhist ruler), Prasenjit (Kosala ruler), Udayan Mahavira was also related to Bimbisara. • Bhadrabahu, who led the emigrants,
Vikramshila Bhagalpur Dharmapala
(Vatsa ruler), Pradyota (Avanti ruler), • Mahavira was married to Yashoda (daughter
saint Nagasena. • Mahavrata monks, who observed five insisted on the retention of the rule of
• Dipavamsha and Mahavamsha–The great Ashoka and Dasharatha (Mauryan ruler), Somapuri North Bengal Dharmapala of Samaravira king) and a daughter Anonja principles. nudity, which Mahavira had established for
Milinda/Menander (Indo-Greek ruler),
chronicles of Sri Lanka. Jagadai Bengal Ramapala Priyadarshini, whose husband Jamali • Anuvratas lay members, who observed five the Digambaras.
Kanishka (Kushana ruler), Harshavardhana
• Sects of Buddhism: Hinayana (i.e. Lesser Odantpuri Bihar Sharif Gopala became the first disciple of Mahavira. principles. The first four principles were • Sthulabhadra, the leader of the monk, who
(Vardhana ruler); Gopala, Dharampala and
Vehicle): (i) Its followers believed in the
Rampala (Pala rulers). • At the age of 30, he renounced his family, given by Parshvnath while fifth was added remained in the North allowed his followers
original teachings of Buddha. (ii) They sought Vallabhi Gujarat Bhattark
notes: became an ascetic and proceeded in search by Lord Mahavira. to wear white garments–Svetambaras.
individual salvation through self-discipline of truth. He was accompanied by Makkhali
i. Ashoka, the greatest patron of Buddhism, JAiniSm
and meditation. (iii) They did not believe in Gosala, but, later, due to some differences, Five Instruments of Knowledge JAin counciLS
called 3rd Buddhist Council and sent • It was founded by Rishabhnath. •
idol-worship. (iv) They favoured Sanskrit Mati jnana • First Jain council was held at Pataliputra
language. (v) It is known as Northern mission comprising his son Mahendra • According to Jain tradition, there were Gosala left him and founded Ajivika sect.
• Avadhi jnana in the fourth century BC under the
Buddhist Religion, because it prevailed and his daughter Sanghamitra to Sri 24 Tirthankaras (literally Ford makers, • At the age of 42, under a sal tree at • Shruta jnana leadership of Stulabahu.
in the North of India, e.g., China, Korea, Lanka. across the stream of existence), the first Jambhikagrama on the bank of river • Manahparyaya jnana • Second Jain council was at Vallabhi
Japan, etc. (vi) There were two subsects ii. Kanishka called 4th Buddhist Council being Rishabhadeva/Adinatha and the last Rijupalika, Mahavira attained Kaivalya • Keval jnana
in Gujarat in third century under the
of Mahayana-Madhayamika/Shunyavada and sent mission to China, Korea and being Mahavira. (supreme knowledge). leadership of Aryaskandil Nagarjuna Suri.
(founder-Nagarjuna) and Yogachar/ Japan. • The Vishnu Purana and the Bhagavat • From then onwards, he was called JAin PHiLoSoPHy • Third Jain council was held at Vallabhi in
Vijanavada (founder-Maitreyanath and his iii. Palas of Bengal and Bihar were the last Purana describe Rishabha as an incarnation Kevalin Jina or Jitendriya Nrigranatha, • Syadavada–All our judgements are 5th century A.D. under the leadership of
disciple Asanga). great patrons of Buddhism. of Narayana. Arihant Mahavira. necessarily relative, conditional and limited. Devardhi Kshama Sramana.
cAuSeS beHind tHe decLine and Samprati (Mauryan) Magadha. and Aramaic in the West and Brahmi in the 3. Epigraphical Evidences • Bindusara asked Antiochus I of Syria to • Ashoka sent missionaries to the kingdoms of
of JAiniSm 2. Pradyota (Avanti). 3. Udayan (Sindhu- East of India). • Ashoka’s edicts were first deciphered by send some sweet wine, and said that Greek the Cholas and the Pandyas and five states
• Extreme observance of ahimsa, penance Sauvira). 4 Kharavela (Kalinga). • Other inscriptions: Junagadh Rock Inscri- James Princep in 1837. It was written in philosophers are not for sale. ruled by Greek kings (Antiochus II, Syria;
and austerity. II. Sou th India: 1. Ganga Dynasty. ption of Rudradaman, Sohgaura Copper Prakrit language and three scripts, viz. • He extended the kingdom further to the Philadelphus Ptolemy II, Egypt; Antigonus,
• No patronage from later kings. 2. Kadamb Dynasty. 3.Amoghavarsha Plate Inscription in the Gorakhpur district Kharoshthi in North-west, Greek and peninsular region of India as far south as Macedonia; Magnus, Syria; Alexander,
• The Jains did not make any efforts to spread (Rashtrakuta Dynasty). 4. Sidharaj Mysore. Epirus).
of U.P. Aramaic in the West and Brahmi in the East
their religion. Jai Singh and Kumarpal (Chalukya/ • Antiochus I, the Seleucid king of Syria, sent
of India. ASHokA’S dHAmmA
Solanki) were the last great patrons his Ambassador, Deimachus, to his court.
Examples of Jain Architecture: of Jainism. Various edicts of mauryan Age Pliny mentions that Ptolemy Philadelphus • Ashoka’s Dhamma cannot be regarded as
• Guphas, i.e. caves of Egypt sent Dionysus as his Ambassador a sectarian faith. Its broad objective was
• Dilwara temples SimiLAritieS between buddHiSm edict content Location
to the court of Bindusara. to preserve the social order it ordained
• Statue of Gomateshwar/Bahubali– And JAiniSm A Rock Edicts Ashoka’s Principle of government Kalsi (Dehradun) • Bindusara patronised Ajivikas. that people should obey their parents, pay
Shravanbelagola (Karnataka). • Both opposed Brahmanical domination • 14 Major Rock Edicts and policy of Dharma. Girnar (Gujarat Yerragudi) respect to Brahmans and Buddhist monks
and caste system, but upheld the essence (Andhra Pradesh), Mansehra ASHokA (273 bc-232 bc) show mercy to slaves and servants.
royAL PAtronS of Vedas, preached truth, non-violence, (Pakistan) Sopara (Bombay), • He was the greatest Mauryan ruler; Governor
I. North India: 1. Nandas: Bimbisar, Dhauli and Jaugada (Odisha) of Taxila and Ujjain previously. His rule LAter mAuryAS (232 bc-185 bc)
celibacy and detachment from material
Shahbazgarhi Pakistan
Ajatshatru and Udayin (Haryank), comforts, believed in karma and rebirth and extended to the whole of sub-continent • Ashoka’s death was followed by the division
Chandragupta Maurya, Bindusara were liberal towards women. • Two Seperate Kalinga Edicts Kalinga war and new system of Dhauli or Tosali, and Jaugada except extreme south. It also included of the Mauryan Empire into two parts–
administration after war (All men (Odisha) Afghanistan, Baluchistan, Kashmir and Western and Eastern.
other Heterodox Sects are my children-Dhauli)
valleys of Nepal. • The Western part came to be ruled by
Sect founder theory • Minor Rock Edicts Personal history of Ashoka and South and central Parts of the • According to Buddhist tradition, Ashoka Kunala (son of Ashoka) and the Eastern part
Ajivikas Gosala Maskariputra Believed in Faith called ‘Niyati’ summary of his Dharma empire usurped the throne after killing his 99 came to be ruled by Dasaratha.
Amoralism Purana Kassapa Sankhya Philosophy B. Pillar Edicts Appendix of the Rock Edicts Delhi-Topra, Delhi-Meerut, brothers and spared Tissa, the youngest one. • The last Mauryan ruler, Brihadratha, was
• 7 Pillar Edicts Rampurva, Lauriya-Araraj, • Ashoka had himself formally crowned in assassinated in 185 BC by his commander-
Lokayata or Charvaka School Ajita Keshakambalin Uchchedavada annihilationism Lauriya-Nandangarh and 269 BC. in-chief, Pushyamitra Sunga.
Hindu Vaisheshika School Pakudha Katccayana Sorrow, happiness and life are Allahabad-Kosam • Under Ashoka, the Mauryan Empire reached • Causes for the Decline: 1. Highly centralised
indestructible like Earth, water etc. its climax. For the first time, the whole of
origin of tHe mAuryAS • Chandragupta defeated Seleucus I Nicator, administration. 2. Pacific policy of Ashoka.
the sub-continent, leaving out the extreme 3. Brahmanical reaction. 4. The partition of
• Sthaviravali Charita or Parishishthaparvan • The Puranas describe them as Shudras. the general of Alexa nder in North-West India south, was under imperial control.
mAuryA Period (322 bc-185 bc) the Mauryan Empire. 5. Weak later Mauryan
of Hemachandra (a biography of Chanakya) • Mudrarakshasa of Visakhadatta uses the in 305 BC. • Ashoka fought the Kalinga War in 261 BC rulers. 6. Pressure on Mauryan economy.
• Chandragupta’s conversion to Jainism. terms Vaishali Kulthina (of low). • Seleucus sent a Greek Ambassador, in the 9th year of his coronation. The king 7. Neglect of North-West Frontier.
SourceS for mAuryAn HiStory • Puranas give us the chronology and lists • The Junagadh Rock Inscription of Megasthenes, to the court of Chandragupta was moved by the massacre in this war and,
of Mauryan kings. Rudradaman (150 AD) suggesting that the Maurya. therefore, abandoned the policy of physical mAuryAn AdminiStrAtion
1. Literary Sources
• Kautilya’s Arthashastra: It is a treatise on • Buddhist Literature: 1. Indian Buddhist Mauryas might have been of Vaishya origin. • Chandragupta embraced Jainism and went occupation in favour of policy of cultural 1. Central administration
• The Buddhist work, on the other hand, tries conquest. In other words, Bherighosa was
government and polity. text Jatakas reveal a general picture of to Chandragiri Hill, at Shravanbelagola • The Mauryan government was a centralised
to link the Mauryan dynasty with the Sakya replaced by Dhammaghosa.
• Indica of Megasthenes: Socio-economic and socio-economic conditions. 2. Dipavamsa with Bhadrabahu, where he died of slow bureaucracy, of which the nucleus was
administrative structure under Mauryas. and Mahavamsa describe the part played by Kshatriya clan to which Buddha belonged. starvation (Salekhan). • Ashoka was not an extreme pacifist. He the king.
• In conclusion, we can say that the Mauryas • Chandragupta was the first Indian ruler to retained Kalinga after his conquest and • The Mantri Parishad: The king was assisted
• Vishakha Datta’s Mudra-rakshasa: It Ashoka in spreading Buddhism to Sri Lanka.
3. Tibetan Buddhist text Divyavadana gives belonged to the Moriya tribe. incorporated it into his empire. by Mantri Parishad, whose members
describes how Chandragupta Maurya got unite the whole North India.
• He embraced Buddhism under Upagupta. included:
Chanakya’s assistance to overthrow the information about Ashoka and his efforts to
cHAndrAguPtA mAuryA • In 305 BC, Chandragupta Maurya defeated
spread Buddhism. • He sent his son Mahendra and daughter i. The Yuvaraja (the crown prince)
Nandas. Besides this, it gives an excellent (322 bc-298 bc) Seleucus Nikator, who surrendered a Sanghamitra to Ceylon as Buddhist ii. The Purohita (the chief priest)
account of the prevailing socio-economic 2. Archaeological Sources • Also called Sandrocottus/Androcottus by vast territory. missionaries with a sapling of original iii. The Senapati (the commander-in-chief)
conditions. • Ashoka’s edicts and inscriptions: Their the Greek scholars. peepal tree.
binduSArA (298 bc-273 bc) and other ministers.
• Dipavamsa and Mahavamsa (Sri Lankan importance came to be appreciated only • He entered into alliance with Pravartaka and • He inaugurated Dhamma Yatras from
chronicles): Ashoka’s role in spreading of after their decipheration by James Pricep • Chandragupta Maurya was succeeded by Administrative
with the help of Chanakya, he dethroned the 11th year of his reign by visiting Bodh
Buddhism in Sri Lanka. in 1837. Though Prakrit was the language his son Bindusara. Gaya; also appointed Dhamma Mahamatras Officers duties
the last Nanda ruler Dhanananda and
• Jataka’s socio-economic conditions of used in them, the script varied from region to founded the Mauryan dynasty with capital • Bindusara was known to the Greeks (officer of righteousness to spread the • Nagaraka The officer-in-charge of
Mauryan period. region (Kharosthi in the North-west, Greek as Amitrochates. message of Dhamma). the city administration
at Patliputra.
• Sitaadhyaksha Supervised agriculture. assessing the land. In rural areas, they were personal bodyguards of the king spies and Buddhist stupa at Bharhut (in MP) was built • The Satavahanas are considered to be
the judicial officers. in other diverse jobs. during the reign of Sungas. identical with the Andhars, who were tHe cHeti dynASty of kALingA
• Panyaadhyaksha Superintendent of
• Yukta: A subordinate revenue officer of the • Pushyamitra Sunga ruled from Vidisha mentioned in the Puranas. • The Hathigumpha inscription of Kharavela,
commerce.
district level. He was responsible for the mAuryAn Art (MP). He defeated Bactrian king, Demetrius • Simuka (60 BC-37 BC) was the founder of the third ruler of the dynasty, gives
• Samsthadhyaksha Superintendent of secretarial work of accounting. • The Mauryans introduced stone masonry on and conducted two Ashwamedha Yajnas the Satavahana Dynasty. information about the Chetis.
market. • Gopa: Responsible for accounts. large scale during Ashoka’s reign. (chief priest–Patanjali). He is considered to • Satakarni I, its third ruler, raised its power
• Kharavela pushed his kingdom upto
• Pauthavadhyaksha Superintendent of • Sthanika: The tax-collecting officer directly • Fragments of stone pillars and wooden floor be the persecutor of Buddhism. and prestige by conquests.
Godavari in the south and recovered the
weight and measures. under the control of the Pradesikas. and ceiling indicating the existence of an • Pushyamitra was succeeded by his son • Hala was the author of Gathasaptashati or
Jain image from Magadha.
• Navadhyaksha Superintendent of 80–pillared hall have been discovered at Agnimitra, the hero of Kalidasa’s drama Sattasi in Prakrit. Gunadhya, the author
• He was a follower of Jainism. He constructed
ships. Army Kumhrar at the outskirts of Patna. Seeing Malavikagnimitra. (in Prakrit), was the contemporary of Hala.
residential caves for Jain monks on the
• Sulkadhyaksha Collector of tolls.
• The most striking feature of the Mauryan this, Fahien remarks as follows: These • Patanjali, author of the Mahabhasya was • Gautamiputra Satakarni revived the
Udayagiri Hill near Bhubaneswar, Orissa
administration was the maintenance of a palaces are so beautiful and excellent born at Gonarda in Central India. Patanjali Satavahana power and defeated the Saka
• Akaradhyaksha Superintendent huge army. They also maintained a Navy. Ksatrap Snehapana. He was the greatest
(now Odisha).
of mines.
that they appear to be the creation of God was the priest of two Ashvamedha Yajnas,
• In the Mauryan period, there were two types rather than of men. performed by Pushyamitra Sunga. Satavahana ruler.
• Lohadhyaksha Superintendent of iron. • Yajna Sri Satakarni was the dynasty’s last
foreign SucceSSorS
of Gudhapurushas (detectives): Sansthan • Four-lion capital at Sarnath and Sanchi. Lion • The fine gateway railing which surrounds
• Amatyas The Secretaries. (stationary) and Sanchari (wandering). capital of Sarnath adopted as the National the Sanchi stupa, built by Ashoka, was great ruler. of mAuryAS
• Sannidhata Chief treasury officer. • Tax collected from peasants varied from Emblem of India on 26th January, 1950. constructed during the Sunga period. • Vasishthiputra Sri Satkarni married to
1/4th to 1/6th of the produce. • Single-lion capital at Rampurva and • The Greek Ambassador Heliodorus visited daughter Saka Satrap Rudradaman. tHe indo-greekS (2nd century bc)
• Samaharta The collector general of • Pulamayi III was the last Satavahana
• The state also provided irrigation facilities Lauriya Nandangarh. the court of fifth Sunga king Bhagabhadra • Indo-Greeks (Bactrian Greeks) were the first
revenue.
(Setubandha) and charged water-tax. • Single-bull capital at Rampurva. and set up a pillar in honour of Lord ruler succeeded by Ikshavakus in the 3rd foreign rulers in North-Western India in the
Durgapala Governor of fort. • Sohgaura (Gorakhpur district, U.P.): Copper • A carved elephant at Dhauli and engraved Vasudeva near Vidisha (MP).
century BC. post-Maurya period.
Antapala Governor of the frontier. plate inscription and Mahasthana (Bogra • Satavahanas started the practice of • The first to invade India were the Indo-Greeks.
elephant at Kalsi. • The famous book on Hindu law Manusmriti
Akshapatala Accountant General. district, Bangladesh) inscription deal with the • The Mauryan artisans, who started the donating land with fiscal and administrative • They occupied a large portion of North-
was compiled during this period.
relief measures to be adopted during famine. immunities to Brahmanas and Buddhist
Vachabhumika Officer-in-charge of the practice of hewing out caves from rocks • Later Kings–Vasumitra, Vajramitra, Western India and moved upto Ayodhya
rest houses, groves and
• Important ports: Bharukachch/Bharuch for monks to live in. The earliest examples Bhagabhadra and Devabhuti.
m onks , wh ich ev entual ly weak ene d
and Patliputra.
and Supara (Western coast) Tamralipti in their authority.
wells, etc. are Barbar caves in Gaya (Ashokan). The • Sunga Art–Bharhut Stupa, gateway • The most famous Indo-Greek ruler was
Bengal (English coast). • Under the Satavahanas, many Chaityas
Lipikaras Scribes. other examples are Nagarjuni caves in railing surrounding the Sanchi Stupa Menander (165 BC-145 BC) or Melindo. He
• During Mauryan period, the punch-marked (worship halls) and Viharas (monasteries)
Gaya (Dasharatha). built by Ashoka, Vihara, Chaitya and had his capital at Sakala (modern Sialkot
Dhamma A new post created coins (mostly of silver) were the common were cut out from rocks. The famous
by Asoka, empowered
Stupa of Bhaja (Poona), Nasika Chaitya, examples were Nasik, Kanheri and Karle. in Punjab). He was converted to Buddhism
units of transactions. SignificAnce of mAuryAn ruLe Amaravati Stupa, etc. by Nagasena. Menander and Nagasena’s
with the dual functions
• Many Gurukuls and Buddhist monasteries • Stupas: The most famous of these
of mahamatras Provincial Administration attributed to the Satavahana period are conversation were recorded in the book
propagating Dhamma (Taxila and Banaras) developed with kAnVA dynASty (73 bc-28 bc) Milindapanho or ‘the questions of Milinda’.
Provinces capital Amravati, a sculptural treasure house, and
and taking care of the royal patronage. • The Indo-Greek rule is important in the
commonfolk for their
Uttarapatha (North) Taxila • Literary development, e.g., Arthashastra • In 73 BC, Devabhuti, the last ruler of Nagarjunakonda.
Avantipatha (West) Ujjain the Sunga dynasty, was murdered by his • The official language of the Satvahanas history of India because of the large number
material well-being. (Kautilya), Kalpasutra (Bhadrabahu), Katha
minister Vasudeva, who usurped the throne was Prakrit. of coins which they issued.
Prachypatha (South) Suvarnagiri Vastu (Buddhist text), Bhagwati Sutra,
• Prativedikas: Reporters. and founded the Kanva dynasty. • The Indo-Greeks were the first rulers in
Central Province Pataliputra Acharanga Sutra and Dasavali (Jain text).
• Kumaras: The viceroys in-charge of a • Bhumimitra and Narayana succeeded Important Aspects of Satavahanas India to issue coins, which can definitely be
province. Generally, they were of regular Society Vasudeva. • They issued mostly lead coins. attributed to the kings.
though the exceptions were also there. In PoSt-mAuryA/Pre-guPtA Period • The last ruler, Susarman, was killed by • Satavahanas were the Brahmins. • They were the first to issue gold coins.
• Kautilya’s Arthashastra looked upon the
(185 bc-319 Ad) • Satavahanas rulers called themselves
order to check the growing power of the Shudras as an Aryan community. Andhra King, Simuka. • They introduced Hellenic, i.e., Greek features
Brahmins.
viceroys, the provincial ministers were • Reduction of gap between the Vaishyas in art giving rise to Gandhar School in the
tHe SungA dynASty • Stupas at Nagarjunakonda and Amravati in
empowered sufficiently.
and the Shudras. SAtAVAHAnA dynASty Andhra Pradesh became important seats of North-Western India.
• Pradesikas: They were the modern district (185 bc to 73 bc)
(60 bc-225 Ad)
magistrates and in-charge of district. They • Megasthenes states that the Indian society • Sunga Dynasty was established by
Buddhist culture under Satavahanas.
tHe SAkAS (1St century bc-4tH
• In the Satavahana phase, many Chaityas,
were to make tours once in every 5 years was divided into 7 classes. Pushyamitra Sunga, a Brahmin Com- century Ad)
cAPitAL-PrAtiSHtHAn–PAitHAn e.g., Karla caves in Western Deccan,
to inspect the entire administration of the • Women occupied a high position and mander-in-Chief of the last Mauryan ruler (mAHArASHtrA) Nasik and Kanheri and Viharas were • The Sakas, also known as Scythians,
areas under control. freedom in the Mauryan society. According named Brihadratha in 185 BC. • The most important of the native successors cut out of the soiled rock in the North- replaced the Indo-Greeks in India.
• Rajukas: They were the later-day Patwaris. to Kautilya, women were permitted to have a • Pushyamitra was a staunch adherent of of the Mauryas in the Deccan and Central Western Deccan. • The most famous Saka ruler in India was
They were responsible for surveying and divorce/remarry. Women were employed as orthodox Hinduism. However, the great India were the Satvahanas. Rudradaman (130 AD). He repaired the
famous Sudarshan lake of the Mauryan (Podeku according to Periplus) near • The most detailed and authentic record • When he died his mighty empire bordered
period and he issued the first-ever long Pondicherry, Eastern Coast. of his reign is preserved in the Prayaga that of the Kushana of Western province and VAkAtAkAS (3rd century Ad-5tH
Navratna (Nine Gems) of Chandragupta II
inscription in chaste Sanskrit, depicting his • Kushana Empire gave rise to Gandhara and Prasasti/Allahabad pillar inscription, Vakatakas in the Deccan province. 1. Kalidasa (Poetry: medicine text) century Ad)
patronage of Sanskrit. Mathura Schools of Art. composed by his court poet Harisena. • Titles: Kaviraja Param Bhagavat Ashva- Ritusamhara, 4. Varahamihira • The Vakatakas were the important powers
• In about 58 BC, the king of Ujjain, • Vatsyayana wrote Kamasutra in this • According to Prayaga Prasasti, he was a medha-parakrama Vikram Sarva-raj- Meghadutam (Pancha that held sway over parts of Deccan and
Vikramaditya is supposed to have fought period. great conqueror. Abhijnan Siddhantika) Central India after the fall of the Satavahanas
ochchhetta only Gupta ruler had the title
effectively against the Sakas. An era called • Samudragupta’s military campaigns justify Shakuntalam). 5. Vararuchi
gAndHArA ScHooL of Art of Sarva-raj-ochchhetta. and before the rise of Chalukyas. The
2. Amarsinh 6. Ghatakarna
Vikrama Samvat is reckoned from 58 BC. • It exhibits the influence of Greek and Roman description of him as the Napoleon of • Allahabad pillar inscriptions mention founder of the Vakataka dynasty was
(Amarsinh 7. Kahapranak
art; patronised by Shakas and Kushanas. India by V.A. Smith. Kosha) 8. Velabhatta Vindhya Shakti (255 AD-275 AD). Vindhya
tHe PArtHiAnS (1St century the title Dharma Prachar Bandhu, i.e.
• They used blue schist stone. • The reference to his dominion over Java, 3. Dhanvantri 9. Shanku Shakti was succeeded by his son Pravarsena
bc-1St century Ad) he was the upholder of Brahmanical I (275 AD-335 AD), who was the real founder
Sumatra and Malaya islands in the sea (Navanitakam
• Parthians replaced the Sakas in mAtHurA ScHooL of Art religion. • It was in Chandragupta’s time that the of the Vakataka Empire. He performed four
shows that he had a navy. • Meghavarna, the king of Sri Lanka, sent
North-Western India. • Buddha of Gandhara Art was copied here, Chinese pilgrim Fahien visited India. Ashvamedha Yajnas. Rudrasena I was the
• The most famous Parthian king was • Samudragupta annexed the territories an Embassy to Samudragupta with his contemporary of Samudragupta.
but in a refined way.
after defeating the monarchs in North
Gondaphernes, in whose reign St. Thomas • The majority of creation consisted of nude, permission build a monastery for Buddhist
is said to have come to India for the India, but did not annex territories in SkAndAguPtA (455Ad-467 Ad) AdminiStrAtion
seminude figures of females, Yakshinis or pilgrims at Bodh Gaya.
propagation of Christianity. South India. • He repulsed the ferocious Hunas’ attacks • The Gupta administration was highly
Apsaras in erotic poses.
twice. The heroic feat entitled him the title decentralised.
tHe kuSHAnAS (1St century gupta kings, their titles and coins Vikramaditya (Bhitari Pillar Inscription). • The practice of appointing the crown prince
guPtA Period (319 Ad-540 Ad)
Ad-3rd century Ad) gupta kings titles gold coins • During his period, Sudarshana Lake was (Kumara) came in vogue.
• Kushanas replaced the Greeks and Parthians. • Guptas arose in Magadha and established repaired and its embankments were rebuilt. • The Gupta kings were assisted by a
Chandragupta I Maharajadhiraja or king of the king Kumardevi type
• The first Kushana dynasty was founded by a large kingdom over the greater part of council of ministers (Mantriparishad/
Northern India. Their empire was not as Samudragupta Kaviraj (Prayag Prasati Ashvamedha, Dhanurdhari-Archer Garud, Axe, contribution of guPtA ruLerS Mantrimandalam).
Kujula Kadphises. Vima Kadphises issued
gold coins in India. Kanishka founded the large as that of the Mauryas. Vikram, Param, Bhagvat, Sarva- Ashvamedha. Vyaghra hanam (Tiger • City Administration: Paura was the council • Among the high officers, we may take
rajochchhetta) Killing) Veena Vadan
second Kushana dynasty. • This period is referred to as the Classical Age responsible for city administration. special notice of the Kumaramatya and the
• Their capitals were at Peshawar (Purushapura) or Golden Age of ancient India. Chandragupta II Vikramaditya, Sakari Devagupta/ Ashvarohi Chhatradhari Chakra- • Army Military: Chariots receded into Sandhivigrahika.
• Although the Gupta Empire was not as large Devashri/Devraja Narendra. Chandra Vikram type etc. the background and cavalry came • The Kumaramatyas formed the chief cadre
and Mathura. Singh Vikram Param Bhagvata etc. for recruiting high officials under the Guptas.
• The most famous Kushana ruler was as the Maurya Empire, it kept North India to the forefront.
politically united for more than a century. Kumargupta Mahendraitya, Ashvamedha Mahendra Gajarohi, Khadgadhari, Gajarohi, • Senabhakta: It was a form of tax. • The office of Sandhivigrahika first appears
Kanishka, also known as ‘Second Ashoka’. under Samudragupta, whose Amatya
• Sri Gupta was the founder of the Gupta and Mahendra Singh Sinh-nihanta, Khang-nihanta, • Revenue: Land revenue was the chief source
He started an era in 78 AD which is now Kartikeya and Apratighmudra type Harisena held this title.
dynasty. Sri Gupta was followed by his son of states’ income.
known as the Saka Era and is used by the • Decentralisation of the administrative
Government of India.
Ghatotkacha and he was followed by his Skandgupta Vikramaditya Kramaditya, Param Bhagvat Archer king and queen, chhatra and • Judiciary: For the first time, civil and criminal
son Chandragupta. Both used the simple (on coins) Shakrapoma (Kahaum Pillar horseman type
authority began during the Gupta period.
• Kanishka was a great patron of Mahayana laws were clearly defined and demarcated. • It was during the Gupta rule that the village
Buddhism. In his reign, 4th Buddhist
title of Maharaja. inscription); Devaraja (Arya Manjushri • Coinage: Guptas issued the largest number headmen became more important than
Mula Kalpa) of gold coins, which were called Dinaras
Council was held in Kundalavana, Kashmir cHAndrAguPtA i (319Ad-334 Ad) before.
where the doctrines of the Mahayana form cHAndrAguPtA (ii) VikrAmAdityA (380 ruler to issue silver coins and adopted the in their inscriptions. Silver coins were • In the Gupta period, for the first time, civil
• He was the first Gupta ruler to assume the called Rupayakas.
of Buddhism were finalised. Ad-414 Ad) titles Sakari and Vikramaditya. Ujjain and criminal laws were clearly defined
title of Maharajadhiraja.
• The last great Kushana ruler was Vasudeva I. • He strengthened his kingdom by • According to Devi Chandragupta (Vishakha seems to have been made the second capital and demarcated.
• The Kushanas controlled the famous silk Datta), Samudragupta was succeeded by by Chandragupta II. tHe HunAS (500 Ad-530 Ad) • Gupta kings depended primarily on land
matrimonial alliance with the powerful revenue.
route starting from China, passing through family of Lichchhavis, who were the rulers Ramagupta. He was the only Gupta ruler • Mehrauli (near Qutub Minar, Delhi) Iron • The Hunas were primitive pastoralists owing
their empire on to Iran and Western Asia. to issue copper coins. Pillar inscription says that the king defeated • The villagers were subjected to forced
of Mithila. He got married to the Lichchhavi herd of cattle and horses but knowing
• He married Kubernaga of the Naga dynasty labour called Vishti for serving royal
• The Kushanas were the first rulers in India princess Kumaradevi. the confederacy of Vangas and Vahilkas nothing about agriculture. Whenever the
and married his daughter Prabhavatigupta army and officials.
to issue gold coins on a wide scale. • He started the Gupta Era in 319AD-320 AD. (Bulkh). Gupta Empire’s resistance collapsed, the
• The Gupta period also experienced an excess
• In the royal court of Kanishka, a host • He established his authority over Magadha,
to Vakataka prince Rudrasena II. Hunas occupied the areas upto Central of land grants.
of scholars found patronage. Parsva, • Chandragupta II conquered Western kumArAguPtA i (415 Ad-455 Ad) India and Malwa about 500 AD. There were
Saketa and Prayaga. • Chandragupta II was succeeded by his
Vasumitra, Asvaghosha, Nagarjuna, Malwa and Gujarat, from the Shaka two powerful Huna rulers, Toramana and Society
Charaka and Mathara were some of them. SAmudrAguPtA (335Ad-380 Ad) Kshatrapas Rudrasena III. son Kumaragupta I. his son Mihirakula. Mihirakula, a Shaivite, • The Supremacy of Brahmins continued.
• Important ports: Barygaza (Bharuch), • Samudragupta was the greatest king of • He issued silver coins in the memory of • He founded the Nalanda Mahavihara which was a persecutor of Buddhism. Hunas were • The Varna system begins to get modified
Barbairicum (Western Coast), Aricamedu the Gupta dynasty. victory over Sakas. He was the first Gupta developed into a great centre of learning. uprooted by Yashodharman of Mandsaur. owing to the proliferation of castes.
• The Shudras were permitted to listen to the 1. Rock-cut caves: Ajanta and Ellora • Buddhism no longer received royal pat- • Dhanvantari was famous for the knowledge • Harshavardhana defeated Dhruvasena II • Pulakesin I (543–566 AD) founded the
epics and Puranas and also worship a new Group (Maharashtra) and Bagh ronage in the Gupta period. of Ayurveda. of Chalukya dynasty of Vatapi/Vadami. Chalukya dynasty, who claimed his descent
God called Krishna. (Madhya Pradesh). Administrative units and their heads • Palakapya wrote Hastyagarveda. He inflicted a decisive defeat on him at the either from Manu or Moon.
• Katyayana Smriti, a writer of the Gupta 2. Structural Temples: Dasavatara • Bhaskara wrote Mahabhaskarya and Laghu bank of Narmada. It was the only defeat of • Pulakesin II succeeded Kirtivarman-I.
period, was the first to use the expression temple of Deogarh (Jhansi district, Uttar unit Headed by Bhaskarya. Harsha’s victorious life. Pulkesin II ably put a check on Harsha’s
asprasya to denote the untouchable. Pradesh), the oldest and the best. Bhukti (Province) Uparika Literary works • The area under his control covered many design to conquer Deccan.
• The position of women deteriorated further. 3. Stupas: Mirpur Khas (Sindh), Dhammekh Vishayas (district) Vishyapati Purapala/Nager parts of Northern India, Eastern Rajasthan • Aihole inscription is an eulogy written by
• Early marriages were advocated and often (Sarnath) and Ratnagiri (Orissa). Author book
Nagar/Peth Village Pati Gramika and the Ganges Valley as far as Assam.
pre-puberty marriages took place. • The art of architecture had achieved greater Sudraka Mrichakatikam his court poet Ravikirti.
• The first example of Sati appears in Gupta heights. By evolving the Nagara Style His empire included territories of distant • The Chinese pilgrim Hiuen-Tsang visited
reLigiouS LiterAture Sudraka Mrichakatikam
time in 510 AD in Eran in Madhya Pradesh. (Shikhar Style), the Guptas are usherers feudal kings too. his kingdom.
• Hindu texts: Many old religious books Bharavi Kiratarjuniya
• In 641 AD, he sent an envoy to Tai-Tsung,
• Women were denied any right to property in the history of Indian architecture. The • Pallava ruler Narsimhavarman Mammala
were rewritten, e.g., Vayu Purana, Vishnu Dandin Dasa Kumar Charitra and
except for Stridhana in the form of temple architecture, with its garbha griha the Tang Emperor of China. Hiuen-Tsang,
Purana, Manu Smriti (translated into Kavyadarshan invaded the Chalukya kingdom, killed
jewellery and garments. in which the image of the God was placed, the celebrated Chinese pilgrim, visited India
English under the title of “Institutes of Bhasa Svapnavasavadattam Pulakesin II and captured Vatapi. He
• Idol worship became a common feature of began with the Guptas. during Harsha’s reign.
Hindu Law”, William Jones), Ramayana Charudatta adopted the title Vatapikonda, i.e. the
Hinduism from the Gupta period onwards. • Samudragupta is represented on his coins and Mahabharata. • Hiuen-Tsang mentions two most celebrated
Vishakhadatta Mudrakshasa Devi conqueror of Vatapi.
playing the Veena and Chandragupta II is • Buddhist text: Abhidharmakosa written Chandraguptam events of Harsha’s reign, the assemblies
economy credited with maintaining in his court nine
• It is argued by many scholars that the state by Ignaga, Visudhimagga written Vishnu Sharma Panchtantra and Hitopodesha at Kannauj and at Prayaga. The Kannauj
luminaries or great scholars, viz. Kalidasa, Vesara Style/Deccan Style
was the exclusive owner of land. The most by Buddhaghosa. assembly (643 AD) was held in honour of
Amiarismha Amarkosh • It was started by Chalukyas.
decisive argument in favour of the exclusive
Amarsingha, Dhanvantri, Varahamihira, • Mrichchakatikam (e.g., the clay cart) is the Hiuen-Tsang and to popularise Mahayana
Vararuchi (Vartika, a comment on Iswara Krishna Sankhya Kanika • Vesara style temples at Aihole (town of
state ownership of land is in the Pahadpur love story of a poor brahmin Charudatta and sect of Buddhism.
Ashtadhyayi), Chatakarna, Kshapranaka, Vatsyana Kamsutra temples):
virtuous courtesan Vasantasena. • Harshavardhana was a Shaiva by faith,
Copper Plate inscription of Buddhagupta. • Jinendra temple (Meguti temple)
• The Guptas issued the largest number of
Velabhatta and Shanku. • There was development of Sanskrit Grammar Bhatin Ravan Vadha
• Vishnu temple
• Over two-metre-high bronze image of the but he showed equal respect to other sects.
gold coins in ancient India, but in gold based on Panini and Patanjali. Amarakosha Varahmihira Panchasiddantika Birhad • Lad Khan temple (god Surya)
Buddha of Gupta period has been recovered Hiuen-Tsang portrays him as a liberal
content, Gupta coins are not as pure as the was compiled by Amar Singh. Samhita • Durga temple
from Bhagalpur. Buddhist (Mahayana).
Kushanas. Important officials • He also granted revenue of 200 villages for • Nagara style temple at Pattadakal
• Trade: There was decline in trade with the • The centres of the Gandhar sculptures • Papanatha temple
declined and their places were taken by Official field work PoSt-guPtA Period/VArdHAnA the maintenance of Nalanda University.
Roman Empire after 3rd century AD while • Dravida style temple at Pattadakal
Benares, Patliputra and Mathura. Maha Pratihari Chief usher of Royal
dynASty (550 Ad-647 Ad) • He died in 647 AD. • Virupaksha temple
the South-East Asian trade increased.
• The ports of the East coast–Tamralipti, • For the first time, we get images of Vishnu, Palace • He wrote three Sanskrit plays–Nagananda, • Sangamesvara temple
Shiva and other gods. Danda pashika Chief officer of the police • The Pushyabhuti or Vardhana dynasty was Ratnavali and Priyadarsika. He gathered
Ghantashala and Kandura–handled the
North-Indian trade with South-East Asia; • Buddha’s idols of sitting in Dharma Chakra department founded at Thaneswar (Karnal district, around him a circle of learned men, of whom
Maha prajapati Chief officer of elephant Haryana) by Pushyabhuti. tHe AbHirAS
and those of the West coast–Bharuch, mudra (Sarnath) and his images of Bamiyan Banabhatta, the author of Harshacharita
corps • The first important ruler of the dynasty was • On the downfall of the Satvahanas, the
Chaul, Kalyan and Cambay–traded with belong to this period. and Kadambari, Bhartrihari, the author
• The paintings of this period are found Mahashvapati Chief of Cavalry Prabhakaravardhana (580 AD-605 AD). Abhira Ishvarasha establisted himself
the Mediterranean and West Asia. of Niti Shataka, Shringar Shataka
in Bagh (Dhar district, MP) and Ajanta Mahadandanayaka Minister of justice • Prabhakaravardhana was succeeded by his in northern Maharashtra. He started an
eldest son Rajyavardhana (605 AD-606 AD). and Vairagya Shataka (jointly called
Taxes (Aurangabad district, Maharashtra). era in AD 249. It is known as Kalchuri-
Shatakatrayi) are well-known.
Bhaga: King’s share in the produce, to be • Stupas were of Mirpur Khas (Sindh), Ratnagiri Chedi or Abhira era.
AStronomy (Science) HArSHAVArdHAnA (606 Ad-647 Ad)
paid by cultivators (Orissa) and Chammekh (Sarnath) regions. • Aryabhatta, the great mathematician, wrote • Harshavardhana, also known as Siladitya, StAteS of tHe deccAn And tHe SHAkAS of mAHiSHAkA
Bali: An additional and oppressive tax
during Gupta period Aryabhatiyam and Surya Siddhanta. He ascended the Pushyabhuti throne in SoutH indiA • It was founded by Mana after the decline of
reLigion placed the value of first line number and the
Bhoga: Periodic supplies of fruits, firewood, 606 AD and from this year started the the satvahanas in the Deccan.
• Bhagavad Gita was written in this period. use of zero (‘0’).
etc. which the villagers had to Harsha Era. cHALukyAS of VAtAPi/VAdAmi
furnish to the king. • Idol worship in the temple became a • Varahamihira wrote Panchasiddhantika PALLAVAS of kAncHi
• He not only unified Kannauj with Thaneswar (543 Ad-755 Ad)
Uparika: An extra tax levied on all subjects common feature. The gods were unified and Brihat Samhita. He said the Moon • They were orthodox Brahmanical Hindus
with their respective consorts. Thus, moves round the Earth and Earth together
but also made it his new capital, which made • The Vakataka power was followed by
him the most powerful king of North India. and their capital was Kanchi.
Parvati got associated with Shiva and with Moon move round the sun. Chalukyas.
cuLture • After the death of Shashanka (in 637AD), • Chalukyas established their capital at • Both Chalukyas and Pallavas tried to
Lakshmi with Vishnu. • Brahmagupta hinted the law of gravitation
• The architecture of the Gupta period may be in Brahma-Sphuta-Siddhanta. Vagabhatta he conquered Magadha and Shashanka’s Vatapi/Vadami in the district of Bijapur establish their supremacy over land between
• There was also an evolution of Vajrayana
divided into three categories: was a distinguished physician. empire. in Karnataka. Krishna and Tungabhadra.
and Buddhist tantric cult.
Administrative units of • He was succeeded by Lakshmanasena Uttarkailash Tiruvadi Raj Raj I tamil Sangams
the Pallavas names of the chiefs Jayadeva. The famous Vaishnava poet Rajrajeshwar Tanjore Rajendra I Sangams Venue chairman Surviving texts
of Bengal and the author Gita Govinda
Mandal (Province) Rastrik Gangaikondchola Gangai Kondacholapuram Rajendra I 1st Madurai Agastaya —
lived at his court.
Nadu (District) Deshatric Airavateshwar Darsunam Raj Raj II 2nd Kapatapuram Alvi Agastaya Tolakappiyam (Tamil Grammar)
Village (Kottam–Group Gram Bhojak tHe PALAS (750 Ad-1150 Ad), cAPitAL: Kamhaveshwar Tirumaranam Kallotunga III
3rd North Madurai Nakkirar Ettuogai Patinenki Lakanakku
of villages) muddAgiri/munger (biHAr) Vijalaycholeshwar Naratmatai Vijayalaya
• Gopala founded the Pala Empire in 750 AD. Balsubramaniyam Kannanur Aditaya I ePicS the Cholamandalam Lake and the city
PALLAVA Art • His son Dharmapala (770 AD-810 AD) Nageshwar Kuminakanam Aditaya I • Silapathikaram by Ilango Adigal is also of Gangikonda Cholapuram. He won the
• Pallavas began the Dravida style of temple succeeded him. Dharmapala revived called ‘Illiyad’ of Tamil Poetry. Java, Sumatra and Malaya areas from the
Kornagnain Sriniwasnallur Vartak I
architecture, which reached culmination Nalanda University. • Bharatman written by Perudevanar. Shailendra king.
under the rule of Cholas. Moverkaite Padukottai Bhutivikram Kesiri
• He founded the Vikramshila University. epithet of the chola rulers
• The Pallavas also contributed to the tHe cHoLA emPire (850 Ad-1279 Ad)
• The Pala dynasty was succeeded by Sena • Ulgu (Customs duties), Iravu (Extra demand
development of sculpture in South India. SAngAm Age Capital: Tanjore, Gangaikonda Cholapuram. name of the king epithet
dynasty of Bengal. Jayadeva (Gita Govinda) or forced gift), Viriyam (A well-known • The founder of the Chola dynasty was
triPArtite StruggLe was the great court poet of Laxman Sen. unit of territory yielding tax) and Variyar Rajendra I Vijayrajendra
tHe cHerAS Vijayalaya, who was at first a feudatory of
• The struggle for supremacy between the (Tax collector). the Pallavas. He captured Tanjore in 850 AD. Vikramachola Tagayasamudra
Palas, the Gurjara-Pratihara and the tHe PrAtiHArAS (730 Ad-1036 Ad) • The capital of Cheras was Vanji. • Sangam was an assembly of Tamil poets
• • The ancient capital of Cholas was Palyarai. Kulothinga Sangam Tavarta
Rashtrakutas for the possession of Kannauj • Bhoja/Mihir Bhoja (836 AD-882 AD) was the Its main ports were Muzris and Tondi. held under royal patronage of Pandyan
• One of the earliest and better known among • Vijayalaya revived the Chola Empire in 9th Prantak I Madiraikond
at the end of 8th Century AD is known as greatest ruler of this dynasty. kings in Madurai.
Chera rulers was Udiyangeral. century AD. He took the title of ‘Narkesari’. Prantak II Sundarchola
the Tripartite struggle in the history. • He was a devotee of Vishnu and adopted the • The first Sangam was attended by gods and
• The greatest of Chera king, however, was legendary sages. • Aditya Chola defeated the Pallava king Rajaraja I Martanda Chola
title of Adi-Varah. Aparajit, captured Tondamandalam and
kALAcHuriS Senguttuvan or Red Chera. • Of the second Sangam, the only surviving • The most important feat of Chola admin-
• The early period the Kalachuris were tHe rASHtrAkutAS (752 Ad-953 Ad) • He was also the founder of the famous work is Tolkappiyam, an early work on took the title of ‘Maduraikonda’. He built a
istration was local self-government.
known as Haihayas with Mahishmati • Dantidurg (752 AD-756 AD) who fixed his Pattini cult. Tamil grammar written by Tolakapryar. Siva Temple at Tanjore. • Cholas maintained strong navy. ‘Kasu’ or
as their capital. capital at Malkhand/Malkhed (Gulbarga • Of the third Sangam, most of the works are • Parantak I established his authority over Kalaju’ was their gold coin.
• Krishnaraja, the earliest known chief tHe PAndyAS surviving. These are Ettuthogai, Pattupattu
district, Karnataka), founded the kingdom. • The Pandyas’ territory included modern the North-Eastern part of Sri Lanka. • Litterateur Bentek Madhav wrote com-
of this dynasty was succeeded by his • The greatest Rashtrakuta rulers were Govinda and Pathinenkilkanakku.
districts of Tirunelvelli, Ramnad and Madurai • Rajaraja I (985 AD-1014 AD) attacked over mentary on Rigveda in this period.
son Buddharaja. • Kural or Muppal, a part of Pathinenkilkanakku
III (793 AD-814 AD) and Amoghavarsha. in Tamil Nadu. It had its capital at Madurai, Sri Lanka. He permitted the Shailendra king • Jayanodar wrote Phalingtuparni and
and written in Thiruvalluvar is called the
tHe gAngAS Amoghavarsha wrote Kavirajamargam, the situated on the banks of Vaigai river. to build the Churamani Buddhist Vihara Sekkizhar wrote Periya Puranam in the court
Bible of the Tamil land. It is treatise on polity
• Also called Chedagangas of Orissa. earliest Kannada book on poetics. • The Pandya king sent emissaries to Roman ethics and social norms. at Nagapattanam. of Kulottunga I.
• King Narsimhadeva constructed the Sun • The famous rock-cut temple of Kailash emperor Augustus and Trojan. • The last ruler of Chola dynasty was
• The greatest Chola rulers were Rajaraja
temple at Konarka. (Shiva) at Ellora was built by one of the • The earliest known Pandyan ruler was SAngAm LiterAture Rajendra III.
(985 AD-1014 AD) and his son Rajendra I
• King Anantvarman Ganga built the famous Rashtrakuta kings, Krishna I. Mudukudumi. • The whole Sangam age is called Golden or • Land revenue and trade tax were the main
Jagannath temple at Puri • The greatest Pandya king was Nendujelian. Augustan Age. According to Tamil sources, (1014 AD-1044 AD). sources of income.
• Kesaris, who used to rule Orissa before Ganga tHe trAikutAkAS the father of Tamil literature is Agastya. • Rajaraja built Vrihadeshwar/Rajarajeshwar • The style of architecture which came into
built the Lingaraga temple at Bhubaneshwar. • Appear to be the feudatories of Abhiras SAngAm AdminiStrAtion temple (attributed to Shiva) at Tanjore. vogue during this period is called Dravida,
at first. • The king was the centre of administration. imPortAnt SAngAm workS • Rajendra I conquered Orissa, Bengal, e.g., Kailashnath temple of Kanchipuram.
tHe SenAS • First ruler was Indra Dutta. Who was • Avai was the court of the crowned monarch. • Tokapiyam by Tolakapriyar. Burma and Andaman and Nicobar islands. • Another aspect was image-making, which
• They ruled Bengal after the Palas. followed by Dahrasena, Vyaghrasena and • Revenue Administration: Karai (Land Tax), • Thirukural or Kural by Thiruvalluvar is The Chola dynasty was at its zenith during reached its climax in the dancing figure of
• Its founder was Samantsena. His grandson Irai (Tribute paid by feudatories and booty sometimes called the ‘fifth veda’ or ‘Bible of
Madhyamsena. his reign. Shiva called Nataraja.
Vijayasena brought the family into limelight. collected in war). the Tamil land’.
• Aniruddhapura was the capital of this • Rajendra I assumed the title of • Kambana, who wrote Ramavataram,
• The famous poet Shri Harsha composed
kingdom. Sangam regions ‘Gangaikonda Cholam’ and built a city called was one of the greatest figures of Tamil
the Vijayaprasasti in memory of Vijaysena.
• He was succeeded by Ballalasena. He wrote • Vikramsena was the last known King Gangaikonda Cholapuram. poetry. His Ramayana is also known as
Panchtinai Inhabitants Occupation
Danasagra and Adbhut Sagara. of this dynasty. • Rajendra I (1014 AD-1044 AD) conquered Kamba Ramayana.
Five tamil regions kurinji (hilly backwoods) Kurvar, Vetar Hunting, Gathering
the complete Sri Lanka and made • Kambana, Kuttana and Pugalendi are
temples constructed by rashtrakutas Palai (Pastoral tract) Eyinar Maravar Cattle lifting, robbery Anuradhapura his capital. He defeated considered as ‘three gems’ of Tamil poetry.
temple Place constructed by Mullai (Pastoral tract) Ayar Idiyer Shifting agriculture, animal the Pala king Mahipala and took the title • Gopuram and Garbhagriha are the other
husbandry of Gangaikonda Cholam and he also built two important structures.
Tiruvaleswaram Brahmadesha Raj Raj I
Marutam (wetlands) Ulavar, Uellalar Plough agriculture
))
Note: The temple of Hoysaleswara was built at Dwarasamudra (modern Halebid).
Indian History 43 44 General Knowledge 2020 45
chola temples iSLAm • After his death, Islam divided into the Shia
temple Location builder • Hazrat Muhammad Saheb founded the and Sunni cults. His successors were known
Islamic religion. He was born at Mecca as Khalifas. The Turkish ruler, Mustafa
Kailasnath Temple Kanchipuram King Rajasimha Kamal Pasha, ended the designation of
in 570 AD. Khalifa in 1994 AD.
Vrihadeshwar Temple Tanjore Rajaraja I
• Hazrat Muhammad attained supreme • The birthday of Muhammad Saheb is
Koranganatha Temple Sriniwasanllur Parantak I
knowledge or enlightenment in 610 AD in celebrated as Eid-e-Milad-ul-Nabi.
Airawteshwar Temple Darasuram Rajarya II
the Hira Cave near Mecca. His teachings
Kampahreshwar Temple Tribhuvan Kullotung III ZoroAStriAniSm (PArSi)
Gangi konda Gangaikonda Rajendra II
are compiled in the Holy Quran.
• 24th September, 622 AD is the day Hazrat
• Parsi religion was founded by Prophet
Zoroaster (Zarathustra). His teachings
medieVAL indiA
Cholapuran Cholapuran Muhammad started his journey from Mecca compiled in the holy book Zend Avesta. His
to Madina to mark the beginning of Hijri Era. followers believed in one God, Ahur. tHe rAJPutS
imPortAnt PLAceS ASSociAted witH • Matsya Purana refers to the ten incarnations Parmars/Pawars of Malwa.
cHoLA ruLe of Vishnu. • Origin: Four of the Rajputs clans claim, to Chalukyas/Solankis of Kathiawar.
• Polannaruva: The Sri Lankan city annexed • This cult emphasised over Bhakti and Ahimsa. have descendant from a mythical figure that Chauhans of East Rajasthan.
by Rajaraja. arose out of a sacrificial fire pit (Agnikund) Partihara/Pariharas of south
• Thanjavur or Tanjore: The Cholan SAiViSm near Mount Abu. They are: Rajasthan.
capital where Rajaraja I constructed the • Shiva is identified with the Rig Vedic god
Rudra. He was worshipped in the form of Some important rajputs kingdoms
Brihadeswara temple.
• Uttaramerur: The place where two tenth- linga (phallus). rajputs kingdom capital founder
century inscriptions relating to Chola • Gundimallam linga is the oldest idol Pawar of Malwa Ujjain, Dhar Sri Harsha
administration have been found. of Siva excavated from Renugunta in Partihara of Kannauj Avanti Kannauj Nagabhatta
• Vellur: It was the place where Chola king Andhra Pradesh.
Chauhan/Chahman of Delhi-Ajmer Delhi Vasudeva
Parantaka I defeated the combined army of • Vamana Puran refers to four schools of
Rashtrakuta of Malkhand Manyakhata Danti Durga
the Pandyas and Sri Lanka. Saivism–Pasupati, Saiva, Kapalika and
• Anuradhapura: The Sri Lankan capital, Kalmukha. Chandela of Jejakbhukti Khajuraho, Mahoba Kalinjar Nannuk Chandela
which was destroyed by Rajaraja I. • Pashupati is the oldest cult founded by Gadhawal/Rathor of Kannauj Kannauj Chandradeva
• Chidambaram: The place where Chola kings Lakulisa. Guhilota/Sisodiya of Mewar Chittor Bappa Rawal, Hammir II
were coronated. • Kanphata or Gorakhnath cult was propounded Kalchuri/Haihaya of Chedi Tripuri Kokkala
• Gangaikondacholapuram: The city which by Gorakhnath in Eastern Bengal.
was constructed by Rajendra I after his • Suddhasaiva cult was expounded by
successful North India campaign. deLHi SuLtAnAte (1206 Ad-1526 Ad) • The objective of Mahmud’s expeditions was
Srikanth Sevacharya.
to plunder and loot. He was not interested
• Mumidcholamandalam: The name of the • Virasiva or Lindayat cult was founded by • First Muslim invasion by Mohammad Bin in expanding his empire to India.
province which Rajaraja I carved out from Basava. Qasim (712 AD). • In 1173 AD, Muizuddin Muhammad
the Sri Lankan territories. • Rashtrakutas built the Kailash temple of • First Turkish Invasion by Mahmud Ghaznavi
(Muhammad Ghori) ascended the throne at
• Nagapattanam: The place where Mahendra Ellora and Kushan kings inscribed Shiva (998 AD-1030 AD): Sultan Muhmud of
Ghazni. Muizuddin Muhammad conquered
V, a Shailendra ruler, constructed a and Nadi on their coins. Ghazni. In 1025, he attacked and raided the
Multan and Kutch.
vihara. most celebrated Hindu temple of Somnath.
• In 1178 AD, he attempted to penetrate into
SHAkti dHArmA
mAHmud of gHAZni Gujarat by marching across the Rajputana
reLigiouS deVeLoPment • It is first mentioned in the Mahabharata.
• He patronised three persons, contemporary desert but was completely routed by
cHriStiAnity to him: Firdausi (court poet), Al Beruni the Gujarat ruler.
VAiSHnAViSm (scholar) and Utbi (court historian). • He conquered Peshawar, Lahore and Sialkot.
• This religion was founded by Jesus Christ.
• Lord Vasudeva was first worshipped in • Al Beruni wrote Kitab-ul-Hind. • Prithviraj Raso, written by court poet of
He was born to Mother Mary in Bethlehem
Western India. Besnagar inscription states • Mahmud is said to have made 17 raids into Prithviraj, Chand Bardai, depicts the life
near Jerusalem.
that the cults received royal patronage. Soon India. A decisive battle between Mahmud story of Prithviraj and his love story.
• Bible is the holy book of Christians and the
Vasudeva was identified with Narayana and Anandpala was fought in 1008AD-1009 • In 1194 AD, Jaichand of Kannauj was also
and Krishna. sign of ‘cross’ is their holy symbol. AD at Waihind during his sixth expedition. defeated at the Battle of Chandawar.
• Second Turk Invasion-Mohammad • He regarded as the ‘real founder of the Delhi • He was considered only as de jure ruler, • The post of special officer called Mustakharaj
Ghori’s invasion (1175 AD-1206 AD): Sultanate’. He made Delhi the capital in while Naib-e-Mamlakat (the regent) was the tHe kHiLJi dynASty was created for the purpose of collection of tHe tugHLAQ dynASty
Mohammad Ghori invaded India and laid place of Lahore. de facto ruler. (1290 Ad-1320 Ad) revenue. (1320 Ad-1414 Ad)
the foundation of the Muslim domination in • He saved Delhi Sultanate from the wrath • Alauddin sought to fix cost of all commodities.
India. He may be considered the founder of of Changez Khan by refusing shelter mASud SHAH (1242 Ad-1246 Ad) JALALuddin kHiLJi gHiyASuddin tugHLAQ
For this purpose, he set up three markets
Muslim rule in India. to Khwarizm Shah, whom Changez • He was the son of Ruknuddin but was • He was the first ruler of Delhi Sultanate to • Ghazi Malik or Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq was the
in Delhi.
Khan was chasing. deposed after Balban and Nasiruddin clearly put forward the view that the state founder of Tughlaq dynasty or the dynasty
• He got his authority (Sultanate of Delhi) Mahamud’s mother. Mallika-e-Jahan should be based on the willing support of the reVenue reformS of ALAuddin kHiLJi of the Qaraunah Turks.
recognised by the Caliph of Baghdad conspired against him and established governed and that since the large majority • He was the first sultan of Delhi who took up
Battle of Terain
• In the first battle of Terain (1191) the (Khalifa) as member of world fraternity of of the people in India were Hindus, the state the title of Ghazi or slayer of the infidels.
Nasiruddin Mahamud as the new Sultan.
Ghori Forces were completely rooted out by Islamic states. in India could not be a truly Islamic State. Market/Economic Reforms • Construction of canals and formulation of
• Alauddin controlled the market by many
Prithviraj. • He completed the construction of nASiruddin mAHAmud • The most important aspect of his reign a famine policy.
regulations.
• The second battle of Terain (1192) is regarded Qutub Minar. (1246 Ad-1266 Ad) was invasion of Devagiri in 1294 AD by his • Started the barter system or sharing of crops.
• Fixed the cost of all commodities.
as one of the turning points in Indian history.
• He constituted a group of 40 nobles known • He was the son of Iltutmish and was known nephew and son-in-law Alauddin Khilji. • He setup three markets in Delhi.
• He sent his son Jauan Khan to re-establish
Prithviraj was defeated by Ghori. the authority in Warangal (Kakatiya) and
as Turkan-i-Chahalgani or Chalisa. as the Darvesi King. • The Sultan went to Kara to meet Alauddin • All goods for sale were brought to the open
• He started the Iqta-dar system in Delhi Khiiji. But Alauddin killed Jalaluddin on a market called ‘Sarai Adi’. Madurai (Pandyas).
Sultanate. This is an assignment of land bALbAn (1266 Ad-1287 Ad) boat in the Ganges on 20 July, 1296. • He established the market control • He built the city of Tughlaqabad near Delhi
tHe SLAVe dynASty in lieu of salary, which he distributed • He himself was a member of Chalisa or department under a minister called diwan- and made it his capital.
(1206 Ad-1290 Ad) to his officers. Chahalgani but he broke the power of ALAuddin kHiLJi (1296 Ad-1316 Ad) i-riyasat. • Sufi saint, Shaikh Nizam-ud-din Aulia said
• He introduced the silver coin (tanka) and Chahalgani and restored the prestige • He was the nephew and son-in-law of Delhi is far away in regard to him.
Qutubuddin AibAk (1206 Ad-1210 Ad) the copper coin (jital). of the crown. Jalaluddin Khilji, Alauddin Khilji killed him • Measured the cultivable land and fixed the • He died in 1325 AD, after a fall from a high-
• • He patronised Minhaj-al-Siraj, author of and succeeded the throne in 1296. raised pavilion.
A Turkish slave by origin after the death • He created a strong centralised army land revenue. Bishwa was declared to be the
of Ghori, Aibak became the master of Tabaqat-i-Nasiri. • He came to the throne by treacherously standard of measurement.
and established the military department moHAmmAd bin tugHLAQ
Hindustan and founded the Slave Dynasty • In 1216 Iltutmish defeated Eldoz in the Diwan-i-Arz. He ordered the separation of
murdering his uncle and father-in-law • The state demanded half of the produce. (1325 Ad-1351 Ad)
in 1206 AD. For his generosity, he was given battle of Tarain and crushed him totally. Jalaluddin Khilji. • Alauddin is credited to have built many forts
military affairs from finance department • Prince Jauan, son of Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq,
the title of Lakh Baksh (giver of lakhs). • In 1227–28 Iltutmish invaded on Bhakkar • He first conquered Gujarat. and the most important of them is Ali Fort.
(Diwan-i-Wazarat). ascended the throne in 1325 AD.
• Sultan Razia rejected the Pardah, she and killed Qubacha. • Then he captured Ranthambhor, Chittor
• He declared the sultan as representative of He also constructed the Alai Darwaja, the • He had five ambitious projects for which he
adorned the male dress and held open courts. • In 1225 Iltutmish invaded on Lakhnavti and and Malwa. entrance gate of Qutub Minar.
God on Earth. Persian court model influenced became particularly debatable.
• defeated Ghyasuddin. • He was the first Turkish Sultan who separated
He died in 1210 AD while playing Chaugan
Balban’s conception of kingship. He took up • He also built the palace of thousand pillars i. Taxation in the Doab (1326 AD)
or horse polo. religion from politics.
rukn-ud-din called ‘Hazar Sutun’, Hauz Khas and Jamait ii. Transfer of Capital (1327 AD): from
• He constructed two mosques, Quwwat-ul-
the title of Zil-i-Ilahi (shadow of God) and • Alauddin strengthened the north-west frontier
• He was the son of Iltutmish and was crowned impressed upon the people that the king Khana post and built his capital at Siri. He Delhi to Devagiri. Devagiri was thus
Islam in Delhi and Adhai din ka Jhonpra under his trusted commander Ghazi Mallik.
by her mother, Shah Turkan, after the adopted the title Sikandar-i-Sahni. named Daulatabad.
was the deputy of God (Niyabat-i-Khudai).
in Ajmer. He also began the construction ALAuddin’S imPeriALiSm • He is the first Turkish sultan who separated iii. Introduction of Token Currency
of Qutub Minar, in honour of famous Sufi
death of Iltutmish. • He insisted on the Iranian ceremonies of
• In Deccan, Alauddin’s army led by Malik religion from politics. (1329 AD)
Saint, Khwaja Qutubuddin Bakhtiyar Kaki. sijda and paibos.
rAZiA SuLtAn (1236 Ad-1240 Ad) Kafur defeated Ram Chandra (Yadava ruler • He patronized Amir Khusro and Mir Hasan iv. Proposed Khurasan Expedition
• • He introduced zaminbosi or practice of sijda.
Patronised writers like Hasan-ul Nizami, • She was the first and last Muslim woman of Devagiri), Pratap Rudradeva (Kakatiya Dehlvi. (1329 AD)
author of Taj-ul-Massir and Fakhruddin, • Balban started the festival of Navroz. He v. Qarachil Expedition (1330 AD): His five
ruler of Medieval India. ruler of Warangal), Vir Ballal III (Hoyasala
author of Tarikh-i-Mubarak Shahi. adopted a policy of blood and iron. SucceSSorS of ALAuddin
• She appointed Jamaluddin Yakoot as the ruler of Dwarsamudra) and Vir Pandya projects led to revolts.
highest officer of cavalry. • He was a patron of Persian literature and • After the death of Alauddin in 1316 AD, • He was an expert in Arabic, Persian
ArAm SHAH (1210 Ad) (Pandya ruler of Madurai).
• She abandoned Pardah and appeared before showed special favour to Amir Khusro. Malik Kafur Hazar Dinari seized the Astronomy, Philosophy, Maths and Medicine.
• After Qutubuddin’s death, his son Aram AdminiStrAtiVe reformS throne, but he could not rule for long • He died in Thatta (Sind) while campaigning
Shah succeeded him. the public in male dress. kAiQubAd (1287 Ad-1290 Ad)
• She saved the empire from Mongol invasion. • First sultan to have permanent army. and nominated Shihabuddin (Alauddin’s against a Turkish slave Taghi.
• A grandson of Balban was seated on the • In order to avoid the problems created sixteenth son) as king. • A new department of agriculture Diwan-
SHAmSuddin iLtutmiSH throne by Fakhruddin, the kotwal of
(1211 Ad-1236 Ad) bAHrAm SHAH (1240 Ad-1242 Ad) by the nobles, Alauddin issued four • Shihabuddin was deposed by Qutubuddin i-Kohi was set up. He built fortress of
• He was a slave of Qutubuddin Aibak and • After Razia, Iltutmish’s third son Bahram Delhi. But Kaiqubad was killed by the important ordinances. Mubarak Shah (1316 AD-1320 AD). Adilabad and city of ‘Jahanpanah’.
Shah was put on the throne by the powerful Khilji family, which saw the end of Slave • He introduced the system of Dagh (the • Nasiruddin Shah (1320 AD) killed Mubarak • The famous Moroccan traveller Ibn Batuta
occupied the throne of Delhi in 1211 AD
Turkish council Chalisa. dynasty and beginning of Khilji dynasty at branding of horse) and Chehra (descriptive Shah and himself was killed by Ghazi Malik, came to Delhi in 1334 AD and acted as
after deposing Aram Bakhsh. role of soldiers).
the Delhi throne. governor of Dipalpur. the Qazi of the capital for eight years. He
recorded the contemporary Indian science • Yahya-bin-Ahmed-bin-Abdullah Sirhindi iii. War of succession as there was no fixed • Ariz-i-Mumalik: Head of military department. Adhai Din Ka Ajmer Qutub-ud-din
in his Safranamah (Rahela). Taxation System wrote Tarikh-i-Mubarak Shahi (History of • Amir-i-hazib: Officer-in-charge of the royal
law for succession. Jhonpra Aibak
Firoz Shah Tughlaq introduced new system of Muhammad Shah of Sayyid Dynasty). court.
iv. Greed and incompetency of the noble.
firoZ SHAH tugHLAQ (1351 Ad-1388 Ad) taxation according to Quran. Tomb of Ghiyas- Delhi Muhammad-bin-
v. Financial instability. • Kazi-i-mumalik: Chief Justice.
• He was the cousin of Mohammad-bin- • Kharaj: A land tax of 1/10th of the ud-din Tughlaq Tughlaq
procedure of land.
tHe LodHi dynASty vi. Invasion of Timur. • Kazi-ul-kazat: Head of the central judicial
Tughlaq. After his death, the nobles and department. Tughlaqabad Fort Delhi Ghiyas-ud-din
• Zakat: 2.5 tax on property (by muslim only). (1451 Ad-1526 Ad) Tughlaq
theologians of the court selected Firoz Shah AdminiStrAtion • Amir-i-majlis: Officer-in-charge of royal
• Jaziya: A tax by non-muslim (even by
as the next Sultan. Brahmins). bAHLoL LodHi (1451Ad-1488 Ad) • Political, legal and military authority vested feasts, conference and festivals. Moth Ki Masjid Delhi Prime Minister of
• He decreed that whenever a noble died, his • Khams:1/6th of the booty captured during • Founder of Lodhi dynasty in India. in the sultan. He was responsible for • Majlis-i-am: Council of friends and officers Sikandar Lodi
son should be allowed to succeed to his war. • Annexed entire Sharqi kingdom and administration. consulted on important affairs of the state. Qutub Minar Delhi Iltutmish
position including his Iqta if he had no sons. issued Bahlol coins. • The country was divided into Iqta which • Dahir-i-mumalik: Head of the royal (founded by
His son-in-law and, in his absence, his slave
After firoZ SHAH tugHLAQ • Never sat on throne, used to sit on carpets was distributed among the nobles, correspondence. Qutub-ud-din
was to succeed. along with Anines. officers and soldiers. • Sadr-us-sudur: Dealt with the religious Aibak)
(1388 Ad-1414 Ad)
• Firoz extended the principle of heredity to • The key figure in the administration was Wazir. matters and endowments. Tomb of Hazart Delhi Ala-ud-din Khilji
• After Firoz Shah Tughlaq, Ghiyasuddin
the army. SikAndAr LodHi (1489 Ad-1517 Ad) • The head of military department was called • Sadr-i-jahan: Officers-in-charge of religious Nizamuddin Aulia
Tughlaq Shah-I succeeded. He was replaced
• Firoz tried to win over the theologians • Sikandar Lodhi was the son of Bahlol Lodhi Ariz-i-Mamalik. and charitable endowment. Alai Darwaja Delhi Ala-ud-din Khilji
by Abu Bakr Shah in 1389 AD.
proclaiming that he was a true Muslim king who conquered Bihar and western Bengal. • Diwan-i-Risalat dealt with religious matter. • Amir-i-dad: Public prosecutors.
• Abu Bakr was replaced by Nasiruddin Jamaat Khana Delhi Ala-ud-din Khilji
and the state under him was truly Islamic. • Noblest of the three Lodhi rulers, real name The Qazi dispensed civil law based on • Qazi: Legal officer (dispensed civil law based
Muhammad in 1390 AD. Nasiruddin Masjid
• He prohibited the practice of Muslim women was Nizam Khan (son of Bahalul Lodhi). Muslim law (Sharia). on Muslim law Shariat).
Mohammad was replaced by Alauddin
going out to worship at graves of saints. • He conquered Bihar and Bengal in 1504 AD. • Diwan-i-Insha headed by Dahir-i-Mumalik • Wakil-i-dar: Controller of the royal household. muSic
Sikandar Shah for brief in 1394 AD but
• It was during the time of Firoz that Jizya He built a new city named Agra, and made managed the royal correspondence. • Barid-i-mumalik: Head of the state news • Rabab and Sarangi were introduced.
regained the throne after Sikandar’s death.
became a separate tax. Firoz refused to exempt it his capital. • The rulers posted intelligence agents called agency. • Amir Khusro introduced many Persian
He ruled till 1412 AD. During his period,
the Brahmanas from payment of Jizya. • He shifted his capital from Delhi to Agra, a Braids in different parts of the empire. • Naib wazir: Deputy minister. Arabic ragas. He also invented the Sitar.
Timur invaded India.
• Four kinds of taxes sanctioned by the Quran city founded by him. • Wakil-i-Dar was responsible for maintenance • Mushrif-i-mumalik: Accountant general.
were imposed. These taxes were Kharaj, • He broke the sacred images of the Jwalamukhi of proper decorum at the court. PAintingS
Timur’s Invasion (1398 AD-1399 AD)
Zakat, Jizya and Khams. • Timur, the lame, a Turkish Chief invaded
Temple at Nagarkot and ordered the temples • The provinces were divided into Shiqs and Art And ArcHitecture under • Arabs introduced paper in the 15th century
• Firoz repaired a number of canals and India in 1398 during the reign of Muhammad of Mathura to be destroyed. headed by Shiqdars. deLHi SuLtAnAte and this encouraged painting.
imposed Haque-i-Sharb or Hasil-i-Sharb Shah Tughlaq, the last ruler of Tughlaq • He introduced the Gaz-i-Sikandari • The new features brought by the Turkish
important central departments LiterAture
(water tax). dynasty. Timur returned to Central Asia, (Sikandar’s yard) of 32 digits for measuring conquerors were: (i) the dome, (ii) the lofty
of delhi Sultanate • Uday Raj wrote a long poem (Shahnama)
• He was a great builder. The cities of leaving a nominee named Khizr Khan to rule cultivated fields. towers, (iii) the true arch unsupported by
Fatehabad, Hisar, Jaunpur and Firozabad in Punjab. • He was a poet and wrote verses in Persian department function beam, and (iv) the vault. praising Mahmud and describing some
stand to his credit. under the pet name Gularukh. Diwan-i-Mustakhraj Department of arrears • The first example of true or voussoired arch incidents of his justice and equality.
• He encouraged the practice of slavery and • He repaired Qutub Minar. is said to be the tomb of Ghiyasuddin • Zai Nakshabi translated Sanskrit shlokas
Diwan-i-Khairat Department of charity
selected young boys from the conquered Balban in Mehrauli (Delhi). into Persian under the title Tuti namah.
tHe SAyyid dynASty ibrAHim LodHi (1517 Ad-1526 Ad) Department of • Merutanga wrote Prabandha Chintamani.
territory for the purpose. Diwan-i-Bandagon Diwan-i-Kohi
agriculture • In the Khilji period, the usage of voussoired
was created as the department for slaves. (1414 Ad-1450 Ad) • He was the last king of the Lodhi dynasty arch and dome was established and for all. Literary Sources
Department of
• He brought two pillars of Ashoka from Topara • Khizr Khan (1414 AD-1421 AD) founded
and the last sultan of Delhi. Diwan-i-Insha A famous example is the tomb of Hazrat
• He was the son of Sikandar Lodhi. correspondence book Author
and Meerut to Delhi, and repaired Qutub the Sayyid dynasty and claimed to have Nizamuddin Aulia in Delhi.
Minar when it was stuck by lightening. descended from the prophet of Islam. • Daulat Khan Lodhi, the Governor of Punjab, Diwan-i-Risalat
Department of appeals • The construction of double domes was Khazyan-ul-Futuh Amir Khusro
(Foreign Minister)
• He established a hospital in Delhi. He was • Khizr Khan took the title of Rayat-i-Ala invited Bahur to overthrow Ibrahim. the main feature of Lodhi Architecture. Tuglaqnamah Amir Khusro
known as Darul-Shifa. and not of a king. • He captured Gwalior and was defeated by Diwan-i-Ariz Military department One building worth noting is the Moth ki
Tabagat-i-Nasiri Minhaj-us-Siraj
• He introduced two new coins–Adha (50% • Mubarak Shah (1412 AD-1433 AD) led Rana Sanga of Mewar. Diwan-i-Bandagan Department of slaves Masjid erected by the Prime Minister of
Jital) and Bikh (25% Jital). Mathura was successful expeditions against Mewatis, • He was defeated and killed at the hands Department of justice Sikandar Lodhi. Tarikh-i-Firozshahi Ziauddin Barni
of Babur in the First Battle of Panipat Diwan-i-Qaza
destroyed during that period. Katehars and the Gangeti Doab area. Mamalik
Architectural Landmarks of the Gita Govind Jayadeva
• Barani, the historian, was in his court. • Muhammad Shah (1434 AD-1443 AD) in 1526 AD. Diwan-i-Isthiaq Department of pensions Sultanate Period Mitakshara Vigyaneshwara
He wrote Tarikh-i-Feroshahi and ruled on a very small area, rest being
Fatwa-i-Jahangiri. governed by nobles. Alauddin Shah Alam cAuSeS of tHe decLine imPortAnt centrAL officiALS Structure Location builder Dayabhage Jimuta Vahana
• However, his rule was marked by peace and (1443 AD-1451 AD) was the last Sayyid of deLHi SuLtAnAte • Wazir: The Cheif Minister of the State in- Quwwat-ul-Islam Delhi Qutub-ud-din Ashigaandkhir khan Amir Khusro
tranquility, and the credit for it goes to his king, who retired as a coward, descending i. Despotic and military type of government. charge of revenue and finances, controlled Mosque Aibak Amuktamalyada Krishan Deva Raya
Prime Minister Khan-i-Jahan Maqbul. in favour of Bahlol Lodhi. ii. Degeneration of Delhi Sultans. by other departments.
book Author • Later ruled by Chak Dynasty, whose ruler • Bukka I (1356 AD-1379 AD): tHe tuLuVA dynASty • Caesar Frederick, a Portuguese traveller,
submitted to Akbar in 1586 AD. Bukka I strengthened the city of Vidyanagar (1505 Ad-1570 Ad) visited Vijayanagar in 1567 AD-1568 AD bAHAmAni kingdom
Futuhat-i-Firozshah Firoz Shah
and renamed it Vijayanagar. • Vira Narsimha (1505 AD-1509 AD): Vir during the reign of Sadashiva Raya. • The Bahamani kingdom of Deccan was
Parsana Kaghava Jayadeva mewAr
The royal ambassadors from Malabar and Narsimha, the son of Narsa Nayaka, became founded by Hasan Gangu. The capital was
Khamsah Amir Khusro
• The capital city of Chittor was captured tHe ArAVidu dynASty
Ceylon adorned his court. the king after assassination of Immadi Gulbarga. Hasan Gangu took the title of
by Alauddin Khilji in 1303 AD but Rajput (1570 Ad-1650 Ad)
Miftahul Fatah Amir Khusro • Harihar II (1379 AD-1404 AD): Narsimha, the last Saluva ruler. Alauddin Hasan Bahaman Shah and became
rule was soon restored by Rana Hamir • Tirumala Raya, the brother of Rama Raja, the first king of Bahaman in 1347 AD.
(1326 AD-1364 AD). Bukka I was succeeded by his son Harihar II. • Krishnadevaraya (1509 AD-1529 AD) was ruled in the name of Sadashiva Raya. He
Amir kHuSro • Deva Raya I (1406 AD-1422 AD): His • Mahmud Shah I (1358 AD-1375 AD),
• He was a Persian poet (1253 AD-1325 AD) • Rana Kumbha Karan (1433 AD-1468 AD) the greatest ruler of the dynasty. Portuguese shifted the capital to Penugonda.
greatest achievement was his irrigation son of Bahaman Shah, established a
was the greatest ruler of Mewar. He built traveller, Domingo Paes writes high about
associated with royal courts of more than council consisting of eight ministers and
the famous victory tower Vijay Stambh works where a dam was built across the him. Barbosa also came as a traveller. Also AdminiStrAtion
seven rulers of the Delhi Sultanate. decentralised his provincial administration.
at Chittor to commemorate his victory Tungabhadra, with canals leading to the Friar Luis, the ambassador of Portuguese • The Vijayanagar rulers issued gold coins
• He was also a musician, he invented sitar. He fought with Vijayanagar.
over Mahmud Khilji of Malwa. His court city. Nicolo de Conti visited Vijayanagar called Varahas or Pagodas. All were of gold
• He innovated Khayal (a style of singing). Governor, Albuquerque, resided in his court. • Firoz Shah: He inducted Hindus in his
was adorned by Mandan who wrote many during his reign. • mixed with alloy. The Tar was a silver coin.
• In his book Tarikh-i-Alai, he gave an His period was known as golden age of administration to a large extent. He built
books on architecture, Parsad Mandan • Srinatha was his court poet, who wrote The Jital was a copper coin.
account of conquest of Alauddin Khilji. Telugu literature. an observatory at Daulatabad. He founded
• He also lived in the court of Ghiyasuddin and Rupa Mandan. Haravilasam. • Krishnadevaraya maintained friendly Society the city of Firozabad on the bank of river
Tughlaq and wrote Tughlaqnamah. • Rana Sangram Singh (1509 AD-1528 AD) • There was a Pearl Hall in his palace, where
defeated Mahmud II of Malwa and Ibrahim
relations with Albuquerque, the Portuguese • It was the only empire in Medieval India Bhima. Firoz defeated Devaraya.
• Khusro is also known as Tuti-i-Hind or he honoured men of eminence. Governor. He won Orissa (Gajapati Kingdom) which employed women in the state services. • Firoz Shah was succeeded by his brother
Lodhi.
‘Parrot of India’. • Deva Raya II (1423 AD-1446 AD): He was for Vijayanagar and Vijayanagar emerged Also, it was the only state that promoted Ahmad Shah I (1422 AD-1436 AD). He
bengAL the grandson of Deva Raya I. Ahmad Shah strongest during his reign. widow remarriage. shifted his capital from Gulbarga to Bidar.
ProVinciAL kingdomS • Disintegrated from Delhi during the reign of I of Bahamani invaded Vijayanagar and • He built the Vijaya Mahal the Hazara Rama Ahmad Shah is known as Wali or saint due
Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq. exacted a war indemnity. He was called ArcHitecture to his association with Gesu Daraz.
temple and the Vithal Swami temple.
guJArAt • Praudh Deva Raya. In his inscriptions, • The Vijayanagar rulers produced a new • Bidriware was introduced in his period.
In 1342 AD, Iliyas Khan founded the new • He took the titles of Yavanaraja
• Disintegrated from Delhi in 1397 AD, under Iliyas Shahi Dynasty. he has the title of Gajabetekara (the style of architecture called Provida style. • Ahmad Shah was succeeded by his son
Sthapnacharya and Abhinava Bhoja. He is The large number and prominence of pillars Alauddin II (1436 AD-1458 AD) and
Zaffar Khan, who assumed the title of • The famous poet, Maladhar Basu, compiler elephant hunter). Sri Lanka paid a regular also known as Andhra Bhoja and Andhra
Sultan Muzaffar Shah. of Sri-Krishna Vijay, was patronized by and piers are some of the distinct features. Humayun. Humayun (1458 AD-1461 AD)
tribute to him. Dindima was the court
• Ahmed Shah I (his grandson), built a new the Sultans and was given the title of
Pitamaha. • Other important features were the Mandapa was so cruel that he got the title of ‘Zalim’.
poet, whereas Srinatha was given the title •
city Ahmedabad and also built Jama Masjid ‘Gunaraja Khan’.
His court was adorned by the Ashtadiggajas or open pavilion with a raised platform, meant • Humayun was succeeded by his son Nizam
of Kavisarvabhauma. Abdur Razzak, the (the eight celebrated poets of Telugu). for seating deities and Amman Shrine. Shah (1461 AD-1463 AD) and then by
and Tin Darwaza at Ahmedabad. • Chaitanya and Shankaradeva belonged
• In the reign of Mahmud Beghra, Portuguese envoy of Shah Rukh, visited Vijayanagar • Krishnadevaraya was a contemporary of Babur. • The Vijayanagar rulers started the practice Muhammad Shah-III. Nikitin, a Russian
to this period. during his reign.
set up a factory at Diu. Udayraja was his • Sher Shah Suri occupied Bengal in 1538 AD. • His political ideas are contained in the Telugu of inscribing the stories of the Ramayana merchant visited Bidar during his reign.
court poet. book Amuktamalayada. He also wrote a and the Mahabharata on the walls of the • The last ruler of Bahamani kingdom was
tHe SALuVA dynASty
• Akbar annexed Gujarat in 1573 AD. ViJAyAnAgAr And otHer Sanskrit Drama Jambavati Kalyanam. various temples. Vithalswami and Hazara Kalim Ullah Shah.
(1486 Ad-1505 Ad)
• Achyutadevaraya (1529 AD-1542 AD): Rama Temple are examples of this type of • Nizam Shahis of Ahmadnagar. Founder–
mALwA kingdomS • Saluva Narsimha (1486 AD-1491 AD): He wall inscription. Ahmad Nizam Shah, later annexed
• Husan Shah was a powerful ruler of Malwa. founded the Saluva dynasty. Krishnadevaraya nominated his brother
by Shahjahan.
He built Jama Masjid, Hindol Mahal and • Tirumal (1491 AD) and Immadi Narasimha Achyutadevaraya as the successor. During
ViJAyAnAgAr emPire Nayankara System • Adil Shahis of Bijapur (1490 AD-1686 AD),
Jahaz Mahal at Mandu. (1336 Ad-1580 Ad) (1491 AD-1505 AD): Both were minors his reign, Farano, a Portuguese horse-
• Under this system, military chiefs were founded by Yusuf Adil Shah. It was annexed
• Malwa became a part of Gujarat in 1531 AD • Vijayanagar kingdom and the city were during the regency of Narsa Nayaka. Vosco trader, visited Vijayanagar. by Aurangzeb. Greatest ruler of the kingdom
assigned certain pieces of land called
and was annexed to Mughal state in 1562 AD. founded by Harihar and Bukka. Da Gama landed in Calicut during his • Venkata (1542 AD) and Sadashiva Raya amaram. These chiefs, known as nayaks, was Ibrahim Adil Shah.
• They were brought to the centre by reign in 1498 AD. (1543 AD-1576 AD): Sadashiva was the had revenue and administrative rights on • He introduced Dakhini in place of Persian
kASHmir last ruler of the dynasty. Real power was their lands.
Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq, converted to Islam language. Another ruler Muhammad Adil
• Shamsuddin Shah became the first Muslim tirumAL (1491 Ad) And immAdi The Iyengar System
and were sent to South to control rebellion exercised by Rama Raja/Raya and his two Shah built the Gol Gumbad.
ruler of Kashmir in 1339 AD. nArASimHA (1491 Ad-1505 Ad) • It involved the constitution of a 12–member
but motivated by a Bhakti saint Vidyaranya, brothers. The Battle of Talikota (also called • Imad Shahis of Berar (1490 AD-1574 AD)
• Zainulabdin (1420 AD-1470 AD) was the officials group by the Centre to maintain
they established Vijayanagar kingdom in • Ruled under the regency of Narsa Nayaka. the Battle of Rakshasa-Tangadi) was fought founded by Fateullah Daulatabad as capital.
greatest ruler of Kashmir, also known as administration at the village level. These
1336 AD. • Vasco Da Gama came to India (Calicut) on 23rd January, 1565 between the alliances • Qutub Shahis of Golconda (1518 AD-
‘Badshah’ and Akbar of Kashmir. He officials, called the Iyengars, were village
introduced the art of shawl-making in • Vijayanagar period can be divided into four during the reign of Immadi in 1498 AD. of Ahmednagar, Bijapur, Golconda and Bidav functionaries and constituted of groups of
1687 AD) founded by Quli Qutub Shah. He
Kashmir, built Zaina Lanka and an artificial distinct dynasties, viz. Sangam, Saluva, • Ultimately, a new dynasty called Tuluva at one side. Rama Raja was taken prisoner families. built the famous Golkonda fort and made
island in the Wular Lake. Tuluva and Aravidu. dynasty was founded by Vir Narasimha. and executed by Hussain Nizam Shah I. it his capital.
• Muhammad Quli Qutab Shah was the bHAkti SAintS • His disciple considered him as incarnation movement in Maharashtra, founder of 3. Eager for Hindu-Muslim unity and
greatest of all. He founded the city of • Bhoja Parmar (1010 AD-1055 AD) of of Lord Krishna. Marathi language and literature, wrote cultural synthesis.
Malwa was known as Kaviraj. He wrote Ramanuja
Hyderabad. He built the famous Charminar. a long commentary on the Bhagavad 4. Opposed to orthodoxy.
The kingdom was annexed by Aurangzeb Ayurvedasaravasva (work on medicine) • The Vaishnava saint from South India. The Surdas
• Disciple of Vallabhacharya and devotee of Gita, called the Bhavarthadipika, more 5. Discouraged materialistic life.
and Samrangana Sutradhar (work on earliest exponent of Bhakti movement and
(1687 AD). Lord Krishna and Radha. commonly known as Jnaneshvari.
architecture). Vishitadvaita philosophy.
• Barid Shahis of Bidar was founded by Ali • Architectural works of the period: • He wrote Sur Suravali, Shitya Ratna and • Namadeva (1270 AD-1350 AD): A Sufi order
Barid. i. Kendriya Mahadeva Temple at Guru Nanak Sursagar (belonged to Saguna School). contemporary of Jnanesvara. The object Chisti Silsila
• Sufis were organised 12 orders of silsila. • Founder of Sikh faith in India. of his devotion was Vithoba or Vithal
Khajuraho was built by Chandellas of
Shankar Dev • The Chisti order was founded by Khwaja
• Sufi orders are broadly divided into Bashara, Bundelkhand (1000 AD). • He was born in Talwandi, now Nankana Sahib. (identified with Vishnu) of Pandharpur. The
that is those which followed the Islamic law • Chaitanya of Assam, monotheist and Abdal Chisti in Heart. It was brought to India
ii. Dilwara Temple at Mount Abu (West • He laid emphasis on one God. He was cult of Vithoba or Vithal known as Varkari
by Khwaja Moin-ud-din Chisti (1141-1236).
(sharia), and Beshara, that is those which Indian style of architecture) built by worshipped Krishna. sect was founded by Namadeva.
against idolatry, undertaking pilgrimage and • Khwaja’s other disciple Qutub-din-Baktiyar
were not bound by it. Siddharaja Solanki of Gujarat.
other ritualistic conducts. Madhavacharya • Eknath (1533 AD-1599 AD): A great
iii. Angkorvat Temple at Cambodia • According to him, the release from scholar saint from Maharashtra, who wrote Kaki established Chisti Silsila in Delhi.
otHer imPortAnt ruLerS was built by Suryavarman II. It is • Nanak began the practice of Community
transmigration can be secured only by a commentary on the Ramayana called the Qutub Minar is named after him.
• Prithviraj Chauhan (1178 AD-1192 AD): dedicated to Lord Vishnu and was Kitchen–Guru-ka-Langar.
means of knowledge and devotion. • Kaki’s disciple Baba Farid Ganj-e-shakar
built on Dravidian model. • He named the formless God as Akal Purush. Bhavartha Ramayana.
He ruled over Delhi and Agra and fought two • Purandar Das (1480 AD-1564 AD): The • Tukaram (1598 AD-1650 AD): He was the based himself in Ajodhan.
important battles, viz. First Battle of Tarain • His teachings are compiled in Adi-Granth. foremost and the most prolific Vaishnav greatest Bhakti poet from Maharashtra, • His famous disciple was Nizamuddin Auliya
was fought in 1191 AD between the forces of Vallabhacharya saint-composer in Karnataka. wrote devotional poems, known as Abhangas. in Delhi. Also known as Mehboob-e-Illahi.
Prithviraj Chauhan and Mohammad Ghori, • He laid on the worship of Krishna as an • Mirabai (1498 AD-1546 AD): The Rathore • Ramdas (1608 AD-1681 AD): The last great • Last important Chisti sufi of Delhi was
in which the latter was defeated. Second Literary Works princess of Merata and daughter-in-law of
incarnation of the Almighty God. saint poet from Maharashtra. Dasabodha is Nasserudin Chirag-e-Delhi.
Battle of Tarain was fought in 1192 AD • Kathasaritasagara–Somadeva.
• Lived in the court of Krishna Deva of Rana Sanga of Mewar. The most well-known the compilation of his writing and sermons. • Burhanuddin Gharib was taken to
when Mohammad Ghori again invaded India, • Vikramdeva Charita–Bilhana (Biography woman Bhakti saint of the Krishna cult
in which Prithviraj Chauhan was defeated. of Chalukya King Vijayanagar. main religious Leaders/Sects Daulatabad by Mohd Bin Tughlaq.
• He founded the Pushti sect. of Vaishnavism.
• Jaichand Garhwal/Rathore (1169 AD- Vikramdeva VI).
Ramanujacharya Vishishtadvaita Shree Sect • Gesu Daraz was important sufi saint of
1194 AD): He was the last Rajput king, who • Rajtarangini–Kalhana (History of Ramananda Vidyapati Deccan.
was also defeated and killed by Mohammad Kashmir)
• The founder of Bhakti movement in • Maithili saint poet. Madhavacharya Dvaitvada Brahma
• Gita Govinda–Jayadeva (in Sanskrit) • He wrote Padavali, e.g., thousands of love Sect Suhrawardi Silsila
Ghori in the Battle of Chandawar (1194 AD). North India.
• Rana Kumbha, the Sisodiya ruler of ballads on Radha and Krishna. Vallabhacharya Shuddhadvaitvada Rudra • It was founded by Shaikh Shihabuddin
• He was greatly influenced by the teachings Suhrawardi. Popular in Multan, Lahore
Mewar (1433 AD-1468 AD): Rana Kumbha Narsingh Mehta Sect
of Ramanuja. and Sindh.
was a famous ruler of Mewar. He defeated
reLigiouS moVementS in • Among his disciples were Raidas the cobbler, • He wrote songs in Gujarati, depicting the Shankaracharya Advaitavada —
Mohammad Khilji and erected the Tower love of Radha and Krishna. • Considered as more orthodox than Chisti.
tHe 15tH-16tH centurieS Kabir the weaver, Dhanna the farmer, Sena
of victory (Vijay-Stambha) in Chittor. His • He authored Mahatma Gandhi’s Bhajan Sufi moVement • Baha-ud-din Zakaria was the greatest saint
successors Rana Sangram Singh (Rana the barber and Pipa the Rajput. • Sufism is the mystical movement in Islam.
“Vaishnav Jan Toh Tene Kahiye Je.” of this silsila.
Sanga) and Rana Pratap were also great bHAkti moVement Kabir • The Sufi doctrine was based on union with • Accepted royal patronage and donations.
kings of Mewar state. • The Bhakti had been initiated in South India • Represents Virguna Bhakti tradition. His Shankara Deva God. • Baha-ud-din Zakaria invited Iltutmish to
• Salient features of the Rajputa Kingdoms: by popular saint poets called Alvars. followers organised themselves as • Vaishnava saint from Assam.
• Tulsidas (1532 AD-1623 AD): The greatest Sufi terminology attack Qubacha in Multan and was given
In the field of culture, many great fortresses • It declined in the tenth century but was again Kabir panthis.
saint-poet of the Ram Bhakti cult of Sufi words
the title of Shaikh-ul-Islam by Iltutmish.
and temples were built by them such revived as philosophical and ideological by • His teachings contained Dohas. meaning
as Khajuraho (MP), Lingaraja temple • He was not merely a Bhakti poet but also a Vaishnavism. He was the celebrated author of Naqshbandi Silsila
Acharyas like Ramanuja, whose disciple Saikh/Murid/Pir Spritual Teacher
(Bhubaneswar, Orissa), Sun temple Ramananda took it to North India. social reformer. Ramcharitmanas, Kaviawali and Gitawali. • This Silsila was introduced in India by
• Dadu Dayal (1544 AD-1603 AD): A Nirguna Tasawwuf Sufism
(Konark, Orissa), Jagannath temple (Puri, • They considered that God has either form • He advocated the Bhaktimarga. Khwaja Baqi Billah during the later years
Orissa) and Dilwara temple (Mount Abu). Bhakti saint and founder of the Dadu Panth. Khanqah The hospice
of Akbar’s reign.
(Saguna) or was formless (Nirguna). Chaitanya • Thyagaraja (1767 AD-1847 AD): The
• Main Features: • Regarded as the founder of modern Vaishnav
Sama Musical recital • His disciple Sheikh Ahmed Sarhindi
Some Important Rajputs greatest saint-composer of Karnataka music.
1. Discarded rituals and sacrifices, Sect of Bengal. Raksa Dance called himself Mujaddin (renovator of I
• Jaichand Garhwal/Rathore (1169 AD- He adorned God in the form of Rama, the
1194 AD) assisted Muhammad Ghori
2. Emphasised purity of heart and mind, • He preached during the reign of Sultan incarnation of Vishnu. Fana Self annihilation millennium of Islam).
against Prithviraj Chauhan in the 2nd
humanism and devotions, 3. Monotheistic Alauddin Shah of Bengal and Gajpati Khalifah Successor • Sheikh Ahmad Sarhindi propounded the
Battle of Terrain (1192 AD), but was killed in nature, 4. God has either form (Saguna) ruler of Orissa. bHAkti SAintS of mAHArASHtrA concept of Wahadid-ul-Shujud and was
by Ghori in the Battle of Chandawar (1129 or be formless (Nirguna), 5. An egalitarian • His biography is Chaitanya Charitmala. dHArmA mAin feAtureS imprisoned by Jahangir.
AD). movement, 6. Denounced casteism, 7. Saint • Philosophy of Chaitanya was called • Jnanesvara/Jnanadeva (1271 AD 1296 1. Organised in different Silsilas (orders). • Aurangzeb was initiated into Naqshbandiya
• preached in local languages. Achityabhedaveda. AD): The fountain head of the Bhakti 2. Sufis aimed at service of mankind. order.
Qadariya Silsila • Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodhi in the First • Battle of Kannauj (Bilgrama) (1540 AD): on the road. He restored the old imperial • The two powerful forts of Rajasthan– Birbal His actual name was Mahesh Das.
• Shah Niamatullah Qadri was probably the Battle of Panipat on April 21, 1526 AD and Humayun was again defeated by Sher Shah road, Grand Trunk Road from Sonargaon Ranthambhor and Chittor (Rana Udai He was conferred the title of Raja by
first notable saint of this order to enter India established the Mughal dynasty. and had to flee. in Bengal to Peshawar. Singh guarded by Jaimal) were captured Akbar.
but it was Syed Muhammad Jilaui, who • In 1527 AD, he defeated Rana Sanga of • He wondered in Sindh during the reign of • He built Purana Qila, along with Grand by the Mughals. Raja His revenue collection arrangement
organised it on an effective basis. Mewar at Khanwa. Shah Hussain Arghuna and then reached Trunk Road. He also built his tomb at • Akbar’s Deccan campaign began with Todarmal is called Todarmal’s bandobast.
• Miyamir or Mir Mohd. Was an important • In 1528 AD, he defeated Medini Rai of to the Iranian Court. Sasaram in Bihar. the siege of Ahmadnagar (defended by
Raja Man He was the Raja of Amber, a
saint of the silsila. Chaneri at Chanderi. • Bairam Khan, his most faithful officer, • Malik-Mohammed Jayasi wrote Padmavat Chand Bibi).
Singh Mansabdar and trusted General of
• Dara Shukoh and Jahanara joined Qadariya • In 1529 AD, he defeated Muhammad Lodhi helped him. The Mughals occupied Lahore (Hindi) during his reign. • Akbar’s last campaign was against Asirgarh
Akbar. He assisted Akbar in many
silsila under the influence of Mullan Shah (uncle of Ibrahim Lodhi) at Ghaghra. without any march towards Delhi. After the • Tarikh-i-Sher Shani was written by Abbas resulting into annexation of Khandesh (1601).
battles including the well-known
Badakshi. • Babur was the first ruler to entitle battle of Machhiwara against the Afghans Khan Sarwani, his court historian. • Akbar followed the policy of reconciliation battle of Haldighati.
and battle of Sirhind against Sikandar with the Rajputs.
himself ‘Badshah’. • He introduced the principle of local Abdul He was a poet and the son of
Firdausi Silsila Shah, Humayun’s second coronation was • He won Gujarat in 1572. In order to
Sheikh Badruddin of Samark first established • His victory led to rapid popularisation of responsibility for local crimes. Rahim Bairam Khan, known for his Hindi
organised. commemorate his victory of Gujarat, Akbar
gunpowder and artillery in India. • He built Purana Quila in Delhi. couplets.
it in Delhi, but later on it moved to Bihar and • His sister, Gulbadan Begum wrote his built Buland Darwaza at Fatehpur Sikri.
• After the Kushanas, he was the first to bring • He was buried in Sasaram. • Raja Man Singh conquered Bihar, Bengal Faqir He was the chief advisor of Akbar.
became the most influential mystic older. biography Humayunama.
Kabul and Kandahar into the Indian empire. • Sher Shah was succeeded by Islam Shah Azio Din
• He built Din Panah at Delhi as his second and Orissa for him.
Sattariya Silsila • He died in 1530 AD, buried at Aram Bagh capital. (1545 AD-1554 AD): Islam Shah was • In 1586 AD, Akbar conquered Kashmir and
It was founded in India by Shah Abdullah in Agra. Later, his body was taken to succeeded by Muhammad Adil Shah in 1593 AD, he conquered Sindh. imPortAnt ASPectS of AkbAr’S
Shattari. Aram Bagh at Kabul. SHer SHAH Suri And tHe AfgHAn (1554 AD-1555 AD). • At the time of Akbar’s death in 1605 AD, ruLe
Kubrawiya Silsila • He adopted Tughluma and flanking party emPire (1540 Ad-1555 Ad) his empire included Kashmir, Sindh and • He abolished Jaziya and pilgrimage tax and
system and was the first to use gunpowder • His real name was Farid. AkbAr (1556 Ad-1605 Ad) Kandahar, and extended as far as the Godavari forcible conversion of prisoners of war.
It was introduced by Mir Sayed Ali Hamdani
and artillery in India. • He joined the Babar Khan Lohani’s service • Akbar, the eldest son of Humayun, in the Deccan. • He believed in Sulh-i-Kul, that is peace for all.
in Kashmir. ascended the throne under the title of
• He wrote his autobiography Tuzuk-i-Baburi and then was appointed as the Deputy • Akbar proclaimed a new religion, Din-i-Ilahi, • He built an Ibadat Khana at Fatehpur Sikri
rishi movement in Turki language. Tuzuk-i-Baburi was Governor of Bihar. Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar Badshah in 1581 AD. to discuss religious matters.
Sheikh Nuruddin began the rishi movement translated in Persian (named Baburnama) • He usurped the throne as ‘Hazarat-i-Ala’. Ghazi at the young age of 14 at Kalanaur, • Birbal was the only Hindu who followed this • To curb the dominance of Ulema, Akbar
in Kashmir which was synthesis of Kashmiri by Abdur Rahim Khankhana and in English • He gained Chunar by marrying one Punjab and his tutor Bairam Khan was new religion Din-i-Ilahi. However, it did not introduced a new Khutba written by Faizi
Shaivism and Islamic thought. by Madam Beveridge. widow Lad Malika. appointed as the regent. become popular. and proclaimed Mazharnamah in 1579 AD,
roshaniya movement • He compiled two anthologies of poems, • Battle of Chausa: In 1539 AD, he captured • Second Battle of Panipat (5th November, • Akbar built Fatehpur Sikri, Agra Fort, which made him the final interpreter of
Diwan (in Turkish language) and Mubaiyan Chausa from Humayun. He assumed the 1556) was fought between Hemu (the Lahore Fort, Allahabad Fort and Islamic law (Mujtahid Imam-i-Adil) in case
It was founded by Bayazid Ansari who
(in Persian language). He also wrote Risal-i- title of Sher Shah as the emperor. Hindu General of Muhammad Adil Shah) Humayun’s Tomb in Delhi. of any controversies. It made him Amir-ul-
influenced tribal communities of North- • Tulsidas (Ramcharitmanas) also lived
Usaz or Letters of Babur. • He also issued coins and Khutba was read and Bairam Khan (the regent of Akbar). Momin (leader of the faithful) and Amir-i-Adil
West frontiers and instigated their rebellious during Akbar’s period.
in his name. The whole area from Bengal to Hemu was defeated, captured and slained (a just ruler).
activities, which created trouble for Mughal
Early Invasions of Babur on India Benares was under his empire. by Bairam Khan. • When Akbar died, he was buried at • Akbar established the painting karkhana,
rulers from Akbar to Aurangzeb. • Battle of Samel (1544 AD): Defeated Rajput • He also ended the interference from Sikandara near Agra.
1518–19 Bajaura, and Bhera headed by Abdus Samad.
• Akbar is considered the real founder of the
mahadi movement 1519 Peshawar forces of Marwar. Petticoat Government (1560 AD-1562 • Ralph Fitch (1585 AD) was the first
It was founded by Sheikh Mohd. Mahadi of 1520 Bajaura, Bheva Sialkot • The campaign of Bundelkhand was the last AD) represented by Maham Anaga and Mughal empire in India.
Englishman to visit Akbar’s court.
campaign of his life. • He was the first Mughal ruler who divorced
Jaunpur during Sikander Lodhi’s time. 1524 Lahore, Dipalpur and Adham Khan Junta. • Abul Fazal wrote Akbarnama, the appendix
Sultanpur • The Rajputa kingdom of Mewar put up a religion from politics.
of which was called Ain-i-Akbari.
AdminiStrAtion • Akbar gave Mughal India one official
mugHAL Period (1526 Ad-1540 Ad fierce defence under Rana Uday Singh (1537 • Mansabdari System was another feature
• He introduced the principles of local respo- AD-1572 AD) and his son Rana Pratap language (Persian).
And 1555 Ad-1857 Ad) of administration during Akbar’s reign to
HumAyun (1530 Ad-1540 Ad And 1555 nsibility for local crimes. (1572 AD-1597 AD). navratnas in Akbar’s court organise nobility as well as the army.
Ad-1556 Ad) • Most of the Rajput kings recognised the • He was the first Mughal ruler to separate
• He was the son of Babur and ascended the reVenue SyStem Abul He was the Wazir of Akbar. He wrote
bAbur (1526 Ad-1530 Ad) supremacy of Akbar except Rana Pratap religion from politics.
• The foundation of the Mughal rule in India throne in 1530 AD. His succession was • Land was measured using the Sikandari-gaz. Fazal Akbarnama.
• The peasant was given a Patta and a
Singh and his son Amar Singh (Sisodya
Faizi His famous work Lilavati is on • Sufi saint Sheikh Salim Chishti blessed Akbar
was laid by Babur in 1526 AD. challenged by his brothers Kamran, Hindal Rajputs of Mewar capital, Chittor). with a son who was named Salim (Jahangir).
Qabuliyat, which fixed the peasants’ rights Abul Mathematics.
• He was invited to attack India by Daulat Khan and Askari along with the Afghans. • The Battle of Haldighati (1576 AD) was Akbar shifted his court to Fatehpur Sikri
Lodhi, subedar of Punjab, Alam Khan Lodhi • His first campaign was against Kalinjar. and taxes. Tansen He served as the court musician
fought between Rana Pratap of Mewar and from Agra in honour of the saint.
uncle of Ibrahim Lodhi and Rana Sanga. • Battle of Chausa (1539 AD) was fought to King Ramchandra of Mewar
otHerS Mughal army led by Man Singh of Amer.
and was sent in Akbar’s court. He • Birbal was killed in the battle with Yusufzai
• He was a descendant of Timur (from the side between Sher Shah and Humayun’s army.
• He introduced silver Rupiya. Rana Pratap was defeated. Tribe (1586 AD).
accepted Islam at the hands of great
of his father) and Chengiz Khan (from the Humayun was badly defeated and escaped. • The roads built by Sher Shah are called ‘the • Akbar conquered Malwa in 1561 AD defeating Sufi saint Sheikh Muhammad • Abul Fazal was murdered by Bir Singh
side of his mother). He was saved by Nizam. arteries of the empire’. Sarais were built Baz Bahadur. Ghaus of Gwalior. Bundela (1601 AD).
• Persian was made the official language of SHAHJAHAn (1628 Ad-1658 Ad) against Aurangzeb. In this decisive battle, • Mutasib (regulation of moral conduct) • Jai Singh of Amber was given the title of • By a farman, the emperor confirmed the
the Mughal empire. • His real name was Khurram. He was the Shahjahan was put into prison by Aurangzeb was appointed. He ended use of almanacs Mirza Raja Sawai and Ajit Singh was English gains and granted them Diwani of
• He culminated ‘Din-i-Ilahi’, which recognised youngest prince to be appointed as governor in the Agra Fort. and weighing of the emperor. Aurangzeb awarded the title of Maharaja. He abolished Bengal, Bihar and Orissa.
no prophets. of Deccan at the age of 15. • Battle of Khanjawa, December 1658 AD: It compiled Fatwa-i-Alamgiri. Jaziya.
• He was best known for his Deccan and was fought between Aurangzeb and Shuja, • The Hindu Mansabdar however maintained • He was defeated by his Nephew Farrukhsiyar AkbAr-ii
JAHAngir (1605 Ad-1627 Ad) his high proportion during his rule. in Agra. • The king gave Raja Rammohan Roy the
foreign policies. Shuja was defeated and he fled to Arkan.
• Salim, son of Akbar, came to the throne after • He died in 1707 AD and was buried at title of Raja.
• His beloved wife Mumtaj Mahal (original • Battle of Devtrai, March 1659 AD: Dara
Akbar’s death in 1605 AD. Khuldabad (Daulatabad) near Aurangabad. fArrukHSiyAr
name Arzumand Bano) died in 1631 AD. was defeated and executed by Aurangzeb. • He ascended the throne with the help of bAHAdur SHAH-ii
• He was given proper education by his tutor • He built “Bibi ka Maqbara” similar to Taj
To perpetuate her memory, he built the Taj Sayyid brothers. • He was the last Mughal Emperor: He was
Rahim Khankhana. AurAngZeb (1658 Ad-1707 Ad) Mahal in Aurangabad.
Mahal at Agra in 1632 AD-1653 AD. • Banda Bahadur was executed at confined by the British in the Red Fort.
• In 1587 AD, he married to Jodhabai or • Aurangzeb defeated Dara at Dharmat (1658 • He was called Zinda Pir, the living saint.
• Nizam Shahi’s dynasty of Ahmadnagar Gurdaspur. Farrukhsiyar was murdered • During the 1857 sepoy revolt, he was
Jagat Gosain, daughter of Udai Singh, who
was brought under Mughal control (1633 AD), Samugarh (1658 AD) and Deorai, in • Decline of the Mughal Empire: After
gave birth to prince Khusro (Shahjahan). by the Sayyid brothers with the help of proclaimed the emperor of India by the
AD) by Shahjahan. The Deccan Sultanate which Samugarh was decisive one and Aurangzeb, the Mughal empire rapidly
He mostly lived in Lahore which he adorned Marathas, in 1719 AD. rebellions. He was deported to Rangoon
of Bijapur and Golconda accepted his Deorai was the last one. declined.
and died there.
with gardens and buildings.
• After victory, Aurangzeb was crowned at • J a t revolted under G o k l a R a j a r a m muHAmmAd SHAH
• The eldest son of Jahangir, Khusro revolted
suzerainty in 1636 AD. • He used to write Shairis under the pet-name
• The Portuguese established their control Delhi under the title Alamgir. He died in and Churaman. • Ascended the throne with the help of Sayyid of Zafar.
against him but was suppressed. Khusro
over Satgaon through a Shahi farman. • First Afghan Rebellion was by Yusuf Shahi brothers (king-makers).
February, 1707 in Ahmadnagar. Later mughal emperors’ List
received patronage of Guru Arjun Dev (5th Tribes of Afghanistan of Roshni Sect. • Nizam-ul-Mulk was appointed as the Wazir
Shahjahan ordered Qasim Khan in 1532 AD • Aurangzeb captured Guru Teg Bahadur, the
Sikh Guru). Guru Arjun Dev was executed
to drive the Portuguese out of Hughli. • Second Afghan Rebellion led by Ajmal Khan. but he relinquished the post in 1722, and Bhahadur Shah-I 1707–1712
9th Guru of Sikhs in 1675 AD and executed
for his blessings to the rebel prince.
• Persia wrested Kandahar from the • He annexed Marwar is 1678 AD. The marched towards Deccan and found an
him when he refused to embrace Islam. The Jahandar Shah 1712–1713
• He established Zanjir-i-Adal (i.e. Chain campaign was led by Akbar II against autonomous state named Hyderabad.
Mughals in 1649 AD. Shahjahan failed to 10th and last Sikh Guru, Guru Gobind Farrukh Siyar 1713–1719
of Justice) at Agra Fort for the seekers
recover Kandahar.
Durgadas, General of Ajit Singh. • During his reign, Bengal acquired virtual
of royal justice. Singh, son of Guru Teg Bahadur, organised • Bijapur and Golconda were annexed in 1686 independence during the governorship of Muhammad Shah 1719–1748
• Shahjahan was the second Indian ruler to his followers into a community of warriors
• In 1611 AD, Jahangir married Mihar- AD and 1687 AD, respectively. Murshid Quli Khan. Ahmad Shah 1748–1754
invade Central Asia.
un-Nisa. Later on, she was given the title called Khalsa to fight against the Muslims. • In 1662 AD, Mir Jumla, Aurangzeb’s able • Saadat Khan (Burhan-ul-Mulk), who was
• Two French travellers Bernier and Tavernier • Guru Gobind Singh was assassinated by an Alamgir-II 1754–1758
Nurjahan. Nurjahan exercised tremendous general, led the expedition against Ahoms. appointed as Governor of Awadh, laid down
and the Italian traveller Nicolo Manucci Afghan at Nander in Deccan. Banda Bairagi, Shah Alam-II 1758–1806
influence over the state affairs. She was the foundation of the autonomous state.
visited during his reign. Peter Mundi reLigiouS PoLicy • Nadir Shah invaded India in 1739 AD and
made the official Padshah Begum. a trusted disciple successor of Guru Gobind Akbar-II 1806–1837
described the famine that occurred during • Wanted to convert India from Dar-ul-Harb
• In 1608 AD, Captain William Hawkins, a Singh, continued the war against Mughals. defeated Muhammad in Battle of Karnal
Bhahadur Shah-II 1837–1857
Shahjahan’s reign. His reign is considered to Dar-ul-Islam. He replaced the solar (1739 AD) and he took away Takht-i-Taus
representative of East India Company, came • Shivaji was the most powerful Maratha king
as Golden Age of the Mughal Empire. calendar by Lunar Hirg. (Peacock throne) and Kohinoor diamond. Socio-enonomic conditionS during
to Jahangir’s court. Sir Thomas Roe, an and an arch enemy of Aurangzeb. He died
• Shahjahan’s reign is said to have marked the • Ahmed Shah Abdali raided the kingdom for
ambassador of King James I of England, in 1680 AD and was succeeded by his son tHe mugHAL ruLe
also came to his court. Jahangir granted
pinnacle of the Mughal dynasty and empire. LAter mugHALS the first time during his reign. • Society: Society was stratified into several
• The Red Fort, Jama Masjid and Taj Mahal Sambhaji, who was executed by Aurangzeb
• He was a pleasure-loving king and was classes. Both sati and child marriage were
permission to the English to establish a in 1689 AD. Sambhaji was succeeded by
are some of the magnificent structures built bAHAdur SHAH-i nicknamed Rangeela. readily practised. Purdah system was in
trading port at Surat. his brother Rajaram and after his death
during his reign. • Real name is Muazzam, ascended the
• A political triumph during Jahangir AHmAd SHAH vogue both among Hindus and Muslims.
• Shahjahan was imprisoned by his son in 1700 AD, his widow Tarabai carried Mughal throne with the title Bahadur Shah. • Economy: Both trade and commerce
reign was the submission of Rana Amar
Aurangzeb in the Agra Fort, where he died on the movements. He also assumed the title Shah Alam-I. • Ahmad Shah Abdali invaded Delhi many times
Singh of Mewar (1615 AD). Malik Amber and Punjab and Multan were ceded to him. flourished with the European nations.
in captivity in 1666 AD. He was buried in • The Mughal conquests reached a climax • Shah Bekhabar: He made peace with • Ports: Surat, Cambay, Cochin and
ceded back to the Mughals the territory of
the Taj (Agra). during Aurangzeb’s reign as Bijapur and Guru Gobind Singh and Chhatrasal. He ALAmgir ii Masulipattanam.
Balaghat (Maharashtra).
Golconda were annexed in 1686 AD and granted Sar Deshmukhi to Maratha and • Ahmad Shah Abdali occupied Delhi during
• His greatest failure was loss of Kandahar to wAr of SucceSSion ProVinciAL AdminiStrAtion
1687 AD, respectively. released Shahu. his reign. He defeated the Marathas in the
Persia in 1622 AD. • Battle of Bahadurgarh, February 1658 • He forced Ajit Singh of Marwar to submit but • Mughal empire was divided into 12 Subas
• Pietxa Valle, famous traveller came during • Under him, the Mughal empire reached its Third Battle of Panipat in 1761 AD.
AD: It was fought between Shuja and Dara, later recognised him as the Rana of Marwar. province. After expansion of the empire,
his reign. greatest extent and the largest single state
Shuja was defeated. He defeated Banda Bahadur at Lohgarh. SHAH ALAm-ii it became 15 during Akbar, 11 during
• Production of tobacco (brought by the • Battle of Dharmat, April 1658 AD: ever known in India.
• He fought the Battle of Buxar in 1765 AD Jahangir, 22 during Shahjahan and 21
Portuguese) started in his reign. Combined forces of Aurangzeb and Murad • He forbade inscription of Kalma on the coins, JAHAndAr SHAH and was defeated by the British. during Aurangzeb.
• He wrote his memories Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri defeated Dara. also forbade sati, and Jharokha-darshan. • He was the first puppet Mughal Emperor. • By the Treaty of Allahabad, the emperor • Subedar: Head of the province (Governor).
in Persian. • Battle of Samugarh, May 1658 AD: Dara He ended the celebration of Navroz and, in • He introduced the evil practice of revenue received the territories of Allahabad and Kara • Provincial Diwan: Deal with finance directly
• He was buried in Lahore. led Mughal forces on behalf of Shahjahan 1679 AD, reimposed Jaziya. faming of Ijarah. and 26 lakh annual tributes from Bengal. responsible to central diwan.
diStrict or SArkAr collect whatever they could from the farmers, Shahjahan At Agra–Taj Mahal, • Aurangzeb also built the Badshahi Masjid • Shaista Khan, governor of Deccan, was SAmbHAJi (1680 Ad-1689 Ad)
• Fauzdar: Administrative head of the Sarkar. leading to their exploitation. Moti Masjid, Khaas in Lahore. deputed by Aurangzeb to put down the rising • Sambhaji, the elder son of Shivaji, defeated
• Amil/Amalguzar: Collecting revenues and • According to the payment mode, they were Mahal, Sheesh Mahal, • Humayun had taken into his service power of Shivaji in 1660 AD. Shivaji lost Rajaram, the younger son of Shivaji, in the
pattrolling the roads. of two types: Naqdi and Jagirdar. Musamman Burz two master painters, Mir Syed Ali and Poona. He made a bold attack on Shaista war of succession.
• Kotwal: Duty was to maintain law and order • Jahangir added asaph-sih-asaph system. At Delhi– Jama Masjid, Abdus Samad. Khan (1663 AD) and plundered Surat • He provided protection and support to Akbar
in Sarkar besides, trial of criminal cases and Red Fort (Diwan-i-Khas • Daswani and Basawan were the two famous II, the rebellious son of Aurangzeb.
• Shahjahan added Jama-Dami or Mahanz and Rang Mahal)
(1664 AD) and later Ahmadnagar.
regulations of prices. painters in Akbar’s court. • Raja Jai Singh of Amber was then appointed
Zagir (monthly scale) system. Others–Shalimar • Abdul Hasan, Ustad Mansur and rAJArAm (1689 Ad-1700 Ad)
PArgAnA • Methods of revenue collection in practice, Bagh (Lahore), city of
Bishandas were the three famous painters
by Aurangzeb to put down Shivaji (1665 AD). • He succeeded the throne with the help of the
• Siqdar: Administrative head of the pargana. viz. Kankut Rai and Zabti. Shahjahanabad (Red Fort Jai Singh succeeded in besieging Shivaji in ministers at Raigarh.
and Takht-i-Taus)
in Jahangir’s court.
• Amin/Qaungo: They were revenue officials. • Dashala System of Raja Todarmal: Under the fort of Purandhar. Consequently, the • Rajaram created the new post of Pratinidhi,
Aurangzeb Moti Masjid at Delhi, Bibi mugal period literature Treaty of Purandhar (1665 AD) was signed.
this system, the average produce of different thus taking the total number of ministers to
ViLLAge crops was calculated at the average price ka Makbara, Badshai Schulars works • In 1674 AD, Shivaji was coronated at the nine (Pratinidhi + Ashtapradhan).
• Lambardar: Village headmen mosque at Lahore Khan Abdur Rehman Translated Tuzuki-i- capital Raigarh and assumed the title of
prevailing over the last 10 years. One-third
• Patwari: Village Accountant Baburi from Turki to Haindava Dharmodharak. tArAbAi (1700 Ad-1707 Ad)
of the average produce was the state’s share. mugHAL cuLture persian during Akbar’s • He conquered Karnataka during 1677 • Rajaram was succeeded by his minor son
AdminiStrAtion For the measurement of land, ‘Bigha’ was • Babur built two mosques, one at Kabulibagh reign Shivaji II under the guardianship of his
• Wazir: The Prime Minister. adopted as the standard unit. in Panipat and the other at Sambhal in AD-1680 AD.
Abul Fazal Ain-i-Akbari, Akbarnama mother Tarabai.
• Diwan: His responsibilities were in three Rohilkhand.
Abdul Qadir Badauni Kitab-ul-Ahidish, Tarikh- SHiVAJi’S AdminiStrAtion
fields: executive, revenue and finance. mugal Architecture • Humayun’s tomb was built by his widow SHAHu (1707 Ad-1749 Ad)
i-Alffi Muntakhab-ul- • Shivaji was helped by the Ashtapradhan
• Mir Bakshi: He was the head of the Haji Begum.
Tawarikh. • Shahu was released by the Mughal emperor
ruler Architecture built (eight ministers).
military department. • An unusual building at Fatehpur Sikri Bahadur Shah.
Khawaja Nizamuddin Tabaqat-i-Akbari
• Mir Sama or Khan Samas: In-charge of the Babur Mosques at Kabuligarh is Panch Mahal. • Tarabai’s army was defeated by Shahu in
Shivaji’s Ashtapradhan
(Panipat) and at • Buland Darwaza (built after Gujarat victory) Jahangir Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri the Battle of Khed (1700 AD), and Shahu
royal household. • Peshwa: Also called ‘Mukhya Pradhan’,
Sambhalgarh formed the main entrance to Fatehpur Sikri. Hamid Padshah Namaah occupied Satara.
• Sadar-us-sadar: In-charge of religious Finance and general administration; later
• Salim Chishti’s Tomb (redone in marble Khafi Khan Muntakhab-i-Lubab • Shahu’s reign saw the rise of Peshwas.
matters, religious endowments and charities. Humayun City of Dinpannah, he became Prime Minister and assumed
by Jahangir) is the first Mughal building in
• Chief Qazi: Head of the judiciary department Jamali mosque and Dara Shikoh Translated Upnishadas great importance.
after the king. mosque of Isa Khan at pure marble). Palace of Birbal and Palace and Bhagvada Gita, • Majumdar: Accountant general during the tHe PeSHwAS (1713 Ad-1880 Ad)
Delhi of Tansen are also inside the Fatehpur Sikri. Safinat-ul-Auliya rule of the Peshwas; he later became revenue
• Barids: Intelligence officers. • Akbar also began to build his own tomb Mirza Muhammad Alamgirnamah and finance minister. bALAJi ViSHwAnAtH (1713 Ad-1720 Ad)
• Mustaufi: Auditor General. Haji Begum Humayun Tomb at Sikandara, which was later completed
Ishwar Das Fatut-i-Alamgir • Sar-i-Naubat: Senapati or military • Shahu honoured him with title of ‘Sena
• Mughal empire was divided into Subas, (wife of Humayun)
by Jahangir. commander; this was only an honorary post
Muhammad Salim Shahjahanama Karta’ in 1708 AD and made him his Peshwa
which were further subdivided into Sarkar, Akbar Agra Fort; Jahangiri • Nurjahan built Itimad-ud-daulah/Mirza with no real military powers. in 1713 AD. He became the functional head
Pargana and Gram. Mahal in Agra fort based Ghiyas Beg’s marble tomb at Agra, which • Surunavis or Sachiv: Also called chitnis,
of the Maratha empire.
• Akbar introduced Mansabdari system. The on design of Manmandir; is noticeable for the first usage of Pietra looked after correspondence.
mArAtHA StAte (1674 Ad-1720 Ad) • He concluded an agreement with the Sayyed
term Mansab indicates the rank of its holder. Lahore Palace, Allahabad Dura technique. • Waqenavis: Intelligence, posts and
Fort, temple of Govind- And mArAtHA confederAte brothers, by which the Mughal emperor,
Mansabdari was both civil and military. • Jahangir built Moti Masjid in Lahore and household affairs.
Farrukhsiyar recognised Shahu as the
• Mansabdari System (1595 AD-1596 AD) Deva at Vrindavana
his mausoleum at Shahdara (Lahore). (1720 Ad-1818 Ad) • Dabir or Suriiania: Master of ceremonies.
and several buildings • Nyayadhish: Justice. King of Swarajya.
showed a noble’s civil and military capacities. • Shahjahan also built the Jama Masjid. • He also helped Sayyed brothers in
at Fatehpur Sikri that • Pandit Rao: Charities and religious affairs.
In its broader aspect, the mansab or rank included Panch Mahal, • Some of the important buildings built by SHiVAJi (1674 Ad-1680 Ad) overthrowing Farrukhsiyar.
awarded to an individual fixed both his Diwan-i-Khas, Jold Shahjahan at Agra are Moti Masjid (the • Father–Shivaji Bhonsle; Mother–Jija Bai,
status in the official hierarchy and his salary. Habbis Palace Diwan-i- only mosque of marble), Khaas Mahal Religious Teacher–Samarth Ramdas. bAJi rAo (1720 Ad-1740 Ad)
• The Kathi of Malik Ambar was adopted as
• Twin ranks Zat and Sawar were allotted. Aam, Buland Darwaja and Musamman Burj. • Shivaji inherited the Jagir of Poona • Maratha power reached its zenith under him.
• He laid the foundation of Shahjahanabad in the unit of measurement. • Under his leadership, the Marathas
• Zabti System was based on the measurement from his father.
Jahangir Moti Masjid at Lahore,
1637 AD, where he built the Red Fort and • Chauth was paid to the Marathas, so far not
and assessment of land. own Mausoleum at • After the death of his guardian, Dadaji compelled the Mughals first to give them
Takht-i-Taus (Peacock throne). being subjected to Maratha raids.
• Ijara System: The government began Shahdara Kondadev, he assumed the full charge of the right to collect chauth of the vast
• The only monument associated with his Jagir. • Sardeshmukhi was an additional levy of 10% areas and then to cede those areas to the
contracting the land with the middlemen,
Nurjahan Itamduddaulas marble Aurangzeb is Bibi ka Maqbara, which
also known as revenue farmers, who • Afzal Khan was deputed by Adil Shah (ruler on those lands of Maharashtra over which Maratha kingdom.
tomb at Agra in Pietra
were supposed to pay fixed amount to the
is the tomb of his wife R a b b i a - u d - of Bijapur) to punish Shivaji; but later Afzal the Marathas claimed hereditary rights, but • He conquered Salsette and Bassein from the
Dura Technique Daura, in Aurangabad.
government. However, they were left free to Khan was killed by Shivaji in 1659 AD. which formed part of the Mughal Empire. Portuguese in 1733 AD. He also defeated the
Nizam-ul-Mulk near Bhopal and concluded The Treaty of Salbai 1782 • In the end, they were left only with Goa, Diu • In 1639 AD, Madras was obtained from • The war ended with Treaty of Aix-la- • The Siege of Arcot (1751 AD) made Clive a
the treaty of Durai Sarai, by which he got and Daman, which they retained till 1961 AD. Raja of Chandragiri with the permission to Chapelle (1748 AD). national hero in England.
Malwa and Bundelkhand (1737 AD). The Treaty of Devgaon 1803 build a fortified factory, which was named
coming of tHe euroPeAnS tHird wAr (1758 Ad-1763 Ad)
The Treaty of Surji Anjungaon 1803 Fort St. George. Second wAr (1749 Ad-1754 Ad)
bALAJi bAJi rAo nAnA SAHib • French were defeated by British in the
The Treaty of Poona 1817 • Portuguese – 1498 • In 1690 AD, Job Charnock established • Dupleix aligned with Muzaffar Jung
(1740 Ad-1761 Ad) decisive Battle of Wandiwash in 1760 AD.
• English – 1600 a factory at Sutanati and the Zamindari (Hyderabad) and Chanda Sahib (Carnatic).
• In the third Battle of Panipat in 1761 AD The Treaty of Mandsor 1818 Pondicherry was returned to France by the
of three villages, Sutanati, Kalikata and • War ended with Treaty of Pondicherry/ Treaty of Paris.
between the Marathas and Ahmad Shah The Treaty of Lahore 1806 • Dutch – 1602 Govindpur was acquired by the British
Abdali, Viswas Rao, the son of Nana Sahib,
Treaty of Godehu. • Local version of “seven-year war” in Europe.
The Treaty of Amritsar 1809 • Danish – 1616 (1698 AD). These three villages grew as the 
died. city of Calcutta.
The Treaty of Bhairowal 1846 • French – 1664
• The factory at Sutanati was fortified and
PeSHwA mAdHAV rAo named Fort William in 1700 AD.
(1761 Ad-1762 Ad) dutcH
tHe AdVent of euroPeAnS • Formation of the company in March 1602. • In 1717 AD, John Surman obtained
• Balaji Baji Rao succeeded by his younger
son Madhav Rao I. • The Dutch East India Company established royal farman from the Mughal emperor
factories in India at Masulipatnam in 1605 Farrukhsiyar. This farman is also called the
• After the death of Madhavrao, peshwaship PortugueSe Magna Carta of the British rule in India as
AD, Pulicat (1610 AD), Surat (1616 AD),
had lost all its powers. • The Cape route was discovered from Europe it gave large concessions to the company.
Bimlipatam (1641 AD), Karaikal (1645 AD),
to India by Vasco da Gama.
LAter PeSHwAS Chinsura, Kasimbazar, Patna, Balasore, By Danes
• He reached the port of Calicut on May 17,
• Narayan Rao (1772 AD-1773 AD) 1498 AD and was received by the Hindu ruler
Nagapatam and Cochin. • The Danes arrived in India in 1616 AD.
• Sawai Madhav Rao (1773 AD-1795 AD) • Pulicat was their main centre in India till They established settlement at Tranquebar
of Calicut (known by the title of Zamorin).
• Baji Rao (1795 AD-1818 AD) • This led to the establishment of trading
1690 AD, when Nagapatam replaced it. (Tamil Nadu) in 1620 AD and Serampore
• The Dutch conceded to British after their (Bengal) in 1676 AD. Serampore was
stations at Calicut, Cochin and Cannanore.
mArAtHA confederAcy defeat in the Battle of Sedera in 1759 AD. their headquarters.
• Cochin (1502 AD) was the early capital of the
• Under him, several Maratha families became • They were forced to sell their settlements to
Portuguese in India, later on replaced by Goa. engLiSH
prominent and got themselves entrenched in British in 1854 AD.
• The first Governor of Portuguese in India was • John Mildenhall, a merchant adventurer,
different parts of India.
Francisco Almeida (1509 AD). He introduced was the first Englishman, who arrived in By French
a. Gaekwad of Baroda
b. The Bhonsles at Nagpur
“The Policy of Blue Water”. India in 1599 AD. • The French East India Company was formed
• Alfonso d’ Albuquerque arrived in India • The Governor and company of merchants in 1664 AD by Colbert under state patronage
c. Holkars at Indore
in 1503 AD and became Governor of the of London trading into the East Indies, during the reign of Louis XIV.
d. Peshwas at Poona
e. Scindhias at Gwalior
Portuguese in India in 1509 AD. He captured popularly known as the English East India • The first French factory was established at
Goa from the ruler of Bijapur in 1310 AD Company, were formed in 1600 AD. Surat by Francois Caron in 1668 AD and
AngLo-mArAtHA wArS and introduced the policy of imperialism. • Captain William Hawkins arrived at second at Masulipatnam in 1669 AD.
• First Anglo-Maratha War (1775 AD- • Nino-da-Cunha (1529 AD-1528 AD) Jahangir’s court (1609 AD) to seek permission • They occupied Mahe, Yanam and Karaikal.
1782 AD): On being defeated, the British transferred the capital from Cochin to Goa to open a factory in Surat. A farman was • The foundation of Pondicherry was laid
had to sign the humiliating Convention of in 1530 AD. He acquired Diu and Bassein issued by Jahangir, permitting the English in 1673 AD, which afterwards became
Wadgaon (1779 AD). from Bahadur Shah of Gujarat (1534 AD). to build a factory in Surat (1613 AD). its capital. They also developed a factory
• British later signed Treaty of Salbai (1782 AD). • Portuguese acquired Daman in 1559 AD. • Gerald Aungier was Bombay’s first governor at Chandernagar.
• Second Anglo-Maratha war (1803 AD- They lost Hugly in 1631 AD during the from 1669 AD to 1677 AD. • The Governors, Lenoir and Dumas revived
1806 AD): The Maratha Peshwa signed reign of Shahjahan. • Sir Thomas Roe visited Jahangir’s court the French power in India between 1720
the Subsidiary Alliance Treaty of • In 1661 AD, the Portuguese king gave (1615 AD) as an ambassador of King James AD and 1742 AD and the Anglo-French
Bassein (1802 AD). Bombay to Charles II of England as dowry I to seek permission to trade in India. conflict started with the arrival of Governor
• Third Anglo-Maratha War (1817 AD-1818 for marrying his sister. Dupleix in 1742 AD.
AD): The Marathas were decisively defeated. • First Portuguese factory was established eStAbLiSHment of fActorieS
at Calicut. AScendAncy of tHe britiSH—firSt
important treaties By British East India Company
• The famous Jesuit Saint, Francisco Xavier cArnAtic wAr (1746 Ad-1748 Ad)
arrived in India with Martin Alfonso de’Souza • The first factory was built in Surat (1608 AD). • A war between France and England.
The Treaty of Purandar 1665
(1542 AD-1545 AD). Surat was replaced by Bombay, which was • Nawab of Carnatic’s army was defeated by
The Treaty of Allahabad 1765 acquired from Charles II on lease as the
• The Marathas captured Salsette and Bassein the French under Dupleix in the battle at St.
The Treaty of Bargaon 1779 in 1739 AD. headquarters on the West coast in 1687 AD. Thome. Then the French besieged Madras.
70 Indian History 71 72 General Knowledge 2020
• Clive concluded two separate treaties • Treaty of Mangalore (1784 AD) was signed defeated the Mughal army at Sangrama. San and Burma got independence on
of Allahabad with Shah Alam II and by Tipu Sultan on the basis of all mutual Fortified Amritsar and built Akal Takhqt at 4th January, 1948.
Shuja-ud-Daula. restitution of conquests. Golden Temple. Took the title of ‘Padshah’
and founded the city of Kiratpur in Kashmir. tHe cArnAtic wArS
duAL goVernment of bengAL tHird wAr (1789 Ad-1792 Ad) • Guru Har Rai (1645 AD-1661 AD): He met
(1765 Ad-1772 Ad) • Marathas and Nizam aided the British, • These were the Anglo-French conflicts.
Dara Shikoh, son of Aurangzeb.
• Dual system of Government in Bengal was Cornwallis captured Bangalore. • These wars were continued for 20 years from
• Guru Harkishan (1616 AD-1664 AD):
started by Clive in 1765 AD. • Treaty of Seringapatnam Tipu ceded half Ramanaya established separate seat of
1744 to 1763 A.D.
• The Company acquired both Dimani and of his territories. Guru of Dehradun. firSt wAr (1744-1748)
modern indiA Nizamat rights from Nazm-ud-Duala, the
Nawab of Bengal.
fourtH wAr (1799 Ad)
• Tipu, member of the Jacobin club was
• Guru Teg Bahadur (1664 AD-1675 AD):
Executed by Aurangzeb in Delhi. Sisganj
• French captured Madras
• French defeated Nawab of Hyderabad
• Warren Hastings ended the dual system of defeated by Wellesley. Gurudwara marks the site of his martyrdom. at St. Thome.
exPAnSion of britiSH Power Robert Clive won the battle against Siraj-ud- government in 1772 AD. • It placed England on the military supremacy • Guru Gobind Singh (1675 AD-1708 AD) • Treaty of Aix-La-Chapelle, (1748) ended the
Daula, and compelled the Nawab to concede in India. (born in Patna): He organised a community War of Austrian Succession.
all the demands. imPAct of Victory of PLASSey of warriors called Khalsa (on the Baisakhi
bengAL And buxAr PunJAb Second wAr (1749-1754)
• Mir Zafar (Mir Bakhsh), Manik Chand, Officer Day in 1699 AD). • Dupleix aligned with Muzaffar Jung
• Murshid Quli Khan (1717 AD-1727 AD): in-charge of Calcutta, Aminchand, rich Sikh • Victory of Plassey laid the foundation of • Maharaja Ranjit Singh (1792 AD-1839 • The Sikhs were required to keep 5Ks,
In 1717 AD, Murshid Quli Khan was British rule in India and made them a AD): Founded Sikh rule in Punjab. He (Hyderabad) and Chanda Sahib (Carnatic).
merchant Jagat Seth, banker Khadim Khan, viz. Kesh, Kripan, Kachchha, Kanga and • After initial reverses, Robert Clive emerged
appointed Bengal’s Subedar, i.e. governor Commander of Nawab’s army, all were in the powerful factor in Bengal politics. occupied Lahore in 1799 AD and made Kara. He compiled Dasween Padshah ka victorius.
by Mughal emperor Farrukhsiyar. He • Victory of Buxar established English it his capital.
English side i.e. betrayed Nawab. Granth. He was stabbed to death by a • Godeheau signed the treaty of Pondicherry
transferred the capital of Bengal from • Nawab was killed by Mir Zafar’s son Miran. supremacy over whole of North India as the • Successors of Ranjit Singh: Kharak Singh Pathan in 1708 AD. in 1755 with the English.
Dacca to Murshidabad. emperor of Hindustan was defeated. (1839 AD-1840 AD), Naunihal Singh, Sher
• Shujauddin (1727 AD-1739 AD): He mir JAfAr (1757 Ad-1760 Ad) Singh (1841 AD-1843 AD) and Dalip Singh Anglo-Sikh Wars
tHird wAr (1758-1763)
• The company was granted undisputed right treAty of ALLAHAbAd (1843 AD-1849 AD). • French, Count de Lally captured ‘Fort
was granted the governorship of Bihar
to free trade in Bengal, Bihar and Orissa. (AuguSt 1765 Ad) • First Anglo-Sikh war (1845 AD-1846 AD): First War (1845 AD-1846 AD) St. David’.
by Mughal emperor Muhammad Shah • The Sikhs were defeated. Treaty of Lahore • French were defeated at Wandiwash (1760)
• English got the Diwani right (right to collect Sikhs were defeated. The Treaty of Lahore
Rangeela in 1733 AD. mir QASim (1760 Ad-1764 Ad) (1846) ended the war. under General Eyre Coote.
revenue) of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa and (1846 AD) ended the war.
• Sarfaraz Khan (1739 AD-1740 AD): He • He shifted his capital from Murshidabad to Second War (1848 AD-1849 AD) • Pondicherry was returned to French by the
gave Rupees 26 lakhs. • Second Anglo-Sikh war (1848 AD-1849
was murdered by Alivardi Khan, the Deputy Munger. AD): Dalhousie annexed Punjab. Sir • Dalhousie annexed Punjab in 1849. Treaty of Paris.
Governor of Bihar in 1740 AD. • In 1760 AD, Mir Jafar was replaced by his tiPu SuLtAn: (1782 Ad-1799 Ad) .
John Lawrence became the first chief
• Alivardi Khan (1740 AD-1756 AD): He son-in-law, Mir Qasim. • The Treaty of Mangalore (1784 AD) was AngLo-mArAtHA wArS
commissioner of Punjab.
legalised his usurpation by receiving a • Mir Qasim ceded Burdwan, Midnapore signed by Tipu Sultan, which ended the AngLo-burmeSe wAr • First Anglo Maratha War was fought from
farman from Mughal emperor Muhammad and Chittagong. He shifted his capital Second Anglo-Mysore war. tHe SikHS (PunJAb) 1775-1782 A.D.
• Third Anglo-Mysore war (1790 AD-1792 • Guru Nanak (1469 AD-1539 AD): Born in • Burma was united by King Alaungpaya
Shah Rangeela. He prevented the English from Murshidabad to Monghyr (Munger). • The Britishers signed Treaty of Surat with
AD): By the Treaty of Srirangapatnam (1792 Talwandi, he was the first Sikh guru and between 1752 AD and 1760 AD. Raghunath Rao (1775).
and the French from fortifying their factories • Battle of Buxar: Mir Qasim formed an
at Calcutta and Chandranagore, respectively. alliance with Nawab of Awadh, Shuja-ud-
AD), Tipu ceded half of his territory. established Nanak Panth. firSt wAr (1824 Ad) • The Treaty of Purandhar was made in 1775.
• Fourth Anglo-Mysore war (1799 AD): Lord • Guru Angad (1539 AD-1552 AD): Invented • In 1824 AD, the British Indian authority • The Treaty of Salbai (1782) gave 20
• Shuja-ud-din (1724 AD-1739 AD): He was Daula, and Mughal Emperor Shah Alam-II
Wellesley attacked and Tipu Sultan died. Gurumukhi script for Punjabi language. declared war on Burma and occupied years of peace.
granted governorship of Bihar by Mughal and fought with the British army at Buxar • Tipu established the embassies to France, • Guru Amardas: Mughal Emperor of Rangoon, and reached the capital Ava. Peace • The Second Maratha war was fought from
emperor Muhammad Shah Rangeela. on 22nd October, 1764 AD. Akbar visited him. 1803-1806 A.D.
Turkey, Iran and Pegu to develop foreign trade. came in 1826 AD by Treaty of Yandabo.
• Siraj-ud-Daula (1756 AD-1757 AD) • Mir Jafar was again put to throne by the • Guru Ramdas (1575 AD-1581 AD): Founded • The Primary cause was the Treaty of
• Alivardi Khan was succeeded by his grandson Britishers. AngLo-mySore wArS the city of Amritsar. He dug a tank (sarovar) Bassein (1802).
Second wAr (1852 Ad)
Siraj-ud-Daula. • Robert Clive became the first Governor of and constructed Harmandir Sahib in the • Annexation of Pegu, the capital province • The Scindia and the Bhonsle were defeated.
• In 1756 AD, Siraj-ud-Daula seized the Bengal in 1765 AD. firSt wAr (1766 Ad-1769 Ad) midst of the tank. only remained free. • The Third Anglo Maratha War was fought
English factory at Kasimbazar and marched • After the Battle of Buxar, the Company gave • Haider Ali defeated the British. The Treaty • Guru Arjun Dev (1581 AD-1606 AD): He in 1817-1818.
to Calcutta and occupied Fort William. Shah Alam-II a subsidiary of ` 26 lakhs and of Madras was signed. compiled the Adi Granth. He completed tHird wAr (1885 Ad) • Lord Hasting’s moves against Pindaris
Black hole tragedy took place. Robert Clive secured Diwani of Arrah and Allahabad. Second wAr (1780 Ad-1784 Ad) the construction of Amritsar and founded • British attacked over Burma and Thibaw transgressed the authority of the Marathas.
recovered Calcutta and Treaty of Alinagar • The important outcome was the Treaty of • Warren Hastings attacked French port Mahe the city of Taran and Kartarapur. He was surrendered. • The Maratha confederacy was completely
was signed on 2nd January, 1757 AD. Allahabad in 1765. that was in Haider Ali’s territory. executed by Jahangir. • In 1935 AD, Burma was separated from destroyed.
• Battle of Plassey: On 23rd June, 1757 AD, • After the death of Mir Jafar, Nizam-ud- • In 1781 AD, Haider Ali was defeated at Porto • Guru Hargovind Raj (1606 AD-1645 AD): India. Movement of Burma reached a new • Peshwa Baji Rao-II was dethroned and
English East India Company’s forces under daulah was placed on the throne. Novo by Eyre Coote. Transformed Sikhs into a warrior class and height under the leadership of U Aung pensioned off at Bithur near Kanpur.
drAin of weALtH • Irish woman Margaret Noble (aka Sister • The Theosophical Society India was founded
ANGLO-AFGHAN WARS • Satavandi (Maharashtra, 1839 AD): Led by indiAn renAiSSAnce
• Dadabhai Naoroji citied it in his book Nivedita) popularised Ramakrishna Mission by Annie Besant. She founded Central
First War (1839 AD-1842 AD) or Auckland’s Phond Savant and Anna Sahib.
Poverty and Un-British Rule in India (1867 after Vivekananda’s death. Hindu College in 1898 AD, which became
Folly • Kuka (1840 AD): Led by Bhagat Jawahar AryA SAmAJ Banaras Hindu University in 1916 AD.
• British had to restore the throne to Dost AD). R.C. Dutta, in his Economic History Mal or Sian Saheb in Punjab. • The first Arya Samaj unit was founded by dHArmA SAbHA
Muhammad. British occupied Kabul in 1842 of India (1901 AD), blamed the British • Poligar (Karnool, 1846 AD): Led by Narasimha Swami Dayanand Saraswati in 1875 AD • The orthodox Hindus organised the deccAn educAtion Society
AD. policies for the Indian economic ills. Reddy. in Bombay. Dharma Sabha under the leadership of • Founded by M.G. Ranade, V.G. Chibdonkar
Second War (1870 AD-1880 AD) • ‘Drain of Wealth’ theory refers to an importation • His original name was Mula Shankar. Raja Radhakant Dev in 1830 AD to counter and G.G. Agarkar in Pune in 1884 AD.
• Sher Ali was defeated by Lord Lytton and imPortAnt Socio-reLigiouS
his sons signed the Treaty of Gandamak
of national product of India, which was not • He looked on the Vedas as ‘India’s Rock and Brahmo Samaj. • The society founded the Ferguson College.
available for consumption to its people. reformerS Ages’. His mottos were Go back to Vedas
(Yakub Khan).
Third Anglo-Afghan War • Swami Sahajananda (1781 AD-1830 AD): and India for the Indians. PArAmAHAnSA mAndALi SeVA SAdAn
• Durand line was reaffirmed between British LAnd reVenue SyStemS Originally Gyanashyama founded the • Arya Samaj stood for four-fold Varna system • Founded by Dadoba Pandurang and Bal • Founded by Behramji M. Malabari in
India and Afghanistan. Swaminarayan sect in Gujarat. determined by merit and not by birth; for Shastri Jambhekar in 1849 AD. The Bombay in 1885 AD.
• Permanent Settlement/Istamarari (Sthayi) •
• Treaty of Rawalpindi was signed. Raja Rammohan Roy (1772 AD-1833 equal rights for men and women. Opposed Mandalis believed in one God.
• Bandobast indiAn nAtionAL SociAL conference
AD): Born in 1772 AD, founded Atmiya untouchability, caste discrimination, child • Members took food cooked by low-caste
• Introduced in Bengal, Bihar and Orissa, Sabha in Calcutta in 1815 AD, which • Founded by M.G. Ranade and Raghunath
marriage and supported widow remarriage people. He believed in permitting widow
districts of Banaras and Northern districts was named Brahmo Sabha and finally Rao in Bombay in 1887 AD.
economic imPAct of britiSH and intercaste marriages. remarriage and in education of women.
of Madras by Lord Cornwallis in 1793 AD. Brahmo Samaj in 1828 AD. His journal was
ruLe • John Shore planned this settlement. • He wrote three books–Satyartha Prakash, mAdrAS Hindu ASSociAtion
named Sabad Kaumudi. VedA SAmAJ
Veda-Bhashya Bhumika and Veda Bhashya. • Founded by Viresalingam Pantalu in Madras
• Debender became the leader of the Brahmo • It is called Brahmo Samaj of South. It was
ryotwAri SyStem • In 1886 AD, Lala Hansraj instituted in 1892 AD.
tHree StAgeS of britiSH coLoniALiSm Samaj after Raja Rammohan Roy. He started by Sridharalu Naidu.
• Introduced in Bombay and Madras. Munro Dayanand Anglo Vedic (DAV) School in
First Phase–The Mercantile Phase (Viceroy) and Charles Reed recommended it. founded Tattvabodhini Sabha in 1839 Lahore. In 1902 AD, Gurukul Pathshala bHArAt dHArmA mAHAmAndALA
tHe PrArtHAnA SAbHA
(1757 AD-1813 AD) • In this, a direct settlement was made between and published Tattvabodhini Patrika. • Founded by Pandit Madan Mohan
was established at Haridwar. • It was founded in 1867 AD by M.G. Ranade. Malaviya and Pandit Din Dayal Sharma
• Revenue of Bengal was used to finance the government and the ryot (cultivator). He compiled selected passages from the • The Arya Samaj started the Shuddhi • Prominent leaders were Dr. Atmaram
exports to England. • It was based on the Scientific Rent Theory Upanishads, which came to be known Movement to convert non-Hindus to in Varanasi in 1929 AD.
Pandurang and R.G. Bhandarkar and
• Act of 1813 AD allowed one-way trade for of Ricardo. as Brahma Dharma. Hindus. Other prominent Arya Samajists N.G. Chandavarkar. tHe SerVAntS of indiA Society
the British. As a result, the Indian markets • Keshav Chandra Sen (1838 AD-1884 were Lala Hansraj, Pt. Guru Dutt, Lala
mAHALwAri SyStem AD): Keshav Chandra Sen was the leader • Founded by Gopal Krishna Gokhale in
flooded with cheap and machine-made Lajpat Rai and Swami Shradhananda. young bengAL moVement Bombay in 1905 AD.
imports. Indian traders lost foreign as well • Modified version of zamindari settlement of the Brahmo Samaj during the absence • It was founded by Henry Louis and
as home markets. was introduced in the Ganges valley; NWFP of Debendranath Tagore. He started rAmAkriSHnA miSSion Vivian Derozio. PoonA SeVA SAdAn
• Heavy import duty on Indian products to
parts of Central India and Punjab. Bamabodhini Patrika, a journal for women. • It was established by Swami Vivekananda to • They believed in truth, freedom and religion. • Founded by G.K. Devdhar and Ramabai
• Revenue settlement was to be made by He launched radical reforms such as giving carry on relief and social work after death It supported women’s education. Pande in Pune.
England discouraged them in the market.
village or estates with landlords. up of caste names, inter-caste and widow of his Guru Rama Krishna Paramahansa • Derozio edited the papers–Calcutta Gazzette
Second Phase–The Industrial Phase remarriages, and launched movements in 1897 AD. niSHkAm kArmA mAtH
ciViL reVoLtS and India Gazette.
(1813 AD-1858 AD) against child marriages. These radical • Founded by Dhondo Keshav Karve in Pune.
• The British mercantile industrial capitalist • Sannyasi Revolt (Bengal, 1780 AD): Led by reforms led to the first schism in the Brahmo SwAmi ViVekAnAndA • Founded India’s first Women’s University
Swami Narayan Sampraday
class exploited India as Industrial Revolution religious monks. Samaj. The original Brahmo Samaj came to • His original name was Narendranath Dutt. • Founded by Swami Sahajananda in in Pune in 1916.
in Britain completely transformed the British • Kattabomman Revolt (1792 AD-1798 AD): be known as Adi Brahmo Samaj and the • He attended the Parliament of Religions held Gujarat. Namdhari/Kuka Movement
economy. Charter Act of 1813 AD allowed Led by Vira Pandya Kattabomman. other the Brahmo Samaj of India which at Chicago in 1893 AD and published two • It was founded by Bhai Balak Singh and tHe bHArAt Stri mAndAL
‘one-way free trade’ for the British citizens, • Paik Revolt (Orissa, 1804 AD-1806 AD): Led papers, Prabhudhha Bharat in English and Baba Ram Singh in the North-West frontier • Founded by Saralabala Devi Chaudharani
was established by Keshav Chandra Sen in
resulting in the Indian markets being flooded by Bakshi Jagabandhu. Udbodhana in Bengali. province, Ludhiana, in 1841 AD. in Calcutta. It was the first All India
1866 AD. Sen formed the Indian Reform
with cheap and machine-made imported • Velu Thampi (Travancore, 1805 AD): Led Association in 1870 AD, which persuaded • He urged people to inculcate the spirit of Women Organisation.
goods from Britain. by Velu Thampi. the British Government to enact the Native liberty, equality and free thinking.
indiAn reform ASSociAtion SeVA SAmiti (1914 Ad)
• Kittur Revolt (Karnataka, 1824 AD): Led • He worked for the emancipation of women.
Third Phase–The Financial Phase Marriage Act of 1972 (popularly known as • It was founded by Keshab Chandra Sen in • Founded in Allahabad by Pandit Hridayanath
by Chinnama and Ryappa. Civil Marriage Act). • He emerged as a preacher of Neo-Hinduism.
(1860 AD onwards) Calcutta in 1870 AD. Kunzru.
• Pagal Pandits (Maimansinh, 1825 AD-1833 • • He advocated the Doctrine of Service–the
• Heavy British investment in India and Anand Mohan Bose started Sadharam
AD): Led by Karam Shah and Tipu. Brahmo Samaj. service of all human beings. tHeoSoPHicAL Society tHe indiAn women’S ASSociAtion
burden of public debt increased.
• Industries came into existence (Tata Iron • Raju (Vizag, 1827 AD): Led by Birabhadra • Justice M.G. Ranade founded the Prarthna • He was considered as the spiritual father of • It was founded by Madam H.P. Blavatsky • Founded by Annie Besant in Madras
and Steel Company in 1907). Raju. Samaj. the modern nationalist movement. and Col. H.S. Olcott in New York in 1875 AD. (1917 AD).
rAHAnumAi mAZdAyASAn SAbHA • The mutiny actually started at Meerut on • Kanpur was recaptured on December 6, 6. Far-reaching changes were made in • “INC is a begging institute.”–Aurobindo AITUC in 1920 AD. He boycotted the
• Founded in Bombay by S.S. Bengali, May 10, 1857 AD. The soldiers broke open 1857 AD by Colin Campbell. the administration and increase in the Ghosh (Extremist Leader). Simon Commission and demonstrated
Naoroji Furdonji and J.B. Nacha (1831 AD). jails, murdered Europeans, burnt their • Lucknow was recaptured on March 21, number of white soldiers in the army • “INC should distinguish between begging against it at Lahore, during which he was
houses and marched to Delhi after sunset. 1858 AD by Colin Campbell, Havelock and took place. and claiming the rights”. brutally assaulted by the police and he
kHudAi kHidmAtgAr moVement • General Hewitt was the commanding Outram. 7. It soon became a symbol of challenge to –Bal Gangadhar Tilak subsequently succumbed to his injuries.
• Started by Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan in officer at Meerut. • Nana Sahib and Hazrat Mahal both escaped the mighty British empire in India and (Extremist Leader). He was called the Lion of Punjab.
NWFP (1929 AD). • The appearance of the marching soldiers next to Nepal. remained a shining star for the rise and He was inspired by Mahatma Hansraj.
facts
morning (i.e. 11th May) in Delhi was a signal • William Taylor and Edgre suppressed growth of the Indian national movement. He was the President of the special
LokAHitAwAdi Ist President of INC W. C. Bannerji
to the local soldiers, who, in turn, revolted, the revolt at Arrah. English authority 8. Total expense of the suppression was session of the Congress at Calcutta,
• Started by Gopal Hari Deshmukh.
seized the city and proclaimed the 82–year- was re-established in India during July- borne by India. Ist Woman President Annie Besant 1920 AD.
rAdHA SwAmi moVement old Bahadur Shah Zafar, as Shehanshah- December, 1858 AD. Ist Muslim President Badruddin Tyabji He opposed the withdrawal of NCM
• Started by Tulsi Ram (Shiv Dayal Saheb or e-Hindustan (i.e. Emperor of India). indiAn nAtionAL moVement in 1922 AD. He founded Swaraj Party
Ist English President George Yuke
Swami Maharaj) in 1861 AD. • Within a month of the capture of Delhi, the Rani Laxmi Bai with Motilal Nehru and C.R. Das.
revolt spread to the different parts of India. Rani Laxmi Bai, nicknamed Manu was married indiAn nAtionAL congreSS (i.n.c.) Gandhi became President 1924, Belgaum He was the editor of Bande Matram,
deVA SAmAJ South remained quiet, and Punjab and to Raja Gangadhar Rao in 1842. The couple • The Indian National Union was formed in The Punjab and The People.
• Started by Shiv Narain Agnihotri in 1887 AD. Bengal were only marginally affected. adopted a child in 1853 but lord. Dalhousie 1884 AD by A.O. Hume. He called for a extremiSt PHASe (1905 Ad-1917 Ad) 3. Sri Aurobindo Ghosh: He started
wished to annex Jhansi under the Doctrine of conference in Pune in December 1885 AD. Reasons for the Emergence of Extremists a Bengali Daily Jugantar. He wrote
AtmArAm PAndurAn (1823 Ad-1898 Ad) ))
Note: Bahadur Shah II was deported Lapse. Rani did not surrender and died fighting • The conference venue was shifted to Bombay. 1. Realisation that the true nature of British seditious articles in Bande Matram. He
• Atmaram Pandurang founded Prarthana to Rangoon, where he died in 1862 AD. at Kalpi near Jhansi during the revolt of 1857. • The leaders decided to rename the Indian rule was exploitative. was put to trial for Maniktalla (Calcutta)
Samaj in 1867 AD in Bombay. Nana Sahib (original name, Dhundhu National Union as Indian National Congress. 2. International influences and events Bomb Conspiracy Case. He finally retired
Pant), Begum Hazrat Mahal and Khan cAuSeS of fAiLure • The first session of the Indian National which demolished the myth of White/ to the life of Yoga at Pondicherry.
tHe reVoLt of 1857 Ad Bahadur Khan escaped to Nepal; Tantiya 1. Disunity of Indians and poor organisation. Congress was held at Gokuldas Tejpal European supremacy. 4. Other Extremist Leaders: Chakravarthy
• Occurred during the reign of Governor- Tope (original name being Ramchandra 2. Lack of complete nationalism. Scindias, Sanskrit College in Bombay under the 3. Dissatisfaction with the achievements Vijayaraghavachariar, Ashwani Kumar
General Lord Canning. Panduranga) was captured and executed. Holkars, Nizam and others actively presidentship of W.C. Bannerji. of Moderates. Chidambaram Pillai, etc.
Rani Lakshmi Bai died in the battlefield. helped the British. • It was attended by 72 delegates from all 4. Reactionary policies of Curzon. Existence
cAuSeS of tHe reVoLt Kunwar Singh was wounded and died on 3. Lack of coordination between sepoys, over India. of a military school of thought and metHodS of extremiStS
• Political: Nana Sahib was refused pension, April 26, 1858 AD. peasants, zamindars and other classes. • Lord Dufferin was the Viceroy of India during emergence of a trained leadership. 1. Passive, i.e. non-cooperating with
as he was the adopted son of Peshwa Baji 4. M a n y h a d d i f f e r e n t m o t i v e s f o r the foundation of INC. the British Government, boycotting
Rao II. Avadh was annexed in 1856. On centreS of reVoLt And tHeir participating in the revolt. • The first two decades of INC are described Prominent extremiSt LeAderS government service, courts, schools and
charges of mal-administration, Satara, LeAderS • All the classes of the society were not affected in history as those of moderate demands 1. Bal Gangadhar Tilak: He launched two colleges.
Jhansi, Nagpur and Sambhalpur were • Delhi: Bahadur Shah and General Bakhti and also did not participate in the revolt. and a sense of confidence in British justice newspapers–the Kesari (in Marathi) and 2. Promotion of Swadeshi and boycott
annexed owing to Doctrine of Lapse. Khan. • The military equipment of rebels were inferior. and generosity. Indian Council Act in 1892 the Maratha (in English). He organised of foreign goods.
• Economic: Heavy taxation, forcibly evictions, • Kanpur: Nana Sahib/Dhondu Pant (adopted • The most significant feature of the revolt was AD allowed some members to be indirectly Ganpati Festival (1893 AD) and Shivaji
discriminatory tariff policy against Indian son of Baji Rao II), Tantya Tope and the exhibition of the Hindu-Muslim unity. elected by Indians. Festival (1895 AD). He was deported tHe PArtition of bengAL (1905)
products. Azimullah Khan. • Concentration on the Northern part of India. to Mandalay Jail (Burma) for writing And boycott And SwAdeSHi
• Socio-religious: Abolition of sati in 1829 • Jhansi: Rani Lakshmi Bai. imPAct of tHe reVoLt of 1857 Ad Moderate leaders: seditious articles. He started the Home
AD; legalisation of widow remarriage in • Lucknow: Begum Hazrat Mahal, her Dadabhai Naoroji, A.O. Hume, Badruddin Rule League in 1916 AD. He wrote Gita
moVement (1905 Ad-1908 Ad)
1. In August 1857 AD, the British Parliament
1856 AD, etc. son Birjis Qadr. passed an Act which put an end to the Tyabji, M.G. Ranade, W.C. Bannerji, Rahasya. Tilak asserted: ‘Swaraj is my • The Partition of Bengal came into effect on
• Military: Discrimination with Indian soldiers. • Faizabad: Maulvi Ahmadullah. rule of the Company. The control of
Ferozeshah Mehta, Surendra Nath Bannerji, birthright and I shall have it’. 16th October, 1905 AD, reducing the old
• Indian soldiers were paid low salaries. • Bareilley: Khan Bahadur Khan. the British Government in India was
Madan Mohan Malaviya, Tej Bahadur Sapru,
He was awarded with the title of province of Bengal in size by creating a new
• Immediate cause: The introduction of • Bihar: (Arrah) Kunwar Singh, Zamindar transferred to the British Crown.
Gopal Krishna Gokhale and Rash Behari Bose.
Lokmanya. province of East Bengal.
Enfield rifles, whose cartridges were said to of Jagdishpur. 2. A minister of the British Government He was called ‘Bal’, Lala Lajpat Rai • The government explained that it was done
have a greased cover made of beef and pork, • Delhi was seized by the rebels on May 12, 1857. called the Secretary of state for was called ‘Lal’ and Bipin Chandra to stimulate growth in the underdeveloped
SeLect oPinionS About inc
sparked off the revolt. • Delhi was captured on September 20, India was made responsible for the • “INC represents only microscopic minorities.” Pal was called ‘Pal’. Eastern region of Bengal. The main reason
• The Beginning and Spread of the Revolt: 1857 AD by John Nicholson and Bahadur governance of India. He was a part of the trio of ‘Lal-Bal- for partition of Bengal was to destroy
–Lord Dufferin (1884 AD-1888 AD)
On March 29, 1857 AD, an Indian sepoy of Shah II was deported to Rangoon, where he 3. The British Governor-General of India Pal’ and the extremist group. the political influence of the uneducated
(Contemporary Viceroy).
34 Native Infantry, Mangal Pandey, killed died in 1862 AD. He wrote the books The Arctic Home
was now also given the title of Viceroy. • “The Congress is tottering to its fall, and one middle class among whom the Bengali
two British officers–Hugeson and Baugh on • Jhansi was captured by Hugh Rose on June 4. Doctrine of Lapse was withdrawn. of Vedas and Gita Rahasya.
of my great ambitions while in India, is to intelligentsia was the most prominent.
parade at Barrackpore (near Calcutta). He 17, 1858 AD. Rani Lakshmi Bai died in 5. After the revolt, the British pursued the 2. Lala Lajpat Rai: He founded the National
assist it to a peaceful demise”.–Lord Curzon The INC unanimously condemned the
was arrested and hanged. the battlefield. policy of divide and rule. School at Lahore. He presided over the
(1899 AD-1905 AD) (Viceroy). partition of Bengal.
• The Boycott and Swadeshi Movement had The government observing the opportunity revolutionary organisations in india • The Congress Session at Allahabad in Satyagraha. Ashram at Kocharab near
its genesis in the antipartition movement. launched a massive attack on the extremists December 1921 decided to launch a Civil Ahmedabad (20th May). In 1917 AD, Ashram
organisation founder year Place
• The INC took up the Swadeshi call in the but suppressing the newspaper and arresting Disobedience Movement. But, before it was shifted at the banks of Sabarmati.
Benares Session, 1905 AD presided by their main leader Tilak and sending him
Mitra Mela Savarkar Brothers 1899 Poona could be launched, the angry peasants (mob) • 1916 AD: He attended the Lucknow
G.K. Gokhale and supported the Swadeshi Anushilan Samiti I Gayendranath Bose 1902 Midnapur attacked a police station at Chauri Chaura Session of INC held from 26th to 30th
to Mandalay jail (Burma) for six years. in Gorakhpur district of Uttar Pradesh on
and Boycott Movement of Bengal Militant Abhinav Bharat V.D. Savarkar 1906 Poona December, 1916 AD.
Aurobindo Ghosh gave up politics and left 5th February, 1922. This changed the whole • 1917 AD: Gandhi entered active politics with
nationalism spearheaded by Trio of Lal-Bal-
for Pondicherry. Bipin Chandra Pal also Swadesh Bandhav Samiti Ashwini Kumar Dutt 1905 Barisal situation and Mahatma Gandhi was compelled
Pal (Lala Lajpat Rai, Bal Gangadhar Tilak Champaran campaign redress grievances
left politics temporarily. Lala Lajpat Rai Anushilan Smiti II Barindra Ghosh and 1907 Dhaka to withdraw the Non-Cooperation Movement. of the cultivators oppressed by Indigo
and Bipin Chandra Pal), and Aurobindo
Ghosh was, however, in favour of extending left for Britain, After 1908 AD, the national Bhupendra Dutt plantation of Bihar (April 1917). Champaran
Lucknow PAct (congreSS-LeAgue
the movement to the rest of India. movement as a whole declined. Bharat Mata Society Ajit Singh and Amba Prasad 1907 Punjab PAct) (1916 Ad) Satyagraha was his first Civil Disobedience
• On 7th August, 1905 AD, a resolution to Hindustan Republican Association Jogesh Chandra Chatterji and 1924 Kanpur The Anti-British feelings were generated among Movement in India.
boycott British goods was adopted at a indiAn counciL Act of 1909 Ad or Sachindranath Sanyal the Muslims following a war between Britain and • 1918 AD: In February 1918, Mahatma
meeting of the INC held in Calcutta. morLey-minto reformS Gandhi launched the struggle in Ahmedabad,
Naujawan Sabha Bhagat Singh 1926 Lahore Turkey, which opened the way for the Congress-
• Tilak took the movement to different parts • Separate electorate introduced for Muslims. Muslim League unity. Both the Congress and the which involved industrial workers. Hunger
• Lord Minto came to be known as the father Hindustan Socialist Republican Association 1928 1928 Delhi strike as a weapon was used for the first time
of India, especially in Pune and Bombay. Muslim League sessions were held at Lucknow in
Ajit Singh and Lala Lajpat Rai spread the of Communal Electorate. 1916 AD and thus concluded the famous Lucknow by Gandhi during Ahmedabad struggle. In
revolutionary organisation formed outside india
Swadeshi message in Punjab and other parts • Non-officials to be elected indirectly. Thus, Pact. The Congress accepted the separate March 1918, Mahatma Gandhi worked for
of Northern India. Syed Haider Raza set up election introduced for the first time. organisation founder year Place
electorate and both the organisations jointly the peasants of Kheda in Gujarat, who were
to agenda in Delhi. Chidambaram Pillai facing difficulties in paying the rent owing to
• For the first time, one Indian was to be India House Shaymji Krishna Verma 1905 London demanded a dominion status for the country.
took the movement to Madras Presidency. Montagu Declaration/August Declaration failure of crops. Kheda Satyagraha was his
on Viceroy’s executive council. Satyendra Abhinav Bharat V.D. Savarkar 1906 London
of 1917 AD: The control oven the Indian first Non-cooperation Movement.
formAtion of tHe muSLim LeAgue Prasad Sinha was the first Indian to join the Indian Independence League Tarak Nath Das 1907 U.S.A.
government would be transferred gradually to
• Set up in 1906 AD, under the leadership of council as the Law member. Ghadar Party Lala Hardayal, Tarak Nath Das 1913 San the Indian people.
Rowlatt Act (1919)
Aga Khan, Nawab Salimullah of Dhaka and • Annulment of Partition in 1911 AD, the and Sohan Singh Bhakna Francisco • In 1919 a Sedition Committee headed by
Nawab Mohsin-ul-Mulk. government announced annulment of the justice Rowlatt led to the Rowlatt Act. This
Indian Independence League Lala Hardayal and Birendra 1914 Berlin tHe gAndHiAn erA
• Vakar-ul-Mulk was the first president partition of Bengal. act authorised the government to imprison
of Muslim League.
Government Indian Independence League Ras Bihari Bose 1942 Tokyo (1917 Ad-1947 Ad) any person without trial and conviction by the
• It supported the partition of Bengal, opposed gHAdAr PArty (1913 Ad) Indian National Army Ras Bihari Bose 1942 Tokyo Court of Law for 2 years. The law also enabled
mAHAtmA gAndHi (1869 Ad-1948 Ad): the government to suspend the right of Habeas
the Swadeshi Movement, and demanded • Formed by Lala Har Dayal, Tarak Nath Das
cHronoLogicAL oVerView Corpus which had been the foundation of civil
special safeguards for its community and and Sohan Singh Bhakna. komAgAtA mAru SHiP incident liberties in Britain.
tiLAk’S Home ruLe moVement
separate electorate for the Muslims. • The war period witnessed the growth of (1914 Ad)
• It started in April 1916 AD at Poona.
In South Africa (1893 AD-1914 AD)
• Calcutta Session of INC (1906 AD)–Swaraj: revolutionary movement not only in India • Komagata Maru was a Japanese steamship • 1893 AD: Departure of Mahatma Gandhi
In December 1906 in Calcutta, the INC, that carried the Sikh and Muslim immigrants Tilak’s league was to work in Maharashtra,
to South Africa. • 1919 AD: Mahatma Gandhi gave a call for
but also outside India by the Indians. Karnataka, Central Province and Berar, satyagraha against the Rowlatt Act on April
under the leadership of Dadabhai Naoroji, from Punjab to Vancouver, Canada. It • 1906 AD: First Civil Disobedience Movement
• Indian revolutionary in the United States of reached the fort of Vancouver on May 22, excluding Bombay. 6, 1919 AD and took the command of the
adopted Swaraj as the goal in Indian people. (Satyagraha) against Asiatic Ordinance
The differences between the moderates and America and Canada had established the 1914. But the ship was forced to return • Josef Baptista became the President and in Transversal. nationalist movement for the first time (first
the extremists, especially regarding the Ghadar (Rebellion) Party in 1913 AD. to India by the Canadian authorities. The N.C. Kelkar secretary. • 1907 AD: Satyagraha against compulsory all-India Political Movement).
pace of the movement and the techniques • The party was built around the weekly paper ship was docked at Budge in Calcutta. • He gave the slogan ‘Swaraj is my birthright registration and passes for Asians (The Black • Mahatma Gandhi returned the Kaisar-i-Hind
of the struggle to be adopted led to split The Ghadar, which carried the caption The Britishers considered the passengers and I shall have it’. Act) in Transversal. title as a protest against the Jallianwala
of Surat in 1907 AD at the Surat Session Angrezi Raj ka Dushman. as dangerous political agitators and tried • Tilak’s newspapers Maratha and Kesari • 1 9 0 8 A D : Trial and imprisonment– Bagh massacre–13th April, 1919 AD,
of the Congress. • Headquarters were at San Francisco. to arrest Baba Gurdit Singh from among were the organs for home rule. Johannesburg Jail (First Jail Term). The All India Khilafat Conference
• Surat Split (1907 AD): The INC split into two • Some of the prominent Ghadar leaders
them. Police opened fire on them and 19 • 1914 AD: Quits South Africa forever and elected Mahatma Gandhi as its president
groups, the extremists and the moderates passengers died in the incident. Annie bASAnt’S Home ruLe moVement returns to India. Was awarded Kaisar-i-Hind
were Baba Gurumukh Singh, Kartar • Rash Behari Bose and Sachin Sanyal led • Started with Subramaniya Iyer in Adyar in (November 1919, Delhi).
at the Surat session in 1907 AD. The title for raising an Indian Ambulance Core
Singh Saraba, Sohan Singh Bhakna and the movement. September, worked in the rest of India. • 1920 AD-1922 AD: Mahatma Gandhi
extremists were led by Bal Gangadhar Tilak, during Boer wars.
Lala Lajpat Rai and Bipin Chandra Pal and Rahmat Ali Shah.
Home ruLe moVement (1916 Ad) • Annie Besant’s newspapers New India, led the Non-cooperation and Khilafat
the moderates were led by Gopal Krishna • To carry out other revolutionary activities, • The Home Rule League was pioneered on the Commonwealth and Young India became in indiA: (1915 Ad-1948 Ad) Movements. Mahatma Gandhi calls off
Gokhale. This was the 23rd session of INC ‘Swadesh Sevak Home’ at Vancouver and important for this movement. She coined • 1915 AD: Arrived in Bombay (India) on the Movement after the violent incident at
lines of a similar movement in Ireland. The
United India House at Seattle was set up. the term ‘commonwealth’. 9th January 1915 AD; Foundation of Chauri-Chaura on February 5, 1922. Non-
and Lord Minto was the Viceroy of India. Muslim League also supported the movement.
Cooperation Movement was the first mass- suspects, without trial. Mahatma Gandhi there was boycott of law courts, which saw Party with C.R. Das as the President and a list of fourteen demands, which became • In Madras, Rajagopalachari led a march
based politics under Mahatma Gandhi. decided to fight against this act and he gave a major lawyers like Motilal Nehru, C.R. Das, Motilal Nehru as the Secretary. famous as 14 points of Jinnah. from Trichinopoly to Vedaranyam along the
• 1924 AD: Belgaum (Karnataka) session call of Satyagraha on 6th April, 1919 AD. He C. Rajagopalachari, Saifuddin Kitchlu, • Madan Mohan Malaviya and Lala Lajpat Rai Coromandel Coast.
of INC–for the first and the last time, was arrested on 8th April, 1919 AD. Vallabhbhai Patel, Aruna Asaf Ali, etc. giving founded the Independent Congress Party LAHore SeSSion (1929 Ad) • In Kerala, K. Kelappan marched from
Mahatma Gandhi was elected the president up their lucrative practices in their fields. The later in 1933 AD. It was recognised as the • This session was presided over by Jawaharlal Calicut to Payyanur.
Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (13th April, 1919 AD)
of the Congress. non-cooperation movement also saw picketing Congress Nationalist Party. Nehru. • Congress was declared illegal.
The arrest of Dr. Saifuddin Kitchlu and •
• 1930 AD-1934 AD: Mahatma Gandhi of shops selling foreign cloth and boycott of This session passed a resolution of Poorna
Dr. Satyapal on 10th April, 1919 AD, under foreign cloth by the followers of Gandhiji. City Simon commiSSion (1927 Ad) Swaraj (complete independence) as its firSt round tAbLe conference
launched the Civil Disobedience Movement
the Rowlatt Act in connection with Satyagraha • In 1927 AD, the British Government ultimate goal. (12tH noVember, 1930 Ad)
with his Dandi March-Salt Satyagraha. of Wales was greeted with empty streets and
caused serious unrest in Punjab. A public appointed the Indian Statutory Commission • Congress boycotted the conference.
• 1941 AD: Mahatma Gandhi launched the downed shutters wherever he went. • All members of legislature were asked to
meeting was held on 13th April, 1919 AD in a known popularly by its chairman Simon. • Muslim League was represented by
Individual Satyagraha Movement. There was an attack on a local police station resign their seats.
park called Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar. As • Lord Irwin was the Viceroy of India at that time.
• 1942 AD: Mahatma Gandhi raised the by angry peasants at Chauri Chaura in • On 31st December, 1929, the newly adopted Mohammad Ali, Agha Khan, Fazlul Haq, M.A.
soon as the meeting started, General Reginald • The committee had to review the working Jinnah and Hindu Mahasabha by Moonje
slogan ‘Quit India Movement’. Gorakhpur district on 5th February, 1922 tricolour was hoisted and 26th January, 1930
• 1943 AD: Mahatma Gandhi kept in detention Dyer ordered indiscriminate heavy firing. The of the dyarchy system introduced by and Jayakar.
burning 22 policemen. Mahatma Gandhi, was fixed as the first Independence Day.
Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms of 1919 AD
at the Aga Khan Palace near Pune. crowd of people had no way out to escape. As a shocked by Chauri Chaura incident, • The Congress Session also announced a • Tej Bahadur Sapru, Chintamani and
• 1947 AD: Mahatma Gandhi was deeply result, hundreds of men, women and children and to report to what extent a representative
withdrew the Non-Cooperation Movement Civil Disobedience Movement under the Srinivas Shastri (Liberals) appeared.
distressed by the Mountbatten Plan/ government can be introduced in India.
were killed and more than 1,200 people wounded. on 12th February, 1922 AD. Gandhiji had leadership of Mahatma Gandhi. • Princes of Hyderabad, Mysore attended it.
Partition Plan (3rd June, 1947 AD). While • All the members of the commission were White.
Due to this massacre, R.N. Tagore returned launched this movement of August 1, 1920. • Congress decided to boycott the first Round • No result came out of the conference.
staying in Calcutta to restore communal • The National Congress decided to boycott the • Dalits were represented by B.R. Ambedkar.
‘Knighthood’ and Shankaran Nair resigned Table Conference.
violence, he observed complete silence on SPreAd of non-cooPerAtion commission in its Madras Session in 1927 • Moderate statesmen Jaikar, Sapru and
from the Executive Council of Viceroy.
the dawn of India’s Independence. moVement AD, presided over by Dr. Ansari. Srinivas Shastri initiated efforts to break
• 1948 AD: Mahatma Gandhi was shot dead ))
Note: Sardar Udham Singh, an Indian • The United Province became a strong base • The Muslim League and Hindu Mahasabha
dAndi mArcH/SALt SAtyAgrAHA
(1930 Ad) the ice between Mahatma Gandhi and the
by Nathu Ram Godse while on his way to patriot from Punjab, shot down General for the Non-Cooperation Movement. decided to support the Congress.
the evening prayer meeting at Birla House, • Along with 78 followers, Mahatma Gandhi government. The negotiation between Irwin
Reginald Dyer in London on March 13, 1940. • Agrarian riots under the leadership of • On 3rd February 1928 AD, the commission and Mahatma Gandhi on 5th March, 1931
New Delhi (30th January, 1948 AD). started his famous march from Sabarmati
Khilafat Movement (1920 AD-1922 AD): Baba Ramchandra and Eka Movement was greeted with Hartals and black flag AD came to be known as Gandhi-Irwin
))
Note: Mahatma Gandhi had suggested the The Ali Brothers–Mohammad Ali and
under Madari Pasi.
• In Punjab, Akali Movement was constituted
demonstration under the slogan ‘Simon
Ashram on 12th March, 1930 AD for the
small village Dandi to break the Salt Law. On Pact or Delhi Pact.
winding up of Indian National Congress Shaukat Ali–launched an anti-British Go Back’. Gandhi-Irwin Pact/Delhi Pact (5th March,
for reform and control of Gurudwaras. • At Lahore, Lala Lajpat Rai was severely reaching the seashore on 6th April, he broke
after India attained independence and movement in 1920 AD–the movement for 1931 AD): Moderate statesmen Sapru and
converting it into Lok Sevak Samaj. • Alluri Sitarama Raju organised the tribals beaten in a lathicharge and he succumbed the law by picking up salt from the seashore.
the restoration of the Khilafat Movement. By picking up a handful of salt, Mahatma Jayakar initiated efforts to bring about
in Andhra and combined their demands with to his injuries on October 30, 1929.
Maulana Abul Kalam Azad also led the rapprochement between Mahatma Gandhi
those of non-cooperation. Gandhi inaugurated the Civil Disobedience
Mahatma Gandhi movement. It was supported by Mahatma neHru rePort (1928 Ad) and the government. Six meetings with
Movement. It took the shape of a nationwide
• Date and Place of Birth: 2nd October, 1869 Gandhi and INC. tHe SwArAJiStS • Nehru report was tabled in 1928 AD by Viceroy Lord Irwin finally led to the signing
Civil Disobedience Movement in which ladies
at Porbandar, Gujarat. On October 17, 1919, ‘Khilafat Day’ was • Differences arose among the leaders after Motilal Nehru. of a pact between the two to join the Second
• Father: Karamchand Gandhi; Mother: Putli also participated.
celebrated. the withdrawal of the Non-Cooperation • It remains memorable as the first major Round Table Conference. Regarding Gandhi-
Bai; Political Guru: Gopal Krishna Gokhale. Movement. One school of thought headed by
Non-cooperation Movement (1920 AD-1922 regionAL SPreAd on ciViL Irwin Pact, Jawahar Lal Nehru remarked,
• Literary Influences: John Ruskin’s Unto Indian effort to draft a constitutional
AD): At the Calcutta session in September C.R. Das and Motilal Nehru advocated that diSobedience moVement ‘This is the way the world ends, not with
This Last, Leo Tolstoy’s The Bible and The framework for India.
1920 AD, the Congress resolved in favour of the nationalists should end the boycott of • Under the leadership of Abdul Gaffar Khan, a bang but a whimper’.
Gita.
the legislative council, enter them, obstruct • The recommendations evoked a debate
• Literary Works: Hind Swaraj (1909 AD), My the Non-cooperation Movement and defined concerning the goal of India-Dominion popularly known as The Frontier Gandhi,
Experiments with Truth (Autobiography, Swaraj as its ultimate aim (according to their working according to official plans, kArAcHi SeSSion (1931 Ad)
status of complete independence. the Pathans organised the society of Khudai
1927 AD) reveals the event as of Gandhi’s Gandhiji). The movement envisaged: (i)
expose their weaknesses, transform them • It endorsed the Gandhi-Irwin Pact. This
into arenas of political struggle and, thus, • Other members of the committee were Khidmatgars (servants of God) known
life upto 1922 AD. Session is also memorable for its resolution of
Surrender of titles and honorary offices and Tej Bahadur Sapru, Ali Imam, M.S. Aney, popularly as Red Shirts.
use them to arouse public enthusiasm. Fundamental Right and National Economic
resignation nominated offices; (ii) Refusal They were ‘pro-changers’. The pro-changers Mangal Singh, Sohaib Qureshi, G.R. • From North-East India, Manipur took a Programme with the efforts of Jawaharlal
mAin eVentS during to attend government darbars and official formed the Swaraj Party on January 1, 1923. brave part in it and Nagaland produced a Nehru and Subhash Chandra Bose.
Pradhan and Subhash Chandra Bose.
tHe gAndHiAn erA functions and boycott of British courts by • Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, Dr. Ansari, Babu brave heroine named Rani Gaidinliu.
the lawyers; (iii) Refusal of general public Rajendra Prasad and others opposed council JinnAH’S 14 PointS • Chittagong: Armory raised by Surya Second round tAbLe conference
Rowlatt Act (1919 AD) to offer themselves for military and other entry. They were known as no changers. (9tH mArcH, 1929 Ad) Sen in 1930 AD. • Gandhiji went to England in September
The Rowlatt Act, 1919 AD gave unveiled government jobs and boycott of foreign • In December 1922 AD, C.R. Das and Motilal • Jinnah, the leader of the Muslim League did • Darshana: It was led by Sarojini Naidu, 1931 AD to attend the Second Round Table
powers to the government–arrest and imprison goods, etc. Apart from educational boycott, Nehru formed Congress Khilafat Swarajya not accept the Nehru Report and drew up Imam Saheb and Maneka Gandhi. Conference presided by Ramsay Macdonald,
Prime Minister of Britain. The British tHe goVernment of indiA Act, 1935 AuguSt offer/LinLitHgow offer • Any province (s) unwilling to accept the aloof and the Hindu Mahasabha condemned Wavell Plan and Shimla Conference
Government refused to concede the basic The Simon Commission report submitted (8tH AuguSt, 1940 Ad) Constitution could form a separate union the movement. Communist Party did not (14th June-14th July, 1945 AD): After
nationalist demand for freedom on the basis in 1930 AD formed the basis for the On this day, Viceroy Linlithgow came out with a separate Constitution. support the movement. consultation with the British Government
of the immediate grant of dominion status Government of India Act, 1935. The with certain proposals known as August • The new Constitution-making body and the • Rajagopalachari also did not participate. on the Indian problem, Lord Wavell, the
with complete control over defence, external Act: (i) introduced provincial autonomy; Offer declaring that the goal of the British British Government would negotiate a treaty Viceroy of India, issued a statement known
affairs and finance. to sort out matters arising out of transfer of demAnd for PAkiStAn
(ii) abolished dyarchy in the provinces; (iii) Government was to establish Dominion as Wavell Plan. The plan which chiefly
• The Congress officially suspended the power to Indian hands. • In 1930 AD, Mohammad Iqbal, for the first
made ministers responsible to the legislative Status in India. It accepted that the framing of concerned Viceroy’s Executive Council,
movement in 1933 AD and withdrew it in • Gandhiji termed this proposal as a post- time, suggested that the frontier province,
and federation at the centre. The Act of 1935 a new constitution would be given to the views proposed certain changes in the structure
1934 AD. Mahatma Gandhi resigned from dated cheque in a crashing bank. Sind, Baluchistan and Kashmir be made the
was unanimously rejected by the Congress. of minorities in the constitution. Maulana of the council. One of the main proposals
active politics. • Cripps proposal failed. Muslim state within the federation.
Regarding the Government of India Act, Abul Kalam Azad, President of the Congress, • Chaudhry Rehmat Ali coined the term was that the Executive Council would be
tHe communAL AwArd/mcdonALd 1935, Jawahar Lal Nehru remarks: It was rejected the August Offer. The Muslim League Quit indiA moVement (1942 Ad) ‘Pakstan’ (later ‘Pakistan’) in 1933. constituted giving a balanced representation
AwArd (16tH AuguSt, 1932 Ad) a new charter of slavery. Although the welcomed the offer. In brief, the August Offer • The All India Congress Committee met at • Pakistan Resolution: The Muslim League to the main communities in it including equal
Announced by British Prime Minister Ramsay Congress opposed the Act, yet it contested failed in gaining Indian’s co-operation for war Bombay on 8th August, 1942 AD. It passed first passed the proposal of separate representation to the Muslims and Hindus.
McDonald on communal representation on the elections when the constitution was and, in fact, further widened the gulf between the famous Quit India resolution and Pakistan in its Lahore Session in 1940 A conference of 22 prominent Indian leaders,
16th August, 1932 AD. Besides containing the Congress and the Britishers as well as proposed to the starting of a non-violent AD (called Jinnah’s two-nation theory). called in Shimla to consider the Wavell
introduced on 1st April, 1937 AD, and
millions for representation of Muslims, Sikhs between the Congress and the Muslim League. mass struggle under Gandhiji’s leadership. It was drafted by Sikandar Hayat Khan, Plan, reached no decision. What scutted the
formed ministries first in six provinces and
and Europeans, it envisaged communal • It is also called Vardha Proposal and moved by Fazlul Haq and seconded by conference was Mr. Jinnah’s unflinching
representation of oppressed classes also. then in another. indiViduAL ciViL diSobedience/ Leaderless Revolt. Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman. stand that the Muslim members approved
Mahatma Gandhi underwent a fast in protest congreSS miniStrieS reSign indiViduAL SAtyAgrAHA (october • His message was ‘Do or Die’. • In December 1943, the Karachi Session only by the Muslim League should be
against this Award. (22nd december, 1939 Ad) 1940 Ad-december 1941 Ad) • Repressive policy of the government and of the Muslim League adopted the slogan– included in the Executive Council.
The Second World War broke out in The Congress Working Committee decided indiscriminate arrest of the leaders provoked ‘Divide and Quit’.
PoonA PAct (communAL AwArd) to individually fight disobedience on 17th tHe indiAn nAtionAL Army And
Europe on 3rd September, 1939 AD that people to violence. • Gandhiji’s Fast (10th February-7th
• McDonald announced the proposal on SubHASH cHAndrA boSe
brought Britain also within its fold. Without October, 1940 AD. Vinoba Bhave was the • Nehru was lodged in Almora Jail, Maulana March, 1943 AD): Mahatma Gandhi took to
minority representation, known as the
consulting the Indian leaders, the Viceroy first Satyagrahi, followed soon by many Azad in Bankura and Mahatma Gandhi was 21–day fasting in jail. This was his answer to • The idea of Indian National Army (INA) was
Communal Award in 1932 AD. Under this, first conceived in Malaya by Mohan Singh,
declared India also as a belligerent country. more, including Nehru and Patel. But the kept in Agha Khan’s Palace in Poona. the government, which had been constantly
the depressed classes (Muslims, Sikhs, an Indian officer of the British Indian Army.
Congress demanded that India should be movement created little enthusiasm and • Parallel governments were established. exhorting him to condemn the violence of
Indian Christians, Anglo Indians, Women • In March 1942, a conference of India was held
and Backward Classes) were to be considered declared an independent nation. Then only Mahatma Gandhi suspended it. • In Satara, Pratisarkar was set up under the people in the Quit India Movement.
would the country help Britain in the war. Mahatma Gandhi not only refused to in Tokyo and Indian Independence League
as minority and it would make them entitled Nana Patil and in Baliya under Chittu
The Viceroy in his reply dated 17th October, criPPS miSSion (mArcH, 1942 Ad) was formed. At Bangkok Conference,
to the right of separate electorate. Pande. Others were in Talcher and Bihar. condemn people resorting to violence but
1939 AD rejected the Congress demand as • The British Government’s refusal of accepting In Bengal, Tamluk Jatiya Sarkar functioned also unequivocally held the government
Rash Behari Bose was elected as President
• Gandhiji restored to fast unto death in of the League.
impracticable. The Congress condemned immediately the Congress demand was the in Midnapore. responsible for it.
Yerwada Jail against this separate electorate
cause of failure of the mission. • Subhash Chandra Bose escaped to Berlin in
for depressed class, which Ambedkar was the Viceroy’s reply and the Congress • Underground revolutionary activity was 1941 AD and set up Indian League there.
ministries everywhere resigned on 22nd also started by Jaiprakash Narain, and c.r. formuLA (1944 Ad)
insisting upon. This resulted into the Poona- conStitutionAL ProPoSAL He proposed to appoint a commission to • In 1943 AD, he arrived at Singapore. Earlier,
Pact between Gandhi and Ambedkar on December, 1939 AD, Jinnah designating R a m a n a n d a n M i s h r a escaped from
of tHe miSSion demarcate the districts in North-West and he had left the Congress after having
25th September, 1932 AD. the day of Congress ministries as ‘the day Hazaribagh Jail and organised an under-
(a) Dominion status to be granted after differences with Mahatma Gandhi and
• Gandhiji coined the word Harijan for the of deliverance’. ground movement. East, where the Muslims were in majority.
the war. formed Forward Bloc in 1939 AD.
• In Bombay, the socialist leaders continued In such areas, a plebiscite was proposed to
depressed classes and their upliftment PAkiStAn reSoLution/LAHore • In Singapore, he was assisted by Rash
became his prime concern. All India Anti- (b) Constitution-making body to be elected be held on to decide the issue of separation.
reSoLution (24tH mArcH, 1940 Ad) their underground activities under leaders Behari Bose. In October 1943, he set up
Untouchability League was started in from the provincial assemblies and like Aruna Asaf Ali. Congress Radio They would be given freedom if they favoured
It was in 1930 that Iqbal suggested the union a provisional Indian Government with
September 1932 AD and a weekly Harijan in nominated by the rulers in case of was established with Usha Mehta as its a sovereign state. In case of acceptance headquarters at Rangoon and Singapore.
of the Frontier Province–Baluchistan, Sindh
January 1933 AD.
and Kashmir–as a Muslim state within the
princely states. announcer and Raja Ram Manohar Lohia of partition, agreement was to be made • INA annexed Andaman and Nicobar with the
• He started the Individual Civil Disobedience (c) Individual princes could sign a separate in Bihar. jointly for safeguarding defence, commerce, Japanese help and named them Shaheed
federation. Chaudhry Rehmat Ali invented
on 1st August, 1933 AD. agreement with the British. • School and college students and women communications, etc. Muslim League was to and Swaraj. Subhash Chandra Bose gave
the term ‘Pakstan’ (later ‘Pakistan’) in
1935 AD. The Lahore Session of the Muslim (d) British would, however, control the actively participated, workers went on strike. endorse Congress’ demand for independence the call Dilli Chalo.
tHird round tAbLe conference
• Held in London in November, 1932 AD. League was held on 24th March, 1940 AD. defence for war period. • There were no communal clashes during and cooperate in the formation of provisional inA triALS
• Congress did not participate. Pakistan Resolution was passed and the (e) The British Government undertook to the movement. government. Jinnah objected. The Hindu • The INA commanders P.K. Sehgal, Shah
• The discussion led to the Government of Federal scheme was rejected as envisaged accept and implement the Constitution • The merchant community and capitalists leaders led by V.D. Savarkar condemned Nawaz and Gurbaksh Dhillon were put on
India Act, 1935 AD. in the Government of India Act, 1935 AD. in two conditions: did not participate. Muslim League kept the plan. trial at the Red Fort.
• Defence of INA prisoners in the court • Mountbatten would replace Wavell as the Integration of States: By 15th August, of this state decided to join India. The Nizam • The Punjab (1882) and Allahabad (1887) Tughlaq and the geographical, economic
was organised by Bhulabhai Desai, Tej Viceroy. 1947 AD, all the states except Kashmir, of Hyderabad was forced to accede to the universities were established. and social conditions in India.
Bahadur Sapru, Kailash Nath Katju, Nehru • Partition of the country was implicit in the Junagadh and Hyderabad had signed the Indian Union in September 1948 AD. Shihabuddin al-Umari (1348 AD): He gives
and Asaf Ali. provision that if the Constituent Assembly fourtH PHASe (1901 Ad-1920 Ad) a vivid account of India in his book ‘Masalik
Instrument of Accession with India. The French Colonies, by the end of 1954
• Wavell used veto power and set them free. was not fully representative, then the power • L o r d C u r z o n appointed U n i v e r s i t y Albsar Fi-Mamalik al Amsar’.
Maharaja of Kashmir acceded to India AD, the French colonies in Pondicherry– Commission under Sir Thomas Rayleigh.
• The Muslim League also joined the would be transferred to more than one Nicolo Conti (1420 AD-1421 AD): A Venetian
in October, 1947 AD when the irregular Chandranagar, Mahe, Karaikal and Yanam– Based on his report, Indian Universities traveller, he gives a vivid account of the
countrywide protest. 12th November, 1945 central government.
was celebrated as the INA Day. Pakistani troops invaded his state. The came to an end. Act was passed in 1904 AD. Hindu kingdom of Vijayanagar.
mountbAtten PLAn Nawab of Junagadh was a Muslim, whereas Portuguese Colonies: In 1954 AD, Dadra Abdur Razzaq (1443 AD-1444 AD): He
royAL indiAn nAVy (rin)/rAtingS most of its people were Hindus. In February and Nagar Haveli and Diu constituted the SergeAnt PLAn, 1944 Ad was a Persian traveller, stayed in the court
(3rd June, 1947 Ad) • The Sergeant Plan, worked out by the
mutiny (18tH februAry, 1946 Ad) • 3rd June Plan: In case of partition, two 1948 AD, through a referendum, the people Portuguese colonies in 1961 AD. of the Zamorin at Calicut. He has given a
On this day, Bombay Ratings of HMS Talwar Central Advisory Board of Education in vivid account of the Vijayanagar Empire,
dominions and two Constituent Assemblies 1944 AD, called for elementary and higher
struck work. On 19th February, HMS Hindustan caste movements and organisations especially of the city.
would be created. The plan declared that secondary schools, universal, free and
in Karachi also mutinied. Vallabh Bhai Patel Athanasius Nikitin (1470 AD-1474 AD): He
power would be handed over by 15th movements Locations Leaders compulsory education for children in the
and Jinnah jointly persuaded the Ratings to was a Russian merchant. He described the
August, 1947 AD. Satya Shodhak Samaj (1873) Maharashtra Jyotiba Phule 6–11 age-group and a six-year school course
surrender on 23rd February, 1946 AD. condition of the Bahamani kingdom under
• The Legislative Assemblies of Punjab and Shri Narayan Dharma Paripalan Yogam Kerala Shri Narayan Guru for the 11–17 age-group. Muhammad III (1463 AD-1482 AD).
cAbinet miSSion (mArcH-June, Bengal decided in favour of partition of these Movement (1902–03) Buarte Barbosa (1500 AD-1516 AD): He
1946 Ad) two provinces. Thus, East Bengal and West Bahujan Samaj (1910) Satara, Maharashtra Mukundro Patil imPortAnt foreign trAVeLLerS/ was a Portuguese traveler. He had given a
The British Prime Minister Lord Attlee Punjab joined Pakistan. West Bengal and Harijan Sevak Sangh (1932) Pune Mahatma Ghandhi enVoyS valuable narration of the government and
made a declaration on 15th March, 1946 AD East Punjab remained with India. the people of the Vijayanagar Empire.
Dravid Monnetra Kazhagam (1949) Madras C. N. Annadurai Megasthenes (302 BC-298 BC): An
that the British Cabinet Mission would visit • Referendum in Sylhet resulted in the Dominigo Paes (1520 AD-1522 AD): He
incorporation of that district in East Bengal. ambassador of Seleucus Nikator, he visited
India. The Cabinet Mission, which included muslim Socio-religious movements was a Portuguese traveller, who visited the
the court of Chandragupta Maurya. He
Lord Pathick Lawrence Stafford Cripps • The referendum in NWFP decided in movements Locations Leaders
court of Krishnadeva Raya of the Vijayanagar
wrote an interesting book ‘Indica’.
favour of Pakistan. Empire.
and AV. Alexander visited India and met the Fairazi Movement (1804) Faridpur (Bengal) Haji Sharitullah Dudhi Miyan Fa-Hien (405 AD-411 AD): He came to
representatives of different political parties. • Princely states were given the option to Fornao (1535 AD-1537 AD): A Portuguese
Deoband Movement (1867) Deoband Mohammad Qasim Nanutavi, India during the reign of Chandragupta
join either of the two dominions or remain merchant, who visited the Vijayanagar
The Mission envisaged the establishment Rashid Ahmed Ganghoi II Vikramaditya. He was the first Chinese
independent. Empire.
of a Constituent Assembly to frame the pilgrim to visit India.
• Mountbatten’s formula was to divide India Aligarh Movement (1875) — Sir Syed Ahmed Khan William Hawkins (1608–1611 AD): He was
constitution as well as an interim government. Hiuen-Tsang (630 AD-645 AD): He visited
but retain maximum unity. Ahmadiya Movement (1889–90) Faridkot Mirza Ghulam Ahmed of Qadiyan an English ambassador of the British King
The Muslim League accepted the plan. India during the reign of Harshavardhana.
Ahrar Movement — Riza Khan and Ali Brothers James I to the court of Jahangir (1609).
Direct Action Campaign (16th August, I-tsung (671 AD-695 AD): A Chinese
indiA indePendence Act, 1947 Ad Sir Thomas Roe (1615 AD-1619 AD): He
1946 AD): The Muslim League launched traveller, he visited India in connection with
• On 18th July, 1947 AD, the British Parlia- Buddhism.
was an ambassador of James I, King of
a direct action campaign on 16th August, ment ratified the Mountbatten Plan as growtH of modern educAtion acknowledged the state responsibility for the England, at the court of Jahangir.
promotion of education in India. Al-Masudi (957 AD): An Arab traveller, he
1946 AD, which resulted in widespread the Independence of India Act, 1947. in indiA Peter Mundy (1630 AD-34 AD): He was an
• Establishment of Calcutta College in 1817 has given an extensive account of India in
communal riots in the country. • The Act provided creation of two independent Italian traveller to the Mughal Empire in the
AD with the efforts of Raja Ram Mohan Roy his work ‘Muruj-ul-Zahab’.
dominions of India and Pakistan. reign of Shahjahan.
interim goVernment eArLy PHASe (1758 Ad-1812 Ad) for imparting Western education. Al-Beruni (1024 AD-1030 AD): His real
Jeen Baptiste Tavernier (1638–1663 AD):
• Interim Government was headed by Jawahar • On 15th August, 1947, India got • Calcutta (Kolkata) and Madras (Chennai) name was Abu Rehan Muhammad and he
• Bethune School was founded by J.E.D. He was a French traveller. His account covers
Lal Nehru. independence. Jinnah became the first Universities were established by Warren Bethune at Kolkata (1849 AD). came to India along with Mahmud of Ghazni
the reign of Shahjahan and Aurangzeb.
• The Constituent Assembly begins its Governor-General of Pakistan. India Hastings in 1781 AD for the study of during one of his Indian raids. He wrote a
Nicolao Manucci (1653 AD-1708 AD): He
session on 9th December, 1946 AD and Dr. requested Mountbatten to continue as the the Muslim law. downwArd feLLAtio tHeory book ‘Tahriq-i-Hind’.
(tHird PHASe) was French physician and philosopher.
Rajendra Prasad was elected its President, Governor-General of India. • Sanskrit College was established by Marco Polo (1292 AD-1294 AD): A Venetian
Danishamand Khan a noble of Aurangzeb
• In 1854 AD, Charles Wood prepared a traveller, he visited South India in 1294
but the League did not attend. Liaqat Ali • Assembly and councils of the states were to Jonathan Duncan at Benares in 1791 AD was his patron.
Khan of the Muslim League was made the for the study of Hindu law and philosophy. dispatch on an Educational System for AD. [during the reign of Pandyan ruler of
be automatically dissolved.
Finance Minister. • Fort William College was established by India, which came to be called the Magna Madurai, Maravarman Kulasekhara (1272
• For the transitional period, i.e., till a new Carta of education in the country. imPortAnt SAyingS
Wellesley in 1800 AD. AD-1311 AD)].
AttLee’S StAtement Constitution was adopted by each dominion, • In 1882 AD, Lord Ripon appointed the Ibn Batuta (1333 AD-1347 AD): A Morrish
(20tH februAry, 1947 Ad) the governments of the two dominions were ‘Back to Vedas’–Dayanand Saraswati.
Second PHASe Hunter Commission under Sir W.W. Hunter. traveller, he visited India during the reign of
• A deadline of 30th June, 1948 AD was fixed to be carried on in accordance with the • The greatest importance of the 1813 Act The Commission’s views were restricted to Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq. His book ‘Rehla’ ‘Dharma Chakra Pravartana’–Mahatma
for transfer of power. Government of India Act, 1935. was that for the first time, the company primary and secondary education. throws light on the reign of Muhammad-bin- Buddha.
‘Dilli Chalo’–Subhash Chandra Bose. ‘Swaraj is my birthright and I shall have it’–Bal 1924 All India Communist Party Satyabhakta Kanpur Prabudha Bharat, Udbodhava Vivekananda
‘Do or Die.’–Mahatma Gandhi (while launching Gangadhar Tilak. 1928 Hindustan Socialist Republican Bhagat Singh, B.K. Singh and Vohra Delhi Darpan Bal Shastri Jambekar
Quit India movement in 1942 AD). ‘Every blow that is hurled on my back will Association Socialist S.A. Dange
‘Give me blood and I will give you freedom.’– be a nail in the coffin of the British Empire’– 1928 Khudai Khidmatgar Abdul Gaffar Khan Peshawar Barindra Kumar Ghose and Bhupendra Dutta (Anushilan
Subhash Chandra Bose (in his address to Lala Lajpat Rai. Yugantar
1936 All India Kisan Sabha Sahajananda and N.J. Ranga Lucknow Samiti)
soldiers of Azad Hind Fauj). ‘The Congress is tottering to its fall and one 1939 Forward Bloc Subhash Chandra Bose Calcutta Talwar Verendranath Chattopadhyay
‘My ultimate aim is to wipe every tear from of my greatest ambitions while in India is to 1940 Radical Democratic Party M.N. Roy Calcutta New India, Common Will Annie Besant
every eye’–Jawaharlal Nehru. assist it to a peaceful demise’–Lord Curzon. 1942 Revolutionary Socialist Party Satyendra Nath Tagore Calcutta Indian Sociologist (London) Shyamji Krishnaverma
Bandi Jivan Sachindranath Sanyal
major tribal movements important congress Sessions
Al-Hilal Maulana Abul Kalam Azad (during Khilafat)
tribe year Leader Area year Place importance
Chuars 1768–1832 W. Bengal 1885 Bombay at Gokuldas Tejpal Sanskrit College, 72 delegates events/Acts/reforms
Bhils 1818–1848 Sevaram Khandesh 1886 Calcutta 436 delegates events/Acts/reforms Viceroy/governor generals
1887 Madras Tayabji became first Muslim President. Permanent Settlement (1793) Lord Cornwallis
Hos 1820–1832 Chhotanagpur
1888 Allahabad George Yule became first English President Subsidiary Alliance (1798) Lord Wellesley
Kolis 1824–48 Sahyadri hills
1890 Calcutta Decision taken to organise a session of Congress. Abolition of Sati (1829) Lord William Bentinck
Kharies 1829–32 Tirut Singh Khasi hills
1907 Surat Congress split Introduction of Civil Service Lord Cornwallis
Kols 1831–32 Budho Bagat Chhotanagpur
1908 Madras Constitution for the Congress. Doctrine of Lapse Lord Dalhousie
Kayar 1840–1924 Alluri Sitaram Raju Andhra Pradesh
1916 Lucknow Congress merger. Pact with Muslim League, Railways started in India Lord Dalhousie
Kachnagar 1882 Sambudhan Assam
1917 Calcutta Annie Besant became 1st women President. Post and Telegraph Lord Dalhousie
Ahom 1828–33 Gomdhar Konovar Assam
1922 Gaya Formation of Swaraj Party. English Education in India Lord William Bentinck
Khonds 1846–1914 Chattre Bisayi Orissa
1924 Belgaum Gandhi became President. Vernacular Press Act (1878) Lord Lytton
Santhals 1855–56 Sidhu and Kanhu Rajmahal Hills
1925 Kanpur Sarojini Naidu became 1st Indian women President. Arms Act (1878) Lord Lytton
Naikadas 1858–68 Jogia Bhagat Gujarat
Nehru and S.C. Bose moved resolution for independence and it Local Self-government (1882) Lord Rippon
Mundas 1899–1900 Birsa Munda Chhotanagpur 1927 Madras
was passed for the 1st time. Ryotwari System Lord Munro
Bhils 1913 Govind Guru South Rajasthan 1928 Calcutta First All India Youth Congress. Partition of Bengal (1905) Lord Curzon
Oraons 1914–1915 Jatra Bhagat Chhotanagpur ‘Poorna Swaraj’ (Complete Independence) resolution pledge for
1929 Lahore Rowlatt Act (1919) Lord Chelmsford
Kukis 1917–19 Rani Gaidinlue Manipur Independence day on 26th January, 1930.
Simon Commission (1928) Lord William Bentinck
Rampa 1916 Alluri Sitaram Raju Andhra Pradesh 1931 Karachi Resolution for Fundamental Rights and National Economic Policy.
Sepoy Mutiny (1857) Lord Canning
early Associations 1934 Bombay Formation of Congress Socialist Party.
Queen’s Proclamation (1858) Lord Canning
1937 Faizpur Demand for Constituent Assembly.
year organisation founder Place Factory Act (1881) Lord Ripon
S.C. Bose resigned due to difference with Gandhiji’s resignation
1838 Landholders Society Dwaraknath Tagore Calcutta 1939 Tripura Repeal of Vernacular Press Act (1881) Lord Canning
Rajendra Prasad became of INC President.
1839 British India Society William Adams London Indian Councils Act/Minto-Morley Reforms (1909) Lord Minto
1851 British India Association Devendranath Tagore Calcutta
newspapers/magazines/weeklies Partition of Bengal revoked (1911) Lord Hardinge
1862 London India Committee C.P. Mudaliar London newspapers/magazines Author/editor Transfer of Capital to Delhi (1911) Lord Hardinge
1866 East India Association Dadabhai Naoroji London Harijan Bandhu, Harijan Sevak Mahatma Gandhi Dyarchy in province (1919) Lord Chelmsford
1867 National Indian Association Mary Carpenter London Samvad Kaumudi, Mirat-al-Akhbar Raja Ram Mohan Roy Jallianwala Bagh Tragedy (1919) Lord Chelmsford
1872 Indian Society Anand Mohan Bose London Tattvabodhini Patrika, Indian Mirror Maharishi Devendranath Tagore Non-co-operation Lord Chelmsford
1876 Indian Association Anand Mohan Bose and S.N. Banerjee Calcutta Banga Darshan Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay Poorna Swaraj Resolution (Lahore 1929) Lord Irwin
1883 Indian National Society Shishir Chandra Bose Calcutta Maratha (English) and Kesari (Marathi) Lokmanya Bal Gangadhar Tilak First Round Table Conference (1930) Lord Irwin
1884 Indian National Conference S.M. Banerjee Calcutta The Punjabi, ‘The Pupil’ (English) Lala Lajpat Rai Gandhi-Irwin Pact (1931) Lord Irwin
1885 Bombay Presidency Association Mehta and Telang Bombay New India Bipin Chandra Pal Communal Award (1932) Lord Wellington
1888 United India Patriotic Association Sir Syed Ahmed Khan Aligarh Bande Mataram Bipin Chandra Pal (edited by Aurobindo Ghosh) Poona Pact (1932) Lord Wellington
1905 Servants of India Society G.K. Gokhale Bombay The Comrade Mohammad Ali (during Khilafat movement) 2nd Round Table Conference (1931) Lord Wellington
1920 Indian Trade Union Congress N.M. Joshi (founder) Lucknow Nation G.K. Gokhale 3rd Round Table Conference (1932) Lord Wellington
1923 Swaraj Party Moti Lal Nehru and C.R. Das Delhi Karmyogi Aurobindo Ghosh
Separate Electorates (1932) Lord Wellington Seva Sadan 1885 Bombay Behramji M. Malabari Judicial Reforms: Started Diwani and
Government of India Act (1935) Lord Wellington GoveRnoR-GeneRaLS and
Indian National Social 1887 Lahore Shiva Narain Agnihotri Faujdari Adalats at the district level and
Provincial Autonomy (1937) Lord Linlithgow Conference Deva Samaj viceRoYS Sadar Diwani and Nizamat Adalats at
Cripps Mission (1942) Lord Linthgow Madras Hindu Association 1892 Madras Viresalingam Pantalu Calcutta appeared in 1776 AD under the
Quit India Movement Lord Linlithgow
Ramakrishna Mission 1897 Bengal Vivekananda
RobeRt cLive
title of ‘Code of Gentoo laws’.
Cabinet Mission (1946) Lord Wavell Governor of Bengal during 1757 AD-1760
Bharat Dharma 1902 Varanasi Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya
INA Trial (1945) Lord Wavell
Mahamandala and Pandit Din Dayal Sharma
AD and again during 1765 AD-1767 AD. LoRd coRnWaLLiS (1786 ad-1793 ad)
Indian Independence Act (1947) Lord Mountbatten Also established Dual Government in Bengal • First person to codify laws (1793 AD).
The Servants of India Society 1905 Bombay Gopal Krishna Gokhale
Partition of India (1947) Lord Mountbatten from 1765 AD-1772 AD.
Poona Seva Sadan 1909 Pune G.K. Devadhar and Ramabai • He introduced Izaredari System in 1773 AD.
famous conspiracy cases Ranade (wife of M.G. Ranade) vanSittaRt (1760 ad-1765 ad) • He started the permanent settlement
case date Accused Nishkam Karma Math 1910 Pune Dhondo Keshav Karve The Battle of Buxar (1764 AD). of Bengal.
Nasik 1909–10 Vinayak Savarkar Conspiracy Social Service League 1911 Bombay Narayan Malhar Joshi • He created the post of District Judge. He is
Alipore 1908 Aurobindo Ghosh caRtieR (1769 ad-1772 ad) called Father of Civil Services in India.
Peasant Movements Bengal Famine (1770 AD).
Howrah case 1910 Jatin Mukherjee • Third Anglo-Mysore War and the Treaty of
Dacca case 1910 Pulin Das Srirangapatnam.
Movement Place Year Leaders WaRRen HaStinGS (1772 ad-1774 ad)
Delhi case 1915 Amirchand, Awadh Bihari and Bal Mukund • He undertook police reforms.
Titu Mir’s Movement Bengal (1782-1831) Mir Nithar Ali/Titu Mir Abolished Dual Government (1772 AD).
Lahore case 1929–30 Bhagat Singh, Rajguru and Sukhdev
Indigo Revolt Bengal 1859 Bishnu and Digambar Biswas
Banaras case 1915–16 Sachindranath Sanyal WaRRen HaStinGS (1774 ad-1785 ad) SiR JoHn SHoRe (1793 ad-1798 ad)
Pabna Bengal 1870 Ishwar Roy, Sabu Pal, Khoodi Mollah
Kakori case 1925 Rama Prasad Bismil and Ashfaq • He became Governor of Bengal in 1772 AD • Introduced First Charter Act (1793 AD).
Deccan Riots Maharashtra 1875 Vasudev Balwant Phadke
and first Governor-General of Bengal in 1773 • Famous for his policy of non-interference.
Some Socio-religious reform movements and organisations Ramosi Movement Maharashtra 1879 Vasudev Balwant Phadke
AD, through the Regulating Act. • Battle of Kharda between Nizam and
Bijolia Rajasthan 1913 Sitaram Das, Vijay Pathak Singh
movement/ organisation year Place founder • Established India’s first Supreme Marathas (1795 AD).
Champaran Bihar 1917 Gandhiji
Brahmo Samaj 1828 Calcutta Raja Ram Mohan Roy Court in Calcutta.
(earlier Atmiya Sabha) Kheda Gujarat 1918 Vallabh Bhai Patel and Gandhiji
• He founded Asiatic Society of Bengal LoRd WeLLeSLeY (1798 ad-1803 ad)
Young Bengal (1826-1831) Calcutta Henry Louis Awadh Kisan Sabha Uttar Pradesh 1920 Baba Ramchandra
with William Jones in 1784 AD and wrote • Introduced the system of Subsidiary
Movement Vivian Derozio Eka Movement Awadh 1921 Madari Pasi
introduction to the first English translation alliance. Madras Presidency was formed
Dharma Sabha 1830 Calcutta Radha Kanta Moplah Kerala 1921 Sayyad Ali and Saiyed Fazl of the Gita by Charles Wilkins. during his tenure.
Deva Bardoli/Borsad Gujarat 1928 Vallabh Bhai Patel • Fourth Anglo-Mysore war in 1799 AD,
• A translation of code in Sanskrit appeared
Namdhari/ 1841-1871 N.W.F. Province and Bhai Balak Singh Forest Satyagrah South India 1931 N V Rama Naidu, N G Ranga Tipu Sultan died.
under the title ‘Code of Gentoo laws’.
Kuka Movement Bhaini (Ludhiana) and Baba Ram Singh Tebhaga Bengal 1946 • First subsidiary treaty with Nizam of
• First Anglo-Maratha War during his
Rahanumai 1851 Bombay S.S. Bangali, Dadabhai Naoroji Telangana Andhra 1946 Puchalpalli Sundarayya Hyderabad.
period, which ended with Treaty of Salbai
Mazdayasan Naoroji Furdonji, J.B. Nacha, • In 1800 AD, he set up Fort William College
Sabha etc. Secret Revolutionary Societies (1776 AD-1782 AD).
in Calcutta. He was famous as Bengal Tiger.
• Second Anglo-Mysore War (1780 AD-1784
Radha Swami
Satsang
Prarthana
Samaj
1861
1867
Agra
Bombay
Tulsi Ram also known as Shiv
Dayal Saheb
Atmaram Pandurang
Govind Ranade
Society/Organisation
Anushilan Samiti
(Dacca)
Year
1902
Founder
Pulin Das More At @Aj_ebooks
Features
Earliest Secret
Society in Bengal
AD) ended with the Treaty of Mangalore.
• Rohilla War in 1774 AD.
• Pitt’s India Act, 1784.
• He brought the censorship of Press Act,
1799 AD.
• Treaty of Bassein in 1802 AD.
Mitra Mela 1902 V. D. Savarkar Earliest Secret
Indian Reform Association 1870 Calcutta Keshab Chandra Sen • Impeachment proceedings started against Subsidiary Alliance
(Maharashtra) Society in Maharashtra
Arya Samaj 1875 Bombay Dayanand Saraswati (originally him in Britain on the charges of taking • The Peshwa, the Bhonsle, the Scindia and
Abhinav Bharat 1904 Ganesh Ganesh was the
founder Mool Shankar) bribe. After a trial of 7 years, he was finally Rajputs of Jodhpur, Jaipur accepted the
(Maharashtra) Savarkar elder brother of V.D. Savarkar
subsidiary alliance.
The Theosophical Society 1875 New York (In India Madam H.P. Blavatsky, Col. H.S. acquitted.
Anushilan Samiti 1907 Barindra Kumar —
Adyar, Madras) Olcott (In India-Annie Besant) Revenue Reforms: Divided Bengal into
(Calcutta) Ghosh & P. Mitra
Deccan Education Society 1884 Pune M.G. Ranade, V. G. Chibdonkar, districts and appointed Collectors other SiR GeoRGe baRLoW (1805 ad-1807 ad)
Hindustan 1924 Sachindra Sanyal, It was an all India • Vellore mutiny (1806 AD, by soldiers).
G. G. Agarkar, etc. revenue officials.
Republican Chandrashekhar Azad level organisation
• Second Anglo-Maratha War ended.
Lord minto (1807 Ad-1813 Ad) Lord HArdinge (1844 Ad-1848 Ad) Sir Johan Lawrence (1864 AD-1869 AD): Lord LAnSdowne (1888 Ad-1894 Ad) to probe Jallianwala Bagh Massacre, Khilafat • “Divide and Quit” at the Karachi Session
• Treaty of Amritsar (1809 AD) with Ranjit Singh. • First Anglo-Sikh War (1845-46) and the High Courts were established at Calcutta • Civil Services were classified-Imperial, Movement (1920–1922); Non-Cooperation (1940).
• Charter Act of 1813 AD ended the monopoly Treaty of Lahore. Bombay and Madras in 1865 AD; Bhutan Provincial and Subordinate services. Movement (1920–1922). • In Haripura Session (1939) of Congress
of East India Company in India. • Prohibition of female infanticide. War (1865 AD); Created the Indian Forests • Appointment of Durand Commission complete Independence was declared.
to define the line between British India Lord reAding (1921 Ad-1926 Ad)
Department and reorganised the native Lord wAVeLL (1943 Ad-1947 Ad)
Lord HAStingS (1813 Ad-1823 Ad) Lord dALHouSie (1848 Ad-1856 Ad) and Afghanistan. • Rowlatt Act was repealed along with
• Adopted the policy of intervention and war. judicial service. • C.R. Formula, 1944; Wavell Plan and Shimla
Abolished Titles and pensions, Widow Press Act of 1910.
• Anglo-Nepal War (1813 AD-1823 AD). Conference in 1945; INA Trials in 1945;
Remarriage Act (1856 AD). Lord mAyo (1869 Ad-1872 Ad) Lord eLgin ii (1894 Ad-1899 Ad) • Holding of the simultaneous examination
• Third Anglo-Maratha War (1817 AD-1818 AD). Navsari mutiny in 1946; Cabinet Mission
Wars: Introduced Doctrine of Lapse; • He established the Department of • The Munda uprising (Birsa Munda) of for the ICS in England and India from 1923.
• Introduced the Ryotwari settlement in 1946; Direct Action Day by the Muslim
Captured Satara (1848 AD), Jaitpur and Agriculture and Commerce.
1899 AD, Great famine in 1896-1897, • Chauri-Chaura incident and withdrawal of League on 16th August, 1946. Formation
Madras by Thomas Munro, the Governor. Sambalpur (1849 AD), Baghat (1850 AD), Lyell Commission appointed after Non-Cooperation Movement.
• Treaty of Sangli with Gorkhas (1816 AD). • In 1872 AD, first Census was done in India. of Interim Government by the congress in
Udaipur (1852 AD), Jhansi (1853 AD), and famine (1897 AD). • Formation of Swaraj Party by CR Das and
• Treaty of Poona (1817 AD) with Peshwa. • He was the only Viceroy to be murdered in September, 1946.
Nagpur (1854 AD); Fought 2nd Anglo-Sikh office by a convict in the Andaman in 1872 AD. Motilal Nehru (1923).
• Suppression of Pindaris (1817 AD-1818 AD). Lord curZon (1899 Ad-1905 Ad)
War (1848 AD-1849 AD) and annexed the • Kakori Train Conspiracy (1925). Lord mountbAtten
Lord AmHerSt (1823 Ad-1828 Ad) • Appointed a Police Commission in 1902 AD
whole of the Punjab; Annexation of Berar in Lord nortHbrook (1872 Ad-1876 Ad) under Andrew Frazer. • Lee Commission (1924) for public services. (mArcH-AuguSt 1947)
• First Anglo Burmese War (1824 AD-1826 1853 Annexation of Awadh in 1856 AD on • He resigned over Afghanistan question. • RSS founded in 1925. • Announced the 3rd June, 1947 Plan.
AD), signed Treaty of Gandaboo in 1826 AD. • Indian Universities Act passed in 1904 AD.
charges of mal-administration. • Kuka Movement of Punjab (1872) • Famine Commission under MacDonnell.
• Acquisition of Malaya Peninsula and • Santhal uprisings (1855 AD-1856 AD). Lord irwin (1926 Ad-1931 Ad) goVernor generALS of free
• Visit of Prince of wales in 1875. • Introduction of Ancient Monuments
Bharatpur (1826 AD). • Nationalist Educational Institutions were • Simon Commission visited India in 1928. indiA (1947 Ad-1950 Ad)
Preservation Act 1904.
founded. • Nehru Report, 1928.
goVernor-generALS of indiA Lord Lytton (1876 Ad-1880 Ad) • Partition of Bengal in 1905.
Administrative Reforms: Raised Gurkha Most infamous Governor-General; Arranged • Lahore Session of the Congress, (1929) and Lord mountbAtten (1947–1948)
regiments. the Grand Darbar in Delhi; Royal Title Act Lord minto ii (1905 Ad-1910 Ad) Poorna Swaraj, declaration. The first Governor General of free India
Lord wiLLiAm bentinck Educational Reforms: Wood’s Educational • Swadeshi Movement (1905 AD-1908 AD); • Civil Disobedience Movement, 1930 started. Kashmir Acceded to India (Oct. 1947);
(1876 AD) was passed and Queen Victoria
(1828 Ad-1834 Ad) Despatch of 1854 AD. An Engineering Foundation of the Muslim League, 1906 • Dandi March (12 March 1930). Murder of Gandhi (Jan. 30, 1948).
• Regarded as the ‘Father of Modern Western was declared the Kaisar-a-Hind.
AD; Surat session and split in the Congress • Gandhi-Irwin Pact, 5 March 1931.
College was established at Roorkee. • Arms Act (1878 AD) made it mandatory for
Education in India’. (1907 AD). Newspaper Act 1908; Morley- • Sharda Act, 1929, under which marriageable c. rAJAgoPALAcHAri
Public Works: Started the first railway
• Abolition of Sati in 1829 AD. Indians to acquire license for arms; passed Minto Reforms, 1909. age of girls (14 years) and boys (18 years) (June 1948–JAnuAry 25, 1950)
• Suppression of Thugi (1830 AD), curbed by line in 1853 AD; Started electric telegraph the infamous Vernacular Press Act (1878 The last Governor General of free India; The
service. Laid the basis of the modern Postal was raised.
colonel sleeman. AD) and lowered the maximum age of ICS Lord HArdinge (1910 Ad-1916 Ad) • Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhash Chandra only Indian Governor General.
• Deposition of Raja of Mysore and annexation System (1854 AD); A separate public works from 21 to 19 years. • Annulment of the Partition of Bengal (1911),
Bose founded Independence of India League.
of his territories (1831 AD). department was set up for the first time. Transfer of capital from Calcutta to Delhi imPortAnt nAtionAL LeAderS
• He was First Governor-General of India. Lord Canning (1856 AD-1858 AD): The last Lord riPPon (1880 Ad-1884 Ad) (1911); Delhi Darbar and Coronation of Lord wiLLingdon (1931 Ad-1936 Ad)
• First Medical College was opened in • Repeal the Vernacular Press Act in 1882 AD. King George V and Queen Mary (1911); Annie beSAnt (1847 Ad-1933 Ad)
Governor General of India; Revolt of 1857 • Civil Disobedience Movement (1932);
Calcutta in 1835 AD. • The first Factory Act came in 1881 AD, to Establishment of Hindu Mahasabha by • She founded the Theosophical Society in
AD; Withdrew Doctrine of Lapse. Announcement of MacDonald. Communal
• Treaty of Friendship with Ranjit Singh improve the labour condition. Madan Mohan Malviya (1915). India and started the Home Rule League.
Award (1932); Foundation of Congress • She established Central Hindu School and
(1831 AD). ViceroyS of indiA • He was famously known as “Father of Local • In 1911, Bihar and Orissa separated from
Bengal and, became a new state. Socialist Party–CSP (1934); Burma College at Banaras (Later BHU).
The Universities of Calcutta, Bombay and Self-Government”.
Sir cHArLeS metcALfe • Gandhiji came back to India from South Separated from India (1935), All India • She was elected the President of the Calcutta
(1834 Ad-1836 Ad)
Madras founded in 1857 AD. • First Official Census in India (1881 AD).
Africa (1915). Kisan Sabha (1936). Session of INC, 1917.
Passed the famous Press Law, which
Lord Canning (1858 AD-1862 AD) • Appointed Hunter Commission for education
The Indian Councils Act of 1861 AD was Lord LinLitHgow (1934 Ad-1944 Ad) • She edited famous newspapers–new India
liberated the press in India. He is known as reforms in 1882 AD. Lord cHeLmSford (1916 Ad-1921 Ad) and Commonwealth.
liberator of press. passed; Indian Penal Code of Criminal • The Illbert Bill controversy (1883 AD- • Home Rule Movement launched by Tilak and • First General Election (1936–37) Congress
• She prepared–The Lotus Song, a translation
Procedure (1859 AD) was passed; The Indian 1884 AD). Annie Besant (1916); Lucknow Pact between Ministries.
Lord AuckLAnd (1836 Ad-1842 Ad) of Gita into English.
High Court Act (1861 AD) was enacted; Congress and Muslim League (1916); • Deliverance day by Muslim League 1939.
1st Anglo-Afghan War (1836 AD-1842 AD). Income-tax was introduced for the first time Lord dufferin (1884 Ad-1888 Ad) Champaran Satyagraha (1917); Montague’s • Lahore Resolution of Muslim League (1940) bHAgAt SingH (1907 Ad-1931 Ad)
Lord eLLenborougH in 1858 AD. • Formation of Indian National Congress August Declaration (1917); Constitutional demand of Pakistan. • He was a member of Hindustan Socialist
(1842 Ad-1844 Ad) Lord Elgin I (1862 AD-1863 AD): (INC) in 1885 AD. Reforms of 1919; Repressive Rowlatt Act • August Offer, 1940. Republican Association.
Abolished slavery (1843 AD). Annexation of Suppression of Wahabi Movement (Plan- • Dufferin called INC as ‘microscopic minority’. (1919); Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (April 13, • Cripps Mission, 1942. • He started the ‘Militant Naujawan Bharat
Sindh (1843). Islamic Movement). • Third Burmese war, Burma annexed. 1919), appointment of Hunter Commission • Quit India Movement, 1942. Sabha’ in Punjab.
100 General Knowledge 2020 Indian History 101
• He killed British official Saunders in 1928 dr. bHimrAo AmbedkAr • Books–Discovery of India, Glimpses of • He was elected as the President of INC at its
and was involved in Lahore Conspiracy and (1891 Ad-1956 Ad) World History, A Bunch of Old Letters, Haripura Session (1938) and Tripuri Session
bombed the Central Legislative Assembly. • He founded the Depressed Classes Institute Unity of India, Independence and After, (1939), but resigned from Tripuri due to
• He was executed on 23rd March, 1931. (1924) and Samaj Samata Sangh (1927). India and the World, etc. differences with Gandhiji.
• He participated in all the Three Round Table • His autobiography was entitled as • He founded the Forward Bloc (1939)
bAnkim cHAndrA cHAttoPAdHyAy Conferences and signed the Poona Pact with Auto-biography. and Kisan Sabha.
(1833 Ad-1894 Ad) Mahatma Gandhi in 1932. • He took the charge of Indian Army (Azad
• Best known for the composition of the • He was in the Governor-General’s Executive rAbindrAnAtH tAgore Hind Fauj) in 1943 in Singapore and set up
hymn Bande Mataram. Council from 1942 to 1946 and organised • His first poem was published in the ‘Amrita Indian Provisional government there.
• His first novel was Durgeshnandini, the Indian Labour Party and Scheduled Bazar Patrika’ and then he wrote ‘Banaphul’ • He addressed Mahatma Gandhi as the
published in 1864 and he started the Caste Federation. (story) and ‘Bhanusinher Padavali’ Father of the Nation.
journal Bangadarsan. • He became the Chairman of the Drafting (series of lyrics). • He gave the famous slogans–Dilli Chalo
Committee of Indian Constitution. • He founded Shantiniketan near Bolpore on and Jai Hind.
biPin cHAndrA PAL (1858 Ad-1932 Ad) 2nd December, 1901. • The India Struggle was his autobiography.
• As the first Law Minister of the independent
• He was awarded with the title of the • He wrote Gitanjali, which fetched him the
India, he introduced the Hindu Code Bill.
Mightiest Prophet of Nationalism by • He started The Republican Party in 1956. Nobel Prize in 1913. SAroJini nAidu (1979–1949)
Aurobindo Ghosh. • He inaugurated Raksha Bandhan festival to • Popularly known as the Nightingale of India
• Towards the end of his life, he embraced
• He started Newspapers–Paridashak (weekly); oppose the Partition of Bengal (1905). she became the first woman to participate in
Buddhism.
Public Opinion and Tribune (editor); Swaraj • He founded the Vishwa Bharati University. the India’s struggle for independence.
(English weekly in London); Hindu Review dr. rAJendrA PrASAd • In 1915, British Crown granted him a • She participated in the Dandi March with
(1884 Ad-1963 Ad) knighthood, which he renounced after the Mahatma Gandhi and presided over the
(English monthly); Independent (daily);
• He founded the National College at Patna. Jallianwala Bagh Massacre. Kanpur Session of Congress in 1925.
Democrat (weekly).
• He was elected as the Minister in-charge • His compositions were chosen as National • She was the first woman to become the
cHAkrAVArtHi rAJAgoPALAcHAri Anthem by two nations Governor of Uttar Pradesh State.
of Food and Agriculture in the Interim
i. India–Jana Gana Mana • Her famous books include–The Golden
•
(1879 Ad-1972 Ad)
He started the CDM in Tamil Nadu.
Government (1946).
• He was the President of the Constituent
ii. Bangladesh–Amar Sonar Bangla Threshold (1905). The Feather of the Art And Culture
• He prepared the CR Formula for Congress- Assembly. SubHASH cHAndrA boSe Dawn; The Bird of Time (1912) and The
League Cooperation. • He became the first President of the • He founded the Independence for India Broken Wing (1917).
Indian Republic. He was honoured with ))
• He was the first and last Indian Governor League with Jawaharlal Nehru.
General of India (1948-1950). Bharat Ratna in 1962.
• He edited the newspaper–Desh (Hindi weekly).
• He became the Minister of Home Affairs in
the country’s first Cabinet. goPAL kriSHnA gokHALe
• He founded the Swatantra Party in 1959. (1886 Ad-1915 Ad)
• His rational ideas are reflected in the • Gandhiji regarded him as his political guru.
collection Satyameva Jayate. • He was the President of the Banaras Session
• He was awarded the Bharat Ratna in 1954. of INC, 1905, supported the Swadeshi
Movement.
dAdAbHAi nAoroJi (1825 Ad-1917 Ad) • He was the founder of the Servants of Indian
• He was the first Indian to demand Swaraj in Society in 1905.
the Calcutta Session of INC, 1906.
JAwAHArLAL neHru (1889 Ad-1964 Ad)
• He was also known as the Indian Gladstone
• The Independence resolution was
and Grand Old Man of India.
passed under his Presidentship at the
• He was first Indian to be selected to the Lahore Session.
House of Commons on Liberal Party ticket. • He was the first Prime Minister of Republic
• He highlighted the draining of wealth India (from 1947 to 1964), also known as
from India by the British and its effect architect of Modern India. He authored the
in his book Poverty and Unbritish Rule Doctrine of Panchsheel and believed in the
in India (1901). policy of non-alignment.
105 106 General Knowledge 2020 Art and Culture 107
malayalam Hindi) in Devnagari script, the dialect which • While it tends to be heavily dominated by
• The Malayalam language emerged around
liteRatuRe of india is one of India’s official languages. poetry, the range of expression achieved
the 11th century AD. By 15th century • Indian literature is one of the oldest in the voluminous library of a few major
tamil liteRatuRe verse forms, especially the ghazal and
AD, Malayalam was recognised as an languages in the world. India has 22
• The history of Tamil literature dates back to nazm, has led to its continued development
independent language. officially recognised languages and a huge
the pre-Christian era. and expansion into other styles of writing,
• Bhasha Kautilya, a commentary on body of literature is produced in each of
these languages. • Sangam literature comprises some of the including that of the short story, or afsana.
Arthashastra and Kokash Nisam are the oldest extant Tamil literature, and deals • It is most popular today in the countries
two great works. • In Indian literature, oral and written
with love, war, governance, trade and
aRt and CultuRe of india • Rama Panikkar and Ramanujan
Ezhuthachan are the well-known authors
forms are both important and Hindu
literary traditions dominate a large part of bereavement.
of India and Pakistan and is finding
interest in foreign countries, primarily
early literature. • Unfortunately, much of the Tamil literature through South Asians.
• The two sects of Jainism are Svetambaras of the Malayalam literature. belonging to the Sangam period had been lost.
Religion in india and Digambaras. Jain holy texts consist of sanskRit liteRatuRe • After the eighth century AD, Jain scholars PunJaBi liteRatuRe
Purvas, Agamas, Angas and Upangas. tamil • The old Indo-Aryan language, Sanskrit is translated some Sanskrit works into • Punjabi is an ancient language, but started
Hinduism • Tamil is the mother-tongue of the Dravidian the classical literary language of Hinduism. Tamil while certain other works were its literary career pretty late.
• There is no specific founder of the Hindu indian liteRatuRe and family. • Sanskrit literature traces its roots back to • During medieval times, Punjab repeatedly
based on Sanskrit.
religion. • The Sangam literature is a collection the Vedic period. bore the brunt of Afghan invaders and
languages • It was then that some scholars realised that
• Its roots can be traced to the historical Vedic of long and short poems composed by • The earliest forms of theatrical arts could internal battles, and these warring times
both Tamil and Sanskrit scholars function
religion of the Iron Age India. various poets in praise of numerous heroes have existed in the form of dance dramas were not exactly feasible for any sort of
sanskRit as two distinct groups within a single
• Hinduism is the third largest religion in the and heroines. evidenced by iconography from the Indus literary or cultural expansion.
• Sanskrit is the mother of many Indian cultural milieu.
world after Islam and Christianity. Valley Civilisation. • Punjabi literature as such came into
languages. PeRsian and uRdu • They attempted to bring them together by
• Prominent texts are Vedas, Ramayana • This form of theatre died a natural death existence only from the end of the 16th
• Vedas, Upanishads, Puranas and Dhar • Urdu as a language was born out of the innovating a new style of hybrid writing
and Mahabharata. along with the Indus Valley Civilisation and century when Punjabi was already in its
masutras are all written in Sanskrit. interaction between Hindi and Persian. called manippravala, where equal amount
was later replaced by the dramatic forms Middle Period.
• Dharmasutra, Manusmriti, Arthashastra • The earliest Urdu poet is supposed to be Khusro. of Sanskrit and Tamil words were used like
islam of the Vedic Age. • The script is Gurmukhi, which is based
• Prophet Mohammed is the founder of Islam. and Gita Govindam are all famous books • Urdu has given a new form of poetry pearl and coral.
• Many dramatists based their works around on Devanagri.
• Quran is the Holy book of Islam. in Sanskrit. called nazm. • Some of the early writings, such as those of
the plot of Ramayana and Mahabharata. kannada liteRatuRe
• Most muslims belong to two denominations; • Kalidas is a pioneer of Sanskrit literature – the first Sikh Guru, Nanak (late 15th and
Pali Hindi • Kannada literature is the body of literature
Shia and Sunni. • Pali is an Indo-Aryan language, which was Shakuntala and Meghdutum are his famous early 16th centuries), are in Old Hindi rather
• Hindi is the direct descendant of the of Kannada, a Dravidian language spoken
used for the earliest Buddhist scriptures. plays. than true Punjabi.
CHRistianity Sanskrit language through Prakrit and mainly in the Indian state of Karnataka and
Pali literature is mainly concerned with • Other playwrights like Sudraka wrote • The first work identifiable as Punjabi is the
• Jesus is the founder of Christianity. Apabhramsha. written in the Kannada script.
Mricchakatika; Bhasa composed Svapna Janam-sakhi, a 16th-century biography
• Bible is the Holy book of the Christians. Theravada Buddhism. • The evolution of Hindi literature can be • The literature, which has a continuous
Vasavadattam; Chanakya wrote Arthshastra of Guru Nanak.
• Holy texts of Christianity are the Old better understood through four stages: tradition from the 9th century AD to the
telugu and Vatsyayana wrote Kamasutra. These
Testament and the New Testament. present, is usually divided into three Bengali liteRatuRe
• The Vijyanagara period was the golden age Adi Kal, Bhakti Kal, Riti Kavya Kal are also the landmarks of Sanskrit. The
and Adhunik Kal. most well-known Sanskrit dramatists are linguistic phases: Old (850–1200 AD), Middle • Bengali literary heritage originates from and
of Telugu literature.
sikHism
Sudraka, Bhasa, Asvaghosha and Kalidasa. (1200–1700 AD) and Modern (1700–present). is neatly intertwined with the classical Indo-
• Guru Nanak is the founder of Sikhism. • There are eight Telugu literary luminaries
languages in tHe 8tH sCHedule • Its literary characteristics are categorised Aryan Sanskrit language and literature.
• Guru Granth Sahib is the Holy book of Sikhs. popularly known as Ashtadiggajas.
1. Assamese 13. Punjabi Hindi liteRatuRe as Jain, Veerashaiva and Vaishnava– • But the influence of other non-Aryan
• Sikhism is the third largest religion of India. • Ramakrishna was the author of Panduranga
2. Bengali 14. Sanskrit • Hindi literature is broadly divided into symbolising the three dominant faiths that languages on Bengali cannot be ignored.
Mahatmayam, which was considered one
3. Gujarati 15. Sindi four prominent forms or styles, being both gave form to and fostered it until the • It is now more or less accepted that Bengali
BuddHism of the greatest poetical works of Telugu
4. Hindi 16. Tamil Bhakti (devotional–Kabir, Raskhan); advent of the modern era. Although much and languages of the neigbouring states
• Mahatma Buddha is the founder of Buddhism. literature.
5. Kannada 17. Telugu Shringar (beauty–Keshav, Bihari); Veer- of the literature before 1700 was religious, belong to the Austric (or Austro-Asiatic)
• Buddhism is the indigenous religion of India.
kannada 6. Kashmiri 18. Urdu Gatha (extolling brave warriors); and some secular works were also created. family of languages.
• Tripitaka is the Holy book of Buddhists. Adhunik (modern).
• The earliest known literary work in Kannada 7. Konkani 19. Bodo • Whilst Bengali carries the distinct mark
Jainism is Kavirajamarga written by the Rashtrakuta 8. Malyalam 20. Santhali • It contains literature in all Hindi languages, uRdu liteRatuRe of the Indo-Aryan social and cultural
• Swami Mahavira is the founder of Jainism. King Nrupatunga Amoghavarsha I. 9. Manipuri 21. Maithili including its dialects like: Brij Bhasha, • Urdu literature has a long and colourful values, expressions or syntactic and
• Kalpa Sutras is the Holy book of Jainism. • Pampa, known as the father of Kannada, 10. Marathi 22. Dogri Bundeli, Awadhi, Kannauji, Marwari, history that is inextricably tied to the grammatical constraints, according to
• The main doctrines of Jainism are wrote his great poetic works Adi Purana and 11. Nepali Maithili, Magahi, Bhojpuri and Bihari development of that very language, Urdu, Professor Sunitikumar Chatterjee, there is,
Anekantavada, Syadvada and Nayavada. Vikramajiva Vijaya in the 10th century AD. 12. Oriya languages and Khari boli (Modern Standard in which it is written. of course, the preserve of Kol and Dravidian
108 General Knowledge 2020 Art and Culture 109 110 General Knowledge 2020
(the Santals, the Malers, the Oraons) in the • Literature flourished during the period. • The earliest known patronage of such efforts Pakistan. Since then, many other Harappan • The pillars comprised two pars a shaft • It was then faced with well-cut masonry laid
western fringes of the Bengal area, and of Well-known literatures during that period had come from the Kamata royal court sites and artifacts, such as seals, toys, tapering from the base with a diameter from in regular courses, and an upper terraced
the Boda and Mon-Khmer speakers in the were Akho, Vallabh, and Shamal. since two of the earliest Assamese poets weapons, sculptures and jewellery have been about 90 cm to 125 cm. path was added. The old wooden railings
northern and eastern frontiers. • The poet Dalpatram is considered to be the Harivara Vipra and Hema Saraswati wrote discovered along the river Indus up to the • These pillars had a capital at the top which were replaced by stone ones, tenoned and
father of modern Gujarati literature. benedictory verses in praise of the Kamata river Ganges in the East. was adorned with animal figurines. mortised in imitation of carpentry.
malayalam liteRatuRe King Durlabh Narayan. • Archaeologists believe that a number of • The main animal figurines were lions, • Towards the end of the first century BC,
• Malayalam is a language of the Dravidian oRiya liteRatuRe • Great Sanskrit scholars, Sankaradeva and communities lived here in villages, towns horses, bulls and elephants. under the Satavahanas, four gateways
family. • Oriya is an official language of the state of Madhavadeva took Assamese language and sea-ports. • The pillars and the capitals were made of (torana) were added at the four cardinal
• It is very close to Tamil, one of the major Orissa, India, a region known at different and literature to unprecedented heights of • The sea-port of Lothal on the Gulf of Cambay sandstone near Chunar in Mirzapur district. points. The gateways are remarkable for
languages of the same family. stages of history as Kalinga, Udra, Utkala, artistic excellence. has an enclosed shipping dock more than • They were all polished which gave them a shine. their carved ornamentation.
• This was due to the extensive cultural or Koshala. • What is more, the high spiritual and artistic 216 metres long and 37 metres wide. • Some Yaksha and Yakshini figures have been • The Amaravati stupa, which is in its final
synthesis that took place between the • The earliest written texts in the language are ideals combined with a wholesome sense of • It was controlled by a sluice-gate and ships found from Mathura, Pawaya and Patna. form, was completed around 200 AD,
speakers of the two languages. about thousand years old. direction, held aloft first by Sankaradeva could be loaded at both high and low tides. • They are large-sized statues representing had carved panels telling the story of the
• Tamil, in Kerala was, for long, the language • Orissa was a vast empire in the ancient and then by Madhavadeva, inspired a whole • Other buildings unearthed in the citadel folk art of the period.
of administration. life of the Buddha.
and medieval times, which extended from lot of creative writers, both during their are the Great Bath, Granaries, residential • The sculpture, beautiful and idealistically
• This has resulted in Tamil being used in lifetimes and after. houses and the Assembly Hall. tHe stuPas
the Ganges in the north to the Godavari treated, showed for the first time, Buddha
literature too. In addition, Malayalam was • As a result, Assamese Vaishnavite literature • In the period between the Mauryas and
in the south. as a divinity, receiving worship.
influenced by Sanskrit also. is exceptionally rich in volume, range and tHe mauRyan PeRiod the Guptas, the older stupas were greatly
• Oriya is classified as a member of the Indo- • The stupa must have covered about 600 sq. m.
• Malayalam absorbed a lot from Sanskrit, flavour. Literature of Shakta affiliation as • In Mauryan period, most of the shapes and enlarged and beautified.
Aryan language super family; it is a descendent
not only in the lexical level, but also in the well as works on various secular subjects decorative forms employed were indigenous • The Bharhut Stupa, perhaps in its present
of Odri Prakrit and Ardha Magadhi. tHe sCHools of aRt
phonemic, morphemic and grammatical also equally developed through the centuries. in origin; some exotic forms show the form dating from the middle of the 2nd
• This form of Prakrit was, in turn, derived
levels of language. influence of Greek, Persian and Egyptian century BC, is important for its sculpture,
• Looking back, we see that early Malayalam from Sanskrit via the transitional Bibhasas. indian WRiting in englisH cultures. as the stupa itself has now vanished. gandHaRa sCHool of aRt
literature consists of three streams, namely • Indian English Literature (IEL) refers to the • In the days of the Mauryan emperor, Ashoka, (50 BC to 500 ad)
sindHi liteRatuRe • The famous city of Pataliputra was described
Folk Literature, Early Tamil Literature and body of work by writers in India who write a brick stupa measuring about 68 feet in • It is the region extending from Punjab to the
• Sindhi language is ancient and rich in in detail by Megasthenese, references of
Manipravalam Literature. in the English language and whose native diameter and covered with plaster was borders of Afghanistan.
literature. which are found in the writings of Strabo,
or co-native language could be one of the constructed at Bharhut. • It was an important centre of Mahayana
maRatHi liteRatuRe • Its writers have contributed extensively in Arian and other Greek writers.
numerous languages of India. • During the reign of the Sungas, who were in Buddhism up to the 5th century AD.
• Marathi can be traced back far beyond various forms of literature both in poetry • It stretched along the river Ganga. It was
• It is also associated with the works of power in the second century BC and reigned • It imbibed all kinds of foreign influences,
the 10th century. and prose. enclosed by a wooden wall and had 64 gates.
members of the Indian diaspora, especially till the year 72 BC, a richly decorated stone like Persian, Greek, Roman, Saka and
• It descends from Sanskrit through Pali, • Sindhi literature is very rich and oldest Excavations have brought to light remains
people like Salman Rushdie, who was born railing, 88 feet in diameter, was added to Kushan.
Maharashtri and Maharashtra-Apabhramsa. literature in the world’s literatures. of palaces and the wooden palisade. enclose the mound.
in India. It is frequently referred to as Indo- • During the reign of Kanishka this art
Marathi literature first made its appearance Anglian literature. • The Mauryan wooden palace survived for • The representation of Buddha in human
telugu liteRatuRe received great patronage.
in the 10th century AD and can be grouped • As a category, this production comes under about 700 years because at the end of as well as in symbolic form is an important
• Telugu literature is the literature of the • It was also known as the Graeco-Buddhist
into two ages: Ancient or Old Marathi the broader realm of postcolonial literature– the 4th century AD, when Fa Hien saw, it feature of Bharhut art.
Telugu people, an ethnic group based in School of Art since Greek techniques of Art
Literature (1000–1800) and Modern Marathi the production from previously colonised was astounding. • The Sanchi stupa is, of course, famous.
southern India. were applied to Buddhist subjects.
Literature (1800 onwards). countries, such as India. • The palace and also the wooden palisade Sanchi is unique in having the most perfect
• Telugu literature prior to Nannayya • The most important contribution–evolution
• The former consisted mainly of poetry seem to have been destroyed by fire. The and well-preserved stupas, and Buddhist art
composed in metres and restricted to the Bhattarakudu’s Andhra Mahabharatamu of beautiful images of the Buddha and
burnt wooden structure and ashes have and architecture pertaining to a period of
poet‘s choice of words and rhythms. was not preserved, except by royal grants indian aRCHiteCtuRe Bodhisattavas, which were executed in
been found from Kumrahar. about thirteen hundred years, from the third
• It was particularly devotional, narrative and and decrees. blackstone and modelled on identical
century BC to the twelfth century AD–almost
• It was almost the end of the eleventh century • Seven rock-cut caves in the Barabar and characters of Graeco-Roman pantheon.
pessimistic for old Marathi poets had not indus Valley CiVilisation covering the whole range of Buddhism.
by the time the original Telugu literature • India’s cultural history dates back to Nagarjuni hills show that the tradition of rock- • ‘Gandhara artist had the hand of a Greek
been able to develop satire, parody, irony • The foundation of the great religious
and humor into their poetry. came to exist. So, Nannayya is known as about 3200 BC to the times of the Indus cut caves in India began with the Mauryas. establishment of Sanchi was probably laid but the heart of an Indian.’
Aadi Kavi (the first poet). Valley Civilisation or what is also called the • These caves were caused to be excavated by by Ashoka (c. 273–236 BC), when he built • The most characteristic trait–depiction of Lord
guJaRati liteRatuRe Harappan Culture. Ashoka and his grandson Dasaratha for the a stupa and erected a monolithic pillar Buddha in the standing or seated positions.
• Gujarati is an Indian language spoken in the assamese liteRatuRe • It flourished for about a thousand years. abode of Ajivika monks. here. It was enlarged to twice its original • Typical feature-rich carving, elaborate orna-
state of Gujarat. • Assam has an unbroken heritage of • This civilisation came to light in 1922 while • The most extraordinary object of Mauryan size, becoming a hemisphere of about 120 mentation and complex symbolism.
• Gujarati literature may be traced to the written literature starting from at least the archaeologists were carrying on excavations period was monolithic stone pillars of up to feet in diameter, in the 2nd century BC, • Tallest rock-cut statue of Lord Buddha-
sultanate days. 13th century. at Mohenjodaro and Harappa, now in 15 m height with a capital. under the Sungas. Bamiyan (Afghanistan) 3–4 century AD.
Art and Culture 111 112 General Knowledge 2020 Art and Culture 113
matHuRa sCHool of aRt Palas–Bengal and BiHaR • Gate-pyramids or Gopurams, which are • The nobility, serenity and grace of Buddha JogesHWaR and kanHeRi CaVes early 18th century, others being Ujjain,
(50 BC to 500 ad) (8tH to 13tH CentuRies ad) the principal features in the quadrangular are visible in the Buddhist caves of Ellora. • The second largest known cave after the Mathura, Varanasi and New Delhi.
• The School was established at the holy city • The Pala Empire was a Buddhist dynasty enclosures that surround the more notable • Ellora caves also contain images of Kailasa cave in Ellora.
of Mathura between 1 and 3 AD. in the control of Bengal from the 8th to temples. Vishwakarma, the patron saint of Indian • It was excavated between the 1st and 2nd delHi style of aRCHiteCtuRe
• Buddha’s first image can be traced to the 12th century. • Pillared halls or Chaultris–properly craftsmen. centuries AD. • The Delhi or the Imperial Style of Indo-
Kanishka’s reign (about 78 AD.). • Nalanda was its most active centre, whose Chawadis–used for various purposes, and • The Kailasha temple in Cave 16 is indeed an • Kanheri is a 109–cave complex located near
Islamic architecture flourished between
• They strongly built–right hand raised in influence was spread to Nepal, Myanmar which are the invariable accompaniments architectural wonder, the entire structure Borivili National Park in Mumbai.
of these temples. having been carved out of a monolith. 1191 and 1557 AD and covered Muslim
protection and left hand on the waist. and even Indonesia. • The Kanheri caves contain illustrations from
dynasties, viz., Slave (1191–1290), Khilji
• The figures do not have moustaches and • During the Pala-period, a number of Hinayana and Mahayana Buddhism and
VesaRa style–deCCan BHimBetaka CaVes (1290–1320), Tughlaq (1320–1414), Sayyid
beards as in the Gandhara Art. monasteries and religious sites that had show carvings dating back to 200 BC.
• Vesara is a combination of NAGARA & • Bhimbetaka caves are located in the Raisen (1414–1444) and Lodi (1451-1556).
• It not only produced beautiful images of been founded in earlier periods grew DRAVIDIAN temple styles. District, Madhya Pradesh. kaRla and BHaJa CaVes • The earliest construction work was begun
the Buddha but also of the Jain into prominence. • Hoysala temples at Belur, Halebidu and • It was discovered in 1958 by V.S. Wakanker. • Karla and Bhaja caves are situated about by Qutubuddin Aibak, who started erecting
Tirthankaras and gods and goddesses of • The large cruciform stupa at Paharpur Somnathpura are supreme examples • It is the biggest prehistoric art depository in 50–60 kms away from Pune. monumental buildings of stone on Qila Rai
the Hindu pantheon. (ancient Somapura) in Bengal (now
• Guptas adopted, further improvised and of this style. India. • These are rock-cut Buddhist caves dating Pithora, the first of the seven historical cities
Bangladesh), for example, measures more • Atop the hill, a large number of rock-shelters back to the 1st and 2nd centuries BC. of Delhi associated with Prithviraj Chauhan.
perfected Mathura School of Art. Observed than one hundred meters from North
at–Sarnath, Sravasti and even as far as
CaVe aRCHiteCtuRe of india have been discovered, of which more than • These consist of several viharas and chaityas. • The Qutub Mosque (1192 AD) is one
to South. 130 contain paintings. such building, whose arcaded aisles were
Rajgir in Bihar. • It was built around the late eighth or early
aJanta CaVes (2nd CentuRy BC to • Excavations revealed history of continuous RaJPut aRCHiteCtuRe composed of pillars carved in the Hindu
amRaVati sCHool of aRt ninth century. habitation from early stone age (about style. Named as the Quwwat-ul-Islam Masjid,
7tH CentuRy ad) • Rajput palaces–built as inner citadels
• The walls of the courtyard contain 177 10,000 years) to the end of stone age it is considered as the earliest mosque
(200 BC to 200 ad) • The Ajanta caves depict the story of surrounded by the city and enclosed by a
• The school was established on the banks individual cells that served as shrines. (c. 10,000 to 2,000 years). in India.
Buddhism, spanning the period from 200 BC fortified wall as at Chittorgarh and Jaisalmer.
of the Krishna River in modern Andhra to 650 AD. • Man Mandir, the largest palace in Gwalior, • Qutub-ud-din Aibak also started the con-
CHandelas–BundelkHand elePHanta CaVes
Pradesh. • The caves at Ajanta served as secluded was built by Raja Man Singh Tomar struction of Qutub Minar in 1192 (which was
(10tH-11tH CentuRy ad) • During 6th century, Shiva temple in the
• Largest Buddhist stupa of South India. retreats to the Buddhist monks. (1486–1516). eventually completed by Iltutmish in 1230).
• Khajuraho justly famous for its graceful Elephanta caves is one of the most exquisitely
• Construction began in 200 BC and was • Beautiful wall frescos and sculptures speak • Some forts, such as those at Bharatpur and The Qutub Minar, built to commemorate
contours and to erotic sculptures. carved temples in India.
completed in 200 AD. volumes of the advancement of Indian art in Deeg, were protected by wide ditch filled with the entry of Islam, was essentially a victory
• These 22 temples (out of the original 85) • Central attraction here is a twenty-feet high
• Stupendous stupa could not withstand the the ancient period. water surrounding the fort. tower, decorated with several calligraphic
are regarded as one of the world’s greatest bust of the deity in three-headed form.
ravages of time. • Some of the caves at Ajanta house panels • Palaces of Jaisalmer, Bikaner, Jodhpur, inscriptions.
artistic wonders. • The Maheshamurti is built deep into a recess
• Its ruins are preserved in the London Museum. depicting stories from the Jatakas, stories Udaipur and Kota represent the maturity of • Adhai-din-ka-Jhopra was located beyond
• Khajuraho Temples were built within and looms up from the darkness to fill the
a short period of hundred years from about several incarnations of the Buddha. full height of the cave. the Rajput style. the Ajmer dargah in Rajasthan. It was
temPle aRCHiteCtuRe of india 950 to 1050 AD. • Cave number one contains wall frescos • City of Bikaner is encircled by 5.63–km-long constructed in 1153 AD and converted into
• Aghori is the aggressive form of Shiva where
• Kendriya Mahadev temple is the largest and that include two great Bodhisattvas, he is intent on destruction. stone wall in rich pink sandstone. There are a mosque in 1198 AD.
nagaRa style–noRtH india
most beautiful of the Khajuraho Temples. Padmapani and Avalokiteshvara. Other • Mahayogi posture symbolises the meditative five gates and three sally ports. • Allauddin Khilji established the second city
Nagara temples have two distinct features:
• Shiva Temple at Visvanath and Vishnu wonderful paintings in Ajanta are the flying aspect of the God. • Jodhpur Fort dominates the city, which of Delhi at Siri, built the Alai Darwaza near
• In plan, the temple is a square with a number
of graduated projections in the middle of Temple at Chaturbhuj are other important apsara, dying princess and Buddha in • Ardhanarishvara depicts Lord Shiva as half- is surrounded by a huge wall with 101 the Qutub Minar and dug a vast reservoir
each side giving a cruciform shape with a temples at Khajuraho. preaching mode. man/half-woman signifying the essential bastions, nearly 9.5 km long. at Hauz Khas around 1311 AD.
number of re-entrant angles on each side. unity of the sexes. • Meherangarh fort stands on a cliff with a • Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq (1320–1325 AD)
• In elevation, a Sikhara, i.e., tower gradually
dRaVidian style–soutH india elloRa CaVes (5tH-13tH CentuRy ad) sheer drop of over 36 metres. built Tughlaqabad, the third city of Delhi.
Dravidian style temples consist almost • At Ellora, the caves are 34 in number. maHakali CaVes • Built by Jai Singh, Jaipur represents a Tomb of Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq, built of
inclines inwards in a convex curve.
invariably of the four following parts: • The Ellora caves are carved into the sides of • Rock-cut Buddhist caves situated in fusion of Eastern and Western ideas of red sandstone, is an irregular pentagon
PRatiHaRas–uJJain • The principal part, the temple itself, is called a basaltic hill. Udayagiri hills, Mumbai. town planning. in its exterior plan and its design is of the
(8tH to 9tH CentuRies ad) the Vimana (or Vimanam). It is always square • The caves at Ellora contain some of the finest • They were excavated during 200 BC to 600 • In Jaipur Hawa Mahal, or Palace of Winds pointed or ‘Tartar’ shape and is crowned by
• Mahakaleshwar temple is known as one of in plan and surmounted by a pyramidal roof specimens of cave-temple architecture and AD and are now in ruins. (1799) has a five-storeyed symmetrical a finial resembling the kalasa and amla of
the 12 Jyotirlingas of India. of one or more stories. It contains the cell exquisitely adorned interiors. • These comprise of 4 caves on the southeastern facade composed of 953 small casements in a Hindu temple.
• Kal Bhairava temple, finds a mention where the image of the god is placed. • Structures in the Ellora caves represent face and 15 caves on the northwestern face. a huge curve each with a projecting balcony • Delhi’s fourth city Jahanpanah was built
in the Skanda Purana, and Mangalnath • The porches or Mandapas, which always the three faiths of Hinduism, Buddhism • Cave 9 is the chief cave and is the oldest and crowning arch. by Mohammad-bin-Tughlaq in mid-14th
temple, regarded as the birthplace of Mars, cover and precede the door leading to and Jainism and were carved during and consists of a stupa and figures of • Jantar Mantar, the largest of five century. Firoz Shah Kotla ground is the
according to the Matsya Purana. the cell. 350 AD to 700 AD. Lord Buddha. observatories built by Jai Singh II in the only remnant of its past glory. He is also
credited with founding the fortified cities of (1510), which is famous for its ‘shaking (1649) are illustrations of the art of stone site state • Jama Masjid at Delhi was one of the most • Se Cathedral and Arch of Conception
Jaunpur, Fatehabad and Hissar. minarets’, Rani Rupmati Masjid at Mirzapur building in Kashmir. elegant buildings of his time. Shahjahan of Goa were built in the typical
(built between 1430 and 1440) and the Konark Sun Temple Odisha has immortalized his name by building the Portuguese-Gothic style.
• Kali Masjid, Khirki Masjid and Kalan
Masjid also belong to this period, the last Kankaria Lake, constructed in 1451 by mugHal style of aRCHiteCtuRe Mahabalipuram Tamil Nadu Taj Mahal in the memory of his beloved • St. Francis Church at Cochin (1510) is
two being raised on a tahkhana or sub- Sultan Qutub-ud-Din. Chola Temples Tamil Nadu queen Mumtaz Mahal. Aurangzeb, a staunch believed to be the first church built by the
structure of arches. BaBuR Agra Fort Uttar Pradesh
Sunni Muslim was averse to art and culture. Europeans in India.
• The Tombs of Mubarak Sayyid (d. 1434 AD), deCCan His period was marked by decline in art • Fort of Castella de Aguanda near Mumbai
• Babur built buildings at Dholpur, Gwalior, Taj Mahal Uttar Pradesh
Muhammad Sayyid (d. 1444 AD) and • Earliest period of architectural development and architecture. and added fortifications to the Bassein
Sikri, etc. and mosques at Kabuli Bazar of
Sikander Lodi (d. 1517 AD) are all of the started in 1347 when Allauddin Bahman Fort built by Bahadur Shah, the Sultan of
Panipat, Sambhal and Agra. akBaR
octagonal type. Shah constructed the Gulbarga Fort and auRangzeB Gujarat, in 1532 AD.
• Mosque at Kabuli Bagh of Panipat and • Akbar’s time saw a further improvement.
• The square tombs are represented by such the Jami Masjid at Gulbarga. • Bibi-ka-Maqbara, tomb of Aurangzeb’s wife • Bassein Fort is famous for the Matriz
Jami Masjid at Sambhal near Delhi, both A fusion of Indo-Persian style was seen in
monuments as the Bara Khan Ka Gumbad, • The second phase is represented by the Begum Rabia Durani, a poor replica of the (Cathedral of St. Joseph), the Corinthian
constructed in 1526, are the surviving Humayun’s Tomb.
Chhota Khan Ka Gumbad, Bara Gumbad architecture of Bidar initiated by Ahmed famous Taj Mahal. pillared hall and the Porte da Mer (sea gate).
monuments of Babur. • In Agra Fort, importance was given to
(1494 AD), Shish Gumbad, Dadi Ka Gumbad Shah (1422–1436), which includes the Bidar • A fine example of Mughal architecture in the
Fort, Mahmud Gawan’s Madrassa and the Gujarat and Bengal Architectural School. Deccan region. fRenCH
and the Poli ka Gumbad. Humayun and sHeRsHaH • Fatehpur Sikri, the greatest creation of
• The Tomb of Isa Khan (1547 AD), the Tomb Ali Barid’s Tomb. • Humayun built mosques at Fatehabad in • French gave a distinct urban design to
Akbar houses Diwan-i-Khas, Diwan-i-Am, Post-mugHal style of its settlement in Pondicherry by applying
of Adham Khan (1561 AD), Moth ki Masjid Hissar. Sher Shah built monuments, inns, Panch Mahal, Jodhabai’s Palace, Birbal’s
HydeRaBad the Cartesian grid plans and classical
(c. 1505 AD), Jamala Masjid (1536 AD) miners and educational centres. His Purana Palace, Buland Darwaja and the Tomb of aRCHiteCtuRe
• Qutub Shahi and Nizam Shahi dynasties architectural patterns.
and the Qila-i-Kuhna Masjid (c. 1550 AD) Quila is a unique blend or Hindu, Jain, Salim Chisti outside the enclosure.
contributed greatly towards the development • Church of Sacred Heart of Jesus (Eglise
belong to the final phase of the Delhi style Buddhist and Muslim School of Art. • Massive sandstone ramparts of the Red aVadH (oudH) style
of the Deccan style of architecture. De Sacre Coeur De Jesus), Eglise de Notre
of architecture. • Persian influence: Result of Humayun’s Fort, New Delhi. • Safdarjung’s tomb was built in honour
• Charminar (1591) was built by Mohammed Dame de Angesand, Eglise de Notre Dame
observance at the court of Shah Tahmasp of Safdarjung (1739–1753), who was the
Quli Qutb Shah. de Lourdes at Pondicherry have a distinct
PRoVinCial style of during the period of his exile. JeHangiR nephew of the first Nawab of Oudh.
• Mecca Masjid: Started in 1614 by Abdullah French influence.
aRCHiteCtuRe • Humayun’s Tomb at Delhi (1564): By his • Jehangir devoted more time to miniature • Bara Imambara was built by the Nawab in
Qutub Shah and completed in 1687 by
widow Haji Begum as a mark of devotion, painting and his architectural contributions 1784. Absence of pillars in the main hall
Aurangzeb. BRitisH
eight years after his death. are poorer than that of Akbar. and simplicity of style and symmetry are its
JaunPuR • Golconda Fort (1525): By Mohammed Quli • British followed various architectural
• Itimad-ud-Daula’s tomb at Agra was made unique features.
• Under the Sharqi dynasty, Jaunpur became Qutub Shah, was an impregnable fort of great Cultural Heritage styles–Gothic, Imperial, Christian, English
by him. • Kaiser Bagh is a quadrangular park with
a great centre of art, culture and archi- strategic importance to most of the rulers. Renaissance and Victorian being the
site state • Shalimar Bagh on the banks of Lake Dal in a baradari (pavilion) and yellow-coloured
tectural activity. • Falaknuma Palace (1870): By Nawab Vikar- essentials.
Mahabodhi Temple Bihar Kashmir was built by Jehangir. buildings on three sides.
• During the rule of Shamsuddin Ibrahim Ul-Ulmara, is a rare blend of Italian and • Akbar’s Tomb at Sikandra near Agra, was • Church of St. John at Calcutta (1787) inspired
(1402–1436 AD), Atala Masjid was built Tudor architecture. Red Fort Delhi by St. Stephens Church at Walbrooks.
completed in 1613. PunJaB style
in 1378. Qutub Minar Delhi • Jehangir’s Tomb at Shadera near Lahore, • St. Mary’s Church in Fort St. George in
BiJaPuR • It was developed under the influence of
was built by his wife Nur Mahal. Chennai.
guJaRat • Gol Gumbaz built by Mohammad Adil Humayun’s Tomb Delhi the Mughal style.
• Law Courts, Presidency College and Senate
• Gujarat witnessed significant architectural Shah, which is the largest masonry Champaner Acheological Gujarat • It is characterised by certain indigenous
sHaHJaHan House of Chennai.
activity for over 250 years starting from dome in the world. Park features like the multiplicity of chattris/
• The Mughal architecture in Shahjahan’s • Victoria Memorial Hall, Calcutta (1921),
Muzaffar Shah’s declaration of independence kiosks, use of fluted dome generally covered
Churches of Old Goa Goa time reached its final glory. Shahjahan designed by Sir William Emerson.
from Delhi and the formation of the kasHmiR with copper or brass-gilt and enrichment of
Jantar Mantar Jaipur replaced Akbar’s red stone structures • Gateway of India in Mumbai, Maharaja’s
Sultanate of Gujarat in 1307 AD until the • In Kashmir architecture, we find the use of arches by numerous foliations.
in Agra and Lahore and rebuilt them in Palace at Mysore and M.S. University and
conquest of Gujarat by the Mughal Emperor woodwork. Hampi Karnataka • Golden Temple at Amritsar (1764) built by
white marble. His additions were seen in Lakshmi Villas Palace at Baroda.
Akbar in 1500 AD. • Log construction using deodar trees for the the fourth Sikh Guru Ramdas.
Pattadakal Karnataka Diwan-i-Khas, Diwan-i-Am, Seesh Mahal, • New Delhi–systematically planned city after
• Ahmedabad is a city full of architectural construction of wooden bridges called kadals being made capital in 1911.
Ajanta Caves Maharashtra Musamman Burj and Moti Masjid.
masterpieces which include Sayyid Alam’s or the wooden shrines called ziarats. Colonial aRCHiteCtuRe • Sir Edward Lutyens made responsible for the
• The Red Fort built of red sandstone and
Mosque (1412), Teen Darwaza (1415), • Mosque of Shah Hamdan in Srinagar and the Ellora Caves Maharashtra
overall plan of Delhi and constructed India
marble has exquisite and vast gateways,
Tomb of Ahmed Shah (1440), Rani-ka- Jami Masjid at Srinagar built by Sikandar Sanchi Stupa Madhya Pradesh Gate and Rashtrapati Bhawan.
Diwan-i-Am and Diwan-i-Khas. In the PoRtuguese
Hujra (1440), the Jami Masjid (built by Butshikan (1400 AD)–examples of the • Portuguese adapted to India the climatically • Herbert Baker added South Block and
Khajuraho Madhya Pradesh Diwan-i-Khas, where the emperor gave
the city’s founder Sultan Ahmed Shah in wooden architecture. appropriate Iberian galleried patio house and North Block, which flank the Rashtrapati
audience to the royal princess, nobles and
1423), Qutubuddin’s Mosque (1454), Rani • Fort of Hari Parbat, the Pattar Masjid Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka Madhya Pradesh
other dignitaries had the gem studded the Baroque churches of Goa. Bhawan.
Sipri Mosque (1505), Sidi Bashir’s Mosque (1623) and the Akhun Mulla Shah’s Mosque Elephanta Caves Maharashtra Peacock Throne placed.
• Englishman called Robert Tor Tussell built madHuBani Painting kangRa Painting 3. kuCHiPudi—andHRa PRadesH • It was around these temples that Odissi, • The most striking part of Manipur dance is
the Connaught Place. • Madhubani painting originated in a small • This style orginated in Guler state, in the • Kuchipudi derives its name from the one of India’s scintillating dance-forms was its colorful decoration, lightness of dancing
village, known as Maithili, of the Bihar first half of the 18th century and reached Kuchipudi village of Andhra Pradesh. born, nurtured and nourished. foot, delicacy of abhinaya (drama), lilting
Paintings of india state of India. its zenith during the reign of Maharaja • Kuchipudi exhibits scenes from the Hindu • The maharis, who were originally temple music and poetic charm.
• Initially, the womenfolk of the village Sansar Chand Katoch. Epics, legends and mythological tales through dancers, came to be employed in royal • The Manipuri dance form is mostly ritualistic
drew the paintings on the walls of their a combination of music, dance and acting. courts, which resulted in the degeneration and draws heavily from the rich culture of
Wall Paintings of india of the art form. Around this time, a class the state of Manipur.
home, as an illustration of their thoughts, ClassiCal danCe of india • Like other classical dances, Kuchipudi also
Painting expresses human thoughts and of boys called gotipuas were trained in • Costumes used in the Manipur dance are
hopes and dreams. comprises pure dance, mime and histrionics
feelings through the media of line and the art. They danced in the temples and colourful and the music carries a quaint
• With time, the paintings started becoming 1. BHaRatnatyam—tamil nadu but it is the use of speech that distinguishes
colour. also for general entertainment. Many of charm.
a part of festivities and special events, like • The Bharatnatyam dance flourished in the Kuchipudi’s presentation as dance-drama.
marriage. • ‘At times, even though the dramatic situation today’s gurus of this style belong to the
metHods of Painting Hindu temples of South India. 8. moHiniattam—keRala
did not demand, solo dancing was being gotipua tradition.
• The temple dancers (called Devadasis or • Mohiniattam is a classical dance form of
True Fresco Method RaJPut Painting presented to punctuate the presentation and • Facial expressions, hand gestures and body
The paintings are done when the surface servants of god) flourished under royal Kerala. Mohiniattam is derived from the
• Rajput painting originated in the royal states to enhance the appeal. One such number movements are used to suggest a certain
wall is still wet so that the pigments go deep patronage and religious devotion. words ‘Mohini’ (meaning ‘a beautiful woman’)
of Rajasthan, somewhere around the late is tarangam inspired by the Krishna-leela feeling, an emotion or one of the nine rasas.
inside the wall surface. • The Devadasi system became an integral and ‘attam’ (meaning ‘dance’).
16th and early 17th century. tarangini of Teerthanarayana Yogi.
part of South Indian temple ritual. Slowly 6. sattRiya—assam • Thus, Mohiniattam dance form is a
Tempora or Fresco-Secco • The Mughals ruled almost all the princely • There are now two forms of Kuchipudi
and gradually, the Devadasi system went • The Sattriya dance of Assam is a classical beautiful feminine style with surging flow
Method of painting on the lime-plastered states of Rajasthan at that time and because –the traditional musical dance-drama and
into disrepute due to economic and social form of dance, which is highly devotional of body movements.
surface which has been allowed to dry first of this, most of the schools of Rajput Painting the solo dance.
conditions attached to it. in character with the spiritual aspect • Mohiniattam dance in Kerala developed in
and then drenched with fresh lime water. in India reflect strong Mughal influence. • In Bharatnatyam dance, one dancer takes 4. katHakali—keRala being predominant. the tradition of Devadasi system, which later
CaVe Painting PaHaRi Painting on many roles in a single performance. • The word ‘Kathakali’ literally means • The word ‘Sattriya’ is derived from ‘Sattra’ grew and developed a classical status.
• Cave paintings of India date back to the • Pahari painting is the name given to Rajput • As a solo dance, Bharatnatyam leans heavily ‘Story-Play’. which means ‘monastery’. Since the dance • Mohiniattam is a solo female dance (in a
prehistoric times. paintings, made in the Himachal Pradesh on the abhinaya or mime aspect of dance– • Kathakali is known for its heavy, elaborate developed and grew within the Satras, it single costume), where musical melody
• The finest examples of these paintings and Jammu & Kashmir states of India. the nritya, where the dancer expresses the makeup and costumes. is named after these religious institutions. and the rhythmical swaying of the dancer
comprise of the murals of Ajanta, Ellora, sahitya through movement and mime. • In fact, the colourful and fascinating Specifically, it emerges from a 500–year-old from side to side and the smooth and
• These paintings developed as well as
• Bharatnatyam performance ends with a costumes of Kathakali have become the most comprehensive theatre tradition nurtured in unbroken flow of the body movement is the
Bagh, Sittanavasal, etc., which reflect an flourished during the period of 17th to 19th
tillana which has its origin in the tarana of recognised icon of Kerala. the Vaishnav Monasteries of Assam. striking feature.
emphasis on naturalism. century. Indian Pahadi paintings have been
Hindustani music. • Kathakali is considered as one of the • There were two dance forms prevalent in • The Mohiniattam dance focusses mainly on
• Ancient cave paintings of India serve as done mostly in miniature forms.
most magnificent theatres of imagination Assam before the neo-Vaishnava movement, feminine moods and emotions.
a window to our ancestors, who used to
mysoRe Painting 2. katHak—uttaR PRadesH and creativity. Kathakali dance presents such as Ojapali and Devadasi with many
inhabit these caves. • Kathak is one of the most important classical Various indian states’ dance forms
• Mysore painting is a form of classical South themes derived from the Ramayana, the classical elements.
miniatuRe Paintings Indian painting, which evolved in the Mysore dances of India. Mahabharata and other Hindu epics, • As far as Devadasi dance is concerned, state name of the dance
• Miniature paintings are beautiful handmade city of Karnataka. • Kathak is said to be derived from the word mythologies and legends. resemblance of a good number of rhythmic
syllables and dance postures along Andhra Pradesh Kuchipudi, Kolattam,
paintings, which are quite colourful • During that time, Mysore was under the ‘katha’, meaning ‘the art of storytelling’. • Chakiarkoothu, Koodiyattam, Krishnattam
Dhimsa, Veeranatyam
but small in size. reign of the Wodeyars and it was under • The Kathak dance form originated in and Ramanattam are few of the ritual- with footwork with Sattriya dance is a
north India and was very similar to the performing arts of Kerala, which have clear indication of the influence of the Arunachal Pradesh Bardo Chham
• The highlight of these paintings is the their patronage that this school of painting
intricate and delicate brushwork, which Bharatnatyam dance form. had a direct influence on Kathakali in its former on the latter. Assam Bihu, Jumar,
reached its zenith.
• In ancient India, there were Kathakars form and technique. • Sattriya dance tradition is governed by Bagurumba, Ali Ai
lends them a unique identity.
tanJoRe Painting or bards who used to recite religious and • The face of the artist is painted over to strictly laid-down principles in respect of Ligang
mugHal Painting • Tanjore painting is one of the most popular appear as though a mask is worn. hastamudras, footworks, aharyas, music, etc. Bihar Paika, Kajari, Bidesia,
mythological tales to the accompaniment
• Mughal painting reflects an exclusive forms of classical South Indian painting. music, mime and dance. Jhijhian
5. odissi—odisHa 7. maniPuRi—maniPuR
combination of Indian, Persian and Islamic • It is the native art form of Thanjavur (also • It probably started as an oral tradition. Mime Chhattisgarh Panthi, Raut Nacha
• Odissi is one of the famous classical Indian • Manipuri is one of the six major classical
styles. known as Tanjore) city of Tamil Nadu. and gestures were perhaps added later on to dances from the Odisha state. dances of India. Gujarat Raas, Tippani, Padhar,
• As the name suggests, these paintings • The dense composition, surface richness make the recitation more effective. • The state of Odisha has a great cultural • Manipuri dance is indigenous to Manipur, Garba
evolved as well as developed during the rule and vibrant colours of Indian Thanjavur • Vaishnavite cult which swept North India in the north-eastern state of India.
history. Haryana Dhamal, Daph, Phag,
of Mughal Emperors in India, between 16th paintings distinguish them from the other the 15th century and the resultant bhakti • The Manipuri dance style is inextricably
• The rulers of this region built magnificent Ghoomar, Jhumar, Loor
century and 19th century. types of paintings. movement contributed to a whole new range woven into the life-pattern of Manipuri
temples, which became the centre of art
people. Himachal Pradesh Kinnauri Nati, Namgen
of lyrics and musical forms. and culture.
state name of the dance state name of the dance has bellows at the back that is pumped by one Manjeera: Manjeera is basically a set musical instruments and instrumentalists systems of music received their nourishment
hand while the other hand plays the keyboard. of small cymbals and is a ubiquitous instruments instrumentalists
from the same original source. Whereas the
Jharkhand Karma Uttarakhand Barada Nati, Botiya, Shehnai: Shehnai the wind instrument is component of dance, music and bhajans. Indian music of the Northern part of India
Cancheri, Chhapelia, believed to have been introduced in India by It is a very ancient instrument seen on Stringed Instruments
assimilated some features of the music of the
Jammu and Kashmir Kud, Dumhal, Rouf, Choliya, Jagars, Jhora,
Bhand Pather, Bachha the Muslims. Shehnai is the predominant ancient temple walls. Manjeera is the most Rudra Veena Asad Ali Khan, Zia Moin-ud-din Persian and Arabic musicians, who adorned
Romala Dagar
Nagma, Hafiza Dance, double-reed wind instrument used in inexpensive and easy to play Instrument. the courts of the Mughal rulers of Delhi, the
Bhand Jashan, Wuegi- Goa Dekhnni, Fugdi, North Indian music. Mridangam: The Indian Musical Instrument Santoor Shiv Kumar Sharma music of the South continued to develop along
Nachun Corridinho, Dashavatara Bansuri: Bansuri is basically a folk instrument, Mridangam is one of the most popular Sarangi Ustad Binda Khan its own original lines.
Karnataka Yakshagna, Bayalata, Meghalaya Nongkrem, Shad invariably linked to the lives and playfulnesses classical instruments of South India.
Sarod Buddhadev Dasgupta, Ali Akbar
Dollu Kunitha, Suk mynsiem, of Krishna. However, it was during the Bhakti Mridangam accompanies vocal, instrumental Khan, Amjad Ali Khan, Bahadur Hindustani musiC
Veeragaase dance Behdienkhalm, Lahoo movement that Bansuri raised to prominence. and dance performances. There are 10 main forms of styles of singing
Khan, Sharan Rani
West Bengal Gambhira, Kalikapatadi, Pakhawaj: The Pakhawaj in India is also and compositions: Dhrupad, Dhamar, Hori,
Kerala Mohiniattam, Kathakali, Surb Ahar Sajjad Hussain, Annapurna
Padayani Nanci, Alkap, Domni PeRCussion instRuments called Mardal, Pakhawaj, Pakuaj, Pakhvaj, Khayal, Tappa, Chaturang, Ragasagar,
Pakavaj or Mardala, as it is a barrel-shaped, Veena Doraiswamy Iyengar, Chittibabu
Dholak: Dholak is a very popular folk drum Tarana, Sargam and Thumri. Nowadays,
Madhya Pradesh Tertali, Charkula, Emani, Sankara Shastri,
Puppet dances of northern India, Pakistan and Bangladesh two-headed drum. Ghazals have become very popular as the
Jawara, Matki dance, Dhanammal S. Bala Chandran
as well. It is barrel shaped, at times a Tabla: Tabla is the most popular pair of ‘light classical’ form of music.
Phulpati dance, Maanch, Assam Pudda Nach Sitar Ravi Shankar, Nikhil, Banerjee,
Gaur Maria, Grida cylindrical drum, with skins on both sides. drums in the Indian Sub-continent. Tabla
Vilayat Khan, Mustaq Dhrupad
Bihar Yampuri Dumroo: Dumroo is probably the oldest and is a pair of drums which consists of a small
Maharashtra Pavri Nach, Lavani, Annapurna Dhrupad is the oldest and perhaps the
Karnataka Gombeyatta traditional form of percussion instrument in right hand drum called Dayan and a larger
Dangi, Koli
India. Dumroo is the only remaining form of metal one called bayan. Violin Ganjan Rao Joshi, Ms.Gopal grandest form of Hindustani vocal music.
Kerala Talpavakootu; Pava Krishanan, T. N. Krishnan, Dhrupad is essentially a poetic form
Manipur Thang Ta, Dhol Cholom hour-glass drums which are seen in ancient
Kathakali Baluswamy, Dikshitar Dwaran incorporated into an extended presentation
Mizoram Cheraw Dance Indian statues. stRing instRuments Venkataswamy
Maharashtra Malasutri Bahuly style marked by precise and orderly
Ghatam: Ghatam replicates or conveys Sarangi: Sarangi has a hollow body and
Nagaland Chang Lo or Sua Lua Odisha Sakhi Kundhei; the meaning of the pot in Sanskrit. It is an made of teak wood adorned with ivory inlays.
Wind Instruments elaboration of a raga. The exposition
Odisha Ghumura, Chau, Goti Kundeinachchha; ancient percussion instrument and ancient It consisits of forty strings of which thirty Flute T. R. Mahalingam, N. Ramani, preceding the composed verses is called alap,
Pua, Nacni, Odissi, Kathikundhei; like other musical instruments mridangam, seven are sympathetic. Hari Parsad Chaurasia, and is usually the longest portion of the
Dhap, Dalkhai, Baag Ravanchhaya Pannalal Ghosh performance. Dhrupad is in decline since
veena, etc. Sarod: Sarod is a popular Indian classical
Naach Rajasthan Kathaputli Ghungroos: Ghungroos are very famous musical instrument which is similar to Nadaswaran Sheikh Chinna Moola, the 18th century.
Musical Instrument in India. Ghungroos are the Western lute in structure. Among the Neeruswamy Pillai, Rajaratnam
Punjab Bhangra, Jhumar, West Bengal Putul Nacch Khayal
Pillai
Karthi, Kikkli, Malwai usually the small brass bells. It is a musical followers and connoisseurs of Hindustani Khayal literally means ‘a stray thought’,
Giddha, Sammi, Jindua martial dances Shehnai Bismillah Khan
accessory used by performers of all classical classical music Sarod is one of the most ‘a lyric’ and ‘an imagination’. This is the
Rajasthan Ghoomar, Kalbelia, Kerala Kalaripayattu; dances. important musical instruments. Percussion (Striking/thumping) Instruments
Parichakali
most prominent genre of Hindustani vocal
Bhavai, Chirami, Gair, Kanjeera: The Kanjeera is a very old and Sitar: Sitar is one of the most popular Indian Mridangam (Palaghat Mani Iyer, Karakudi music depicting a romantic style of singing.
Tera Tali Manipur Thag Ta traditional instrument which is very popular classical instruments and it comes under R Mani, Palaghat Raghu Khayal is dependent to a large extent on
Sikkim Singh Chaam Odisha Pika in South Indian classical performances. the category of a chordophone in the lute Pakhawag Pt. Ayodhya Prasad, Gopal Das, the imagination of the performer and the
Kanjeera is secondary percussion which family. Sitar has neck crafted from toon or Babu Ram Shankar
Tamil Nadu Bharata Natyam, Punjab Gatka improvisations he is able to incorporate. A
is played as an accompaniment with the teakwood and a resonator carved from a
Devarattam, Kamandi, Tabla Zakir Hussain, Nikhil Ghosh, Khayal is also composed in a particular raga
Sikkim Pang Lhabosol mridangam. large seasoned gourd.
Kummi, Karagattam, Kishan Maharaj, Alla Rakha and tala and has a brief text. The Khayal
Mayil Attam, Paampu Uttarakhand Choliya Kartal: Kartal literally means rhythm of the Tanpura: Tanpura in India is a drone Khan, Pandit Santa Prasad,
hand which is made of wooden blocks with instrument that accompanies Dhrupad texts range from praise of kings or seasons,
attam, Oyilattam Kumar Bose, Latif Khan
holes for the fingers and circular copper singing and is the most fundamental of all description of seasons to the pranks of
Telangana Perini Thandavam, list of indian musiCal Lord Krishna, divine love and sorrow of
plates, pairs of Kartals are played with both instruments of Indian Classical Music.
Lambadi, Dappu, instRuments hands. separation.
Tappeta Gullu, Burra
Veena: Veena the traditional instrument musiC
Khol: Khol is usually used traditionally for of India is also known as Saraswati Veena There are six main gharanas in khayal:
Katha, Pagati Vesham
Wind instRuments accompanying Bhajans and Kirtans. Its high which is a musical instrument of South The two distinct styles, Hindustani and Delhi, Patiala, Agra, Gwalior, Kirana and
Tripura Hojagiri Harmonium: Harmonium usually belongs skin is relatively small with a diameter of India. Veena is a classical instrument Carnatic, came into vogue after the advent Atrauli–Jaipur. Gwalior Gharana is the
Uttar Pradesh Charkula, Kathak, to the family of free-reed aerophones. The about 9–10 cm, which gives it a particularly basically plucked stringed instrument that of the Muslims, particularly during the reign oldest and is also considered the mother of
Karma, Dadra instrument is a small, tabletop size organ which high, piercing sound. is used to accompany Carnatic music. of the Mughal Emperors of Delhi. Both the all other gharanas.
Thumri the change of the ragas. The peculiarity of life of the city took shelter in the Carnatic itself all the characteristic features of the Tillana
Thumri originated in the Eastern part of this style depends on how smoothly the Empire of Vijayanagar under the reign of raga in which it is composed. Practice in The Tillana, corresponding to the Tarana PuPPetRy
Uttar Pradesh, mainly in Lucknow and musical passages change along with the Krishnadevaraya. Thereafter, the music of Varnam singing helps a musician to attain of Hindustani music, is a short and crisp Puppetry is an art ancient to India. Before
Benares, around the 18th century AD. change of ragas. South India came to be known as Carnatic mastery in presentation and command over form. It is mainly a dance form, but on other modes of entertainment were developed,
It is believed to have been influenced by hori, Music. raga, tala and bhava. account of its brisk and attractive music, it
Tarana they were the ones popular among all, rich
kajri and dadra. Thumri is supposed to be In the field of practical music, South
Tarana is a style consisting of peculiar Svarajati sometimes finds a place in music concerts and poor alike, and a major part of the
a romantic and erotic style of singing and India had a succession of brilliant and
syllables woven into rhythmical patterns as This is learnt after a course in gitams. More as a conclusion piece. village folk culture. Even Mahabharata
is also called ‘the lyric of Indian classical prolific composers who enriched the art
a song. It is usually sung in faster tempo. complicated than the gitas, the Svarajati refers to the art of puppetry and shadow
music’. The song compositions are mostly with thousands of compositions. After Pallavi
paves the way for the learning of the theatre. When the princess Uttara and her
of love, separation and devotion. Its most Chaturang This is the most important branch of
Purandaradasa, Tallapakam Annamacharya Varnams. The theme is either devotional, friends urged Arjuna to bring back (after his
distinctive feature is the erotic subject Chaturang denotes four colours or a creative music. It is in this branch of
Narayana Tirtha, Bhadrachalam Ramdasa heroic or amorous. campaign against Kaurava clan) the fine,
matter picturesquely portraying the various composition of a song in four parts: Fast manodharma sangeeta that the musician
and Kshetranja made contributions to the gaily coloured, delicate and soft garments
episodes from the lives of Lord Krishna and Khayal, Tarana, Sargam and a ‘Paran’ of Jatisvaram has ample opportunities of displaying his or
welth of compositions. for their dolls, the allusion was to puppets.
Radha. Tabla or Pakhawaj. Very similar to the svarajati in musical her creative talents, imaginative skill, and
The birth of the Musical Trinity–Tyagaraja, Here we present you some interesting facts
Thumri is usually performed as the last item structure, this form–Jatisvaram–has no musical intelligence.
Ghazal Muthuswami Dikshitar and Syama Sastri– about puppetry in India:
of a Khayal concert. There are three main sahitya or words. The piece is sung with
The ghazal is mainly a poetic form than a at Tiruvarur between the years 1750 and Tanam
gharanas of thumri–Benares, Lucknow and solfa syllables only. gloVe PuPPets
musical form, but it is more song-like than 1850 AD. ushered in an era of dynamic This is a branch of raga alapana. It is raga
Patiala. Glove puppets, also known as hand puppets,
the thumri. The ghazal is described as the development in Carnatic music. Kirtanam alapana in Madhyamakala or medium
Dadra ‘pride of Urdu poetry’. The ghazal originated The Kirtanam had its birth about the latter are one of the most recognisable styles of
The outstanding feature of Carnatic music speed. There is perceptible rhythm in this.
Dadra bears a close resemblance to Thumri. half of the 14th century. It is valued for the puppets. The puppeteer inserts his hand
in Iran in the 10th century AD. The ghazal is its raga system and highly developed The rhythmical flow of music, flowing in
The texts are as amorous as those of devotional content of the sahitya. Clothed through the bottom of the puppet and uses
never exceeds 12 shers (couplets) and, on and intricate tala system. Though clear- fascinating patterns, makes tanam singing
Thumris. The major difference is that dadras in simple music, the kirtanam abounds in his index finger to move the head and his
an average, ghazals usually have about 7 cut demarcations in the style of musical the most captivating part of raga exposition.
Bhakti bhava. It is suited for congregational thumb and smallest finger or middle finger
have more than one antara and are in dadra shers. The ghazal found an opportunity presentation, similar to the gharanas of to move the hands of the puppet. In India,
tala. Singers usually sing a dadra after a to grow and develop in India around 12th Hindustani music, are not seen in Carnatic singing as well as individual presentation. Ragas, timing and moods they are most common in areas like Kerala
thumri. century AD, when the Mughal influences music, yet we do come across different styles Kriti 1. Bhairava – Dawn – Awe and Fear and West Bengal.
Dhamar-Hori came to India, and Persian gave way to Urdu in rendering compositions. The Kriti is a development from the Kirtana. 2. Kaushika – Night – Joy
These compositions are similar to Dhrupad as the language of poetry and literature. The ancient musical forms like Prabandhas, It is a highly evolved musical form. The 3. Hindola – Night – Laughter Rod PuPPets
but are chiefly associated with the festival of It developed and evolved in the courts of etc. gradually gave way to the different highest limit of aesthetic excellence is 4. Dipak – Afternoon – Love Rod puppets are manipulated by having a
Holi. Here the compositions are specifically Golconda and Bijapur under the patronage musicals forms that are in use in the present- reached in the Kriti composition. The raga 5. Megh – Morning – Calm main rod run through the body of the puppet
in praise of Lord Krishna. This music, sung of Muslim rulers. The 18th and 19th day music, though the basic elements bhava is brought out in all the rich and 6. Sriraga – Evening – Peace to keep it upright, and two rods inserted into
in the dhamar tala, is chiefly used in festivals centuries are regarded as the golden period of the ancient Prabandhas are still retained varied colours in this form. the arms of the puppet’s body which are
of the ghazal with Delhi and Lucknow being in the modern forms. gHaRana and tHeiR foundeRs then moved by the puppeteer. This style of
like Janmashthami, Ramnavami and Holi. Pada
The compositions here describe the spring its main centres. The following musical forms offer interesting • Gwalior Gharana–Nathan Pir Baksh, puppet is limiting in the puppet’s movement.
Padas are scholarly compositions in Telugu
season. These compositions are mainly study: and Tamil. Though they are composed Nathu Khan They are extremely common in the eastern
CaRnatiC musiC • Agra Gharana–Ghagghe Khudabaksh regions, Bengal and Odisha, and are known
based on the love pranks of Radha-Krishna. mainly as dance forms, they are also sung
The Tamil classic of the 2nd century AD. Gitam
• Kirana Gharana–Nayak Gopal by the name Putul Naach.
Gitam is the simplest type of composition. in concerts, on account of their musical
Tappa titled ‘Silappadhikaram’ contains a vivid • Bhendi Bazzar Gharana–Chhajju Khan,
The tappa is said to have developed in the Taught to beginners of music, the gitam is excellence and aesthetic appeal. The music
description of the music of that period. sHadoW PuPPets oR sHadoW
late 18th century AD from the folk songs of very simple in construction, with an easy is slow-moving and dignified. Nazeer Khan, Khadim Hussain Khan
The Tolkappiyam, Kalladam and the tHeatRe
camel drivers. Tappa literally means ‘jump’ and melodious flow of music. Javali • Jaipur Atrauli Gharana–Alladiya Khan
contributions of the Saivite and Vaishnavite Perhaps the most primitive type of puppets,
in Persian. They are essentially folklore A javali is a composition belonging to the • Patiala Bada Fateh Gharana–Ali Khan,
saints of the 7th and 8th centuries AD. Suladi shadow puppets consist of a desired shape
of love and passion and are written in also serve as resource material for studying sphere of light classical music. Sung both in Ali Baksha Khan cut out, then held between a light and a
Very much like the gitam in musical
Punjabi. musical history. concert programmes and dance concerts, the • Rampur–Inayat
structure and arrangement, the Suladis are canvas screen, with the intent to cast the
It is said that South Indian Music, as known javalis are popular because of the attractive • Sahaswan Gharana–Hussain Khan
Ragasagar of a higher standard than the gitam. shadow of the puppet onto the canvas
melodies in which they are composed. In • Indore Gharana–Amir Khan
Ragasagar consists of different parts of today, flourished in Deogiri, the capital screen. Through manipulation of the puppet
Varnam contrast to the padas which portray divine • Jodhpur Mewali Gharana–Nazir Khan
musical passages in different ragas as one city of the Yadavas in the middle ages, and by a perpendicular rod adhered to the back
The Varnam is a beautiful creation of musical love, javalis are songs which are sensuous
song composition. These compositions have that after the invasion and plunder of the • Sham Chaurasia Gharana–Miyan Chand and various lights, the illusion of movement
craftsmanship of a high order, combining in in concept and spirit.
8 to 12 different ragas and the lyrics indicate city by the Muslims, the entire cultural Khan, Miyan Suraj Khan is achieved. Shadow theatre is still common
in some parts, like Karnataka and Andhra Indira Gandhi National Human Bhopal Hampi: In the Montgomery district of Punjab, Prabhaspatan (or Somnath): In Gujarat state, Srirangam: It contains one of the largest
Pradesh. imPoRtant PlaCes in india now in Pakistan, known for excavations it is the site of the famous Somnath temple, temples in south India of the Vijayanagara
Museum
Kala Chitra Foundation Chennai Ahichhatra: Originally Ahikshetra in Bareilly carried out here showing signs of the Indus which was destroyed by Mahmud Ghazni. period.
stRing PuPPets district of Uttar Pradesh was one of the Valley Civilisation. Pragjyotishpur: It was the capital of an ancient Sringeri: In Karnataka, it is a place of
The string puppet, or ‘marionette’, is the Lalit Kala Academy (1954) New Delhi
capitals of the Panchals. Junagadh: In Gujarat state, it is one of the tribal kingdom in Kamarupa or modern pilgrimage, where the great philosopher
most difficult puppet to maneuver and National Drama Vidyalaya New Delhi Aihole: In Karnataka, contains chief sites of most ancient cities of India. Sankara founded one of the principal
(1959)
Assam.
master for a puppeteer and consists of a the Chalukya architecture. Kalibangan: In Hanumangarh district of peethas (monasteries).
Rajgir: It was the capital of Bimbisara in
main body, with the arms, legs and head National Modern Art Technique Kolkata Ajanta Caves: Situated 66 miles north of Rajasthan, where excavations brought to Tamralipti: A flourishing sea-port in ancient
(1954) ancient times. Buddha preached at Rajgir
held up by strings attached to rods above Aurangabad in the Maharashtra State. light the varied achievements of the Indus India.
and also did Mahavira. Tanjore: It was the capital of Cholas. It is also
the puppet. Through movement of these National Museum New Delhi These are rock-cut Buddhist caves, 29 in Valley Civilisation. Sanchi: In Madhya Pradesh, is famous for known for the Brihadeshwara temple.
rods, a puppeteer may position and exercise National School of Drama New Delhi number. Kannauj: Capital of Harshavardhana.
the puppet however they choose. The string the largest and the most well-preserved Taxila: Ancient capital of Gandhara.
Nehru Memorial Museum and New Delhi Amaravati: It is the legendary capital of Kanchipuram: Also called the ‘Golden City’,
puppet may also be as large as a puppeteer Buddhist stupa. Tirupati: In the Andhra Pradesh state, it is one
Library Swarga. is known for the Kailashnath temple.
can lift. They are the most common kind and Arikamedu: It was a seaport near Pondicherry Sarnath: Near Varanasi, is the place where of the holiest places in South India.
Rama Krishan Mission Kolkata Kanheri: is known for its Buddhist caves
most notable in western India, in states like in the Chila times. Buddha delivered his first sermon after he Ujjain: It is known to be the seat of king
Sanskrit Institute (1938) dating back to the 1st century AD.
Rajasthan and Gujarat. Ayodhya: It was the capital of Kosala and the became the ‘Enlightened One’. Vikrama. It is one of the seven sacred cities,
Sahitya Academy (1954) New Delhi Kanyakubja, or modern Kannauj, is an ancient
Solar kings of ancient India. Srirangapatnam: In Karnataka, it was the also known as Avanti. Mahakaleshwar
city.
CHaRaCteRs and deCoRation Sangeet Natak Academy New Delhi Badami (or Vatapi): In Karnataka, is well- ancient capital of Tipu Sultan. temple here is known as a pilgrimage
Kapilvastu is associated with Mahatma
A puppet’s decorative features depend on Allahabad Museum Allahabad known for the Chalukyan sculpture Somnathpuram: In Karnataka, is known for centre.
Buddha.
the role it was made to play. A puppet with founded in the cave temples here. The the Kesava temple of the Hoysala period. Vaishali: It was the capital of the famous Vajji
Victoria Memorial Hall Kolkata Khajuraho: In Chhatarpur in Madhya
large eyes, and darker colours represents famous Malegitti Shivalaya temple is also kingdom in ancient times.
Salarganj Museum Hyderabad Pradesh, is famous for its group of highly Sravanbelagola: In Karnataka, is famous for
an evil or immoral character, while a puppet situated here. Vatapi: See Bandami.
Rampur Raja Library Rampur ornate medieval Hindu temples. its Jain temples and the colossal statue
with lighter colours, brighter clothing, and Belur: In Karnataka, is famous for its Vikramshila was a great Tantrik University
a mustache represents the hero or royalty. Kusinagar: In the district of modern Deoria, of Gomateshwara (Bahubali), the tallest established by King Dharampala in
Raja Rammohan Rai Library Kolkata elaborately sculptured Cheena Kesava
Women are portrayed with their hair in Foundation is the place where Buddha died. monolithic in the world. 810 AD.
temple of the Hoysala period. Lothal: The excavation made here to represent
braids or flowing, while the men wear their Nav-Nalanda Mahabihar Bihar Bhubaneswar: Known for ancient temples, viz.
hair in a turban. the Indus Valley Civilization. ))
National Research Laboratory Lucknow Radharani Lingaraj and Brahmeshvara. Madurai: Popularly known as the ‘City of
Puppetry is an art which has remained for Conservation of Cultural Bodh Gaya: It is situated 6 miles south of Gaya
popular for more than a thousand years. Festivals’, was the capital of the Pandyan
Heritage in the Bihar state. It is famous as the place
Even this day, puppet theatres are very kingdom till the 14th century. It is famous
National Library (1948) Kolkata where Buddha got enlightenment.
sought after. That is why attempted to for the Minakshi temple.
National Science Museum Kolkata Chidambaram: A town 150 miles south
demystify it so the next time you witness Mammalapuram (now Mahabalipuram): It
Parishad of Chennai, known as Tillai in ancient
one, you can appreciate it fully. is known for rock-cut temples, monolithic
times. It was once the capital of the Chola
Maulana Abdul Kalam Azad Kolkata figures and the carvings of the 7th and 8th
art and Culture Asian Studies Institute kingdom. It is known as an abide of
centuries AD.
Nataraja, the Dancing Shiva.
institution Headquarters Khudabaksh Oriental Public Patna Mandu: In Madhya Pradesh, it is one of the
Elephanta Caves: These are the rockcut
Institute of National Museum New Delhi Library largest medieval cities.
caves of the 7th and 8th centuries.
History for Art Conservation Jawahar Lal Nehru Manipur Imphal Mithila: It was the home of the three scholar
Ellora Caves: About 15 miles northwest of
and Science Museum Dance Academy (1954) sages–Gargi, Maitrey and Kapila. It was
Aurangabad in Maharashtra. There are
Asiatic Society Kolkata Indira Gandhi National Art New Delhi the capital of Raja Janak’s territory.
about 34 caves excavated in the face of
Indian National Archives New Delhi Centre Mohenjodaro: In the Larkana district of Sindh
a hill.
Institute of Indian Diamond Surat (now in Pakistan), is the site of excavation
Central High Tibetean Varanasi Fatehpur Sikri: Situated 23 miles away from
revealing the Indus Valley Civilisation.
Educational Institute Delhi Public Library New Delhi Agra in Uttar Pradesh, it was the city
Nalanda: In Bihar, it was the part of an ancient
Cultural Institute and Training New Delhi Central Secretariat Library New Delhi established by Akbar in 1571 AD. The place
Buddhist University.
Centre (1979) (1981) contains a number of palaces, shrines and
Palitaana: In Saurashtra, is famous for its
Central Buddha Education mosques.
Gandhian Recollection and New Delhi Leh holy hill Shatrunijaya. It is the most sacred
Philosophy Recollection Institute Halebid: 10 miles away from Belur in
place for the Shwetambaras.
Indian Anthropology Survey Kolkata Karnataka, is well-known for its sculptured
Indian Museum Kolkata Pandharpur: It is in the Sholapur district
temples of the Hoysala period.
(Maharashtra).
131 132 General Knowledge 2020
civilisation in history to have a system of revived Old Persian and made it the official
selecting public officials on the basis of language of their empire. But then a new
education and competitive examination. Script called pahlavi had also developed.
• Under the Hans silk was a principal item of
export. greek civilisAtion
• The two major religions of ancient China are • The main occupations are agriculture
Taoism and Confucianism. Confucius was and herding.
a contemporary of Mahavira and Buddha. • The Battle of Marathon (490 BC): The
• Buddhism was brought into China by Greek defeated the Iranian (Persian) King
Indians during the Han rule. Darius I at Marathon near Athens.
• The Great Wall is a mighty monument to • The Peloponnesian War, between Sparta
Ancient World body of the dead. The body was embalmed the building skill of ancient China. This and Athens from 431 BC to 404 BC, ended
in spice and then wrapped in strips of fine wall, built of stone and earth to a height in tragedy for Athens.
linen. Such a preserved body is called a of 6 meters and extending over 2,400 kms. • Philip of Macedonia conquered most of
MesopotAMiAn civilisAtion States in years following Athens’ defeat.
mummy. The mummy was put in a wooden • In the 1st century AD, Paper was invented
• Hammurabi (C. 2100 BC), the greatest • Then his son, Alexander set out at age of
box and buried. in China.
Babylonian ruler united the whole of what 20, to conquer the world.
• The Pyramids and the Sphinx are the • The water clock, abacus umbrella were
is now called Iraq into a single kingdom. • As a result of Roman attacks almost the
two specimens of Egyptian architectural invented by Chinese.
• Hittites, who came from Asia Minor (now entire territory of the Greeks and their
excellence. • In the 2nd century AD, Chinese invented
Turkey) and destroyed the Babylonian empire become a part Roman Empire.
• The Pyramids were the tombs of Kings a seismograph.
Kingdom, were the first to make regular
and they contained the mummies of these
use of horses for war chariots and to make irAniAn civilisAtion contributions of greek civilisAtion
monarchs.
iron implements. • In the middle of the 6th century BC, a • The Olympic Games were first held in 776
• The Sphinx is a mythological animal with
• The potter’s wheel was perhaps first used powerful empire–Achaemenid Empire– BC by the Greek in honour of God Zeus at
World History in Mesopotamia.
the body of a lion and the head of a man.
arose in Iran (Persia). The founder of mount Olympus (Olympia) in Greece.
• The Egyptian script was known as
• The Sumerians were the first to evolve a proper this empire was Cyrus with his capital • It was the French Baron Pierre de Coubertin
hieroglyphic.
writing. This system is called Cuneiform. at Pasaragadae. who (nearly over 1,500 years after the last
• The Mesopotamian system of counting is chAMpollion • He was succeeded by Darius I (522 BC- ancient Olympics) revived these games in
known as sexagesimal. • The Egyptians developed a decimal 486 BC). The empire reached its greatest 1894 and the modern series of the Olympic
• In geometry the Mesopotamians had system of numeration. extent under him and covered entire Iran, Games started in 1896 at Athens and since
discovered what was later called the • The crowning achievement of the Egyptians Mesopotamia, Syria, Egypt, Asia, and then they are being held every fourth years.
Pythagoras theorem. was the solar calendar. north-western India. He built a new capital • Homer’s ‘Iliad’ and ‘Odyssey’ are among the
• Mesopotamians divided the whole day into at Persepolis. best epics of the world.
24 hours. They divided the sky into 12 parts, chinese civilisAtion • Alexander dealt the empire a final blow • The founder of Greek tragedy was Aeschylus,
each assigned a name. This has come down • The earliest Chinese Civilization is the during the reign of Darius III. author of Prometheus Bound.
to us as the 12 signs of zodiac or rashis as Shang Civilisation. • In the 3rd century AD, the Sassanid Empire • Greece produced some of the world’s earliest
we call them in India. • The Shang dynasty was overthrown by was founded by Ardashir in 226 AD. great historians, e.g., Herodotus (known
the Chou dynasty. • The Achaemenids had introduced the use as the father of History) Thucydides,
egyptiAn civilisAtion • The Chinese script is a pictographic script. of money–coins of gold and silver–on a large Plutarch, etc.
• Egypt is called the ‘Gift of the Nile’. • The Chinese calendar–Solar-lunar scale throughout the empire. • The most famous philosophers of Greece
• The Old Kingdom is also called the ‘Age calendar, was a combination of solar and • The main religion of the ancient was
were Socrates, Plato (disciple of Socrates
of the pyramids’. lunar calendar. The Chinese were the Zoroastrianism. This religion was founded
and author of ‘Republic’) and Aristotle
• The Egyptian King was called the pharaoh. first to calculate the length of the year by Zarathustra or Zoroaster (628 BC–551
(disciple of Plato).
• The Egyptians were the worshipper of the as 365–1/4 days. BC) as the Greeks called him in 7th century
• The Greek made many contributions to
nature and sun was their most important god. • In 3rd Century BC, the Chin dynasty became BC. The teachings of Zarathustra are
important to keep out invaders from the mathematics especially to geometry as is
• The Egyptians believed that after death recorded in the Zend Avesta the holy book
north; he began construction of a wall known seen in the work of Euclid and Pythagoras.
both the body and the soul be reunited of Parsis. Both Judaism and Christianity
as the Great Wall. were indebted to Zoroastrianism. • In Medicine Hippocrates laid the foundation
with each other after body was buried. So
• The Han dynasty followed the Chin dynasty • During the Achaemenid Empire the official of modern medicine. He is known as the
Egyptians took great care in preserving the
in 202 BC. The Chinese was the first language was Aramaic. The Sassanids father of medicine.
World History 133 134 General Knowledge 2020 World History 135
• The temple of Athena the Parthenon is the • The Roman developed their own alphabet • When he was 40, he had visions of truth and • In 1644, China was conquered by the Judgement and the Fall of Man) and Raphel Catholics united the Whigs and Tories of the
best example of Greek architecture. Myron and the Latin language became the language became a prophet. Manchus, who continued to rule until (Madonna) Great astronomers of Italian Anglican Church against him.
and Phidias are best known sculptors of of all educated people in Western Europe. • He forbade the worship of idols and made 1911 AD. Renaissance included Bruno and Galileo. • Whigs as well as Tories–dispatched an
ancient Greece. • Lucretius, Cicero, Marcus Aurelius and many enemies. Ultimately he had to leave • The Renaissance movement was enormously, invitation to William of Orange ruler of
Seneca were the famous Roman philosophers. Mecca and take refuge in Medina. This contributions of MedievAl chinA Holland to succeed to the English throne
helped by the invention of the printing press
• To prevent drain on the country’s wealth the
roMAn civilisAtion • Horace (Odes) and Virgil (Aeneid) were the event took place in 622 AD and is known (in 1454 AD by Gutenberg of Germany; and save England form Catholic tyranny.
Sung rulers started the use of paper-money.
• The centre of the Roman civilisation was famous Roman poets. as the year of Hijira or migration and from Gutenberg Bible 1456–the first printed book). • William accepted the invitation and came to
• The invention of gun-powder was made in
Italy, the peninsula that projects in to the • Tacitus (Annals and Histories) was the it Muslims date their era (Hijira Samvat). China in the 10th century. England for his purpose.
Mediterranean Sea in the west of Greece. famous Roman historian and Pliny, the • The Quran, the holy book of Islam, is • The Chinese made iron-chain suspension
reforMAtion • This event known as Glorious or Bloodless
• The city of Rome was founded about 1000 elder was another famous Roman historian. divided into a number of sutras or chapters • It was started by Martin Luther in Witten Revolution in England.
bridges as early as the 10th century.
BC by Romulus in the district of Latium. • The Romans were the inventors of concrete and contains the teachings of Muhammad. • The Chinese invented the first method of berg, Germany in 1517 AD by publicly
and could firmly cement bricks and Besides the Quran the life of a Muslim printing in 10th century. protesting against the sale of letters of MAgnA cArtA (or the greAt
The language of the ancient Romans, Latin chArter), 1215 Ad
gets its name from Latium. stones together. They also introduced to is guided by the Sunna, the practices of Indulgence.
architectural improvements–the arch and Muhammad and the Hadees, the sayings MedievAl JApAn • It was a revolt against the control of con- • It was the Charter of liberties which King
• The early Romans had a king, an assembly • Japan consists of hundreds of small islands, science by the priests. Johan II of English was forced to sign in
cupolas or domes. of Muhammad.
and a senate. of which four are major islands–Hokkaido, • With the breaking away from the Roman 1215 AD at Runnymede. Magna Carta was
• Fights between gladiators or between a • After his death (632 AD), his successors were
• Towards the end of the 6th century BC gladiator and a wild animal were a popular Honshu, Kyushu and Shikoku. Catholic Church by such leaders as Luther said to be the foundation-stone of rights and
known as Caliphs or Khalifas, who held both
the King was overthrown and a republic Roman amusement. • Samurai or the warriors were similar to the of Germany and Calvin of Switzerland, liberties of the English people.
religious and political authority.
was established. knights of Western Europe. Western Europe was split between Catholic
• From Arabia, Islam spread very fast to many industriAl revolution
• By the beginning of the 1st century BC, the MedievAl World (500 Ad-1500 Ad) • The most unique contribution of medieval and Protestant countries, a situation which
other parts of the world. • The process of change that transformed
Romans had conquered Greece and Asia Minor Japan to literature was a form of poetry developed enmities of the fiercest nature. Britain first and then other countries from
and established a protectorate over Egypt. contributions of ArAb civilisAtion called Haiku. • The movement, which began within the
MedievAl europe agricultural to industrial economics.
• Rivalry for power grew between two Generals • The Arabs made all knowledge their own • The important contribution of medieval Catholic Church to combat the effects of
• The Eastern Roman empire or Byzantine • Capitalism: Economic system in which a
and developed in further. Japan to art was Ikenana or the art of the Protestants. Reformation was known as
Pompey and Julius Caesar. War followed Empire was a vast empire and its capital, country’s trade and industry are organised
• Al Razi (Rhazes), an Arab scientist, flower arrangement. Counter Reformation Movement.
between them and Pompey was murdered Constantinople was the largest city of that and controlled by the owners of capital the
discovered the true nature of small pox • Buddhism reached Japan early in the 6th
by his enemies in Egypt. time. chief elements being competition, profit,
century from China through Korea and geogrAphicAl discoveries
• In 37 BC, Octavian became the most • The Ottoman Turks conquered the Byzantine and Ibn Sina (Avicenna) discovered that supply and demand.
during the course of centuries it became • During 1288 AD-1293 AD Marco Polo (1256
powerful in the Roman Empire. territories in 1453 AD. tuberculosis is infectious. • The American Revolution started in 1775 AD
widespread. In certain periods it even AD-1326 AD) Venetian traveller travelled
• Some of the famous literary works of the and lasted until 1781 AD.
• The period of Roman history beginning with eclipsed Shintoism, the old religion of Japan. from Venice to China and Japan. He was
feudAlisM Arab civilisation are the Rabaiyat by Omar • On July 4, 1776 AD, the Declaration of
his rule up to 284 AD is called the principate. • Feudalism originated in the 8th and 9th • Gradually, the Japanese developed their the ‘first European to visit China’. Independence was issued. Its author was
Khayyam, Shahnama by Firdausi and the open distinct schools of Buddhism the most
• In 284 AD, Diocletian became the ruler and centuries. • In 1487 AD, Bartholomew Diaz, reached
Arabian Nights, a collection of 1,001 stories. famous of which is Zen Buddhism.
Thomas Jefferson.
from this time on, the Roman civilisation • First of all in Western Europe the feudal the pointed which the Portuguese named • The colonies won the war against England.
• The Arabs developed their own decorative
declined more rapidly. One of Diocletian system developed. Cape of Good Hope (the southern-most The American Revolution made possible the
designs. Their buildings had bulb-like Modern World
successors, Constantine built a new capital point of Africa). establishment of a new nation the United
domes, small minarets, horse-shoe arches
called Constantinople on the site of ancient crusAdes (1095 Ad-1291 Ad) (1500 Ad onWArds) • Vasco da Gama followed this route and States of America (USA).
and twisted columns.
Byzantium in 330 AD. • Crusades mean the military expeditions, sailed on round the Cape and reached • In 1783 AD, England acknowledged
• The Arabs also developed a decorative style
• The Romans worshipped as many gods and under the banner of the cross organised renAissAnce Calicut in India in 1498 AD. American independence in the Treaty of
of writing called Calligraphy and made
goddesses as the Greeks. Jupiter sent rain in western Christendom primarily to • The 16th century is commonly designated • Italian sailor Columbus’ trip was financed Paris and George Washington was elected
book-illumination an art.
recover the Holy places of Palestine from as the Age of Renaissance, also called the by Spain from where he sailed in 1492 AD. the first President of USA.
for the crops; Mars helped them in war;
Muslim occupation. MedievAl chinA Revival of learning. When he has reached land, he thought he
Mercury carried their messages; Neptune french revolution (1789 Ad-1793 Ad)
• Four Crusades were fought by the European • From the early 7th century, China was ruled • Italy practically became the home of had reached India; so he called the islands
the god of sea; Vesta guarded the home; • It gave to humanity new ideas of ‘Liberty,
Christians to liberate Jerusalem from by the Tang dynasty. the Renaissance. the Indies; but it was America.
Juno protected their women. Equality and Fraternity’.
Seljuk Turks (Muslims) who did not permit • The rule of Tang dynasty was followed by • Great writers of the Italian Renaissance • Magellan was the first to sail round the world.
• The French Revolution started with the fall
Christian pilgrims to enter the holy land. the Sung dynasty. included Dante, Patriarch, Boccaccio
contributions of the roMAn glorious revolution: 1688 of Bastille Fort.
civilisAtion • After this for about 100 years China was and Machiavelli. The great painters of • In France the Revolution established the
ArAb civilisAtion Ad, englAnd
ruled by the Mongols. Italian Renaissance included Leonardo da political supremacy of the middle class in
• Roman laws and principles of governance are • Muhammad the prophet of Islam was born • James II was Roman Catholic. His tactless
• The Rule of the Mongols in China was Vinci (Famous Painters; The Last Supper the towns and transferred the bulk of landed
Rome’s greatest contribution to the world. in Mecca in 571 AD. attempt to secure freedom of worship for
followed by that of Ming dynasty. and Monalisa) Michelangelo (The Last
136 General Knowledge 2020 World History 137 138 General Knowledge 2020
property to the peasantry in the countryside. Course of War: Germany, Austria, Hungary, asserted their independence and the Soviet new government abolished the institution of and others were Great Britain, France • World War-II (1935–1945)–Axis Power
For Europe and the world it represented an Turkey and Bulgaria were on one side. They Union was officially dissolved on 25th Caliph (Khalifa) in 1924 AD. USSR, USA, China etc. called the Allied (Germany, Italy and Japan) against the
ideal of popular sovereignty and equality were called Central Powers. On the other side December, 1991 AD. In the same month, • Mustafa Kemal Pasha is known as the Powers (or Allies). Allies (Great Britain, USA, USSR, China).
before the law. were England, France, Serbia, Belgium, Japan the Commonwealth of Independent ‘founder of modern Turkey and Ataturk’ (the Germany had to face defeat once again. Axis Powers were defeated.
and Russia. They were called the Allied Powers. States (CIS), a looser organisation with father of the Turks). After the fall of Germany, USA and UK persons and their titles
unificAtion of itAly
The Allied powers joined by Italy in 1915 and responsibility for economic and military concentrated their focus against Japan.
(1848 Ad-1870 Ad) eConomiC DepRession of the WoRlD persons titles
USA in 1917. The war started on August 4, co-operation was formed by Russia, On 6th August, 1945 an atom bomb was
• The struggle for Italian independence and (1929 AD-1934 AD)
1914 and ended on November 11, 1918. Ukraine and Belarus. Nine other former dropped on the city of Hiroshima, Japan was Adolf Hitler Fuehrer
unification was organised by the two famous • The Great Depression of 1929 AD-1934 AD
Peace Settlement (1919 AD1920 AD): The Soviet republics joined later. Now CIS is asked to surrender and when she refused Mussolini II Duke
revolutionaries–Mazzini and Garibaldi. was worldwide starting with an agricultural
Central Powers were completely defeated a community of 12 independent states. another atom bomb was dropped on 9th
The movement led by them is known as the recession followed by financial panic and Florence Nightingale Lady with the Lamp
‘Young Italy’ movement. by the Allied Power and an Armistice was Three former Soviet republics (Baltic August, 1945 AD on the city of Nagasaki.
States)–Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania–are collapse known as the Wall Street Crash On August 14, 1945 AD, Japan surrendered John of Arc Maid of Orleans
• Rome was still outside the kingdom of Italy. signed on November 11, 1918 followed by a
(October, 1929 AD) in the USA.
It was ruled by the Pope. Italian soldiers Peace Conference at Paris. After prolonged fully independent states. It is notable that unconditionally and the Second World War Elizabeth I Maid in Queen
discussions, the Treaty of Versailles was Soviet Union was a federal state consisting came to an end.
liberated the city of Rome in 1870 AD and of 15 separate republics.
fAsCism in itAly Bismark Man of Blood & Iron
in 1871 AD. Rome became the capital of signed between the allies and Germany • The unification of Italy was only completed
iMportAnt bAttles Napoleon Man of Destiny Little
United Italy. on June 28, 1919. in 1870 AD.
Chinese Revolution • Hundred Years’ War (1337–1453)–England Corporal
At the instance of Woodrow Wilson, the
militARism in JApAn and France
unificAtion of gerMAny: President of America, the League of Nations 1911 AD (Republican Revolution) and 1949 AD revolution and their year
• In Japan the democratically elected • Seven Years’ War (1756–1763)–French were
(1848 Ad-1871 Ad) officially came into existence of January 10, (Communist Revolution) defeated by the English revolution year
• Bismarck described a policy of unification as 1920. Its headquarters were fixed at Geneva government, increasingly embarrassed by
• In October 1911, a revolution under the • Battle of Trafalgar (1805)–British force led
one of ‘blood and iron’ The Policy of blood in Switzerland.
economic, financial and political problems American War of 1776
leadership of Sun-yat-sen ousted the by Duke of Wellington defeated French force
and iron meant a policy of war. fell under the influence of the army in Independence
Manchu or Ching Dynasty and a republic the early 1930s. led by Napoleon Bonaparte.
• The unification of Germany was completed russiAn revolution (1917 Ad)
was set up. • Opium War (1839–1842)–China and Britain Russian Revolution 1917
as a result of Prussia-France War (1870) in • It established the ideology of Marxism. • The military soon involved Japan in war with
• The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) was • Crimean War (1853–56)–War between
which the French emperor Louis Bonaparte • The great revolution in Russia took place China and later took the country into the French Revolution 1789
founded in 1921. Russia and the alliance of England, France,
was defeated and captured. This war enabled in two stages. The first stage of Russian Second World War with its attack on Pearl
Chinese Revolution 1911
• The Communists under their leader Mao- Turkey and Sardinia
Bismarck to absorb the remaining German Revolution overthrew of the Czar Nicholas Harbour (1941 AD).
tse-tung (Mao Zedong) embarked on the • Boer War (1899–1902)–Fought in South Communist Revolution in 1949
states into a united Germany. II. The second stage in November of the same
6000–mile long march (October 1934 seConD WoRlD WAR Africa between the British and the Boers. India
year led to the establishment of the world’s
AD-October 1935 AD) to form a new power (sep. 3, 1939 AD-Aug. 14, 1945 AD) • World War-I (1914–1918)–Germany (with
first World WAr: first communists by Bolsheviks under Lenin. Industrial Revolution 1750–1850
Causes: The causes of Second World War Austria, Hungary) against Britain (with
(Aug. 4, 1914 Ad-nov. 11, 1918 Ad) • Russian Revolution began with March base in northern China.
• Mao-tse-tung quickly established control were as under– Russia, France, Japan Canada and Belgium)
Causes: The causes of First World War were Revolution. Disorders broke out in Petrograd. ))
• The Bolsheviks led by Lenin seized over the whole of China and he remained 1. The Treaty of Versailles (1919 AD).
as under:
power in Petrograd on November 7, 1917 leader until his death in 1976. 2. Nationalist Movements of Germany and
1. Militarism.
AD–November Revolution. Italy.
2. Narrow Nationalism or Competitive
• In the period between 1917 AD and 1920 tuRkish Revolution (1923 AD) 3. Conflict of ideology between Dictatorship
Patriotism.
AD, the Communists took drastic action • Turkey was called Sick man of Europe. and Democracy.
3. Economic imperialism.
against internal enemies or counter- • 4. Inefficiency of League of Nations.
4. Anglo-German Rivalry and the Charter The disintegration of Ottoman Empire began
revolutionaries as they were called. Former 5. Colonial and Commercial Rivalry.
of William II. in the 19th century and was completed after
landlords, capitalists, Czarist officers etc. 6. Aggressiveness of Berlin-Rome-Tokyo
5. Lack of an international organisation. Turkey’s defeat in the First World War.
were arrested, exiled or executed the Czar Axis.
Immediate Cause: The immediate cause of the • The treatment meted out to turkey by the
and his family was killed. • The immediate cause of the war was the
war was the murder of Archduke Ferdinand, Allies had led to a mass upsurge in India
• In 1923 AD, the Union of Soviet Socialist refusal of Poland to surrender, so Germany
who was the heir to the Austrian throne. The directed against Britain. This upsurge is invaded Poland on Sep. 1, 1939 AD, Britain
Austrians held the Government of Serbia Republic (USSR) came into being.
known as the Khilafat Movement. and France as they were under treaty
responsible for the murder and ultimately ))
Note: In 1991 AD, Communist Party rule in • Turkey was proclaimed a republic in October obligations to aid Poland declared war
attacked Serbia. There was strong rivalry Soviet Union collapsed following the failure 29, 1923 AD and Kemal became the first against Germany on Sep. 3, 1939 AD.
already between Austria-Hungary and Serbia of an anti-Gorbachev coup by Communist President of Turkey. The Turkish Sultan • On one side were Germany, Italy and Japan
in the Balkans. hardliners. The constituent republics had carried the title if Caliph (Khalifa) the called the Axis Powers (or Central Powers)
evolUtionary staGes hypothesis propounder
of a star Cepheid Hypothesis A.C. Banerji

Nova Hypothesis Hoyle and Lyttleton
1. Proto Star: It is the stage, where the
helium core become increasingly heavy Electromagnetic H. Alfven
Hypothesis
accompanied with expanding out the
layers. A Proto star is a highly condensed Interstellar Dust Schmidt
cloud of gases mainly hydrogen and Hypothesis
World GeoGraphy 2.
helium.
Red Giant: This stage results into the
Nebular Cloud
Hypothesis
Dr. von Weizsacker
swelling and reddening of the outer Protoplanet Hypothesis G. Kuiper

evolUtion of Universe regions of the star. Such stars of gigantic Gaseous Hypothesis Kant
Universe dimension are called Red Star.
White Dwarf: If the mass of the star Nebular Hypothesis Laplace
• The universe comprises billions of galaxies. (i) BiG BanG theory 3.
The galaxies are made up of millions of is relatively small like that of our sun, Planetesimal Hypothesis Chamberlin and
(Proposed by Georges Le Maitre). Moulton
stars held together by the force of gravity the gases that reach the outer layer are
• Big Bang was an explosion that occurred
and these stars account for most of the expelled. As these expelled gases cool and Tidal Hypothesis James Jeans &
13.8 billion years ago, leading to the
masses of the galaxy. contract, the star becomes a white dwarf. Harold Jeffrey
formation of galaxies of stars and other
• Our own galaxy is called the Milky Way (or heavenly bodies. Binary Star Hypothesis H.N. Russel
the solar systeM
the Akashganga) and it contains about 300 Fission Hypothesis Ross Gun
billion stars and one of these is our sun. (ii) steady state theory • The Sun, Eight planets (excluding Pluto) and
• Bondi, Gold and Fred Hoyle developed their respective satellites.
Planets and other objects go round the sun
this theory and states that although the • Interstellar debris such as asteroids, MeMBers of the solar systeM
and make up the solar system with the
universe is expanding, it nevertheless does meteoroids, comets.
sun at the centre. not change its appearance over time, it has • The electrically charged gases, called Plasma. sUn
• In the 14th Century, Ptolemy propounded no beginning and no end. • Interplanetary dust particles. • It is the nearest star to the earth.
the theory that the earth was the centre • The components of solar system other than • Its diameter is 14 lakh kms.
GeoGraphy of the universe and the sun and the other (iii) the pUlsatinG theory
• According to this theory, the universe is
planets dwarf planets and satellites are called • It is composed of 71% Hydrogen, 26.5%
heavenly bodies revolved around it. the Small Solar System Bodies (SSSB). helium and 2.5% other elements.
• In 1543 AD, Copernicus said that the sun supposed to be expanding and contracting • The gravitational pull of the sun keeps all the
alternately, i.e., pulsating. At present, the • Within the sun, hydrogen is converted to
is the centre of universe and not the earth. planets and other objects revolving around it.
universe is expanding. helium due to nuclear fusion releasing a
• Kepler supported Copernicus but said that • Planets revolve around the sun in an
• Milky Way Galaxy formed 5 billion years tremendous amount of heat and light.
the sun is the centre of solar system and elliptical orbit.
after the Big Bang. • In the solar system, the planet nearest to • The shining surface of the sun is called
not the universe. Photosphere.
• Latest known galaxy is the Dwarf Galaxy. the sun is Mercury and the planet farthest
• Origin of the universe is explained by the from the sun is Neptune (and not Pluto). • The outer layer of sun’s atmosphere made
MeasUreMent Units of space up of thin hot gases is called Corona.
Big Bang Theory, formulated and proposed • The solar system is dominated by the sun,
• Light Year: It is the distance covered by • The middle surface is chromosphere. The
by the Belgian astronomer and cosmologist which accounts for almost 99.9% of the
light in one year in vacuum at a speed of matter in the whole solar system. temperature of Photosphere is 6000°C, that
Georges Lemaitre.
300000 km/s. 1 light year = 9.46 × 1012 km. • Pluto is a dwarf planet. of chromosphere about 32400°C and that of
• Andromeda is our nearest galaxy.
• Astronomical Unit (A.U.): It is the mean • Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars are Corona about 2700000°C.
distance between the earth and the sun. One called terrestrial planets and Jupiter, • The planet travels with the sun through
Light Year is equal to 60,000 A.U.
stars Saturn, Uranus and Neptune are called millions of stars in our galaxy at a speed of
1 A.U. = 150 million km. • Stars are made of hot burning gases. gaseous planets. about 70,000 kms per hour.
• Parsec: One parsec is the distance to a star • They emit light of their own and are very • The sun is about 150 million kms away
that subtends an angle of 1 arc second act large and very hot. oriGin of solar systeM from the earth.
an arc length of 1 A.U. • Light takes about 4.3 years to reach us from Various theories have been given by different • Light takes about 8 minutes 20 seconds to
1 Parsec = 3.26 light years. the next nearest star proxima centauri. persons to explain the origin of Solar System. reach the earth from the sun.
Geography 143 144 General Knowledge 2020 Geography 145
• Solar Winds. The sun is continuously inner planet outer planet

• The earth has a protective blanket of ozone satUrn Specifics of the Planets • Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune are
emitting streams of proton in all directions layer high up in its atmosphere to save life • Saturn has bright concentric rings which are the outer planets.
They have a core of They have ring system Brightest star (outside Sirius (Dog Star)
either as spiral streams called Solar Wind or from the harmful ultra violet radiations made up of ice and ice-covered dust particles • Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars are the
molten metals. around the Sun. solar system)
bouts of incandescent material called Solar coming from the sun. which revolve around it. inner planets.
Flares. Solar flares, being hot ionised gases, They include: Mercury, They include: Jupiter, • Titan is the largest satellite of Saturn. Closest star of solar Proxima Centauri • Venus rotates from East to West.
pose danger to satellite communication. Venus, Earth and Mars Saturn, Uranus and the Moon system
• Uranus rotates from North to South.
Neptune. • The Moon is the only satellite of the earth.
• Aurora: The constituent particles of the solar UranUs Coldest planet Neptune • Mercury is the fastest revolving planet.
wind are trapped by the Earth’s magnetic • It has diameter of 3475 km and its • Uranus is about four times the size of the Evening star Venus • Pluto is the slowest revolving dwarf planet.
field and enter the Earth’s upper atmosphere
MercUry circumference is 10864 km while its orbit is Earth. This planet appears Greenish in
Farthest planet from Sun Neptune • Planet revolves around the Sun in Anti-
• The planet has no water on it. elliptical. colour because of methane gas present in
as Aurora. It is described as Aurora Borealis clockwise direction.
• Mercury planet has no gases like CO 2, • The maximum distance (apogee) of the its atmosphere. Planet with maximum Jupiter
in the Northern hemisphere and Aurora • Mercury is the nearest planet to Sun.
N2, H2 and O2 which can act as building moon from the earth is 4,06,000 km and the • Uranus is the first planet to have been number of satellites
Australia in Southern hemisphere. • Venus is the nearest planet to Earth.
blocks of life. discovered by the use of a telescope. Hottest planet Venus
• Bright spots are called Plages and dark spots minimum distance (perigee) is 3,64,000 km. • Neptune was farthest from Sun during
• Mercury planet has no protective blanket • Uranus is extremely cold, having surface
are called Sunspots. • It takes 27 days, 7 hours and 43 minutes Densest planet Earth 1979-99.
like Ozone. temperature –190°C and is surrounded
Specifics of the Sun to rotate on its axis (this period of about Morning star Venus • Now Pluto (dwarf planet) is the farthest from
27½ days is called the sidereal month) by 13 rings.
venUs Nearest planet to Earth Venus the Sun after 1999 for the next 228 years.
Average distance 149598900 km and approximately the same period of time • Uranus rotates from east to west on its
from the Earth • The planet is nearest to the Earth and is also • Venus is the hottest planet, its atmosphere
it takes to revolve around the earth. The axis, which is opposite to other planets Nearest planet to Sun Mercury
the brightest planet. contains 97% CO2.
Diameter 1391980 km moon’s period of revolution with reference except Venus. Red planet Mars
• Venus is known as the “Evening Star” as • Pluto is the coldest and smallest dwarf planet.
Temperature of the 15000000°C to the sun is about 29.53 days (29 days, 12 • The axis of Uranus has large inclination so
well as “Morning Star”. Smallest planet Mercury • Jupiter is the biggest planet.
core hours, 44 minutes and 2.8 seconds). This that it appears to be lying down hence it
• Known as the “Veiled Planet”. Earth twin Venus • Earth is the densest planet.
period is called a syndic month. bears the name “A Planet on its Side”.
Rotation speed 25.38 days (with respect • Also known as the “Earth’s twin”. It also • Venus is the brightest planet.
to Equator) 33 days (with rotates clockwise like Uranus. • Only 59 per cent of the total surface of the neptUne asteroids (or planetoids) • Earth is the blue planet.
respect to Poles) • Venus is the hottest planet (even hotter moon is visible from the earth. • Asteroids are also known as minor planets.
• Neptune is very similar to Uranus and can • Mars is the Red planet.
Mass 330000 times of earth than Mercury). • The highest mountain on the moon is Liebuity be considered as its twin. • They are mostly found between the orbits of • Venus is the Morning and Evening Star.
• Venus has no water on it. There is no Mountain, which is 10,660 metre high. • Neptune is surrounded by methane rings of Mars and Jupiter. They are a belt of debris • Pluto is the dwarf planet.
the planets sufficient oxygen on the Venus. • The moon has no atmosphere, no sub-zero temperature. which failed to assemble into planets and
• Venus is also called the Earth’s twin.
• These are opaque bodies. twilight and no sound. keeps on revolving around the sun. This has
come to be called as ‘asteroid belt’. • Saturn and Uranus is known as the planets
• A ninth planet has been recently discovered the earth • The temperature during daytime is about plUto is not planet noW
by NASA named Carla. • The Earth is 23½° tilted on its axis and, 100°C and during night it drops down • On the basis of the new definition of planet • All Asteroids rotate on their axis, every with rings.
• The sequence of planets according to thus, makes 66½° angle. to about–180°C. given by the IAU (International Astronomical 5 to 20 hours. Certain asteroids may • Pluto is the Biplanet i.e. dwarf planet.
their distance from the sun is Mercury, • It takes 23 hours 56 minutes and 4.091 • The light from the moon takes 1.3 seconds Union), the world’s top institution on space have satellites. • Mercury has the shortest year.
Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, seconds to rotate on its axis. to reach the earth. science research, leading astronomers • Trojan asteroids are found in two clouds • Mercury has the maximum diurnal range
Uranus and Neptune. • Earth is known as the “watery planet” or • The size of the Moon is one-fourth (1/4th) participating in IAU’s meet at Prague (Czech moving in the orbit of Jupiter, one moving of temperature.
• The sequence of planets according to their the “blue planet”. the size of the earth. Republic) on August 24, 2006 declared that ahead of its and the other moving behind it.
size (in descending order i.e. from big to • Earth is the only known planet which • Gravitational pull of Moon is one-sixth Pluto would no longer remain a planet. planets and their satellites
• Now, with the omission of Pluto from the FACTS TO REMEMBER
small) is Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, provides sustenance or life on it. (1/6th) that of the earth. Planet Natural Satellites
Solar System, its membership has been • Saturn has maximum number of satellites.
Earth, Venus, Mars and Mercury. • The earth has all the essential elements like • Moon is also known as the fossil planet.
restricted to the eight “classical” planets, • Pluto has the most electric orbit. Earth Earth’s moon
carbon (in the form of CO2), hydrogen (H2), • Jupiter is the fastest rotating planet. Mars Phobos, Deimos
classification of planets Mars namely, Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars,
nitrogen (N2) and oxygen (O2) which act as • Venus is the slowest rotating planet.
• Planets are classified into the following two • Iron-rich red soil and pink sky of Mars give Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. Jupiter Adrastea, Metis, Amalthea, Thebe,
building blocks for the origin of life. • Venus has the same period of rotation
groups inner and outer planets. These are it the name, “Red Planet”. Io, Europa, Ganymede, Callisto,
• It has ‘Goldilock Zone’. Specifics of the Planets as revolution. Leda, Himalia, Lysithea, Elara,
separated by asteroid belt. • Phobes and Demos are two satellites of Mars.
• The earth has a lot of water in the form of Biggest planet Jupiter • The length of the day is nearly same on the Ananke, Carme, Pasiphae, Sinope
inner planet outer planet lakes, rivers and oceans for the growth and JUpiter Biggest Satellite Ganymede planet Mars as that of the Earth.
Saturn Atlas, Prometheus, Pandora, Janus,
They are called as They are called as survival of life. • Jupiter is also known as winter planet as • Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune are Epimetheus, Mimas, Enceladus,
Blue planet Earth the Jovian planets.
terrestrial or rock Jovian or Gaseous • The earth has enough oxygen gas in its its average temperature is very low (–148°C). Tethys, Calypso, Dione, Helene,
planets. They are planets. They are far atmosphere for the survival of living beings • Ganymede, satellite of Jupiter is the largest Green planet Uranus • The angle of inclination of Mars is nearly Rhea, Titan, Hyperion, Iapetus,
nearer to the Sun. away from the Sun. through breathing. satellite in the Solar System. Brightest planet Venus same as that of Earth. Phoebe.
146 General Knowledge 2020 Geography 147 148 General Knowledge 2020
Uranus Cordelia, Ophelia, Bianca, • Closest star to our solar system is Proxima androMeda: earth’s closest • The photographs of the Earth taken from • The Lithosphere (or land) covers two- Longitudes are measured from zero to 18°
Cressida, Desdemona, Juliet, Centauri (4.2 light years away). Galactic neiGhBoUr the space prove beyond any doubt that the sevenths or 29.22% of the total surface east and 180° west (or 180°) and both 180°
Portia, Rosalind, Belinda, Puck, • Andromeda is a spiral galaxy and also our earth is a sphere. area of the earth. longitudes share the same line, in the middle
Miranda, Ariel, Umbriel, Titania, concept of Black hole and closest neighbour. of the Pacific Ocean.
Oberon chandrashekhar liMit • It is the farthest object that can be seen the earth as an oBlate spheroid hydrosphere • As the earth rotates around its axis, at
• The black holes are formed due to collapse with the naked eye. • Refined measurements of the earth have • Hydrosphere (or sea) covers 70.70% of the any moment one line of longitude “the
Neptune Naiad, Thalassa, Despina,
Galatea, Larissa, Porteus, Triton, and compaction under gravity, at the end • Along with the Milky Way, it belongs to proved that true form of the earth resembles total surface area of the earth. noon meridian”–faces the sun, and at that
Nereid of the life cycle. a group of galaxies known as the Local a sphere that has been compressed at the • Water is freely available in the gaseous, moment, it will be noon everywhere on it.
• A renowned Indian Physicist Chandrashekhar Group, which in turn is a part of Virgo poles and made to bulge at the Equator. liquid and solid state. After 24 hours the Earth has undergone
Pluto (dwarf Charon and 2003 UB 313
had predicted an upper limit to the mass of Cluster of groups. This form is known as an oblate spheroid. a full rotation with respect to the sun,
planet)
• About 30 galaxies, along with the Milky Geological History of the earth latitUde and the same meridian again faces noon.
stars, which is called as Chandrashekhar
Meteors and Meteorites Way and the Andromeda so grouped in one • Latitude is the angular distance of a point Thus, each hour the earth rotates by
limit. It is 1.44 times the mass of sun. period Beginning (years ago)
• Meteors and Meteorites are also called cluster called the Local Group. on the earth surface from the centre of 360/24 = 15 degrees.
shooting stars. Facts about Stars
Cenozoic Era Quaternary Period earth, measured in degree. These lines are
• When meteors are large and do not burn up • There are 1022 stars in the Universe. neBUlae Holocene Epoch 10000 called parallels of latitude and on the globe international date line
completely, they land on the earth’s surface • About 8000 stars are visible from the Earth • Nebulae are hanged interstellar clouds of gas Pleistocene Epoch 2 million they are circles. (idl)
and are known as Meteorites. with naked eye. and dust that appear as faint, misty patches • The distance between any two parallels of • The International Date Line (IDL) is an
Tertiary Period
• All meteorites are believed to originate in the • In either hemisphere, only 2000 stars are of light scattered all over the sky. latitude is always equal. One degree latitude imaginary line on the surface of the Earth,
visible at any given time. • A nebula depends for its luminosity upon Pliocene Epoch 5 million
asteroid belt, where a sudden collision may = Approx 111 km. that runs from the north to the south pole and
send them towards the earth and the earth’s • The other 2000 are located in the day-time the presence of stars that have either arisen Miocene Epoch 24 million demarcates one calendar day from the next.
sky and the brightness of the sun renders
• The most important lines of latitudes
gravity attracts them towards its surface. from it or are contained in it. Oligocene Epoch 38 million are Equator (0°), the Tropic of Cancer • It passes through the middle of the Pacific
them invisible. • If there are no suitable stars, the nebula Eocene Epoch 55 million (23½°N), The Tropic of Capricorn (23½°S) Ocean, roughly following the 180° longitude
coMets does not shine and remains dark and can be but it deviates at Aleutian Islands, Fiji,
• Visitors of the Solar System. Palaeocene Epoch 63 million the Arctic Circle (66½°N) and the Antarctic
constellations detected only because it blots out the light Samoa and Gilbert Islands.
• Comets are made up to frozen gages which Circle (66½°S).
• To enable astronomers to identify roughly of the stars beyond. Mesozoic Era • The International Date line is on the opposite
hold together rocky and metallic materials. Cretaceous period 138 million side of the Earth Prime Meridian.
the position of the stars, the sky has been lonGitUde
• A comet becomes visible only when it travels the earth is not flat Jurassic period 205 million • The Prime Meridian helps to define Universal
divided into units. These units are known • Longitude is the angular distance of a point
close to the sun. • If the earth were a flat disc, then the rising Time and is the meridian from which all
as Constellations. sun would have been seen at all places Triassic period 240 million on the earth surface along the equator, east
• Its ice melts and the age and dust is swept other time zones are calculated.
• At present 88 constellations are recognized. at the same time. or west from the Prime Meridian.
back into a tail. Palaeozoic Era
• A traveller crossing the International Date
• When a ship approaches land, its funnel of • Prime Meridian is the semi-circle from pole
• The tail always points away from the sun. Permian period 290 million Line eastbound (i.e., from Japan to USA)
So when it is travelling away from the Sun earth’s Galaxy: the Milky Way mast is seen first and then the hull. If the to pole, from which all the other meridians
Lower carboniferous 330 million subtracts one day, or 24 hours, so that
it is led by its tail. • The Milky Way is a large spiral-shaped galaxy. earth had been flat, the whole ship would radiate Eastwards and Westwards up
period the calendar date to the west of the line is
• It is called the Milky Way because it appears have been seen at the same time. to 180°.
stars
Upper Carboniferous 360 million • 180° meridian (International Date Line) is repeated after the following midnight.
as a soft glowing light of billions of stars. period • Crossing the IDL westbound results in 24
• Stars are heavenly bodies made up to the earth exactly opposite to the Prime Meridian. Such
These stars are so far that they can be seen Devonian period 410 million hours being added, advancing the calendar
hot burning gases, thus shining by points are called anti-pedal points.
only in constellation, not separately. • The earth is rarely oriented in the same date by one day.
their own light. Silurian period 435 million
• It takes about 250 million years to complete position during successive eclipses but it local tiMe (l) and tiMe Zones Longest day in the Northern 21 June
• Stars seem to be fixed with respect Ordovician period 500 million
one revolution. always casts a circular shadow thus proving • The Indian Government has accepted the hemisphere
to each other. In fact they are in rapid Cambrian period 570 million
that the earth is a sphere. meridian of 82.5 degree east for standard Shortest day in the Northern 22 December
motion but they are at such great distance Pri-Cambrian period 4.5 billion
liGht year
• At the North Pole, the Pole Star can time, which is 5 hrs. 30 mins. ahead of the hemisphere
that relative changes in position become • Large distances in outer space are measured Greenwich Mean Time.
noticeable only over the centuries. always be observed at 90 degrees in the Equal day and night in the 21 March and
in light years. Biosphere • The earth is divided into 24 longitudinal Northern hemisphere 23 September
• A star’s colour indicates the temperature sky, since the star lies in the line with the
• A light year is the distance light travels in • The part of the earth where life exists is zones, each being 15 degree or 1 hour apart
of its surface. Blue colour denotes axis of the earth. Longest day in the Southern 22 December
one year at the speed of 299,792,458 metres called the Biosphere (‘bios’ means ‘life’). in time (360 degree = 24 hours, 360/24=15 hemisphere
maximum temperature. • As one travels southwards, the angle of Pole
per second or roughly 300,000 km per second. degree in 1 hour) or 1 degree in 4 minute
Star decreases. lithosphere Shortest day in Southern 21 June
• No star, apart from the sun, is close enough are called Standard Time Zones. hemisphere
soMe inforMation aBoUt the stars • At the equator the angle becomes zero degree. • The uppermost layer of the earth’s crust • Russia has as many as 11 time zones.
• Brightest Star outside solar system is Sirius, to Earth to appear as anything but a point • This observation proves that the path of which is capable of supporting life is Equal day and night in the 21 March and
of light. • Both USA and Canada have five time zones. Southern hemisphere 23 September
also called Dog Star. travel is an arc of a circle. called Lithosphere.
the earth’s MoveMent sUMMer solstice Mean Density 5.513g /cm3 the Mantle eight important elements continental crusts. These segments are
1. It rotates on its own axis from west to • On June 21, the earth is so located in its • This layer is the intermediate layer of the called plates and they are moving on the
Shape Oblate spheroid or a gleoid Oxygen 46.5%
east once in every 24 hours. It causes orbit that the sun is overhead on the Tropic earth in terms of both its location and density. asthenosphere, which is not a liquid, but a
Radius of Earth 6400 km Aluminium 8.13%
day and night. of Cancer (23½°N). • It is about 2900 km in thickness. Calcium 3.63% solid which flows under stress.
2. It revolves around the sun in an orbit • On this date the northern hemisphere is Total surface area 509700000 sq km • It is divided into further two layers upper Potassium 2.62% • About 20 such plates have been identified.
once in every 365 days. It causes the tipped towards the sun having the longest Land area (29%) 148400000 sq km mantle and lower mantle. The upper part Magnesium 2.09% There are seven major plates such as
season and the year. day, while the southern hemisphere is tipped of the mantle is called the Asthenosphere, Silicon 27.72% Eurasia, Antarctica, North America, Pacific,
away from the sun having the shortest day. Water area (71%) 361300000 sq km
which is about 250 km thick. Iron 5.01% African and Indian Plate.
rotation of earth Rotation time 23 hours, 56 minutes and Sodium 2.85%
• The mantle layer is also known as Sima
Winter solstice 4.09 seconds plate MarGins
• Spins on its imaginary axis from west to east (silica and magnesium).
• On December 22. Revolution time 365 days, 5 hours, 48 Depending upon the type of movement,
in 23 hours, 56 minutes and 40.91 seconds. • The average density of this layer is about continental drift theory
• The sun is overhead on the Tropic of minutes and 45.51 seconds plate margins are three types:
• The rotational speed at equator is maximum 5.68 gm/cm3. • This theory was given by Alfred Wagener,
Capricorn (23½°S), resulting in the shortest 1. Divergent plate margin
(1967 km/hr) and then decreases towards Orbit speed about 29.8 km/second • The transitional zone separating the mantle in 1915, to explain the origin and evolution
day in the northern hemisphere. (constructive margins)
the poles, where it is zero. the Sun from the core is called the Gutenberg of the continents and the oceans.
1. According to this theory, about 250 million 2. Convergent plate margin
The rotation of the earth has the following eqUinoxes Mean surface 14°C Discontinuity.
years ago, there was only one continent (Destructive margins)
implications such as • Two days in a year when day and night are temperature
named pangea surrounded by one mass 3. Parallel plate margin (Conservative-
1. Causation of day and night. equal throughout the world are equinoxes. Mean distance 149598500 km discontinUities
of waterbody named Panthalassa. margin or transform boundary)
2. Change in the direction of winds and • The ‘vernal equinox’ occurs on March 21 from the Sun The various layers are separated by dis-
and it is also called the spring equinox in 2. The present shape of the continents and • Collision can occur between two oceanic
Ocean currents. Inclination of 23°26 min and 59 sec
continuilies, which are evident in seismic
the northern hemisphere. Oceans is due to the breakup of Pangea. plates, one oceanic and one continental plate
3. Rise and fall of tides everyday. polar axis from data.
• The ‘autumnal equinox’ occurs on 3. The breaking process started about 200 or two continental plates.
4. A difference of one hour between the two orbit plane 1. Concord discontinuity lies between upper
September 23. crust and lower crust. million years ago.
meridians which are 15° apart. Deepest Ocean 11034 m, Marina Trench exoGenetic or external forces
2. Mohorovicic discontinuity lies between 4. The northern rifts cut pangea from east
MidniGht sUn point • The forces affecting the surface of the earth
crust and montle. to west creating laurasia in the north and
revolUtion of earth
• This phenomenon is observed in the Arctic from outside are called the external or
• It is the earth’s motion in elliptical orbit 3. Gutenberg discontinuity lies between Gondwana land in south.
and Antarctic zones around mid-summer, exogenetic forces.
around the sun. internal strUctUre of the core and mantle. Here the earth’s density 5. A shallow sea called tethys was situated
when the sun does not sink below the • Weathering and Erosion are the examples
• It takes 365 days, 5 hours, 48 minutes as well as velocity of ‘P’ waves increases. between the laurasia and Gondwana
horizon throughout 24 hours of the day and earth of external forces.
4. Lehman discontinuity divides upper core land.
and 45.51 seconds. The revolution of earth therefore, may be seen at midnight.
results in: • This is the direct consequence of the and lower core. sea floor spreadinG theory endoGenetic or internal forces
the earth’s crUst • The forces originating in the interior of
1. Changes of season. inclination of the axis of the earth to the 5. Repetti discontinuity lies between upper • The concept of sea floor spreading was first
• The outermost solid cover or shell of the
2. Variation of the length of the days and plane of the orbit. mantle and lower mantle. formulated by Harry Hess in the year of 1960. the earth are called the internal or the
earth is known as the earth’s crust.
nights at different times of the year. • According to this theory, the mid oceanic endogenetic forces.
• The thickness of the crust is about 30 km. core
3. Shifting of the wind belts. eclipses ridges were situated on the rising thermal • Volcanoes, Earthquakes and Landslides
• The crust is the outermost and the thinnest • The core is the innermost layer of the
• A ‘solar eclipse’ occurs between sun rays and layer of the earth. This layer has the least convective current coming from mantle. are the examples of internal forces.
perihelion new moon when the moon passes directly earth and occupies its center. It is about These forces are of two types:
• The position of the earth of any other planet density and its thickness varies about 8 to 3500 km in radius. • The oceanic crust moves in opposite
in front of the sun so that its shadow lies 40 km. Mohorovicic Discontinuity or Moho directions from mid oceanic ridges and thus Sudden Endogenetic Forces
in its orbit when it is at its nearest point on the earth. In other words, the moon lies • The outer part of the core is believed to have
marks the lower limit of the crust. the properties of a liquid and the innermost there is continuous upwelling of new molten • Sudden endogenetic forces are the result of
to the sun. between the sun and the earth. • This layer is also called Sial (silica and part of the core (about 1255 km in radius) materials along the mid oceanic ridges. long period preparation deep within the earth.
• The earth reaches its perihelion about • The ‘lunar eclipse’ takes place when the aluminium). The average density of this These molten masses cool down and solidify • But their cumulative effects on the earth’s
3rd January at a distance of about 147 earth comes in between the sun and the may be called solid or crystalline.
layer is 2.7 gm/cm3. to form new crust. furface are quick and sudden.
million kilometres. moon so that the shadow of the earth is • This layer is also known as Nife
• It is thicker in the region of the continents
cast on the moon. (nickel and iron).
aphelion and thinner in the region of the Ocean floors. plate tectonics Diastrophic Forces
• A lunar eclipse takes place on a full moon. • Temperature of the core is between 2200°C • Diastrophic forces include both vertical and
• The position of the earth of any other • The upper part of the crust consists of silica • Plate tectonic is a scientific theory that
and 2750°C. horizontal movements which are caused
planet in its orbit when it is at its distant Specifics of the earth and aluminium in greater proportions. That describes the large-scale motions of earth’s
• Density of this part of the earth is
point from the sun. is why, it is called ‘Sial’. lithosphere. due to forces deep within the earth. These
Age 4.6 billion years
• Whereas the lower part of the crust is called 17.2 gm/cm3.
• The earth reaches its aphelion on 4th July • The theory of Plate tectonics states that diastrophic forces operate very slowly
Mass 5.9 × 10–24 kg ‘Sima’ because the proportion of silica and and their effects become discernible after
when the earth is at a distances of 152 coMposition of earth the lithosphere is divided into several rigid
Volume 1083 × 1012 km3 magnesium is higher in this part. • Made up of over 100 elements. segments, which include both oceanic and thousands and millions of years.
million kilometres.
• These forces, termed as constructive forces • Both these types of rocks are known as volcanoes realscape Types of Volcanic erupTions • Mid-continental Belt: Volcanic zones of
effect larger areas of the globe and produce igneous rocks. earthqUakes • There are three types of Volcanoes: • Volcanic eruptions are classified into two convergent continental plate margins. It
meso level reliefs for example, mountains, • Igneous rocks are generally harder and • The sudden tremors or shaking of the earth’s types depending on the manner of ejection includes volcanoes of alpine mountain
i. Active Volcanoes of the magma:
plateaus, plains, lakes, big faults etc. granular. crust is called an earthquake. chain, the mediterranean sea and fault zone
ii. Dormant Volcanoes i. Central eruption of eastern Africa of stramboli, vesuvius,
• These diastrophic forces are further sub- • There are no layers in igneous rocks. • The earth’s crust is made up of different
• Fossils are not found in igneous rocks. iii. Extinct Volcanoes ii. Fissure eruption etna, Kilimanjaro etc.
divided in two groups namely epirogenetic parts of various sizes. They are called plates.
forces and orogenetic forces. • Rocks formed by the cooling of molten • Most of the earthquakes in the world are cenTral erupTion • Mid-Atlantic Belt, in which the volcanoes
matter beneath the earth’s surface are distriBUtion of earthqUakes • This type of eruption is sometimes very are fissure eruption type. e.g., Iceland,
caused by the movements of the plates.
Epirogenetic forces called intrusive igneous rocks. ‘Granite’ Most of the world earthquakes occur in: explosive, because lava, steam, gas, dust, canary Island, cape verde, Azores etc.
• It causes upliftment and subsidence • ‘Seismology’ deals with the study of
and ‘Gabbro’ are the main examples of earthquake. • The zones of young fold mountain. smoke, stone fragments are ejected from
of continental masses through upward these rocks. • The zones of lodging and faulting. a narrow pipe from under the ground with WeaThering
• ‘Richter scale’ and ‘Mercalli scale’ are • It is the process of disintegration or decom-
movements and are infact vertical movements. • Sometimes, the molten matter oozes out greater intensity. This type of eruption gives
the instruments to measure and record • The zone of junction of continental and position of rocks in situ by natural agents.
These forces and resultant movements affect through cracks in the earth’s crust and rise to conical or dome-shaped hills.
the magnitude and the intensity of an oceanic margin. Some examples of volcanic mountains formed It is a static process.
larger parts of the continents. spreads on the surface, forming extrusive earthquake respectively. • The zone of active volcanoes. due to central eruption are Mt. Kilimanjaro • Physical weathering: It involves rocks
igneous rocks.
Orogenetic forces
• Along different plate boundaries. in Africa, the Fujiyama in Japan and the disintegration without any change in the
• Orogenetic movements is caused due to • Gabbro, Obsidian, Basalt, etc. are examples seisMic Waves
Vesuvius and Mount Etna in Italy. chemical constituents of the rocks.
endogenetic forces working in horizontal of extrusive igneous rocks. • The place where the seismic waves originate • The factors responsible for physical
• A very large area of the Deccan Plateau the traditional Zones of fissure erupTion
movement. Horizontal forces and movement beneath the earth’s surface is called the weathering are temperature change,
consists of basalt rocks. earthqUakes • A very long fissure (cracks) develops in the
are also called as tangential forces. focus of the earthquake.
ground surface and so, the molten rock, crystallisation of water into ice, the pressure
• These rocks contain silica from 40 to 80%. • The epicenter is that point on the ground • Circum-Pacific belt release mechanism.
• Orogenetic or horizontal forces work in rock fragments, steam and gases within,
• Other examples of igneous rocks are– surface which is closest to the focus. • Mid-Continental belt • Chemical weathering: It involves the
two ways, namely Granite, Diorite, Dolerite, Punic stone, pour out slowly.
i. in opposite direction and • The waves generated by earthquake are • Mid-Atlantic belt • These eruptions take place at a very slow decomposition due to chemical changes.
Basalt and Gabbro. called seismic waves and they are classified speed. There are various chemical processes
ii. towards each other
into 3 types such as: volcanic erUptions • Basalt plateaus are formed due to these which cause chemical weathering such as
• When it operates in opposite direction, sediMentary rocks
• Primary Waves (P Waves): These are eruptions. solution, oxidation, carbonation, hydration
called tensional force. Tensional force create • They are formed by the deposition, sed-
the waves of short wavelength and high • Volcanic eruptions are closely associated • In Maharashtra, the fertile black regur soil and hydrolysis.
faulting, cracking and fracture. Tensional imentation and lethification of sediments has been formed from basalt rocks. It is also
frequency. They are longitudinal waves and with several integrated processes such as:
forces are also called as divergent forces. over a long period of time. called black cotton soil.
process Mechanism of chemical weathering
• The forces when operates face to face, is called • Sometimes the remains of plants, dead can travel through solid, liquid and gases. • Gradual increase in temperature with solution It involves the dissolution of
compression forces or convergent forces. animals etc. are found in the deposited • Secondary Waves (S Waves): These are increasing depth, due to the heat generated Volcanoes on the Basis of periodicity
soluble particles and minerals
the waves of short wave length and high of eruptions
Compression creates folding and wrapping. material. by degeneration of radioactive elements from the rocks with the help of
• Limestones, chalk, dolomite change to marble. frequency. They are transverse waves, which Active Volcanoes which errupt water.
inside the earth.
travel through all solid particles only. volcano periodically e.g., etna (Sicily),
rocks • Sandstone changes to quartzite. • Origin of magma due to the lowering of stramboli (Lepari Island), Mayon Oxidation It represents addition of oxygen to
• Granite changes to gneiss. • Surface Waves or Long Waves (L Waves): form oxides.
• The solid parts of the earth’s crust are the melting point caused by reduction in Dormant Volcanoes which become quiet
• Shale changes to slate. They are the waves of long wavelength,
pressure of overlying rocks due to fractures volcano after their eruption for some Hydration It is the process of addition of
called rocks. • They are fossiliferous. About 75% of the confined to the skin of the earth’s crust. water to the minerals.
• Minerals are obtained from rocks. caused by splitting of plates. time e.g., fujiyama (Japan),
surface area of globe is covered by the It causes most of the earthquake’s krakatoa (Indonesia), Vesuvius
• Rocks are classified in three main types • Ascent of magma due to pressure from Carbonation It is the reaction of carbonate or
sedimentary rocks, but 95% of the crust is structural damage. (Italy).
depending on the process of their formation: gases and vapour. bicarbonate ions with minerals.
composed of igneous and metamorphic rocks. Extinct They have no indication of
(a) Igneous • Sandstone, limestone, chalk, corals and shale shadoW Zones • The pouring out of the magma or molten Hydrolysis It is the process wherein both
volcano future eruption
(b) Sedimentary • There are some specific areas where rock through ground surface is called a minerals of rocks and water
are some examples of sedimentary rocks. molecules decompose and react
(c) Metamorphic earthquake waves do not occur or occur rarely, volcanic eruption. Various Volcanic BelTs
in such a way that new mineral
MetaMorphic rocks such areas are termed as shadow zones. • At the time of eruption, the magma, steam, • Circum-Pacific Belt (Fire girdle of the Pacific compounds are formed.
iGneoUs rocks • The nature of igneous and sedimentary rocks • They are located between 105° and 140° fragments of rock, dust and gaseous or the fire ring of the Pacific): It extends across
• Hot lava pours out at the time of volcanic changes due to the effect of tremendous heat from epicentre. the Kamchatka peninsula, Kurile Islands, the • Biological weathering: Plants and animals,
substances are ejected with great force
eruptions and cools down later on, forming or pressure, and new, transformed rocks, Islands of Japan, Philippines, New Guinea, including man, largely control it.
from under the ground surface through a
rocks. called metamorphic rocks, are formed. the earthqUake Zones in india New Zealand and the Solomon Islands.
• The molten materials known as magma • The Indian plate is moving from south to pipe like passage.
Uranium is found in metamorphic rocks. Highest volcanic peaks—cotapaxi (South erosion
sometimes cool down beneath the earth’s north. That is why there are earthquakes in • The opening of this pipe on the earth’s surface America), fujiyama (Japan), valley of ten • It involves removal of rock material and then
• The layers of sedimentary rocks hold all
crust, again forming rocks. the Himalayan regions. is known as the vent which forms a crater. thousand smokes (Alaska). transportation of it.
reserve of coal, oil and natural gas.
• When plateaus are enclosed by fold mountains, doMelike plateaU atMosphere stratosphere
they are known as Intermont Plateau. These are formed due to the movement • The Stratosphere extends up to about 50
• Examples of Tectonic Plateau are: Tibetan of man and animals on the surface, e.g., • The atmosphere extends to about 1000 km, where Stratopause separates it from
Plateau between the Himalayas and the Ramgarh Plateau. km from the surface of the earth. But 99% the mesosphere.
Kunlun and the Bolivian Plateau between of the total mass of the atmosphere is • In this layer, the temperature increases
two ranges of the world. plains found within 32 km. with increase in height. This phenomenon
is known as temperature inversion.
landforMs volcanic plateaU
These are formed by accumulation of lava,
Plains can be defined as flat area with low
height (below 500 ft.).
coMposition of the atMosphere
(i) Nitrogen–78%, (ii) Oxygen–21%, (iii)
• The temperature rises in this layer from
about 60°C at Stratopause.
e.g., Deccan Plateau (India). Argon–0.93%, (iv) Carbon dioxide–0.03%,
classification of plains • The part of the stratosphere, in which
(v) Neon–0.0018%, (vi) Helium–0.0005%,
MounTains fold MounTains 1. Structural plains: Formed due to the there is a concentration of ozone, is often
• It is formed due to the compressive forces dissected plateaU (vii) Ozone–0.006%, (viii) Hydrogen–0.0005%. called Ozonosphere.
• Mainly there are three types of landforms– uplift of a part of the sea floor e.g., the
generated by endogenetic forces (earthquake, Through the continual process of weathering • Water vapour is the most significant
Mountains, Plateaus, and Plains. great plains of U.S.A. • This is the second layer of the atmosphere. It
landslide, etc.). and erosion by running water, ice and winds, component of the atmosphere as far as its extends from the Tropopause to about 50 km.
• The height of mountains is over 600 2. Erosional plains: Formed when the
• Examples of fold mountains are Himalayas, high extensive plateau are gradually worn effect on weather is concerned although its • Temperature increases due to the absorption
metres and these have conical peaks. On elevated tract of land is worn down to a
the basis of origin there are four types of Alps, Andes, Rockies, Atlas, etc. down, and their surface made irregular as plain by the process of erosion e.g., plain quantity varies considerably from practically of the ultraviolet radiation of the Sun by
mountains; Block Mountains, Residual (a) Young/New Fold Mountains: It came example is the Scottish Highlands. of north Canada. none (0) to up to about 4% by volume. ozone present in this layer.
Mountains, Accumulated Mountains and into existence after the continental drift. 3. Depositional plains: Formed by filling • Dust intercepts and reflects incoming • It provides idle flying conditions for large
Fold Mountains. Himalayas are regarded as the youngest interMoUntainoUs plateaU insolation.
up of sediments into depressions jet planes.
mountains in the world. Plateau formed between mountain, Example: • Dust in the atmosphere contributes to the • The end of the Stratosphere is called
Block MounTains along the foothills, lakes and seas e.g
• They are formed when great block of earth’s (b) Old Mountains: They belong to pre-drift Tibetan Plateau. red and orange colour of sunrise and sunset. the Stratopause.
Indo-Gangatic plain.
crust may be raised or lowered due to tectonic era, then subject to denudation and
MoUntainstep plateaUs Mesosphere
activities. uplift, e.g., Aravallis (India), etc. Weathered plains strUctUre of the atMosphere
• When the earth’s crust cracks due to tension The flat region between a plain and the base The plain formed due to weathering by • Above the stratosphere lies the mesosphere.
Major Mountain ranges of a mountain.
or compression, faulting takes place. rivers, glaciers, winds, etc. There are five distinct layers of the • The mesosphere extends to a height of 80 km.
• Examples of Block Mountain: Narmada, range location length (km) atmosphere– (a) Troposphere, (b) Stratosphere, • Here the temperature decreases again,
Tapti and Damodar valley in India, the Andes South America 7200
continental plateaUs loess plains setys (c) Mesosphere, (d) Thermosphere, and falling as low as –90°C.
Vosges in France, Salt Range in Pakistan These are formed when the Lacolith inside the These are formed by the soil and sands
Himalayan South central 5000 (e) Exosphere. • The end of this layer is known as the
and Block forest (Rhine valley) in Germany. Karakoram and Asia earth comes to the surface due to weathering, brought by winds. Mesopause.
Volcanic MounTains Hindukush e.g., the Southern Plateau. troposphere • It is considered the coldest layer of the
• They are formed due to the accumulation of Rockies North America 4800 plateau location
karst plains • This is the first layer of the atmosphere. It atmosphere.
volcanic material. Plains formed due to the weathering of
Great dividing East Australia 3600
Tibetan Plateau Between Himalayas extends to a height of 18 km at the equator
• It is also called as Mountains of Accumulation. range limestone. ionosphere
• Examples: Mt. Fuji (Japan), Cotopaxi in And Kunlun Mountains and 8 km at the poles.
Atlas North west Africa 1930 • Ionosphere is located above the mesosphere
Andes, Vesuvius and Etna in Italy, Mt. Deccan Plateau Southern India erosional plains • In this layer temperature decreases with
Europe 1200 and extends up to about 600 km.
Mayon (Philippines), Kilimanjaro in Africa, caucasus Plains near the river banks formed by river height. It contains more than 90% of gases
Mt. Merapi in Sumatra etc. Arabian Plateau South West Asia • This layer is also called as ionosphere
Alaska USA 1130 erosion. in the atmosphere.
Plateau of Mexico Mexico
because it contains electrically charged ions
residual or dissecTed MounTains Alps Europe 1050 • At every 165 m, there is a drop of 1°C that reflect the radio waves back to the earth
• They are formed as a result of erosion Plateau of Colombia U.S.A. Glacial plains (or 6.4°C per km). This is called Normal Lapse
Marshy plains formed due to the deposition thus making radio communication possible.
of plateaus and high plains by various Rate of Temperature.
agents of erosion. Plateau of Madagascar Madagascar
plaTeaus of ice.
• Examples: Catskill mountains of New York. • Tropopause separates Troposphere from
Plateau of Alaska North West North Thermosphere
Nilgiri, Parasnath, Girnar and Rajmahal, • Generally the height of plateau ranges from America desert plains Stratosphere. • The zone between the 85 km and 400 km above
Vindhyachal ranges, Aravallis, Satpura, 300 to 500 feet. These are formed as a result of the flow of • All weather phenomena such as conden- the surface is often called thermosphere. In
• Tibetan plateau (5000 m) is the highest Plateau of Bolivia Andes Mountains
Eastern and Western Ghats of India. rivers. sation, precipitation and storms, etc. occur this layer, the temperature increases with
plateau in the world. Great Basin Plateau South of Colombia increasing altitude.
accuMulaTed MounTains • Tectonic Plateau: These are formed by in the troposphere only.
Plateau U.S.A. deposition plains • The upper part of the thermosphere
• These are formed due to accumulation of earth movements, which cause uplift and • The height at which the temperature stops contains only the lighter gases like helium
sand, soil, rocks, lava, etc. on the Earth’s are normally of a considerable size and fairly
Colorado Plateau South of Great Basin Large plains are formed due to the silt decreasing is called Tropopause. Here the and hydrogen.
Plateau U.S.A. brought by the rivers.
crust, e.g., sand dunes. uniform altitude. temperature may be as low as –58°C.
exosphere and MaGnetosphere • Insolation is measured with the help of Temperature: The pressure of air rises, isopleth Hemisphere while they are deflected to the latitudes 60° and the poles on both sides
• The outermost part of the atmosphere of Pyronometers. when its temperature falls. Line drawn on map along which the value of left in the Southern Hemisphere with of the Equator.
the earth is called exosphere. • The earth’s surface does not absorb all the a particular phenomenon is uniform. respect to the rotating earth. This is referred • These winds blow from the east to form the
energy that it receives. The proportion of the GloBal pressUre Belts Polar Easterlies.
• This zone of the atmosphere extends up to some important isopleths to as Farrell’s Law.
the solar radiation reflected from the Equatorial Low Pressure Belt • The Coriolis force is absent along the
a height of about 900 km.
surface is called Albedo. • It is located on either side of the geogr- isopleth reaction equator, but increases progressively towards secondary Wind MoveMents
• The outer part of the exosphere is aphical equator in a zone extending
heat BUdGet of the earth Isobar Equal Pressure the poles.
called magnetosphere. between 5°N and 5° S.
• The Earth receives energy continuously from Isohaline Salinity cyclones
• It is thermally induced because of the priMary MoveMent
cheMical coMposition of the the sun, its temperature is almost constant Isohypse Elevation above Sea • Cyclones are the centres of low pressure
intense heating of the ground surface by the (perManent Winds)
atMosphere except the long term climate changes. This having increasing pressure outward and
almost vertical sun rays. Isoneph Cloudiness • Trade winds
is because the atmosphere loses an amount closed air circulation from outside towards
• Homosphere up to 90 km: In this region, • It represents the zone of convergence of Isobaths Equal depth in Sea • Polar winds
of heat equal to the gain through insolation. the central low pressure in such a way that
the proportion of various constituents is north east and south east trade winds. • Westerllies
This mechanism of maintaining the same Isohels Sunshine air blows inward in anti-clockwise direction
same throughout. • This convergence zone is characterised by
temperature by the atmosphere is called the Isonif Snow secondary MoveMent in the northern hemisphere.
• Heterosphere: The recent data from the light and feeble winds and because of the
Head Budget or Heat Balance. • Cyclone: Tropical and temperate, thunder- • Air blows inward in clockwise direction in
satellite studies suggested that beyond frequent calm condtion this belt is called as Isocline Slope
• If 100 units of energy reach the top of the storms and tornado the Southern hemisphere.
about 100 km the lightest gases separates a belt of calm or doldrums.
atmosphere of the Earth, 14 units are Isobronts Thunderstorm at the • Anticyclone Cyclones are mainly of two types: 1. Tropical
out, forming several concentric layers absorbed directly by the atmosphere and 35 Subtropical High Pressure Belt same time • Seasonal wind i.e. monsoon cyclones, 2. Temperate cyclones.
around the earth. units are lost to space through reflection. • It extends between 30° to 35° in both Isohyets Rainfall • Tertiary movement.
• The remaining 51 units reach the Earth’s the hemispheres. Tropical cyclones
• This zone of high pressure is also called as Isotherms Temperature • They are found in the trade wind belt
Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming surface and absorbed by the Earth due to priMary Wind MoveMents
which the surface gets heated. horse latitude. Isodapan cost Equal transportation between 8°–20° north and south.
• The primary greenhouse gases in the
earth’s atmosphere are water vapour, • It is dynamically induced as it owes its origin distance (perManent Winds) • They travel from east to west in the
carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and
terrestrial radiation to the rotation of the Earth and sinking and easterly wind belt.
ozone. • The sun’s energy absorbed by the earth’s setting down of winds. trade Winds • Tropical cyclones are much smaller with a
surface when radiated out into space is Winds
Subpolar Low Pressure Belt • They blow from the Sub-tropical High diameter of about 200 to 500 km.
called terrestrial radiation. • Wind is the movement of air caused by the Pressure Belt to the Equatorial Low Pressure • They are formed only in the summer.
• It extends between 60° to 65° in both the
• Global Warming is the increase of earth’s hemispheres. uneven heating of the earth by the sun. Belt in the tropics between 30° North and Temperate cyclones
average surface temperature due to effect
Weather and cliMate • The low pressure belt does not appear to 30° South latitudes. • Normally found between 30°–65° north
Winds systeM • They blow as the N.E. Trades in the Northern
of greenhouse gases, such as carbon • Weather is the description of the atmospheric be thermally induced because there is low and south in the sub polar frontal zone,
dioxide emissions from burning fossil fuels • The air moves from high pressure to low Hemisphere and as the S.E. Trades in the
conditions of a particular place at a temperature throughout the year and as where cold polar air mass meets the
or from deforestation. This is a type of such there should have been high pressure pressure. Southern Hemisphere.
particular time for a short period of time. warm tropical mass.
greenhouse effect. • The imaginary line joining the points having
• Climate is the composite or integrated belt instead of low pressure belt. Thus it is • They move from west to east embedded in
Montreal Protocol on Substances that same pressure is called isobars. Westerlies
picture of the weather conditions over a long dynamically induced. the westerly wind belt.
• The winds blowing parallel to the isobars • They blow from the Sub-tropical High
Deplete the Ozone Layer
period of time. • They form over much large area with the
• It is an international treaty designed Polar High Pressure Belt Pressure Belt to the Sub-polar Low Pressure
generally at the height of 600 m is called diameter 300 to 1500 km.
to protect the ozone layer from • High pressure persists at the poles through- Belt in the temperate latitudes between 30°
atMospheric pressUre geotropic winds. • Temperate cyclones are frontal in nature.
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). out the year because of the prevalence of very and 60°, on either side of the Equator.
• Atmospheric pressure is the pressure at any The factors that control the air motion are • They are formed either over oceans or over
low temperature all the year round. • They are more constant and stronger in the
Kyoto Protocol
point on the surface of the earth due to the as follows: the continents.
• The Kyoto protocol is a protocol to the Southern Hemispheres because there are no
United Nations Framework Convention weight of the column of air above that point. MeasUreMent and Units of • Pressure gradient large landmasses to interrupt them. Anticyclone
on Climate Change (UNFCCC), aimed at • Air is an extremely compressible gas having atMospheric pressUre • Rotation of earth and corriolis force • In places they become so strong that • They are the wind system, which has the
fighting global warming. its own weight. The pressure exerted by • The mercury barometer is the standard • Centrifugal force. these winds are known as the Roaring highest air pressure at the centre and lowest
• The protocol was initially adopted on air due to its weight is called atmospheric instrument for measuring atmospheric Forties or the Brave West Winds and the at the outer margins surrounded by circular
December 11, 1997 in Kyoto, Japan and pressure on the Earth’s surface. pressure. Winds direction and related laWs Furious Fifties. isobars where wind blows:
entered to force on February 16, 2005. • Standard sea level pressure is 76 km of • The Coriolis force generated due to the from centre to outward in clockwise
inflUence on the atMospheric
29.92 inches on this scale. rotation of earth acts as a deflective force to polar Winds direction in northern hemisphere.
insolations pressUre • Orica atmospheric pressure (76 cm of the wind direction. • They blow from the Polar High Pressure Belt from centre to outward in anti-clockwise
• Solar radiation that is intercepted by the Altitude: Air pressure increases, when air mercury) = 760 mm of Hg = 1013.25 • Because of the Coriolis force, all the winds to the Sub-polar Low Pressure Belt between direction in southern hemisphere.
earth is known as Insolation. descends due to the decrease in volume. millibars (mb). are deflected to the right in the Northern
• They are generally associated with rainless Jet streaM types of cloUds • Cumulo Nimbus: They have great vertical 7. Eastern margin Heavier summer rain Warm wetforest and
fair weather and that is why they are called • The strong and rapidly moving circumpolar High Clouds extent, white or black globular masses, (a) China type (45 inches) bamboo
‘weatherless phenomena’. westerly air circulation in a narrow belt of a whose rounded tops often spread out in (b) Gulf type
• Cirrus: Cirrus composed of small ice crystals,
few hundred kilometres width in the upper the form of anvil. It is characterised by (c) Natal type
thUnderstorMs white wispy and fibrous in appearance.
limit of troposphere is called Jet Stream.
• Thunderstorms are local storms chara- • Cirro Cumulus: Composed of ice crystals, convectional rain, lightening and thunder. Cool temperate zones 8. Western margin Rain in autumn and Deciduous forests
• The extent of jet streams narrows down
cterised by swift upward movements of during the summer season because of their but globular or rippled in appearance. (45°N–65°S) winter (30 inches)
air and heavy rainfall with cloud thunder precipitation
northward shifting while these extends up Middle Clouds • Convectional Rainfall: It occurs due to 9. Central continental Light summer rain Coniferous forests
and lightening. to 20° north latitude. (siberian type) (25 inches)
• Alto Cumulus: Composed of water droplets thermal convection currents caused due to
• Structurally, thunderstorms consist of
hUMidity in layers and patches. insolational heating of ground surface. 10. Eastern margin Moderate summer rain Mixed forests
several convective cells, which are chara-
• Humidity of air refers to the contents of • Alto Stratus: Composed of water droplets • Frontal Rainfall: It occurs due to upward (laurition type) (40 inches) coniferous and
cterised by strong updrift of air. deciduous.
the water vapour present in the air at a forming sheets of grey or watery looking movement of air caused by convergence of
tornado particular time and place. clouds. cold air masses against warm air masses. Cold zone 11. Arctic or polar Very light summer rain Tundra mosses
• Tornadoes are very strong tropical cyclones • Humidity is measured by an instrument Low Clouds • Cyclonic Rainfall: When the air is caused (10 inches)
of smaller size. In the Mississippi Valley (US), called hygrometer. • Strato Cumulus: Large globular masses, to rise upward due to cyclonic circulation,
• Absolute humidity: The total weight of 12. Mountain climate Heavy rainfall variable Alpine fern
they are called Twisters. bumpy looking, soft and grey in appearance the resulting precipitation is called coniferous
moisture content per volume of air at definite
forming a pronounced regular and cyclonic rainfall.
tertiary Wind MoveMent temperature is called absolute humidity.
• Specific humidity: The mass of the water sometimes wavy pattern
(local Winds) forests faMoUs Grassland of the World
vapour in grams contained in a kilogram of • Nimbo Stratus: Dark grey and rainy cliMate
Grassland Countries
air and it represents the actual moisture looking, dense and shapeless, often gives They are of the following types:
local Winds Weather refers to the sum total of the Steppe – Eurasis
present in a definite air. continuous rains. (a) Tropical Evergreen Rain Forests:
• Chinook–Hot, dry wind in Rockies, also • Relative humidity: It is the ratio of the atmospheric conditions in terms of Prairie – U.S.A.
Great Vertical Extent Such forests are found in the equatorial
called ‘Snow eater’ amount of water vapour actually present temperature, pressure, wind moisture,
• Cumulus: Round topped and flat based and the tropical regions with more than Pampas – Argentina
• Foehn–Hot, dry wind in Alps in the air having definite volume and cloudiness, precipitation and visibility.
forming a whitish grey globor mass, consists 200 cms annual rainfall. The leaves Veld – South Africa
• Khamsin–Hot, dry wind in Egypt temperature to the maximum amount
of individual clouds units. of trees in such forests are very wide. Downs – Australia
• Sirocco–Hot, Moist wind from Sahara to the air can hold.
• Condensation is the change of physical state Examples: Red wood, palm, etc.
Mediterranean Sea
of matter from gaseous phase into liquefied World climate types (b) Tropical Semi-Deciduous Forests:
• Solano–Hot, moist wind from Sahara hydrosphere
phase and is the reverse of vapourisation. Such forests receive rainfall less than
towards Iberian Peninsula climatic Zone climate type rainfall natural vegetation
• Harmattan–Hot, dry wind blowing outwards • When the relative humidity reaches 100% 150 cms. Saagwan, saal, bamboo, etc.
the air is completely saturated. The air Equatorial zone 0°–10° 1. Hot, wet equatorial Rainfall all the year Equatorial rain are found in such forests. oceans
from the Interior of west-Africa, also called N and S (80 inches) forest • There are four oceans. In order of their size,
temperature is said to be as dew-point. (c) Temperate Mixed Forests: Such
‘Guinea Doctor’ they are: Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean,
• Smog (Smoke + Fog) is a form of fog that Hot zone 2 (a) Tropical Monsoon Heavy summer rain Monsoon forest forests are a mixture of trees and
• Boro–Cold dry Wind blowing outwards from occurs in areas, where the air contains a Indian Ocean and Arctic Ocean.
10°–30° (60 inches) shrubs. Corks, oak, etc. are the major
Hungary to the North of Italy large amount of smoke. N and S trees of these forests. pacific ocean
• Mistral–Very cold wind, which blowns down • Fog is made from the droplets of water (b) Tropical marine
from the Alps over France suspended in the lower layer of the (d) Coniferous Forests or Triga: These • It is the deepest Ocean with an average
3. Sudan type Rain mainly in summer Savana (tropical
• Punas–Very cold dry wind blowing down atmosphere. are evergreen forests. The trees in these depth of 4,200 m.
(70 inches) grassland)
towards the western side of Andes. forests have straight trunk, conical • The Mariana Trench is the world’s deepest
cloUds 4. Desert type Little rain (5 inches) Desert vegetation shape with relatively short branches trench with a depth of 11,033 metres
• Brickfielder–hot wind in Australia
scrub and small needle like leaves. Example:
• Purga–Cold wind in Russian Tundra (36,201 feet).
• Clouds are a mass of small water droplets (a) Saharan type Pine, Fir, etc. • Most of the islands of this Ocean are of
• Levanter–Cold wind is Spain
or tiny ice crystals. (e) Tundra Forests: Such forests are volcanic or coral origin.
• Norwester–Hot wind in New zealand (b) Mid latitude type
there are four groups of clouds: covered with snow. Only Mosses, a few
• Santa Ara–Hot wind in Southern California
i. High clouds 6000 m to 12000 m Warm temperate zone 5. Western margin Winter rain (35 inches) Mediterranian sledges and Lichens grow here in the atlantic ocean
in U.S.A. (30°N–45°S) (mediterranean type) forests • The Atlantic Ocean has the longest
ii. Middle clouds 2100 m to 6000 m summer.
cliMatic Winds or periodic Winds iii. Low clouds below 2100 m 6. Central continental Light summer rain Steppe temperate
coastline.
(f) Mountainous Forests: Vegetation
• Land and sea breeze and the Monsoon winds iv. Clouds of great vertical extent 1500 to type (steppe type) (20 inches) grassland • The Atlantic Ocean is the busiest Ocean for
varies according to altitude. trade and commerce.
are typical examples of periodic winds. 9000 m
• The Atlantic Ocean was formed millions Seychelles, Maldives and Lakshadweep seaMoUnts and GUyoUts • It is formed around an island or in an controllinG factors of the • West Wind Drift: It flows towards Alaska.
of years ago when a rift opened up in the are of coral origin. • A ridge rising more than 100 m above the elliptical form on a submarine platform. oceanic salinity • Californian Current: It is an extension of
Gondwanaland and the continents of Ocean floor is called seamount. • Funafuti atoll of ellice Islands is a famous • The salinity of oceans and different seas Alaskan currents. It joins finally the North
South America and Africa separated. The arctic ocean • The flat topped seamounts are called atoll also found in Lakshadweep and Nicobar. depends on a number of factors such as Equatorial current and completes clockwise
separation continues even today and the • It lies within the Arctic Circle, hence the name Guyouts. evaporation, precipitation, influx of the river circulation of water.
Atlantic Ocean is still widening. Arctic Ocean. coral BleachinG water, prevailing wind, Ocean currents and
• The North Pole lies in the middle of the sUBMarine canyons • When corals are stressed by changes in sea waves, etc. cUrrents of soUth pacific ocean
indian ocean Arctic Ocean. • Submarine canyons are the deep gorges on conditions such as temperature, light or Warm Currents
• Most of the parts of Arctic Ocean remain the Ocean floor and are restricted to the MoveMents of oceanic Water
• The Indian Ocean is deeper than the nutrients, they expel the symbiotic algae • East Australian Current or Great Barrier
frozen with thick ice for most of the days continental shelves, slopes and rises. • Waves are the ocillatory movements in water
Atlantic Ocean. living in their tissues, causing them to turn Current: It flows towards East coast of
• It contains numerous continental islands; every year. known as coral bleaching. mainly produced by winds manifested by Australia from equator towards pole.
coral reefs
• It is the shallowest of all oceans, with an an alternate rise and fall of the sea furface. • South Equatorial Current: It originates
Madagascar and Sri Lanka are being • Coral reefs are formed due to accumulation
average depth of 1,500 m.
Most saline Waterbodies • Seismic waves or Tsunamis are waves due to south-east trade winds and flows
the largest ones. and the compaction of skeletons of lime
• It has the less salinity than all the oceans caused by earthquakes volcanic eruptions westwards and bifurcates near New Guinea.
• Some of the islands of volcanic origin are secreting organisms known as Coral Polyps. Waterbodies percentage composition
in the sea bottom. • Counter Equatorial Current: It extends up
those of Mauritius, Andaman and Nicobar, have. • Corals are found mainly in the tropical Lake Assel (Djibuti) 34.8
oceans and sea because they require to Panama Bay. It flows exactly on equator
ocean cUrrent
trench and their location high mean annual temperature ranging Lake Van 33 from West to East.
• An Ocean current is continuous directed
between 20°C to 25°C. Dead Sea (West Asia) 33.7 movement of Ocean water generated by Cold Currents
trench location depth • Corals do not live in deeper waters due to the forces acting upon it, such as breaking • Peruvian Current (Humboldt Current): It
Mariana Trench Western Pacific Ocean (Near Philippines and Japan) 10,911m lack of sufficient sunlight and oxygen. Great Salt Lake 32.0
waves, wind, coriolis effect, temperature and flows from South towards equator on the
U. S. A.
Tonga Trench Southern Pacific Ocean (Near New Zealand) 10,882m Coral reef and their location salinity difference and tides caused by the coast of Chile and Peru.
Kuril-Kamchatka Trench Northern Pacific Ocean 10,542m gravitation pull of the Moon and the Sun. • West Wind Drift: It flows from Tasmania to
Coral reef location salinity Chile coast of South America.
Philippine Trench Philippines 10,540m • Average salinity in Southern Hemisphere • Ocean currents circulate in clockwise
Great Barrier Reef Queensland, Australia direction in Northern Hemisphere and in anti-
Kermadec Trench New Zealand 10,047m Belize Barrier Reef Belize
is more than that of Northern Hemisphere. cUrrents of north atlantic ocean
clockwise direction in southern Hemisphere.
• Isohalines represent the salinity distribution
New Caledonia Barrier New Caledonia 1. Warm Currents: The Ocean currents Warm Currents
• Oil deposits occur here. Reef at the surface of the sea. These are the • North Equatorial Current: It is present
relief of the ocean Basin flowing from lower latitude to higher
• Average slope –0.5° to 1°. lines joining places having an equal degree latitude are called as warm currents. between equator and 10° N.
Andros Barrier Reef Bahamas
of salinity. 2. Cold Currents: The Ocean currents • Cayenne Current: It flows adjacent to
continental shelf Red Sea Coral Reef Red Sea
aByssal or the deep sea plains • Poles have minimum salinity because of flowing from higher latitude to lower French Guinea and enters into Caribbean
• The shallow submerged extension of the • It is the deepest and most extensive part of Pulley Ridge Florida (USA) addition of fresh water in the form of icebergs latitude are called as cold currents. Sea and Gulf of Mexico.
continent is called the continental shelf. the oceanic floor. Maldives Indian Ocean and excessive snowfall. • Florida Current: Cayenne current near
• Extends to a depth of 100 fathoms • It covers about 75.9% of total oceanic area.
Raja Ampat Islands Indonesia • Salinity also increases the density of water. cUrrents of north pacific ocean Florida (US Coast) is called Florida
(1 fathom =1.8m). • Average depth 3000 m to 6000 m. • Salinity on an average decreases from Warm Currents current.
• Average width 70 km; average slope 17 feet/
frinGinG reefs Equator to poles. • North Equatorial Current: It flows west- • Antilles Current: It flows to the East of
mile or about 1°. deeps/trenches
• Trenches are narrow and steep sides of • It develops along the continental margins or wards from the western coast of Mexico West Indies and other islands.
• Continental shelf covers 7.5% area of the Composition of sea Water
depressions. along the islands. to Philippines. • Gulf Stream: It flows from US coast towards
oceans. It extends over 13.3% of the Atlantic
• Marina Trench (challenger deep) is the • These types of reefs are found near salt percentage • Kuroshio Current: It is an extension of North West Europe under the influence of
Ocean, 5.7% of Pacific Ocean and 4.2%
deepest trench in the world situated in the Rameshwaram in the Gulf of Mannar. composition North Equatorial Current near Japan Coast. westerly winds.
of Indian Ocean.
NW Pacific Oceans, near Philippines. It is It flows towards north. • North Atlantic Drift: Gulf Stream bifurcates
Sodium Choride 77.8%
continental slope more than 11 km deep. Barrier reefs • Alaska Current: It flows along the coast into–
• Extends seawards from the continental shelf. • Largest coral reefs off the coastal platform, Magnesium Choride 10.9% of British Columbia and the Alaska i. North Atlantic Drift (warm),
• Depth is 200–2000 fathoms (3660m) oceanic ridGes but parallel to them. Peninsula. ii. West Wind Drift (cold) and Canaries
Magnesium 4.7%
• Average slope is 210.5 degrees. • Oceanic Ridges are formed by the volcanic • The reef lies at a distance away from the coast. Sulphate Cold Currents current (cold).
activity along the spreading boundary • Oyashio Current: It flows down from Bering
atoll Calcium Sulphate 3.6% Cold Currents
continental rise of plates. Sea towards Japan from North Pole and it
• A reef of narrow growing corals of horse- • Labrador Current: It originates in Baffin
• Continental rise is an area at the foot of the • It is thousand of km long and hundreds of Potassium Sulphate 2.5% joins Kuroshio currents.
shoe shape and crowned with palm trees is Bay and Davis Strait and merges with Gulf
slope, slightly rising due to the accumulation km wide mountain range on the oceanic floor • Okhotsk Current and Kuril: Okhotsk joins
called an atoll. Others 0.5% Stream near Newfoundland. Newfoundland
of debris transported over the slope. for example: mid oceanic ridges. Kuroshio Current to the North of Japan.
is a famous zone of fishing, commonly tides • Yangtze Kiang is the longest river of Asia. • Large longitudinal extent brings about a longitude divides the North America into • Brazil is the only country through which
known as Grand Bank. • The rise and fall of the sea level as a result • Mekong river flows through China, Thailand- difference of 11 hours between the local more or less two equal parts. both equator and one of the tropics (Tropic
• Armiger Current or Greenland Current: It of the forces between the earth, the moon Laos border, Cambodia and Vietnam to times of the easternmost part and the Important Information about North America of Capricorn) passes.
flows between Greenland and Iceland and and the sun is called a tide. South China Sea. westernmost part of Asia. • Canada has the longest coastline in the world.
merges with North Atlantic drift. • The interval between two tides is 12 hours • Laos is the only landlocked country in eUrope
• The Prairie region of North America is ideally
• Canaries Current: It flows along the Western and 26 minutes. South-East Asian peninsula. africa • Highest Point: Mt. Elbrus (5,642 metres).
Highest Point: Kilimanjaro (5895 metres). suited for the cultivation of wheat.
coast of North Africa between Madeira • Group of islands is called an Archipelago. • Lowest Point: Caspian Sea (–28.0 metres).
Lowest Point: Lake Assol (–156.1 metres). • Lake Superior is the largest sweet water
Caps Verde and it joins North equatorial sprinG-tides Indonesia is the largest archipelago in the • Greenland, the world’s largest island
• When the earth, the moon and the sun are • Plateaus: The entire continent is a plateau. lake in the world. belongs to Denmark.
current. world.
in a straight line the Sun enhances the • It is the second largest continent after Asia • Canada is the largest producer of newsprint • Wheat is the most important crop of Europe.
• West Wind Drift: It flows towards UK. • Irrawaddy River is known as the lifeline of
gravitational pull of the Moon, creating a and about nine times the size of India. in the world. • The Ruhr in Germany is the biggest and
Myanmar. It falls into Gulf of Martaban. • The Panama Canal connects Atlantic Ocean
cUrrents of soUth atlantic ocean condition of higher high tides and lower low • Africa belongs to all four hemispheres. It richest coal field of Europe. Other coal fields
• Lake Van of Turkey is the most saline and Pacific Ocean. By sung Panama Canal,
Warm Currents tides known as spring tides. is joined to Asia by the narrow Isthmus of in Germany are Saar and Saxony.
waterbody in Asia. the distance from New York to San Francisco
• South Equatorial Current: It flows between Suez and separated from Eurasia at three • It is the second smallest continent in the
neap tides • Japan is the most industrialised nation
the equator and 10°S. different points (Strait of Gibraltar, Suez can be shortened to nearly 23,200 km. world, by area, after Australia.
• When the sun and moon are at right angles of Asia.
• Brazilian Current: It flows to the east coast Canal and the strait of Bab-el-Mandeb). • Baltic States: It is a group of three countries
to the earth, the sun partially contracts the • Myanmar is called land of mountains and rivers. soUth aMerica
of Brazil from equator towards pole. • It is the only continent, which is crossed namely Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
pull of the moon, producing lower high tides • Pakistan is called country of canals. Highest Point: Aconcagua (6960 m).
by Tropic of Cancer, Equator and Tropic of • Iceland, Norway, Sweden and Denmark are
Cold Currents typical of a Neap tide. • Japan is called land of Rising Sun. Lowest Point: Valdes Peninsula (–39.9 m).
• Falkland Current: It flows along the Capricorn. collectively called as Scandinavian countries.
• Dead Sea, the third saltiest waterbody in the • Paraguay and Bolivia are the only
South-East coast of South America from • It is also called as Dark Continent. • The world’s most northerly capital is
continents of the World world, is a landlocked sea. It lies between landlocked countries.
south to north. Israel and Jordan. Important Information about Africa • Pampas is the most fertile region of South Reykjavik.
• Benguela Current: It flows from south to • Asia, Africa, North America, South America, • Lake Victoria is the largest lake of Africa,
• Osaka is called the Manchester of Japan. America and Alfa-Alfa grasses are found here. Important Information about Europe
north near the ‘Cape of Good Hope’. Europe, Australia and Antarctica are the which is located between Uganda, Kenya and • It is the fourth largest continent.
• It has the coldest place, Votok. Antarctica • Copenhagen, capital of Denmark is known
• West Wind Drift: It is continue of Brazilian seven continents. Tanzania. The equator passes through it. • South America as well as Mexico, Central
has winter temperature of–89°C. Jacobabad as the key to the Baltic.
and Falkland current. in Sindh is the hottest place on the Earth. • Nile River is the longest river in the world America and West Indies are collectively
asia • Finland is known as the land of forests
• Guinea Current: It flows near coast of and lifeline of Egypt. known as Latin America.
• Mausynram, Cherrapunji (India) has the and lakes.
Guinea (Africa). • Congo River crosses the equator twice.
General introdUction to asia world’s highest average rainfall of 2600 cm. Important Information about South America • The continental shelf areas around Europe
• It covers about one-third of the land • Asia has the world’s deepest fresh water • The Zambezi River includes the Victoria Fall, • It contains the world’s highest waterfall, i.e.
Currents of the Indian Ocean including Dogger Bank are rich in fish.
surface of the world. lake, i.e. Baikal Lake (Russia). one of the largest falls in the world. It makes Angel Falls in Venezuela in Orinoco River.
• The Asiatic Monsoon influences the currents • United Kingdom is the name given to the
• It contains about 60% of the world population. • Higest point: mt. Everest (8848m). the natural political boundary between • It contains the world’s second longest river combination of Great Britain and Northern
of the North Indian ocean, while the currents
of south Indian Ocean are influenced by the • This vast continent comprises the greatest • Lowest point: Dead Sea (396m). Zambia and Zimbabwe. after Nile and the largest river by volume, Ireland. Great Britain consists of England,
atmosphere’s anti cyclonic circulation. diversity in terms of physical features, • It has the largest delta ‘Sunderbans’ the • The Orange River forms the natural boundary i.e. Amazon River. Scotland and Wales.
• North Equatorial Current: The current climate, vegetation, wildlife and people. most fertile river valleys. between South Africa and Namibia. • The longest mountain range of the world, i.e. • Russia is the largest country of the world and
flows from east to west and upon reaching • It has 49 and 5 disputed countries • Asia has been the cradle of ancient civili- • The Limpopo River crosses the Tropic of the Andes lies in South America. the highest populated country of Europe.
the east coast of Africa, a good portion • Latitude: 10°S and 80°N. zations like the Mesopotamian Civilization, Capricorn twice and it separates South • Moreover, the driest place on Earth, i.e.
turns southward, crosses the equator and
• Vatican City is in Rome, Italy. It is the
• Longitude: 25°E and 170°W. the Indus Civilization and the Chinese Africa from Botswana and Zimbabwe. Atacama desert, the largest rain forest, smallest country of the world both in terms
becomes the Mozambique currrent. • Area 44579000 km2. Civilization which sustained in the fertile i.e. the Amazon rain forest, the highest of area and population.
• Mozambique current: The Mozambique north aMerica
current flows south along the east coast of Important Information about Asia river valleys of Asia. capital city, i.e. Lapaz (Bolivia), the highest
• Asia has the privilege of being the birthplace Highest Point: Meckinley (6,194 metres). commercially navigable lake, i.e. Lake
Africa from the vicinity of the equator to about • Caspian Sea is the world’s largest lake and aUstralia
35°S where it becomes agulhas stream. of major religions of the world Judaism, Lowest Point: Death Valley (–85.9 metres). Titicaca are situated in South America. • Australia is an inland continent.
five times larger than the Lake Superior. It
• Agulhas stream: The Agulhas stream separates Europe from Asia. Hinduism, Christianity, Islam, Taoism, • Llanos and Campos are the Savanna • Highest Point: Puncak Jaya (4,884 metres)
extension
flows westward along the southern west • Dast-e-Kavir is the largest salt desert of the Shintoism, Jainism, Sikhism, Buddhism grassland in South America. Selvas are the in an island of New Guinea.
of madagascar and joins the Mozambique • It is the 3rd largest continent after Asia
world situated in the Northern Iran. and Zoroastrianism, etc. equatorial rain forests of Amazon basin. • Lowest Point: Lake Eyre (–15.8 metres).
current along the East African Coast. and Africa.
• Lop Nor Lake in China is a site for numerous • Asia wholly lies in the Northern Hemisphere. • Brazil has the world’s largest reserves of iron • It is the smallest continent of the world. It
• West wind drift current • It is separated from the easternmost tip of
• North-east monsoon drift nuclear tests. Latitude: It lies between 10°S and 80°N in Serra Dos Carajas Hills. lies entirely in the Southern hemisphere.
Siberia by the Bering Strait.
• South-west monsoon drift • Hwang Ho is called as China’s Sorrow. latitudes, i.e. it spans over 90° of latitudes. • Brazil is also known as the ‘coffee bowl of The Tropic of Capricorn runs almost through
• 49° Latitude parallel forms the boundary
• South equatorial current • Amur River forms the boundary between Longitude: It lies almost entirely in the the world’, because it is the largest producer the middle of the continent and divides the
between Canada and USA and 100° W
• Somalia current Russia and China. Eastern Hemisphere. of coffee. continent in two equal parts.
• It is the only continent that is also a country. antarctica Deepest Lake Lake Baikal in Siberia smallest and Biggest countries Bonn Rhine Germany
Important Information about Australia • Ronald Amundsen was the first man to reach Largest Lake Caspian Sea Biggest nations Biggest nations Budapest Danube Hungary
• Australia is known as the ‘Forgotten Land’. geographical South Pole in Antarctica. Largest Fresh Water Lake Lake Superior (population-wise) (area-wise)
• It is called as the continent for science. Bristol Avon UK
• Australia is the largest producer of Bauxite. India’s Largest Lake Chilka Lake in Orissa China Russia
• Largest city of Australia is Sydney. • Mt. Erebus is the only active volcano on Buenos Aires Laplata Argentina
Principal Plateaus of the World
• Great Barrier Reef is the world’s longest Antarctica. India Canada Chittagong Majyani Bangladesh
Coral Reef and is located in the North- • Mt. Vinson (5140 m) is the highest peak of plateau situation
USA China
Plateau of Colombia USA Canton Si-Kiang China
East of Australia. The largest lake of Antarctica.
• It is the only continent, which is completely Plateau of Madagascar Madagascar Indonesia USA Cairo Nile Egypt
Australia is Eyre.
• The highest peak of New Zealand is Mt. Cook. frozen. It is, therefore, known as White Plateau of Alaska North West North America Brazil Brazil Chung King Yang-tse-king China
Continent. Plateau of Bolivia Andes Mountain Cologne Rhine Germany
Pakistan Australia
Great Basin Plateau South of Colombia Plateau, USA Dandzing Vistula Germany
soMe iMportant facts Bangladesh India
Colorado Plateau South of Great Basin Plateau, USA
Dresden Elbe Germany
Nigeria Argentina
World continents Tibetan Plateau Between Himalayas and Quinloo Mountains
Dublin Liffy Ireland
Deccan Plateau Southern India Russia Kazakhstan
continents Biggest country highest peak longest river Hamburg Elbe Germany
Arabian Plateau South West Asia Japan Sudan
Asia China Mt. Everest (8850 m) Yangtze Kiang
Plateau of Brazil Central Eastern South America Kabul Kabul Afghanistan
Africa Sudan Mt. Kilimanjaro (5895 m) Nile
Plateau of Mexico Mexico
smallest nations smallest nations Karachi Indus Pakistan
Australia Australia Mt. Kosciuszko (2228 m) Darling (population-wise) (area-wise)
Khartoum Confluence of Sudan
Antarctica Vinson Massif (5140 m) Oceans of the World Vatican City Vatican City Blue and White
North America Canada Mt. Mckinley (6194 m) Mississippi oceans area (sq.km) Greatest depth Important Straits of the World Tuvalu Monaco Nile
Missouri
Pacific 16,62,40,000 Mariana Trench straits area Waterbodies Joined Nauru Nauru Lahore Ravi Pakistan
South America Brazil Mt. Aconcagua (6960 m) Amazon
Atlantic 8,65,60,000 Puerto Rico Trench Bab-al- Arabia and Red Sea and Palau Tuvalu Leningrad Neva Russia
Europe Russia Mt. Elbrus (5642 m) Ob
Mandeb Africa Arabian Sea San Marino San Marino Lisbon Tagus Portugal
Indian 7,34,30,000 Java Trench
Principal rivers of the World Arctic 1,32,30,000 – Bering Alaska and Arctic Ocean and Monaco Liechtenstein Liverpool Messey England
Asia Bering Sea
river origin length (m) falls in Liechtenstein Marshall Islands London Thames England
Nile Victoria Lake 6,650 Mediterranean Sea Major Peninsulas of the World Bosphorus Turkey Black Sea and
Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Kitts and Nevis Moscow Moskva Russia
peninsula area (sq. km) Marmara Sea
Amazon Andes (Peru) 6,428 Atlantic Ocean Antigua and Barbados Maldives Montreal St. Lawrence Canada
Yangtze Tibetan Kiang Plateau 6,300 China Sea Arabia 32,50,000 Dover England North Sea and
Dominica Malta Nanking Yang-tse-kiang France
Southern India 20,72,000 and Europe Atlantic Ocean
Mississippi Missouri Itaska Lake (USA) 6,275 Gulf of Mexico (USA) New Orleans Mississipi USA
Yenisei Tannu-Ola Mts. 5,539 Arctic Ocean Alaska 15,00,000 Florida Florida and Gulf of Mexico and important cities on river Banks (World)
Bahamas Atlantic Ocean New York Hudson USA
Huang Ho Kunlun Mts. 5,464 Gulf of Chibli Labrador 13,00,000 Islands city river country
Ottawa Ottawa Canada
Ob Altai Mts. 5,410 Russia Gulf of Ob Scandinavia 8,00,000 Adelaide Torrens Australia
Gibralter Spain and Mediterranean Sea Paris Seine France
Congo Lualaba and Luapula rivers 4,700 Atlantic Ocean Iberian 5,84,000 Africa and Atlantic Ocean Amsterdam Amsel Netherlands Philadelphia Delaware USA
Amur North-east 4,444 China Sea of Okhotsk
Major Gulfs of the World Malacca India and Java Sea and Bay Alexandria Nile Egypt Perth Swan Australia
Lena Baikal Mts. 4,400 Laptev Sea Indonesia of Bengal
name area (sq. km.) Ankara Kazil Turkey Prague Vitava Czech
Mekong Tibetan Highlands 4,350 South China Sea Palk India and Bay of Bengal and Republic
Gulf of Hudson 12,33,000
Mackenzie Great Slave Lake 4,241 Beaufort Sea Sri Lanka Indian Ocean Bangkok Chao Praya Thailand
Gulf of Mexico 15,44,000 Quebec St. Lawrence Canada
Niger Guinea 4,200 Gulf of Guinea Magellan Chile South Pacific and Basra Eupharates and Iraq Rome Tiber Italy
Gulf of St. Lawrence 2,37,000 South Atlantic Tigris
Major Lakes of the World Gulf of California 1,62,000 Ocean Rotterdam New Mass The
Baghdad Tigris Iraq Netherlands
Highest Lake Lake Titicaca in Bolivia Arabian Gulf 2,38,000 Sunda Indonesia Java Sea and
Berlin Spree Germany Stalingrad Volga Russia
Largest Saline Water Lake Lake Caspian Sea English Channel 89,900 Indian Ocean
Geography 173 174 General Knowledge 2020 175
Shanghai Yang-tse-kiang China Manchester of Japan Osaka Eskimos Inhabitants of Greenland and of
Zulus People of South Africa living in
Sidney Darling Australia Pillars of Hercules Strait of Gibraltar Arctic regions
certain part of Nata
Saint Louis Mississipi USA Pearl of the Antilles Cuba Flemings A term used for the people of
Belgium important Boundaries
Tokyo Arakava Japan Playground of Europe Switzerland
Hamites Inhabitants of North-West Africa Durand Line Pakistan and
Vienna Danube Austria Quaker City Philadelphia
Khirgiz People living in Central Asia Afghanistan
Warsaw Vistula Poland Queen of the Adriatic Venice
MacMohan Line India and China
Kurds Tribes living in Kurdistan (Iraq)
Washington DC Potomac USA Roof of the World The Pamirs, Central
Yangoon Irrawaddy Myanmar Asia Magyars Inhabitants of Hungary
Radcliffe Line
Maginot Line
India and Pakistan
France and Germany
indian GeoGraphy
Rose Pink City Jaipur Maoris Inhabitants of New Zealand
World’s Geographical surnames Oder Niesse Line Germany and Poland • Land frontiers: 15200 km.
Sugar Bowl of the Cuba Negroes Mostly found in Africa
surname name World Hindenberg Line Poland and Germany (at the indian sUBcontinent • Coastline of mainland India-6100 km.
Pygmies Short-sized people found in Congo the time of First World
Bengal’s Sorrow Damodar River Venice of the North Stockholm basin in Africa • Mainland of the Indian Subcontinent, • Total coastline: 7516.6 km.
War) • Number of states: 29
Blue Mountains Nilgiri Hills Windy City Chicago
comprising India, Pakistan, Bangladesh,
Red Original inhabitants of North 38th Parallel North and South Korea • Number of union territories: 7.
Nepal, and Bhutan extends between 8°4’N
China’s Sorrow Hwang Ho Whiteman’s Grave Guinea Coast of Africa Indians America • Number of islands in the Bay of Bengal-204
49th Parallel USA and Canada and 37°9’N latitudes and between 68°7’E
Emerald Isle Ireland Yellow River Huang Ho (China) Semites Caucasian people of ancient times and 97°15’E longitudes. • Number of islands in the Arabian sea-43
Eternal City Rome Land of Cakes Scotland • Land neighbours (7): Pakistan, Afghanistan,
siZe and extent of sUBcontinent China, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh and
Empire City New York Land of Golden Fleece Australia • From North to South this subcontinent Myanmar.
Forbidden City Lhasa (Tibet) Land of Maple Leaf Canada stretches over 3,200 km and from east to • States with longest coastline: Gujarat.
Garden City Chicago Land of Morning Calm Korea west it is 3,000 km. 82°30’ E meridian helps • Active volcano: Barren Island in Andaman
in calculating the Indian Standard Time (IST) and Nicobar.
Gate of Tears Strait of Bab-el- Land of Midnight Sun Norway
Mandeb
which is 5 hours 30 minutes ahead of the • Southernmost point; Indira point in Great
Land of the Thousand Finland Greenwich Mean Time (GMT). Nicobar.
Gateway of India Mumbai Lakes • This very meridian (82½°E) dictates time in • Southernmost tip main land: Kanyakumari.
Gift of the Nile Egypt Land of the Bhutan Sri Lanka and Nepal also. • Northernmost point: Indira Col Jammu &
Granite City Aberdeen (Scotland) Thunderbolt
political divisions of india Kashmir.
City of Sky-scrapers New York Land of White Elephant Thailand • Westenmost point: West of Ghaur mota
• India is divided into 29 States and 7
City of Seven Hills Rome Land of Five Rivers Punjab Union Territories. in Gujarat
Land of Thousand Laos • Easternmost point: Kibithu in Arunachal
City of Dreaming Spires Oxford position and extent of india and
Elephants pradesh.
City of Palaces Kolkata its locational advantaGe • The Tropic of Cancer (23½° N) passes through
Land of Rising Sun Japan
City of Golden Gate San Francisco • India forms part of the large continental land the middle of the country. The location of the
Loneliest Island Tristan De Gunha mass to Eurasia. country is in the northern and the eastern
City of Magnificent Washington D.C.
(Mid-Atlantic) • It is located on one of the peninsulas of Southern hemispheres.
Buildings
Asia. The country extends from Kashmir in indian states situated on the border
City of Eternal Springs Quito (S. America) Famous tribes of the World the north to Kanyakumari in the south.
Hermit Kingdom Korea Abhors People of Mongolian blood living • The Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal are country indian states
Herring Pond Atlantic Ocean between Assam and Eastern tribes situated on western and eastern side of Pakistan (4) Gujarat, Rajasthan, Punjab
peninsular India respectively. and Jammu and Kashmir
Holy Land Jerusalem Afridis Tribes residing in the North-West
Frontier (Pakistan) • The latitudinal extent of the country is from Afghanistan (1) Jammu and Kashmir
Island Continent Australia 8°4’ north to 37°6’ north. China (5) Jammu and Kashmir,
Bantus Negroes living in the Central and
Island of Cloves Zanzibar South Africa Uttrakhand, Himachal
Basic inforMation Pradesh, Sikkim and
Isle of Pearls Bahrein (Persian Gulf) Boers The Dutch settlers of South Africa • Latitudinal extent: 8°4’ North to 37°6’ North. Arunachal Pradesh
Key to the Gibralter Cossacks People living in the southern and • Longitudinal extent: 68°7’ East to 97°25’ East. Nepal (5) Uttar Pradesh, Uttrakhand,
Mediterranean eastern frontiers of Russia • North-south extent: 3214 km. Bihar, West Bengal, Sikkim
• East-west extent: 2933 km.
Bhutan (4) Sikkim, West Bengal, Assam • The total length is about 2500 km with • Pirpanjal range (Jammu and Kashmir): It is • The Ganga plains form the largest lowland The luni is the only south west flowing • The Narmada which flows through a rift
and Arunachal Pradesh verying width 240 to 320 km and a total longest range of the middle Himalaya. drained by the Ganga and its tributaries. river of the region. valley divides the region into two parts— the
Bangladesh (5) West Bengal, Assam, Meghalaya, area of 5000 km2. • Dhauladhar range (Himachal Pradesh); • The Yamuna is the most important tributary • Brahmaputra plain: A low level plain formed central highland in the north and the Deccan
Tripura and Mizoram Missouri range (Uttarakhand); Nagtibba of the Ganga. by Brahmaputra river system is situated plateau in the south.
divisions of the hiMalayas range (Nepal); Mahabharat range (Nepal). • The Ghaghara, the Gandak, the Kosi and between eastern Himalayas in the north • The Anamudi or Anaimudi (2,695 metres) is
siZe of india (in terMs of area and • The Himalayas consist of three parallel • Important hill resorts are Shimla, the Tista are other tributaries of the Ganga. and lower Ganga plain and Indo-bangladesh the highest peak of the peninsula.
popUlation) mountain ranges: (i) The Greater Himalayas Ranikhet, Almora, Nainital and Darjeeling, • The Sone and the Damodar are tributaries border in the west. • The western edge of the plateau rises steeply
• India is the seventh largest country (ii) The Lesser Himalayas and (iii) The Dharmashala, Dalhousie, Darjeeling, of the Ganga while the Chambal and the • The Eastern and Western Ghats demarcate from the Arabian Sea to form the Western
(in terms of area) in the world. Outer Himalayas. Mussorrie. Betwa are tributaries of the Yamuna from Ghats (which includes the Sahyadri).
the Eastern and Western edge of the Deccan
• The area of India is nearly equal to the area • Average height of the middle Himalayas the peninsular plateau. plateau. • The eastern edge of the plateau is known as
of the continent of Europe excluding Russia. the Greater hiMalayas (or hiMadri) is 3700–4500 km. • It extends from west to east for 2400 km having the Eastern Ghats.
• India is eight times as large as Japan. India • Northern most part of the Himalayan range; an average width in between 150–300 km. MeGhalaya plateaU • The north-western region of the Deccan
ranks as the second largest country in it is the world’s highest part with an average the oUter hiMalayas (or shiWaliks) • The plateau is separated from main block plateau is covered by nearly horizontal
• It is composed of Bhangar (old alluvium),
terms of population (next of China only). altitude of 6,100 metres above the sea level. • This is the southernmost, the newest and the sheets of lava. This region is called
Khadar (new alluvium) in river bed, Bhabar of the peninsular plateau by a gap called
• India contains about one-sixth of the total • It includes world’s highest peak, Mt. third parallel range of the Himalaya. ‘Deccan trap region’.
(porous grave) ridden plain at the foothills Garo-Raj Mahal gap.
population of the world. Everest (8,850 m) located in Nepal. It • Its breadth is only 10 to 50 kms. Shiwalik • The Godavari, the Mahanadi, the Krishna
of Shiwalik. • From east to west, the plateau comprises
is known as Sagarmatha in Nepal and range is broader in the west. and the Cauvery are the major rivers that
Difference between bhangar and khadar Garo Khasi, Jaintia and Mikir Hills.
physical featUres Chomolangma in China. • Shiwaliks are characterised by fault scraps have built deltas along the coast.
• Kangchenjunga that lies in Sikkim is the anticlinals, crest and synclinical hills. Bhangar khadar BUndelkhand Upland • The Narmada and the Tapti rivers are west
physical divisions of the indian second highest peak of the greater Himalayas. • Average elevation is 900–1200m. • It is composed of granites and gneiss. flowing.
These are low plains The deposits of fresh
sUBcontinent • Zaskar range is situated on the western part • It is located to the south of Yamuna river • These rivers do not have deltas.
trans hiMalayan Zones composed of older alluvium every year
• A chain of high mountains radiate out of Greater Himalayas. It includes Nanga alluvium. brought by Himalyan between Madhya Bharat pathor and
from the Pamir Knot which lies just in the • This zone lies to the North of the Great Vindhyan scrap land. plateaUs Uplands of peninsUlar
Parbat (8, 126 metres of the Kashmir- Himalayas. rivers makes this belt of
north of India. northern plains. india
Himachal region) and Nepal Dhaulagiri • Trans Himalayans, also known as Tethis chottanaGpUr plateaU
• In these mountains the Hindukush, the (8,172 metres). Himalayans are the part of Eurasian Plate It contains calcareous It does not contain • It is composed mainly of Gondwana rocks central hiGhland
Suleiman and the Kirthar in the east and the • This is the loftiest of the three ranges of and are formed of sedimentary rocks. deposits locally calcareous deposits of with patches of granites and gneisses • Central highland lie to the north of the
Himalayas in the west separate the Indian
Himalayas. Mount Everest lies in this range. • Some important ranges of this zone are known as kankar. calcium. and Deccan lavas. Narmada river covering a major area of
subcontinent from rest of Asia.
• Indian subcontinent can be divided into Karakoram and Ladakh, etc. The highest Difference between bhabar and terai • It covers mostly Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh the Malwa plateau.
location important passes
following physical divisions: peak in region is K2 or Godwin Austin or and purulia of West Bengal. • The Aravalis range is bounded by the central
Jammu and Kashmir Burzi-La, Bhabar terai
The Great Mountain wall of the North. Qagir (8,611m in Pak occupied Kashmir). highland on the north-west and Vindhyan
Joji-La Mount K2 is also the 2nd highest peak of the Bhabar is a long Terai is a broad long doaB range on the south.
The Great Northern Plains. Karakorm • Punjab-Haryana plain is drained by five
world and the highest peak of India, located narrow plain along zone at south of bhabar
The Great Peninsular Plateau. Banihal the foot hills. plain. rivers and the intervening area between deccan plateaU
The Coastal Plains. Rohtang in Karakoram rage.
• Mt. Rakaposhi is the highest peak in Ladakh the rivers is known as doab. From South to • Deccan Plateau is a triangular land lying to
The Great Indian Desert. It is pebble studded It is a marshy damp
Himachal Pradesh Bara La, North doabs are as follows: the south of the river Narmada.
The Island Groups. range and the steepest peak in the world. zone of porous beds. area covered with dense
Cha-La, forest. • Is comprises Maharashtra plateau,
Shipki-La • Siachin glacier is the largest glacier of the doab region
Karnataka plateau and the Telangana and
hiMalayas world outside the polar region (more than 72 It is 9–16 km wide. It is 20–30 km wide. Bist Doab Between Beas and Sutlej
Uttarakhand Niti-La, Rayalseema plateau.
km) and is located in Nubra valley.
• Himalayas are young fold mountains of Lipu-Lekh-La Bari Doab Between Beas and Ravi
• Indus river, flowing between Ladakh and sUB divisions of Great plain hill ranGes of the peninsUla
tertiary period, which were folded over Sikkim Jelep-La, Rachna Doab Between Ravi and Chenab
Zaskar ranges from south east to north • Punjab Haryana plain: It extends from
Tethys Sea due to inter-continental collision. Nathu-La
west, originates from Chamayung dung Chai Doab Between Chenab and
Punjab in the west to Yamuna (Haryana) in
• They stretch from the Indus River in the Arunachal Pradesh Bomdi-La glacier near Kailash. Jhelum aravali ranGe
West to the Brahmaputra River in the East. the east. They are composed of dhaya (heavily • Aravalis are one of the world’s oldest fold
Sind Sagar Doab Between jhelum and Indus
• The Himalayas, the highest mountain wall the Great northern plains gullied bluffs and bets (Khadar plains) mountains running in north-east to south-
of the world, are situated on the northern
the lesser hiMalayas • The northern plains are divided into three • Rajasthan plain: Thar desert is the the Great peninsUlar plateaU east direction from Delhi to Palampur
boundary of India like an arc. (or the hiMachal hiMalayas) sub-divisions. These are the Punjab and westernmost region of the great Indian plain. • It is composed of old crystalline igneous and in Gujarat. It is an example of relict
• Mount Everest, the highest peak in the word, • South of the Greater Himalayas, the range Haryana plains, the Ganga plains and the A semi arid plain lying to the east of the metamorphic rocks. mountain. Gurushikhar is the highest
lies in these mountains in Nepal. also lies parallel to it from west to east. Brahmaputra valley. Thar desert is known as Rajasthan bager. • It covers a total area of 16000 km2. peak of Aravali.
vindhyan ranGe • Its northern part from Gujarat to Goa is (ii) lakshadWeep GroUp • Himalayan rivers: The Himalyan river system river source length (km) falls into
• This range acts as a water-divide between called Konkan, while southern part from • Minicoy is the largest and southernmost is divided into three major river systems. Chambal Near Mahow 960 Yamuna
Ganga system and the river system Goa to Kanyakumari is known as Malabar. island of this group. Ramganga Garhwal District 596
of south India. • Important ports developed on its coast • Minicoy is separated from rest of the
the indUs systeM
from north to south are: Kandla, Mumbai, Ghagra South of Mansarovar Park 1,080
Lakshadweep by Nine degree Channel. • The Indus, also known as Sindhu, is
satpUra ranGe New Jawahar Port, Mumbai, Marmagao, the westernmost Himalayan river in India. Sone Amarkantak Plateau 780
Mangalore and Cochin. • Eight degree channel separates Lakshadweep
• It is a series of seven mountains running in • It originates from a glacier near Bokhar Gandak Tibet-Nepal Border 425*
This plain is sub-divided into group from Maldives.
East-West direction to the South of Vindhya Chu in the Tibetan region near Mansarovar Koshi Sikkim-Nepal-Tibet Himalaya 730*
and in between the Narmada and Tapi. i. Kuchchh Plains: An Island surrounded Lake. *Length in India
by sea and lagoons. drainaGe systeM of india • In Tibet, it is known as Singi Khamban
• It comprises Rajpipla hills, Mahadeo hills • Brahmaputra is volumewise largest river
ii. Kathiawar Plains: It extends from Rann or Lion’s mouth. the BrahMapUtra systeM
and Maikal Range. • 90% of land water drains into the Bay of Bengal of India, whereas lengthwise Ganga is the
of Kuchchh to Daman in the south. • In Jammu and Kashmir, its Himalayan • It is known as Tsangpo in Tibet, Dihang
• Satpuras are fold mountains and Dhupgarh and the rest drains into the Arabian Sea. of Siang in Arunachal Pradesh, Brahma- longest in India.
iii. Gujarat Plains: East to Kuchchh and tributaries are Zanskar, Dras, Gilgit, etc.
is its highest peak. • Those Himalayan rivers, which originated putra in Assam and Jamuna in Bangladesh.
Kathiawar formed by the river Narmada, • The most important tributaries which join
Tapi, Mahi and Sabarmati. before the formation of Himalaya, are • Majuli is the largest riverine island in the the peninsUlar river systeM
eastern Ghats Indus at various places are Jhelum, Chenab, 1. East Flowing Rivers (or Delta forming
iv. Konkan Coast: It extends from Daman known as Antecedent rivers, such as–Indus, world.
• It comprises the discontinuous and low hills Ravi, Beas and Sutlej. rivers)
to Goa for a distance of about 500 km. Brahmaputra and Sutlej. • The combined stream of Ganga and
that are highly eroded by the rivers such as • According to Indus Water Treaty signed East flowing rivers do not form estuaries.
v. Karnataka or Conora Coast: It extends in india the rivers have been divided into two Brahmaputra forms the biggest delta in the
the Mahanadi, the Godavari, the Krishna, between India and Pakistan in 1960, India East flowing rivers fall in Bay of Bengal.
from Goa to Mangalore in narrow belt. main groups: world, the Sunderbans.
the Cauvery, etc. can utilise only 20% of the total discharge
vi. Malabar Coast/Kerala Coast: It extends (i) Himalayan rivers, (ii) Peninsular rivers. of Indus, Jhelum and Chenab. east flowing rivers
Western Ghats between Mangalore and Kanyakumari.
The back-waters, locally Kayals, are the indus river system river source length (km) tributaries
• The Western Ghats are locally known
by different names such as Sahyadri in shallow lagoons. Mahanadi Foothills of Dandakanaya 857 Seonath, Hasdeo, Db, Mand Tel,
river source length (km) falls into
Ong And Jonk
Maharashtra, Nilgiri hills in Karnataka and
the east coastal plain Indus Near Mansarovar Lake 2,880 Arabian Sea Godavari Triambak Sahyadri Near Nashik 1,465 Penganga, Wardha, Indravati
Tamil Nadu and Annamalai hills, Cardamom
• This broader coastal plain spreads along the Sabri Manjira.
hills in Kerala. Jhelum Verinag 724 Chenab
• It runs from the south of the valley of river Bay of Bengal from Orissa in the north to Krishna Mahabaleswar in Western Ghats 1,400 Bhima, Tungabhadra, Malprabha
Kanyakumari in the south. Chenab Bara Lacha Pass 1,180 Indus and Koyana
Tapti to Kanyakumari.
• There are three important passes in the • Its northern part is known as Northern Ravi Near Rohtang Pass 725 Chenab Cauveri Brahmgiri Range in Western Ghats 800 Herongi, Hemavati; Shishma,
Sahyadris. Circar plains and the southern part is called Arkvati
Beas Near Rohtang Pass 460 Sutlej
(a) Thalghat (between Mumbai and Pune). Coromandel Coast.
2. West Flowing Rivers (or Estuaries West flowing rivers do not form delta.
(b) Palghat (between Palakkad and Coim- • Chilka and Pulicat Lakes are fine examples Sutlej Mansarovar Rakas Lake 1,450 Chenab
forming rivers) West flowing rivers fall in Arabian Sea.
batore). of lagoons on our east coast.
• The left bank tributaries of the Ganga are West flowing rivers
(c) Bhorghat (between Mumbai and Nasik). the GanGa systeM
the Great indian desert • The Ganga system is the second major Ramganga, Gomti, Kali or Sharda, Gandhak,
• The Eastern and the Western Ghats meet river source length (km) tributaries
• It lies to the west of the Aravali range. drainage system of India. Kosi, Mahanadi. Sabarmati Aravali Range 371 Hathmati, siri, Wakal
each other at the Nilgiri hills. • This desert does not get much rain as the • It rises in the Gangotri glacier near Gaumukh • The right bank tributaries of the Ganga are Mahi Vindhyan Range 583 —
Aravali range run parallel to the south- Yamuna and Son. The Yamuna joins the
the coastal plains (3,900 m) in the Uttarakhand. Here, it is Narmada Amarkantak 1,312 Hiran, Tawa Shakkar
western monsoon winds. Ganga at Allahabad.
known as the Bhagirathi. At Devprayag, the Tapi Multai Satpura Range 724 Purna, Betul, Arunvati,
• Narrow steeps of flat land on the eastern • It is in the rain shadow area of the Bay of • Kosi is called as ‘Sorrow of Bihar’ while
Bhagirathi, meets the Alaknanda, hereafter, Ganjal
and western coasts are known as the East Bengal current. Damodar is called as ‘Sarrow of Bengal’.
Coastal Plain and the West Coastal Plain it is known as the Ganga. Luni Aravalis 495 —
• The Alaknanda has its source in the • Hooghly is distributory of the Ganga flowing
respectively. the island GroUps Satopnath glacier above Badrinath. through Kolkata. Important river Valley Projects of India Chambal Valley On Chambal in M.P.
the West coastal plain Project and Rajasthan. 3 dams
• It is about 1500 km long from Surat to Ganga river system Bhakra Nangal On Satluj in Punjab.
(i) andaMan and nicoBar GroUp are there: Gandhi Sagar
Cape Camorin. Project Highest in India. Height
• Ten degree channel separates Andaman river source length (km) falls into dam, Rana Pratap Sagar
• This plain which lies between the Arabian 226m. Reservoir is called
group from Nicobar. Duncan passage Ganga Gangotri Glacier 2,525 Bay of Bengal dam and Jawahar Sagar
Sea and the Western Ghats spreads from Gobind Sagar Lake.
dam
Gujarat in the north to Kanyakumari lies between South Andaman and Yamuna Yamunotri Glacier 1,376 Yamuna Mandi Project On Beas in H.P.
in the south. Little Andaman group.
Damodar Valley On Damodar in • In June, the highest temperature in name Significance 1. The cold weather or winter season. forest type distribution climatic condition characteristics species
Project Jharkhand. Based on Rajasthan may go up to 55°C. 2. The hot weather or summer season.
• But, in Drass and Kargil the night tem- Mangoshower Thunderstorm causing 3. The South-West monsoon season of Tropical • Eastern parts of • 100 to 200 cm • 30 to 40 m high Sal, Teak, Arjun,
Tennessee Valley Project,
rainfall in southern plateau moist sahyadris rainfall per trees Mulberry, Kusum,
USA perature in January may go down to –45°C rainy season.
helps in mango ripening. decidous • North eastern part annum • They shed their Sandalwood,
Hirakud Project On Mahanadi in Orissa. to –50°C. 4. The season of the retreating monsoon of
Cherry blossoms Thunderstorm causing forests of peninsula. • Moderate leaves in dry Mango
World’s longest dam: • Mausynram or Cherrapunji in Meghalaya cool season.
rainfall in Karnataka helps • Middle and lower temperature season
4,801 m has an annual rainfall of 2,500 cms. Ganga Valley
• But, in the Thar Desert the annual rainfall in flowering coffee. cliMatic reGions of india
Rihand Project On Son in Mirzapur. • Foothills of
is less than 13 cm. Kalbaisakhis Storm in West Bengal Himalayas in
Reservoir is called Govind
Vallabh Pant Reservoir
• India has tropical monsoon type of climate. during summer due to bhabar
It is greatly influenced by the presence of the strong convective
treWartha’s classification
Kosi Project On Kosi in N. Bihar • Dr.Trewartha’s scheme has been most Tropical dry • Large part of • 50 to 100 cm • 6 to 15m high Teak, Sal,
Himalayas in the North as they block the movement.
deciduous Maharashtra, rainfall • Roots are thick Bamboo, Mango,
Mayurakshi Project On Mayurakshi in W.B. cold masses from Central Asia. saticfatory of all classifications of Indian
forests Telengana and • Moderate and long. Acacic, Neem,
• The Tropic of Cancer (23.5°N) divides India seasons in india climatic regions. He presented a modified
Kakrapara Project On Tapi in Gujarat Andhra pradesh humidity Shisham
into two almost equal climatic zones, namely, • India Meteorological Department (IMD) has form of Koppen’s classification. • Parts of Punjab,
Nizamsagar Project On Manjra in A.P. the Northern Zone and the Southern Zone. recognised the following four distinct seasons: Haryana, and
Nagarjuna Sagar On Krishna in A.P. • The Southern Zone has the midday sun eastern parts of
Project almost vertically overhead at least twice Climatic regions of India Rajasthan
Tungabhadra Project On Tungabhadra in A.P. every year and the Northern Zone does not climate type areas characteristics • Western part of M. P.
and Karnataka have the midday sun vertically overhead • Tamil Nadu
Tropical rain forests climate (Am) Western Ghats, west coastal High temperature througout
during any part of the year. Dry forests • Rajasthan and • Low rainfall (less • Thorny Cactus, Thorny
Shivasamudram On Cauvery in plains, parts of Assam and the year, heavy seasonal
Project Karnataka The factors influencing the climate of India adjoining areas of than 50 cm. per vegetation Babool, Palm
Tripura rainfall, annual rainfall 200 cm
are: Haryana, Gujarat annum). Relative • leaves are small khair
Tata Hydel Scheme On Bhima in 1. Location and Latitudinal extent Tropical Savana climate Most peninsular regions (except Dry winters, annual rainfall and Punjab humidity is less
Maharashtra
2. Distance from sea (Aw) leeward side of Western Ghats) varies from 76 cm to 150 cm Mountainous • In Himalayan • Due to increase • Each vegetation Sal, Teak, Chir,
Sharavathi Hydel On Jog Falls in 3. The Northern mountain range forests Region of altitude the belt occurs at Deodar, Oak,
Project Karnataka Tropical semi arid steppe climate Rainshadow belt running Low rainfall varies from 38
4. Physiography (Bs) southward from central cm to 80 cm and temperature temperature relatively 300m Olive, Chestnut
Farakka Project On Ganga in W.B. 5. Monsoon wind Maharashtra to Tamil Nadu from 20° to 30°C decreases hence more height Conifers, spruce
Apart from power and 6. Upper air circulation Himalayan forests in Eastern etc.
irrigation, it helps to 7. Tropical cyclones and Western Tropical and subtropical steppes Punjab, Haryana and Kachchh Temperature varies from contain all the Himalayas
remove silt for easy disturbances climate (Bsh.) region 12°–35°C varities of world
navigation 8. El Nino and La Nina: El Nino is a narrow except equatorial
Tropical desert climate Western part of Barmer Scanty rainfall
Ukai Project On Tapti in Gujarat warm current, which occasionally forests
jaisalmer and Bikaner districts
appears off the coast of Peru in December of Rajasthan, parts of Kachchh
Mahi Project On Mahi in Gujarat
by temporarily replacing the cold Peru or washed away. This condition is known
Salal Project On Chenab in J and K Current. La Nina is the reverse of El- Humid subtropical climate with South of Himalayas Mild winters and extremely soil
dry winters (CGW) hot summers as soil erosion.
Mata Tila On Betwa in U.P. & M.P. Nino. It is a harbinger of heavy monsoon • Soil forms the upper layer of the earth’s crust
showers in India. • Basically, soil cover is removed by two
Multipurpose Project Mountain climate (H) Mountainous region above Rainfall varies from 63.5 to capable of supporting life.
9. Southern Oscillation: Whenever the powerful agents– (i) Running water, (ii) Wind.
Thein Project On Ravi, Punjab 6000m or more 254 cm. • It is made up of loose rock materials and humus.
surface level pressure is high over the
Pong Dam On Beas, Punjab Indian Ocean, there is low pressure over iMportance of soil resoUrces types of soil foUnd in india
Forests of India
the Pacific Ocean and vice versa. This • Soil is an extremely important resource, • Indian Council of Agricultural Research
inter-relation of high and low pressures forest type distribution climatic condition characteristics species especially in agricultural countries like (ICAR) divides Indian soils into eight groups:
cliMate of india
over the Pacific and the Indian Ocean is Tropical • Rainy slopes of • Rainfall > 200 cm • Height of trees Mahagony, India, Pakistan and Bangladesh.
called Southern Oscillation. evergreen western Ghats • Relative humidity 40 to 60 m Mahua, Bamboo, allUvial soil
cliMatic diversity in the indian • Most food items, like rice, wheat, pulses, fruits
forests • N. E. India (Except > 70% • Leaves are dark Irowood Kadam, • It covers 40% of the land area. In fact
sUBcontinent local storms in india and vegetables and much of our clothing are
A. P.) • Average green and broad Irul, Jamun, derived from the soil directly or indirectly. the entire Northern Plains are made up
• The interior of the country, especially in the Significance Hopea Rubber of these soils.
name • Eastern part of West temperature is
north, has a continental type of climate.
Norwester It is spring storm shower Bengal and Odisha about 24°C tree soil erosion and its types • They have been brought down and deposited
• The coastal areas have a more equitable • Andaman and • Hot and humid
and cause rain fall in Assam • Removal of top layer of soil when it is by three great Himalayan rivers–Sutlej, Ganga
climate. In mountainous areas, altitude and West Bengal. Nicobar Islands climate
determines the climate. exposed to wind and rain is easily blown and Brahmaputra and their tributaries.
• They are common in Eastern coastal plains • Crops Grown: Unsuitable for agriculture Odisha, Madhya Pradesh, Jharkhand and employed to work on farms–to grow just
and in the deltas of Mahanadi, Godavari, due to high content of acidity and inability types of farMinG Andhra Pradesh. enough food for the needs of the family and Mineral resoUrces of india
Krishna and Cauvery. to retain moisture. • In this type of agriculture, a piece of forest very little is left for marketing.
shiftinG aGricUltUre Three types of minerals resources are as follows:
• Crops Grown: Suitable for Kharif and Rabi land is cleared mainly by tribal people • Deforestation, overgrazing and heavy rainfall
crops like cereals, cottons, oilseeds and saline and alkine soil • It is practised by the tribals in the forest areas have led to soil erosion. Mineral area
by felling and burning of trees and crops
sugarcane. The lower Ganga-Brahmaputra • region: Drier parts of Bihar, Jharkhand, of Assam, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Manipur, • Divisions of land have led to fragmentation.
Valley is useful for jute cultivation. Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Punjab, Rajasthan are grown. non-Metallic mineral Mines
Tripura, Mizoram, Arunachal Pradesh, • The size of land holding is very small Limestone Found in Rajasthan, Madhya
and Maharashtra. Major crops and producing states and uneconomic. Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh,
reGUr or Black soil • Many salts such as sodium, magnesium
• These soils are of volcanic origin. These crop type crop name Major producers • The farmers are poor, illiterate and ignorant. Gujarat, Chhattisgarh
and calcium. • They use primitive tools and out-dated methods. Dolomite About 90% of the dolomite
soils are black in colour and are also known Cereals Wheat Uttar Pradesh, Punjab and Madhya Pradesh
as black soils. Rice West Bengal and Uttar Pradesh
• They lack financial credit and investment is found in Madhya Pradesh,
arid and desert soil Chhattisgarh, Odisha, West
• Since, they are ideal for growing cotton, facilities.
• Region: Northwest India covers entire area Gram Madhya Pradesh and Tamil Nadu Bengal, Gujarat
they are also called black cotton soils, • Good seeds, fertilizers and improved
of the west Aravalis in Rajasthan and parts Barley Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan Asbestos Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh and
in addition to their normal nomenclature technology are not available to them.
of Haryana, Punjab and Gujarat. Bajra Maharashtra, Gujarat and Rajasthan Karnataka
of Regur soils. • They lack irrigation facilities and are still on
• Rich in Phosphates and Calcium not Cash crops Sugarcane Uttar Pradesh and Maharashtra, the mercy of nature. Gypsum Found in Rajasthan and Jammu
• They cover the plateaus of Maharashtra, deficient in Nitrogen and humus. Poppy Uttar Pradesh and himachal Pradesh and Kashmir
Saurashtra, Malwa and southern Madhya • Fertile if irrigated, e.g., Ganga Nagar area Oil seeds Coconut Kerala and Tamil Nadu Green revolUtion Graphite Occurs in Bolangir, Kalahandi
Pradesh and extend eastward in the south of Rajasthan (wheat basket of Rajasthan). Linseed Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Haryana (Odisha) and Bhagalpur (Bihar)
along the Godavari and Krishna Valleys. • The increase in agriculture productivity of
Groundnut Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu Metallic Mineral Mines
• Crops Grown: Cotton, Jowar, Wheat, MoUntain soil cereals that has taken place since the 1960s
Rape seed and Mustard Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Haryana Iron Kemmangundi, Hospet and
Sugarcane, Linseed, Gram, Fruit and mainly as a result of introduction of high
• Region: Hills of Jammu and Kashmir, Sesame Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan sondur (Karnataka) Barbil-Koria
Vegetables. yielding varieties of wheat and rice, use of
Uttarakhand and Assam hills. Sunflower Andhra pradesh and Maharashtra (Odisha), Boiladila and Dalli-
• Rich in Iron and humus but deficient fertilizers, machines and irrigation, etc. is Rajhara (Chhattisgarh) North
red soil Fibre Cotton Maharashtra and Gujarat
in lime. known as green revolution. Goa
• Formed by weathering of crystalline and Jute West Bengal and Bihar • Green revolution had made us self-sufficient Manganese Found in Karnataka, Madhya
metamorphic mixture of clay and sand. Silk Karnataka and Kerala in food production. Pradesh, Odisha and
• They are red in colour because of their high peaty and Marshy soil
Hemp Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh
• region: Kerala, coastal regions of Odisha, • It is the phrase generally used to describe the Maharashtra
Iron-oxide (FeO) content. Plantation Coffee Karnataka and Kerala
Tamil Nadu and Sundarbans of west Bengal. spectacular increase that took place during Chromite Found in Odisha, bihar,
• They are deficient in phosphoric acid,
• Contain large amount of soluble salts and
Rubber Karnataka and Kerala 1968 and is continuing in the production of Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and
organic matter and nitrogenous material.
Tea Assam and Kerala food-grains in India. Maharashtra.
• Red soils cover the eastern part of the organic matter.
Tobacco Gujarat, Maharashtra and M. P. Copper Malanj Khand belt (M.P.)
peninsular region comprising Chhotanagpur
Spices Pepper Kerala, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu iMpact of Green revolUtion Ketri-Singhara Belt (Rajasthan)
plateau, Odisha (Orissa), eastern aGricUltUre in india Singhbum (Jharkhand)
Chhattisgarh, Telangana, the Nilgiris and Ginger Kerala and Uttar Pradesh
Turmeric Andhra Pradesh and Odisha
positive iMpact Bauxite Found in Odisha, Gujarat,
Tamil Nadu plateau. • About 65–70% of the total population of the
• Increase in agricultural production Jharkhand, Maharashtra,
• Crops Grown: Wheat, Rice, Millets, Pulses. country is dependent on agriculture. • Reduction of the import of food grains Chhattisgarh
extensive farMinG • Annually two or three crops are grown due to
• Agriculture with its allied activities accounts • Capitalistic farming Gold Kolar and Hutti (Karnataka)
laterite soil • This is a system of farming in which the the demand of food for large size of population.
for 45% of our national income. • Industrial growth Ramgiri in (Anantpur) A. P.
• The Laterite soils are formed due to weathering cultivator uses a limited amount of labour • Agriculture is done with the help of manual
There are three crop seasons in India: labour. • Rural employment atomic Mineral Mines
of lateritic rock in high temperatures and capital on relatively large area.
• Kharif: Sown in June/July, harvested in Uranium Gaya (Bihar) Saharanpur (U.P.)
and heavy rainfall with alternate dry and • Here, per acre yield is low but overall neGative iMpact
September/October, e.g., rice, jowar, bajra, plantation aGricUltUre Jadugoda (Jharkhand) Monazite
wet period. production is in surplus due to less • Inter-crop imbalance
ragi, maize, cotton and jute. • In this type of agriculture, trees or bushes sands of Kerala Coast.
• They are found along the edge of plateau in population. are planted on huge estates. • Increase in regional imbalance
• Rabi: Sown in October/December, harvested Thorium Derived from Monazite sand,
the east covering small parts of Tamil Nadu, • Agriculture is done with the help of machines. • A single crop like rubber, sugarcane, coffee, • Unemployment due to mechanisation Found in Kerala, Jharkhand
Orissa and a small part of Chhotanagpur in in April/May, e.g., wheat, barley, peas,
tea or banana is grown. • Increase in inter-regional migration Bihar, Tamil Nadu and Rajasthan
the north and Meghalaya in the north-east. rapeseed, mustard grains. intensive farMinG
• Environment Impacts Lithium Found in lepidolite and
• Laterite soils are red in colour with a high • Zyad: They are raised between April/June, • This is a system of farming in which the proBleMs of indian aGricUltUre spodumene, lepidolite is found in
• Soil Solinisation
content of iron-oxides; poor in Nitrogen e.g., melons, watermelons, cucumbers, toris, cultivator uses large amount of labour and • Indian agriculture is chiefly of subsistence Jharkhand, M. P. and Rajasthan,
• Negligence of other crops
and Lime. leafy and other vegetables. capital on relatively small area. type where a large manual labour is Bastar region
oil refineries of India 2014-15 and comprise only 2% of 4. NH-5 Pathankot — Amritsar — • The BRO is doing highly commendable Zone headquarter has been incorporated on 30 March, 2007
• There are 19 refineries in India, 16 in public the total traffic. Bhatinda — Bikaner — Jaisalmer jobs of construction and maintenance in with its Headquarters at Mumbai.
• The longest NH in India is 375 km long Myanmar and Afghanistan too. North Eastern Frontier Malegoan The brand name of the new airlines will
sector, one in joint sector and two in private — Samakhiali
Railway
sector. NH–44 (Srinagar – Kanyakumari). 5. NH-2 Faridabad — Mathura — Agra be Air India (or Indian) and its logo will be
• The new NH-44 is the combination of NH - rail transport Southern Railway Chennai Maharaja.
— Allahabad — Varanasi —
enerGy 1A, 1, 2, 3, 7, 26 and NH - 75. • The total route covered is approximately
Aurangabad — Dhanbad — South Central Railway Secundrabad
• Power development commenced in India 63000 km. Water transport
• It passes through 12 states: Jammu & Durgapur — Kolkata
with the commissioning of electricity supply • Indian Railway Board was established South Eastern Railway Kolkata • The Central Water Tribunal was established
Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, 6. NH-8 Delhi — Gurgaon — Jaipur in March 1905. Western Railway Mumbai (Church Gate in 1887.
in Darjeeling during 1897, followed by a Haryana, Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya — Udaipur — Gandhinagar — • Indian Railway was nationalised in 1950. • Its headquarter is in Kolkata.
hydropower station at Sivasamudram in Pradesh, Maharashtra, Telangana, Andhra Ahmedabad — Vadodara — Surat East Central Railway Hajipur
• The management and governance of the
Karnataka during 1902. Pradesh, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. — Silvassa — Mumbai
Indian Railways is in the hands of the East Coast Railway Bhubaneshwar internal WaterWays
• National Hydropower Corporation (NHPC) • Earlier NH-7 was the largest highway of India. 7. NH-17 Panvel — Panaji — Ankola — Railway Board. • India has got about 14,544 km of navigable
was set up in 1975. (Varanasi-Kanya Kumari : 2369 km). Manglore — Kozhikode — Kochi North Central Railway Allahabad
• Railways have been divided into 17 zones. waterways which comprise rivers, canals,
• National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC) • NH-7 passes through UP (120 km), MP (504 8. NH-4 Mumbai — Pune — Kolhapur — • A new zone Kolkata Metro Zone (17th zone) North Western Railway Jaipur backwaters, creeks, etc.
was set up in 1975. km), Maharashtra (232 km), Telangana (504 Bangalore — Vellore — Chennai was established on 29 December, 2010. • The waterway from Haldia to Allahabad was
South-East Central Bilaspur
• Atomic Energy Institute at Trombay was set km), Andhra Pradesh (250 km), Karnataka 9. NH-3 Agra — Gwalior — Indore — • India has the second largest railway network Railway made a National Waterway in 1986.
up in 1954 and then renamed as Bhabha (125 km) Tamil Nadu (627 km). Mumbai in Asia and the fourth largest in the World • The Inland Waterways Authority of India
South-West Railway Hubli
Atomic Research Centre (BARC) in 1967. • NH 1 & 2 is called G.T. Road. after the USA, Russia and China. (IWAI) came into existence on 27 October,
10. NH-31 Barhi — Begusarai — Dalkhola —
• The first heavy water plant was set up in • Jawahar Tunnel is located in NH1A. Siliguri — Kokrajhar — Guwahati • It is the largest public sector undertaking of West Central Railway Jabalpur 1986.
Nangal in 1962. • NH 47A is the smallest highway of India. Its the country and it is the world’s second largest Kolkata Metro Kolkata
• The renewable energy programme started length is only 6 km. This is in Kerala. national hiGhWay developMent railway network under single management. ports in india
with the establishment of the Department of • NH-15 passes through the desert of Rajasthan. proGraMMe (nhdp) • The first Indian railway line in India was Vivek Express • India has about 190 ports, with 13 major
• Recently NH-7 renamed as NH-44. operated for public traffic in 1853 between • It has the longest train route in India and the rest intermediate and minor.
Non-Conventional Energy Sources in 1982. 1. The Golden Quadrilateral Project involves
• Golden Quadrilateral (5846 km) : High Mumbai and Thane over a distance of 34 km. connecting Dibrugarh and Kanyakumari. • Largest port of India is Jawaharlal Nehru
Indian Renewable Energy Development connectivity of:
quality road joining the four megacities of • The first electric train in India was ‘Deccan • It is 8th longest route in the world. Port in Mumbai.
Agency was set up in 1987. In 1992; i. Delhi to Kolkata: 1,453 km (NH2).
the country (Delhi, Kolkata, Chennai and Queen’. It was introduced in 1929 between • The largest natural port is in Vishakhapatnam.
DNES was converted into Ministry of Non- ii. Delhi to Mumbai: 1,419 km (NH8, NH76 Konkan Railways
Mumbai) is called as Golden Quadrilateral Bombay and Poona. • It runs from Mangalore to Roha (40 km • Kandla in Gujarat is a tidal port. It has been
conventional Energy Sources. and NH46).
Connecting National Highways. • The fastest train in India is the Bhopal-New south of Mumbai). made into a free trade zone.
iii. Mumbai to Chennai: 1,290 km (NH4,
Delhi Shatabdi Express, whose maximum • Mumbai port is the busiest port of India.
soUrces of irriGation in india (1) Delhi-Kolkata : NH-2 NH6 and NH60).
There are various sources of irrigation which speed is 140 km/hr. air transport • Large ports are maintained by the Central
(2) Mumbai -Delhi : NH-8 Total length: 5,846 kms.
• The first metro rail was introduced in • JRD Tata was the first person to take a solo Government whereas small ports are
are: 2. North-South and East-West Corridors:
(3) Mumbai -Chennai : NH-4 Kolkata on October 24, 1984. flight from Mumbai to Karachi in 1931. included in the concurrent list and are
(a) Wells and Tubewells: 46% of total i. NS corridor connects Srinagar to
(4) Chennai-Kolkata : NH-5 • The oldest steam engine ‘Fairy Queen’ • In 1935, the ‘Tata Airlines’ started its operation managed by the State Government.
irrigation. Kanyakumari. between Mumbai and Thiruvananthapuram
ii. EW corridor connects Porbandar still runs on rail. nicknames of Important Indian Places
(b) Canals: 39% of total irrigation. and in 1937 between Mumbai and Delhi.
TOP TEN LONGEST NATIONAL HIGHWAYS OF • Uttar Pradesh has largest railway network in
(c) Tanks: 8% of total irrigation. (Gujarat) to Silchar (Asam). • Airways in India started in 1911. nickname place
INDIA India.
(d) Other sources: 7% of total irrigation • NS and EW corridors cross each other at • All the airway companies were nationalised Garden City of India Bengaluru
rank Major cities on route • Mumbai CST is the busiest railway junction of
(Dongs, Kuhls, Springs etc.). Jhansi (Uttar Pradesh). in 1953 as Air India. Silicon Valley of India Bengaluru
national India.
highway • About 26% of the rail lines have been • Vayudoot was established in 1981 for Electronic City of India Bengaluru
poWer resoUrces of india state hiGhWays
electrified. domestic services, but was later merged in
India uses a large amount of fossil fuels as 1 NH-7(44) Varanasi — Jabalpur — Nagpur • They are constructed and maintained by the Indian Airlines.
Pink City Jaipur
— Hyderabad — Bengaluru — State Government. Gateway of India Mumbai
a source of energy alongwith a number of railway Zones
Madurai — Kanyakumari • Maharashtra has the maximum length of MerGer of air india and indian
renewable sources of energy. Hyderabad-
2. NH-6 Hajira — Surat — Dhule — Zone headquarter Twin City
roads. airlines Secunderabad
Nagpur — Raipur — Sambalpur • West Bengal has the maximum road density. Central Railway Mumbai On 1 March, 2007, the Union Cabinet
national hiGhWays — Kolkata
City of Festivals Madurai
• Roads on the borders are constructed Eastern Railway Kolkata approved the proposal to merge Indian Deccan Queen Pune
• National Highways is the responsibility of 3. NH-5 Bhubaneswar — Visha- Airlines and Air India.
and maintained by the Border Roads Golden City Amritsar
the central Government. These have about khapatnam — Vijayawada — Northern Railway New Delhi
Accordingly, a new company, viz. National
Organisation (BRO).
96,214 km length, according to the survey Nellore — Chennai North-Eastern Railway Gorakhpur Manchester of India Ahmedabad
• BRO was established in May 1960. Aviation Company of India Limited (NACL)
nickname place town river Height from tribal Group found in tribal Group found in town industries state
City of Seven Islands Mumbai Delhi Yamuna hill station sea level (m) state Bhils M.P. and Rajasthan Gujlars J and K and H.P. Burnpur Steel Plant West Bengal
Queen of Arabian Sea Cochin Agra Yamuna Shimla 2210 H.P. Bakkarwals J and K Bhurkunda Glass Jharkhand
Gonds M.P. and Bihar
Space City Bangaluru Badrinath Alaknanda Pahalgam 2200 J&K Industries
Baigas M.P. Garos Assam and Meghalaya
City of Buildings Kolkata Hardwar Ganga Darjeeling 2135 West Bengal Bhagalpur Silk Industries Bihar
Badagas Tamil Nadu Gallong North-East
Dakshin Ganga Godavari Kanpur Ganga Kodaikanal 2120 Tamil Nadu Bhandara Explosives Maharashtra
Chutia Assam Gaddis Himachal Pradesh
Old Ganga Godavari At the confluence Bhadravati Iron and Steel Karnataka
Lansdowne 2120 Uttarakhand Chenchus A.P. and Odisha
Allahabad of the Ganga and Sema Nagaland Bongaigaon Petroleum Assam
Egg Bowls of Asia Andhra Pradesh Mussoorie 2006 Uttarakhand
Yamuna Chang North-East North-East Sentinelese Andaman and Nicobar Bhadoi Carpets U. P.
Soya Region Madhya Pradesh Panchgani 1200 Maharashtra
Kota Chambal Oarons Bihar and Odisha Shompens Andaman and Nicobar Churk Cement M. P.
Manchester of the South Coimbatore Kullu Valley 1200 H.P.
Ahmedabad Sabarmati Onges Andaman and Nicobar Cyberabad Electronics, Andhra
City of Nawabs Lucknow Todas Tamil Nadu
Bareilly Ram Ganga Mt. Abu 1220 Rajasthan Computers, Pradesh
Venice of the East Cochin Pho North-East North-East Uralis Kerala
Ayodhya Saryu Kalimpong 1250 West Bengal Information
Sorrow of Bengal Damodar river Santhals WB, Odisha and Bihar Wancho North-East Technology
Jaunpur Gomti Mahabaleshwar 1370 Maharashtra
Sorrow of Bihar Kosi river Sangtam North-East Chittaranjan Locomotive West Bengal
Lucknow Gomti Mandi 709 H.P.
City of Rallies New Delhi Murias M.P. Kolkata Jute, Leather, West Bengal
Srinagar Jhelum Periyar 915 Kerala indian towns associated with industries
Manchester of the North Kanpur Nishi North East Electric goods
Varanasi Ganga Panchmarhi 1065 M.P. town industries state
City of Temples Varanasi Nagas Nagaland Cochin Ship-building, Kerala
Patna Ganga Mannar 1160 Kerala Ahmedabad Cotton Textiles Gujarat Coconut oil,
Jamshedpur Warlis Maharashtra
Ujjain Kshipra Agra Leather, U.P. Rubber
Steel City of India (also called Mukteshwar 1975 Uttarakhand
Tatanagar) Jamshedpur Swarnarekha Mundas Bihar Marble, Carpet Calicut Coffee, Coconut Kerala
Nainital 1940 Uttarakhand
City of Lakes Srinagar Jabalpur Narmada Moplahs Kerala Aligarh Locks, Cutlery U.P. Coimbatore Cotton Tamil Nadu
Kasauli 1985 H.P.
Ankleshwar Oil Fields Gujarat Industries
City of Weavers Panipat Surat Tapti Minas Rajasthan
Coonoor 1860 Tamil Nadu Dhariwal Woollen Punjab
Jammu & Curnool Tungabhadra Murias M.P. Ambernath Machine Tools Maharashtra
Heaven of India Gangtok 1850 Sikkim Clothes
Kashmir Vijayvada Krishna
Manali 1830 H.P. Lushai Tripura Amritsar Woollen Punjab Durgapur Steel West Bengal
Blue Mountains Nilgiri Panji Mandavi Clothes
Ranikhet 1830 Uttarakhand Lepchas Sikkim Digboi Petroleum Assam
Mussoorie Nasik Godavari Anand Milk and its Gujarat
Queen of the Mountains Lahaulas Himachal Pradesh Delhi Textiles, Delhi
(Uttarakhand) Ranchi 1800 Jharkhand Products
Hyderabad Musi Electronics,
Sacred River Ganga Srinagar 1770 J and K Kuki Manipur Alwaye Fertilizer, Kerala
Tiruchirapalli Cauvery D.D.T.
Hollywood of India Mumbai Almora 1650 Uttarakhand Kotas Tamil Nadu Monazite
Seriranganatnam Cauvery Dalmianagar Cement Bihar
City of Castles Kolkata Factory
Cuttack Mahanadi Shillong 1500 Meghalaya Kolam A.P. Darjeeling Tea W. Bengal
State of Five Rivers Punjab Ambala Scientific Haryana
Sambalpur Mahanadi Lonawala 620 Maharashtra Kol M.P.
Instruments Dindigul Cigar, Tobacco Tamil Nadu
Boston of India Ahmedabad
Kolkata Hooghly Khandala 620 Maharashtra Khonds Odisha Bokaro Steel Plant Jharkhand
Garden of Spices of India Kerala Ferozabad Bangle works M. P.
Guwahati Brahmaputra tribal Groups of India Khasis Assam and Meghalaya Bengaluru Telephones, Karnataka
Abode of the God Prayag Allahabad Guntur Cotton Andhra
Dibrugarh Brahmaputra Khas U.P. Aircrafts,
Pittsburg of India Jamshedpur tribal Group found in Motors, Cotton industries Pradesh
Apatamis Arunachal Pradesh Khond M.P. Textiles, Toys Gwalior Pottery, Madhya
Switzerland of India Kashmir famous hill stations in india
Kharia M.P. Batanagar Shoes West Bengal Tobacco Pradesh
important indian towns on rivers Height from Angami Manipur
Katkari M.P. Bareilly Resin U.P. Gomia Explosives Jharkhand
hill station sea level (m) state Adivasis MP (Bastar distt.)
town river Industries,
Gulbarga 2550 J and K Abhors North-East Kanikar Tamil Nadu Haridwar Heavy Uttarakhand
Ludhiana Satluj Match Factory electricals
Dalhousie 2035 H.P. Birhors M.P. and Bihar Jarawas Little Andamans
Ferozepur Satluj Bhilai Steel Plant Chhattisgarh Hatia Heavy Jharkhand
Mathura Yamuna Ooty Bhuia M.P. Jaintias Meghalaya
2290 Tamil Nadu Barauni Chemical Bihar Engineering
(Ootacamund)
Bhotias Uttarakhand Irula Tamil Nadu Fertilizer Corporation
town industries state town industries state town industries state town industries state Longest Tunnel Jawahar Tunnel Longest River which Narmada
Haldia Chemical West Bengal Chennai Leather, Tamil Nadu Raniganj Coal-mining West Bengal Vijaynagar Steel plant Karnataka (Jammu and Kashmir) forms estuary
fertilizer Cigarette, Rourkela Steel plant, Odisha Vishakhapatnam Ship-building, A.P. Longest National NH-7 Largest Church Saint Cathedral (Goa)
Integral coach Iron and steel, Highway Longest Beach Marina Beach, Chennai
Hazira Artificial Rayon Gujarat Chemical
factory fertilisers Oil refinery Longest Dam Hirakud Dam (Odisha)
Jamshedpur Iron and Steel, Jharkhand important indian towns on the Bank
Madurai Cotton-and Tamil Nadu Rana Pratap Hydropower Rajasthan Varanasi Rail engines U.P. Longest River Bridge Mahatma Gandhi Setu,
Locomotives, of rivers
Silk-weaving Sagar plant and saari Patna
Railway
coaches Mirzapur Carpet, U.P. Renukoote Aluminium U.P. industries Largest Museum National Museum, town river
Pottery, Brass plant Worli Baby food Maharashtra Kolkata Allahabad At the confluence of the
Jallundhur Surgical goods Punjab industries
Zainkot HMT watches Jammu and Largest Delta Sunderbans Delta, West Ganga and Yamuna
and sports Roopnarayanpur Cables West Bengal
Muradabad Brassware, U. P. Kashmir Bengal Ujjain Shipra
articles Rishikesh Antibiotic Plant Uttarakhand
Cutlery Largest Animal Fair Sonepur (Bihar)
Jaipur Cloth Printing, Rajasthan Saharanpur Cigarette U.P. largest, longest, Surat Tapti
Mathura Oil refinery U.P. Highest Gateway Buland Darwaza,
Brass factory, highest and smallest in india Jamshedpur Swarnarekha
Mysore Sandalwood Karnataka Fatehpur Sikri (Agra)
Jharia Coal mines Jharkhand Newsprint Dibrugarh Brahmaputra
oil, Silk goods Largest Dome Gol Gumbaz, Bijapur Biggest Hotel Oberoi-Sheraton
Jabalpur Bidi industry Madhya Sindri Chemical Jharkhand (Karnataka) Guwahati Brahmaputra
Meerut Publication U.P. (Mumbai)
Pradesh fertilisers
work, Sports Largest Zoo Zoological Gardens, Largest State (Area) Rajasthan Kolkata Hooghly
Jainakot H.M.T. watches Jammu and goods, Srinagar Woollen Jammu and Alipur, Kolkata
shawls, silk, Kashmir Place of Heaviest Mausinram (Meghalaya) Sambalpur Mahanadi
Kashmir Scissors- Largest Man-made Govind Vallabh Pant
Woodwork Rainfall Cuttack Mahanadi
Japla Cement Jharkhand making Lake Sagar (Rihand Dam) Largest Corridor Rameshwaram Temple
Mumbai Cinema Maharashtra Surat Cotton textiles, Gujarat Serirangapatnam Cauvery
Kanpur Cotton and U.P. Largest Desert Thar (Rajasthan) Corridor (Tamil Nadu)
industries, Diamond- Hyderabad Musi
woollen mills, Highest Tower Pitampura Tower, Delhi Largest Cantilever Howrah Bridge
Cotton textiles cutting
Leather, Sugar Span Bridge (Kolkata) Nasik Godavari
Modinagar Nylon thread U.P. Surajpur Cement factory Haryana Smallest State (Area) Goa
Katni Cement M.P. Largest Forest State Madhya Pradesh Vijaywada Krishna
Moorie Aluminium Jharkhand Suratgarh Agricultural Rajasthan Highest Waterfall Gersoppa Waterfall
Korba Aluminium Chhattisgarh implements Highest Straight Bhakra Dam Curnool Tungabhadra
Majhagaon Ship-building Maharashtra (Karnataka)
factory, Gravity Dam
Singhbhum Copper, iron Jharkhand Longest Electric From Delhi to Kolkata Tiruchirapalli Cauvery
Thermal plant Nagpur Cotton mills, Maharashtra Longest Railway Gorakhpur (U.P.)
Oranges Singreni Coal-mining Andhra Railway Line via Patna Delhi Yamuna
Koyna Aluminium Maharashtra Platform
Nepanagar Newsprint Madhya Pradesh Largest Cave Temple Kailash Temple, Ellora Mathura Yamuna
factory Largest Stadium Salt Lake (Yuva Bharti),
Pradesh Salem Iron and steel Tamil Nadu (Maharashtra) Kolkata Ferozepur Satluj
Koyali Petrochemical Gujarat
industries Nasik Security Maharashtra Samastipur Jute, Paper, Bihar Longest River Ganges Largest Port Mumbai Ludhiana Satluj
printing press Tobacco, Sugar Longest Tributary Yamuna
Kolar Gold-mining Karnataka Highest Battlefield Siachin Glacier Srinagar Jhelum
centre Neyveli Lignite Tamil Nadu Tarapur Atomic power Maharashtra River of India Highest Airport Leh (Laddakh)
industries plant Lucknow Gomti
Kota Atomic power Rajasthan Longest River of the Godavari Largest River Island Majuli (Brahmaputra
Nunamati Oil refineries Assam Titagarh Paper and jute West Bengal South Jaunpur Gomti
plant River, Assam)
Narora Atomic Power U.P. Thiruvanantha- Coir-matting Kerala Highest Mountain Godwin Austen (K2) Ayodhya Saryu
Kanchipuram Silk clothes Tamil Nadu Largest Planetarium Birla Planetarium
Plant puram Peak (Kolkata) Bareilly Ram Ganga
Karnal Dairy product Haryana
Nangal Fertilisers Punjab Trombay Oil refinery Maharashtra Largest Lake (Fresh Wular Lake (Kashmir) Highest Lake Devatal (Garhwal) Ahmedabad Sabarmati
Kandla Chemical Gujarat Water)
fertiliser, Panna Diamond M.P. Tiruchirapalli Cigar Tamil Nadu Largest Lake (Saline Chilka Lake, Odisha Kota Chambal
mining Tirupati Scooter Andhra Highest Dam Bhakra Dam (Punjab) Water)
famous port Jabalpur Narmada
Pinjore Hindustan Haryana Pradesh Largest Mosque Jama Masjid, Delhi Largest Gurudwara Golden Temple,
Khetri Copper Rajasthan Panji Mandavi
Machine Tools Tanjore Silk clothes Tamil Nadu Amritsar
industries Longest Road Grand Trunk Road
Perambur Integral coach Tamil Nadu Deepest River Valley Bhagirathi and Patna Ganga
Ludhiana Hosiery Punjab Thumba Rocket- Kerala State with Longest Gujarat
factory launching Alaknanda Varanasi Ganga
Lucknow Embroidery U.P. Coastline
Pimpri Penicillin Maharashtra station State with Longest Andhra Pradesh Kanpur Ganga
work, Chicken Longest Railway From Jammu to Coastline of South
factory Vijaypur Fertilisers M.P. Haridwar Ganga
work Route Kanyakumari India
town river peak height (in metres) 5. Damodar Valley Damodar River Jharkhand and • Flood Control, irrigation, navigation, 12. Tungabhadra Tungabhadra Joint venture of • Irrigation to Andhra Pradesh and
above mean sea level Project (rises in the West Bengal. afforestation and control of soil-erosion. Project River Andhra Pradesh Karnataka.
Badrinath Alaknanda
Sia Kangri 7,422 Kamarpet hill in • Promotion of agriculture and industry, and Karnataka • Two Power Stations at Hampi supply
Agra Yamuna the Chhotanagpur electricity generation. cheap power.
Chaukhamba 7,138
Plateau of • Four dams at Tilaiya, Konar, Maithan,
Heights of Some Important Indian Peaks (Badrinath Peak)
Jharkhand). Panchet nuclear power stations in india • State with lowest female literacy — Bihar
Trisul West 7,138
peak height (in metres) 6. Gandak Project Gandak River Joint venture of • Barrage at Balmikinagar in Bihar— Tarapur Maharashtra (51.5%)
Nunkun 7,135
above mean sea level Uttar Pradesh, irrigation • State having highest decadal growth —
K2 8,611 Pauhunri 7,128 Bihar. Nepal also Kalpakkam Tamil Nadu, called Indira Gandhi
• Main Western Canal—irrigation to Meghalaya (27.9%)
Kangto 7,090 receives irrigation Centre for Atomic Research
Kanchenjunga 8,598 Bihar and U.P. • State having highest Population — Uttar
and power Narora U. P.
Nanga Parbat 8,126 Dunagiri 7,066 • Main Eastern Canal — irrigation to Bihar Pradesh (19,98,12,341)
facilities and Nepal Power House—Gift to Nepal Rawatbhata Kota, Rajasthan
Gasher Brum 8,068 • State having lowest Population — Sikkim
Lengths of Some Important Indian rivers 7. Hasdeo Project Hasdeo River, Chhattisgarh Completion in 3 phases :— Kaiga Karnataka
Broad Peak 8,047 (6,10,577)
river length (km) a tributary of • Phase I—Hasdeo Barrage; Left Bank Kakrapar Gujarat
Disteghil Sar 7,885
• State with highest Population Density—
Indus 3,000 Mahanadi Canal—supplies cooling water to Kudankulam Tamil Nadu Bihar (1106)
Masher Brum E 7,821 Brahmaputra 2,900 Korba Thermal Power Station and
creates irrigation potential. Major thermal power plants in india • State with lowest Population Density —
Nanda Devi 7,817
Ganga 2,510 • Phase II—Right Bank Canal and Arunachal Pradesh (17)
Masher Brum W 7,806 Neyveli Tamil Nadu
Godavari 1,450 Janjgir branch Canal • State having highest Sex Ratio — Kerala
Rakaposhi 7,788 Korba Chhattisgarh (1,084)
Narmada 1,290 • Phase III—Hasdeo Bargo Dam—
Kamet 7,756 storage and irrigation; Extension of Obra U. P. • State having lowest Sex Ratio — Haryana (879)
Krishna 1,290
Saser Kangri 7,672 the Left Bank Canal—irrigation and Harduaganj U. P. • India accounts for a meagre 2.4 percent of the
Mahanadi 890
Skyang Kangri 7,544 hydel power generation. Rihand U. P. world surface area of 135.79 million sq km.
Cauvery 760 8. Hirakud Project Mahanadi River Odisha • Stage I—(a) Hirakud dam in Sambalpur Singrauli U. P. • Ind ia sup ports 17.5 percent of the
Multipurpose Projects of India (rises from Bastar district of Odisha—Power supplies World Population.
Hills near Sihawa Parichha U. P.
to Indian Aluminium Co. and other
project river states involved objectives
and flows through Talcher Odisha • Life Expectancy at Birth — 63.5 years, Male —
industries in the region.
1. Bhakra-Nangal Satluj River Joint Venture of • Two dams at Bhakra and Nangal Chhattisgarh (b) Canals—Sambalpur Canal, Baragarh Farakka W. Bengal
62.6 years, Female — 64.2 years
Project (Highest Punjab, Haryana • Turn the turbines of power houses at and Orissa). Canal, Saran Canal—Irrigation to Orissa. • First census was undertaken in 1872 but a
straight way gravity and Rajasthan. Satpura M. P.
Ganguwal, Kotla; (c) Mahanadi Delta Irrigation Scheme. systematic programme of Population Census
dam in the world.) • Provides water for irrigation canals (d) Navigation—from Dholpur to Cuttack. Ramagundam A. P.
started in 1881.
2. Beas Project Beas River Punjab, Haryana • Bhakra Pong Dam–provide water • Stage II—Power house at Chiplima, Vindhyanchal M. P. • Highest Death Rate among states is in
and supplies to Rajasthan canal Hirakud Dam at Tikarpare and at Naraj Odisha — 98 per thousand.
Rajasthan • Project mainly provides irrigation to west of Cuttack.
censUs of india • Lowest Death Rate among states is in Kerala
Punjab, Haryana and Rajasthan 9. Kosi Project Kosi River (rises Bihar & Nepal • Unit I—Barrage near Hanumannagar — 16 per thousand.
from 6000 m. in Nepal—Appurtenant Works. • Total Population of India — 1,21,08,54,977
• A small power house for power generation • Decadal growth rate in Population — 17.7%
high • Unit II—Flood embankment and other • Sex Ratio (females per thousand males) — 943
3. Beas–Sutlej Beas and Sutlej Himachal Pradesh • To tap the hydroelectric and irrigation • State having lowest population decadal
Tibet Plateau). protective works • Density — 382 persons per sq. km.
Link Project Rivers and potential of the River Beas. growth rate — Nagaland (–0.6%)
Rajasthan • Unit III—Eastern Kosi Canal System— • Crude Birth Rate (2009) — 22.5
• Remaining water of Beas is stored • Four cities having highest population in
Irrigation of North Bihar. • Crude Death Rate (2009) — 7.3
in Pong Reservoir for irrigating arid India are Mumbai, Kolkata, Delhi and
The project provides transport • Infant Mortality Rate (2006) — 57 per
wastelands in Rajasthan through the Chennai respectively.
facilities, soil conservation and thousand live births
Rajasthan canal. • Andhra Pradesh was the first state to
development of agro-based industries.
4. Chambal Project Chambal River Joint venture of Completion in three stages • Maternal Mortality Rate — 407 per
10. Nagarjunasagar Krishna River Andhra Pradesh • Irrigation of Krishna river delta and prepare a population policy.
(origin on the Rajasthan and • Stage I–Gandhisagar Dam, near lakh live births • Highest Scheduled Caste population is
Project surrounding regions.
northern slopes of Madhya Pradesh Chaurasigarh fort for power • Literacy rate of the country — 73 per in Uttar Pradesh.
• Power generation.
the Vindhyas near production; Kota Barrage, near Kota, cent. (Male — 80.9 per cent, Female • Highest Scheduled Tribe Population is in
Mhow in Madhya 11. Rihand Dam Rihand River Uttar Pradesh • Flood control by preserving water in
Right main canal; Left main canal.
(It rises in the — 64.6 per cent) Madhya Pradesh.
Pradesh.) Govind Ballabh Pant Sagar Reservoir
• Stage II—Rana Pratap Sagar at Mainpat Hills in • State with highest literacy — Kerala (94.0%) • Lowest Scheduled Caste Population
Rawatbhata in Chittorgarh District—
• Provides irrigation to eastern parts of
the Surguja U.P. and Bihar. • State with lowest literacy — Bihar (61.8%) is in Nagaland.
Irrigation and power generation. district • State with highest female literacy
• Development of fisheries, water sports, • Lowest Scheduled Tribe Population is in
• Stage III—Jawahar Sagar Dam—Power of M.P.) — Kerala (92.1%)
tourism and navigation in U.P. and M.P. Punjab.
generation.
11. Tamil Nadu 1,30,060.00 26 Nagaland 16,579.00 • Canyon: A narrow, deep, steep-sided river • Eustatic movement: A large scale rise or
states of india valley cut in the soft rocks. fall of sea level.
12. Telangana 1,14,840.00 27 Tripura 10,486.00
• Cape: A headland, a more or less pointed • Evapotranspiration: The term signifies
largest Union territories (population- Wise) : 2011 13. Bihar 94,163.00 28 Sikkim 7,096.00
piece of land jutting out into the sea. total loss of water (moisture) from soil in
rank states persons rank states persons 14. West Bengal 88,752.00 29 Goa 3,702.00 • Cardinal points: The four main directions the form of water vapour, including that
1. Delhi 1,67,87,941 5 Dadra & Nagar Haveli 3,43,709 15. Arunachal Pradesh 83,743.00 of the compass. lost by evaporation from open water bodies,
2. Puducherry 12,47,953 6 Daman & Diu 2,43,247 • Chaparral: The low, dense scrub, the surface of rocks and also that lost by
largest Union territories : area-Wise transpiration from growing plants.
3. Chandigarh 10,55,450 7 Lakshadweep 64,473 characteristic of Mediterranean type of
rank states area rank states area
climatic regions. • Fathometer: Instrument used for measuring
4. Andaman & 3,80,581 (sq. km) (sq. km) the depth of the ocean.
• Clinometer: An instrument used for
Nicobar Islands 1. Andaman & Nicobar 8249.00 5 Chandigarh 114.00 • Fauna: The animal life of a region or a
determining the difference in elevation
Islands geological period.
largest indian states (population-Wise) : 2011 between two points.
2. Delhi 1483.00 6 Daman & Diu 111.00
• Cloud: A mass of tiny water droplets or ice • Fiord: A glacial valley or part thereof now
rank states persons rank states persons 3. Dadra & Nagar 491.00 7 Lakshadweep 30.00 crystals formed by condensation of water under the sea.
1. Uttar Pradesh 19,98,12,341 16 Punjab 2,77,43,338 Haveli • Flora: The plant life of a region or geological
vapour in the atmosphere.
4. Puducherry 490.00 period.
2. Maharashtra 11,23,74,333 17 Chhattisgarh 2,55,45,198 • Condensation: The process by which a
• Fog: A dense mass or small water drops or
3. Bihar 10,40,99,452 18 Haryana 2,53,51,462 substance changes from vapour to liquid.
smoke or dust particles in the lower layers
in the higher latitudes of the southern and • Condensation nuclei: Microscopic particles
4. West Bengal 9,12,76,115 19 Jammu & Kashmir 1,25,41,302 Glossary of GeoGraphical of the atmosphere.
northern hemisphere respectively. having an affinity for water.
5. Madhya Pradesh 7,26,26,809 20 Uttarakhand 1,00,86,292 terMs • Geosyncline: A large depression or trough
• Avalanche: A large mass of snow and ice at high • Connate water: Water entrapped in the
6. Tamil Nadu 7,21,47,030 21 Himachal Pradesh 68,64,602
in the earth’s crust that is a syncline
• Ablation: Loss of ice in the body of a glacier altitude, sliding downslope on a mountain. interstices of rocks during their formation;
on a large scale.
7. Rajasthan 6,85,48,437 22 Tripura 36,73,917 through melting etc. • Azonal soil: Soil which has not been also called fossil water. • Geyser: A thermal spring which throws up
8. Karnataka 6,10,95,297 23 Manipur 28,55,794 • Abrasion: Erosion of rocks by water, wind subjected sufficiently to soil forming pro- • Convection: The uplift of air as a result of a jet of hot water and steam intermittently.
or ice (glacier). surface heating or instability due to other • Gorge: A narrow and deep valley of a river.
9. Gujarat 6,04,39,692 24 Meghalaya 29,66,889 cesses and thus has changed little from the
• Absolute humidity: Amount of water reasons. • Great Circle: A circle on the earth’s surface
10. Andhra Pradesh 4,93,86,799 25 Nagaland 19,78,502 parent material.
vapour present in a unit volume of air. • Coral: A kind of rock formed of polyps whose plane passes through its centre and
• Barometer: Instrument used for measuring
11. Odisha 4,19,74,218 26 Goa 14,58,545 • Advection: Transfer of heat through hori- forming reefs in the oceans. thus bisects it into two hemispheres.
pressure.
12. Telangana 3,51,93,978 27 Arunachal Pradesh 13,83,727 zontal movement of air. • Denudation: Wearing away of rocks by • Gulf: A large, deep bay.
• Barysphere, Bathysphere or Centrosphere:
• Acolian: Relating to or caused by wind. various agencies like wind; water and ice • Habitat: Natural environment of a plant
13. Kerala 3,34,06,061 28 Mizoram 10,97,206 Inner portion of the earth below the
• Altimeter: A type of aneroid barometer for (glaciers). or animal.
14. Jharkhand 3,29,88,134 29 Sikkim 6,10, 577 lithosphere or outer crust.
measuring height used mainly in aeroplanes. • Eclipse: Partial or full obscuring of the moon • Halophyte: A plant which grows naturally
15. Assam 3,12,05,576 • Base level: The lowest level to which a river
• Anticline: The arch or crest of a fold in the when the earth comes between the sun and in saline environment.
can deepen its valley.
largest indian states : area-Wise rocks. Its opposite is a syncline, the bottom the moon is called lunar eclipse. It occurs • Hinterland: Area from which a port gets
• Beach: A gently sloping strip of land along
usually on the day of the full moon. most of its exports.
rank states area rank states area of a fold. the coast.
A partial or complete obscuring of the sun • Horse latitudes: Subtropical belt of high
(sq. km) (sq. km) • Antipodes: Two points diametrically • Beufort scale: A scale identifying wind
because of the presence of the moon between pressure over the oceans.
1. Rajasthan 3,42,239.00 16 Jharkhand 79,714.00 opposite on the surface of earth. strength.
the sun and the earth is called the solar • Humidity: State of the atmosphere with
2. Madhya Pradesh 3,08,252.00 17 Assam 78,438.00 • Aphelion: The position of the earth in its • Biosphere: That portion of the earth and its
eclipse and it occurs on the day of the new respect to the water vapour it contains.
orbit when it is at its greatest distance from environment occupied by various forms of life.
3. Maharashtra 3,07,713.00 18 Himachal Pradesh 55,673.00 moon, that is, on the day the moon is not • Humus: Decomposed and partly decomposed
the sun. At its nearest distance from the sun • Blizzard: A storm of powdery snow in organic matter in the soil.
4. Uttar Pradesh 2,40,928.00 19 Uttarakhand 53,483.00 visible.
the earth is said to be in perihelion. the Polar Regions. • Hyetograph: A self-recording rain-gauge.
5. Jammu & 2,22,236.00 20 Punjab 50,362.00 • Ecology: Studies of organisms in relation to
• Apogee: The position of the moon or any • Bog: An area of soft, wet, spongy ground • Hygrophyte: Plant growing in wetlands.
Kashmir their environment.
other heavenly body, when it is at its greatest consisting mainly of decayed or decaying • Illuviation: Deposition, in the lower soil
• Edaphic: Relating to soil.
6. Gujarat 1,96, 244.00 21 Haryana 44,212.00 distance from the earth. At its shortest moss and other vegetable matter. horizon, of material removed by alluviation
• Eluviation: Removal of material in solution
7. Karnataka 1,91,791.00 22 Kerala 38,863.00 distance from the earth the moon is said • Bora: A cold and often dry wind experienced from the upper horizons of the soil.
or suspension from the upper horizons of the
8. Andhra Pradesh 1,60,205.00 23 Meghalaya 22,429.00 to be in perigee. along the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea. • Insolation: Energy radiated from the sun
soils to the lower.
• Atoll: A ring or horseshoe-shaped coral reef. • Bore: A high tidal wave causing backflow of received by the earth.
9. Odisha 1,55,707.00 24 Manipur 22,327.00 • Estuary: Mouth of a river where tidal effects
• Aurora Australis and Aurora Borealis: The water in river. • Intertropical convergence zone or inter-
10. Chhattisgarh 1,35,192.00 25 Mizoram 21,081.00 are evident and where fresh water and
light phenomena seen in the sky at night • Caatinga: Thorn-forest of Brazil. tropical front: Zone of low atmospheric
sea water mix.
Geography 203 204 General Knowledge 2020
pressure near the equator where the northeast • Lunar month: The interval of time in which • Plateau: Extensive level or near level area • Tidal range: Average difference in water
and southeast trade winds converge. the moon makes one complete revolution of elevated land. level between high and low tide at one place.
• Intrazonal soil: Soil which has been around the earth–about 29.5 days. • Precipitation: Falling of water (in liquid • Trans-humane: Practice among pastoral
influenced in its development less by climate • Mesophyte: A plant that requires a moderate or solid form, as the case may be) from the communities to move with their animal
and vegetation than by factors like parent amount of moisture. Most common trees and atmosphere to the earth. seasonally between two regions of different
material and drainage. shrubs are mesophytes. • Pressure gradient: Rate at which pressure climate.
• Isopleth: Line drawn on the map along • Mestizo: Offspring of a European and an declines horizontally on the earth’s surface. • Tributary: A smaller river which joins a
which the value of a particular phenomenon American Indian–the term is used mostly • Radiation: Process by which a body emits larger river.
or product is uniform. in South America. radiant energy, viz.–in the form of heat. • Tropophyte: A plant which acts as a
• Isanomal: Isopleth of anomaly. • Monsoon: A type of wind system in which • Rain shadow: Area having relatively lower hygrophyte in one season and xerophyte in
• Isarithm: Any line representing continuous there is complete reversal or almost so, of average rainfall. the other.
value on maps. prevailing wind direction from season to • Reef: Ridge of rocks lying near the surface • Tsunami: A large sea wave caused by an
• Isobars: Lines of equal depth in sea. season. of the sea, which may be visible at low tide, earthquake originating on the seabed.
• Isonaths: Lines of joining places experiencing • Moraine: The debris or fragments of rock but usually covered by water. • Van Allen’s Radiation Belts: Named after
a thunderstorm at the same time. material brought down with the movement • Reg: A stony desert. A sandy desert is called the physicist who discovered them, these
• Isochrones: Lines joining places located at of glacier. a reg. are two bands of the outermost layer of the
equal travel time from a common centre. • Mulatto: The debris or fragments of rock • Saprophyte: A plant which lives on decaying atmosphere (magnetosphere), at heights of
• Isogonals: Lines joining places with same material brought down with the movement organic matter. 3,000 km and 16,000 km above the earth’s
magnetic declination. of glacier. • Satellite: A relatively small body revolving surface. Here the ionized particles trapped
• Isohalines: Isopleths of salinity. • Mulatto: The offspring of a white and a black around a planet. by the earth’s magnetic field from the solar
• Isohels: Isopleths of equal amount of sunshine. person, commonly used in America. • Sericulture: The culture of silkworms for radiation, concentrate.
• Isohyets: Isopleths of rainfall. • Nivation: Erosion due to action of snow. production of raw silk. • Viticulture: The culture of grape vine.
• Isohypse or contour lines: Isopleths of • Nomadism: The practice, among certain • Sidereal day: The period of time during • Watershed: Elevated boundary line
elevation above sea level. primitive people, of frequently changing which a star describes a complete circle in separating headstreams which are tributaries
• Isonif: Isopleth of amount of snow. their habitation. its apparent journey around the pole star, to different river systems or basins.
• Isorymes: Line of equal frost. • Oasis: Area in the desert where water is representing the period of one rotation of • Weathering: Decay and disintegration of EnvironmEnt and Ecology
• Isoseismals: Lines of equal seismic activity. available. the earth on its axis and equal to 23 hours rocks of the earth’s crust by exposure to
• Isotherms: Isopleths of temperature. • Orbit: Path of a heavenly body through 56 minutes 4 seconds. It is thus about 4 the atmosphere; it is one of the main
• Isthmus: A narrow strip of land joining two space in relation to some selected point. minutes shorter than the mean solar day. processes of denudation.
land masses, viz. the Isthmus of Panama • Orographic rain: Rain caused by mountains • Sleet: Precipitation consisting of a mixture • Willy-wily: Tropical cyclone in the Pacific
joining North and South America. standing in the path of moisture-laden winds. of snow and rain. near the east coast of Australia.
• Karst region or Karstland: Limestone region • Outwash Plain: Alluvial plain formed • Smog: Fog heavily laden with smoke. • Wind vane: Instrument used to indicate the
in which most of the drainage is underground, by streams originating from the melting • Snow-line: Lower limit of perpetual snow. direction of the wind.
the surface being dry and barren. ice of a glacier. • Solar constant: Intensity of the sun’s • Yazoo river: Tributary which is prevented
• Katabatic wind: Local wind caused by the • Pastoralism: Practice of breeding and rearing radiation in space at the mean distance of from joining the main river because the latter
flow of air down mountain slopes and valleys. cattle. the earth from the sun. has built up high natural levees; it thus runs
• Lagoon: Part of sea partially cut off from it • Pedology: The science of the study of soils. • Solar day: The average period taken by the parallel to the main stream for a considerable
by deposits of sand or coral reefs. • Peninsula: A stretch of land almost earth in making one rotation on its axis in distance before joining it downstream.
• Lapse rate: The rate of change of temperature surrounded by water. relation to the sun–24 hours. • Zenith: Point in the celestial sphere vertically
in atmosphere with height. • Permafrost: Ground that is permanently • Strait: Narrow stretch of sea connecting two above one’s head.
• Leaching: The process by which soluble frozen. extensive areas of sea. • Zonal soil: A soil which owes its well
substances are washed out of the upper • Petrology: The study of the composition, • Syncline: Trough or inverted arch of a fold developed characteristics largely to the
layers of the soils into lower layers by structure and history of rocks forming the in rock strata. influence of climate and vegetation.
percolating rainwater. crust of the earth. • Sublimation: Change of state of water from • Zoophyte: An animal which resembles a
• Leeward: The side or direction sheltered • Phenology: Science dealing with the effects solid to vapour directly or vice versa. plant, viz. a coral polyp or a sponge.
from the wind. of seasonal changes upon animal and • Taiga: Coniferous forest land of Siberia.
• Loess: A deposit of fine silt or dust generally plant life. ))
• Piedmont: Belonging to or related to the
held to have been transported to its present
foot of a mountain.
situation by wind.
207 208 General Knowledge 2020 Environment and Ecology 209
a diversity of worms, insects and many Temperature & heat Decomposers Parasites (nutrient supply) structure biotic diversity number of combinations possible in the
other small animals. flow Water and material cycles. genes that give every individual specific
(b) Abiotic: Abiotic factors include the characteristics.
Atmospheric gases Symbionts funCTions of An eCosysTem
flow of energy necessary to maintain and wind II. Species diversity: The number of
any organism, the physical factors that 1. E c o s y s t e m p e r f o r m s t h e m o s t species of plants and animals that
affect it and the supply of molecules
Gravity & Fire Man important function of satisfying the are present in a region constitutes its
required for its life functions. Other Topography & Soil Animals requirements of the different aspects of species diversity. This diversity is seen
the biotic component. both in natural ecosystems and in
physical factors include climate, Geologic Substratum
2. It is through an ecosystem that the
environmenT Green Consumer Day Sept. 28 temperature, precipitation, including agricultural ecosystems. Some areas are
interaction as well as interdependence
its types (rain, snow, hill) around and richer in species than others. Natural
‘Environment’ is a term derived from the French
World Farm Animal’s Day Oct. 2 eCology between the biological component and the
seasonable distribution, types of soil undisturbed tropical forests have
word ‘Environner’ that means ‘to surround’. World Habitat Day Oct. 3 physical component in the environment
present (sandy or clay, dry or wet, The word ‘ecology’ is derived from the Greek much greater species richness than
There was a time when the environment just takes place, this interdependence is
World Animal Welfare Day Oct. 4 fertile or infertile). In the ecosystem, the word ‘oikos’ meaning habitation, and ‘logos’ plantations developed by the Forest
between abiotic and biotic components.
meant surroundings. It was used to describe abiotic (non-living) components perform meaning discourse or study, implies a study Department for timber production.
Wildlife Week Oct. 1–7 For example, plants depend on solar
the physical world surrounding us, including important function of providing water of the habitations of organisms. Ecology was III. Ecosystem diversity: There are a large
International Day for Natural Oct. 13 energy and soil. The interdependence
soil, rocks, water and air. Gradually, it was and oxygen for organisms. Second, first described as a sepearate field of knowledge variety of different ecosystems on earth,
Disaster Reduction is also between different aspects within
realised that the enormous variety of plants, they act as a reservoir of the six most in 1866 by the German Zoologist Ernst which have their own complement of
the biotic components. For example, the
animals and micro-organisms on this earth, World Conservation Day Oct. 24
important elements for life, carbon (C), Haeckel, who invented the word ‘ecology’ for carnivores depend on herbivores. distinctive interlinked species based
including human beings are an integral International Day for Biological Dec. 29 hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), the relation of the animal to its organic as well 3. Ecosystem leads to transfer of food on the differences in the habitat.
part of the environment. Hence, to make a Diversity sulphur (S) and phosphorus (P). as its inorganic environment, particularly its energy and nutrients from one source Ecosystem diversity can be described
sensible definition of environment, it was (c) Cultural: The stage of development friendly or hostile relations to those animals to another source. for a specific geographical region or a
necessary to include the interactions and inter-
Types of environmenT political entity, such as a country, a
that human beings have attained in the or plants with which it comes in contact. 4. The different forms of ecosystem are
Environment can be classified into three
relationships of all living organisms with the path towards progress will determine Ecology has been variously defined by other beneficial because they lead to positive state or a taluka. Distinctive ecosystems
broad types: include landscapes, such as forests,
physical surroundings. their culture as the way of life. Human investigators as ‘scientific natural history’, ‘the effects on the environment, which, in
(a) Biotic (living): The word ‘biotic’ refers grasslands, deserts, mountains, etc.,
As per the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, interaction with environment also study of biotic communities’ or ‘the science turn, helps the living organisms.
environment includes all the physical and to having to do with living organisms. as well as aquatic ecosystems, such as
influences the ecosystem. People of of community population’, probably the most 5. Ecosystems have helped human beings
Biotic elements refer to the biological different cultures view their place in by providing materials as well as rivers, lakes, and the sea. Each region
biological surroundings of an organism along comprehensive definition is ‘the study of
with their interactions. Environment is, thus, component of the ecosystem, consisting services necessary for survival as well also has man-modified areas, such as
society from different angles. Among animal and plants in their relations to each
defined as ‘the sum total of water, air and land of population of plants, animals and the factors that can shape their views other and to their environment’. as development. farmland or grazing pastures.
and the inter-relationships that exist among micro-organisms in complex commu- are religious understandings, economic
nities. The biotic factors influencing an eCosysTem Biogeographic classification of India
them and with the human beings, other living pressures and fundamental knowledge BiodiversiTy
organisms and materials’. organism, viruses and other parasytic of nature. Due to this diversity of An assemblage of species of plants and 1. Trans-Himalayan zone
organisms cause diseases. These are animals inhabiting a common area and • ‘Biological diversity’ or ‘biodiversity’ refers 2. Himalayan zone
background different cultures put
environment Calendar all parts of an organism’s biotic envi- having effects on one another is known to numbers, variety, and variability of living 3. Desert zone
different values on the natural world. 4. Semiarid zone
ronment. The biotic component of the as a ‘biotic community’. A combination organisms and ecosystems.
World Wetland Day February 2 But the general attitude has been one of 5. Western ghat zone
ecosystem consists of three distinct of a biotic community with the natural • The term ‘biodiversity’ includes all terrestrial,
World Forest Day March 21 development rather than preservation. 6. Deccan plateau zone
or physical environment is known as an marine, and other aquatic organisms.
March 22 groups of organisms, the producers, Technology has been the key to 7. Gangetic plain zone
World Day for Water
ecosystem. The term ‘ecosystem’ implies a • It also covers diversity within species,
consumers and decomposers. The human progress. Technology has also 8. North east zone
World Meteorological Day March 23 local community of organisms interacting between species, as well as the variation
producers are those organisms capa- increased the quantity of environmental 9. Coastal zone
Earth Day April 22
ble of photosynthesis, production of with their local non-living environment. In among ecosystems. 10. Islands present near the shore line
degradation. Human interaction with • It is concerned also with their complex
other words, the interdependence of living
International Biodiversity Day May 22 organic material solely from solar lift the environment has increased very ecological interrelationships.
and non-living aspects, i.e., plants, animals,
Anti-tobacco Day May 31 and carbon dioxide. The consumers are fast of. proTeCTed AreA
man, forest, soil, etc. make an ecosystem.
World Environment Day June 5 organisms whose very survival depends Types of BiodiversiTy An area declared under the Wildlife
Components of environment It is defined as a unit which includes all
on the organic material manufactured I. Genetic diversity: It refers to variation (Protection) Act, 1972 for the protection of
World Ocean Day June 8 Abiotic Biotic the organisms (biological component) in a
by the producers. The last group of of genes within species. Each member wildlife in India. As today, there are four
World Population Day July 11 given area interacting with the environment
living organisms are the decomposers. Energy Green Plants of any animal or plant species differs types of protected areas in India, namely:
Ozone Week Sept. 16–23 (physical component) so that the flow of
These include micro-organisms, such Radiation Non-Green Plants widely from other individuals in its (a) National Park: A large area which
energy leads to a clearly defined tropic
World Car-free Day Sept. 22 as fungi, bacteria, yeast, etc. as well as genetic make-up because of the large receive highest level of protection under
210 General Knowledge 2020 Environment and Ecology 211 212 General Knowledge 2020
Section 35 of the Wildlife (Protection) was conducted in 1972, which revealed the is a unique kind of protected area that differs lifestyles adversely. Pollutants are the key stress, hypertension, hearing impairment, of oil spill may lead to death of several
Act, 1972 for the conservation of wildlife existence of only 1,872 tigers in India. In from a PA (NP, WLS). elements or components of pollution, which etc. It is caused by machines in industries, wildlife species.
is called National Park. There are, 1969, a serious concern was voiced about There are three very different, but equal, aims: are generally waste materials of different loud music, etc. 2. Human Health: The decrease in quality
about more than 100 national parks the low population of tiger at the IUCN • Conservation of genetic resources, species, forms. Pollution disturbs our ecosystem Radioactive pollution of air leads to several respiratory
in India. In Chhattisgarh, there are 4 meeting held in Delhi. Subsequently, a and ecosystems; and the balance in the environment. With Radioactive pollution is highly dangerous problems including asthma or lung
national parks. nationwide ban on tiger killing was imposed • Scientific research and monitoring; and modernisation and development in our lives, when it occurs. It can occur due to nuclear cancer. Chest pain, congestion, throat
(b) Wildlife Sanctuary: A large area in 1970. In 1972, the Wildlife (Protection) • Promoting sustainable development in pollution has reached its peak; giving rise to inflammation, cardiovascular disease,
plant malfunctions, improper nuclear waste
which received medium level of Act, 1972 came into force and the Tiger communities of the surrounding region. global warming and human illness. respiratory disease are some of the
disposal, accidents, etc. It causes cancer,
protection under Section 18A of the Project was initiated in 1973. National parks and other kinds of protected diseases that can be caused by air
infertility, blindness, defects at the time of
Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 for the natural areas usually are primarily concerned Types of polluTion pollution. Water pollution occurs due to
birth. It can sterilise soil and affect air and
conservation of wildlife is called Wildlife oBjeCTives of The reserve with conservation, and only secondarily with contamination of water and may pose
Air Pollution water.
Sanctuary. There are about more than • Elimination of all forms of human exploi- research and sustainable development. Air pollution is the most prominent and skin-related problems, including skin
500 wildlife sanctuaries in India. In tation and biotic disturbance from the core Biosphere reserves serve in some ways dangerous form of pollution. It occurs due
Thermal/heat pollution irritations and rashes. Similarly, noise
area and rationalisation of activities in as ‘living laboratories’ for testing out and Thermal/heat pollution is due to the excess pollution leads to hearing loss, stress
Chhattisgarh, there are 11 wildlife to many reasons. Excessive burning of
the buffer zone. demonstrating integrated management of heat in the environment creating unwanted and sleep disturbance.
sanctuaries. fuel, which is a necessity of our daily lives changes over long time periods; due to huge
• Restricting the habitat management only to land, water and biodiversity. 3. Global Warming: The emission of
(c) Conservation Reserve: A small area for cooking, driving and other industrial number of industrial plants, deforestation
owned by the government located very repair the damages done to the ecosystem greenhouse gases, particularly CO2 is
Zones activities, releases a huge amount of and air pollution. It increases the earth’s
adjacent to a national park or wildlife by human and other interferences. leading to global warming. Every other
• Monitoring the faunal and floral changes chemical substances in the air everyday. temperature, causing drastic climatic
sanctuary, which received medium A biosphere reserve must contain three These pollute the air. day, new industries are being set up,
over time and carrying out research about changes and extinction of wildlife. new vehicles come on roads and trees
level of protection under Section 36A elements:
wildlife. Water Pollution Light pollution are cut to make way for new homes. All
of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972
Core AreAs Water pollution has taken toll of all the Light pollution occurs due to prominent of them, in direct or indirect way, lead to
for the conservation of wildlife is called
projeCT elephAnT These areas are securely protected sites for surviving species of the earth. Almost 60% excess illumination of an area. It is largely increase in CO2 in the environment. The
‘Conservation Reserve’.
Project Elephant was launched in 1992 conserving biological diversity, monitoring of the species live in water bodies. It occurs visible in big cities, on advertising boards increase in CO2 leads to melting of polar
(d) Community Reserve: A small area
minimally disturbed ecosystems, and due to several factors. The industrial wastes and billboards, in sports or entertainment ice caps, which increases the sea level
owned by the local people located very to assist the state having free-ranging
undertaking non-destructive research and dumped into the rivers and other water events at the night. In residential areas, the and poses danger for the people living
adjacent to a village area which received population of wild Asian Elephants to
other low-impact uses (such as education). bodies cause an imbalance in the water, lives of the inhabitants are greatly affected near the coastal areas.
medium level of protection under ensure long-term survival of identified viable
Section 36C of the Wildlife (Protection) population of elephants in their natural Buffer Zones leading to its severe contamination and by this. It also affects the astronomical 4. Ozone Layer Depletion: Ozone layer is
death of aquatic species. If you suspect observations and activities by making the the thin shield high up in the sky that
Act, 1972 for the conservation of wildlife habitats. These usually surround or adjoin the Core
that nearby water sources have been stars almost invisible. stops ultra-violet rays from reaching the
is called Community Reserve. There are Areas. Buffer Zones may be used for sound
oBjeCTives of The elephAnT contaminated by a corporation, then it might earth. As a result of human activities,
more than 100 National Parks and more ecological practices including environmental
effeCTs of polluTion chemicals, such as chlorofluorocarbons
than 500 Wildlife Sanctuaries in India. projeCT education, recreation, ecotourism and be a good idea to hire an expert to see to it.
1. Environment Degradation: Environ- (CFCs) were released into the atmosphere,
The elephant reserve has the following applied and basic research. Soil pollution
ment is the first casualty for increase which contributed to the depletion
nTCA objectives: Soil pollution occurs due to incorporation
TrAnsiTion, or CooperATion, Zones in pollution, whether in air or in water. of ozone layer.
• To restore the lost and degraded habitat of of unwanted chemicals in the soil due to
The National Tiger Conservation Authority These areas may contain towns, farms, The increase in the amount of CO2 in 5. Infertile Land: Due to constant use
elephants. fisheries, and other human activities and human activities. Use of insecticides and of insecticides and pesticides, the soil
(NTCA) is a body constituted by the Central the atmosphere leads to smog, which
• To create/manage corridors for elephant are the areas where local communities, pesticides absorbs the nitrogen compounds may become infertile. Plants may not
Government of India under the Wildlife can restrict sunlight from reaching the
(Protection) Act, 1972 for the maintenance
movement. management agencies, scientists, non- from the soil, making it unfit for plants to earth, thus, preventing plants in the be able to grow properly. Various forms
• To mitigate human-elephant conflict. governmental organisations, cultural derive nutrition from. Release of industrial of chemicals produced from industrial
of a viable population of tigers in India process of photosynthesis. Gases like
• To establish the database on the population groups, economic interests, and other waste, mining and deforestation also exploits waste are released into the flowing water,
through declaration and management of sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxide can
dynamics of elephants. stakeholders work together to manage and the soil. Since plants can’t grow properly, cause acid rain. Water pollution in terms which also affects the quality of soil.
Tiger Reserve.
• To improve the quality of life of people living sustainably develop the area’s resources. they can’t hold the soil and this leads to
Tiger reserve around elephant habitats. soil erosion. list of Biosphere reserves of india
There were about 40,000 tigers during 1905– Biosphere Reserve: A biosphere reserve polluTion Noise pollution s. no. year name state Type Key fauna
10. This number came down drastically due is a kind of conservation reserve created to Noise pollution is caused when noise, which Great Rann of Kutch Gujarat
Pollution occurs when pollutants contaminate 1. 2008 Desert Indian Wild Ass
to large-scale hunting during the British protect the biological and cultural diversity is an unpleasant sound, affects our ears
the natural surroundings; which brings 2. 1989 Gulf of Mannar Tamil Nadu Coast Dugong or Sea
Period as well as after Independence in of a region while promoting sustainable and leads to psychological problems, like
about changes that affect our normal Cow
India. The firstever All-India Tiger Census economic development. A biosphere reserve
Environment and Ecology 213 214 General Knowledge 2020 Environment and Ecology 215
3. 1989 Sundarbans West Bengal Gangetic Delta Royal Bengal Tiger sanctuaries/national parks states Nal Sarovar Bird Ahmedabad 16. Kalakkad Tamil Nadu 40. Kawal Tiger Reserve Telangana
4. 2009 Cold Desert Himachal Pradesh Western Snow leopard Manas National Park Assam Sanctuary (Gujarat) Mundanthurai Tiger 41. Sathyamangalam Tamil Nadu
Himalayas Nelapattu Bird Sanctuary Nellore (Andhra Reserve Tiger Reserve
Mudumalai National Park Tamil Nadu
5. 1988 Nanda Devi Uttarakhand Western NA Pradesh) 17. Valmiki Tiger Bihar 42. Mukandra Hills Rajasthan
Nokrek National Park Meghalaya Reserve
Himalayas Pulicat Lake Bird Tamil Nadu 43. Nawegaon-Nagzira Maharashtra
Namdapha National Park Arunachal Sanctuary 18. Pench Tiger Reserve Madhya Pradesh
6. 1986 Nilgiri Biosphere Tamil Nadu, Kerala Western Ghats Nilgiri Tahr, Lion- Pradesh Tiger Reserve
Reserve and Karnataka tailed macaque Ranganthittu Bird Karnataka 19. Tadoba Andhari Maharashtra 44. Nagarjunsagar- Telangana
Nagarhole National Park Karnataka Sanctuary Tiger Reserve
7. 1998 Dihang-Dibang Arunachal Pradesh Eastern NA Srisailam Tiger
Himalaya Nawegoan National Park Bhandare Sultanpur Bird Sanctuary Gurgaon (Haryana) 20. Bandhavgarh Tiger Madhya Pradesh Reserve
(Maharashtra) Reserve
8. 1999 Pachmarhi Biosphere Madhya Pradesh Semi-arid Giant squirrel, Salim Ali Bird Sanctuary Chorao Island (Goa) 45. Amrabad Tiger Telangana
Reserve Flying squirrel Periyar Sanctuary Kerala 21. Panna Tiger Reserve Madhya Pradesh Reserve
Vedanthangal Bird Tamil Nadu
9. 2010 Seshachalam Hills Andhra Pradesh Eastern Ghats NA Panchmarhi Hoshangabad Sanctuary 22. Dampa Tiger Mizoram 46. Pilibhit Tiger Uttar Pradesh
(Madhya Reserve Reserve
10. 1994 Simlipal Odisha Deccan Gaur, Royal Pradesh)
Peninsula Bengal Tiger, Wild
Tiger reserves in india 23. Bhadra Tiger Karnataka 47. Bor Tiger Reserve Maharashtra
elephant Ranthambore National Park Rajasthan s.no. Tiger reserve state Reserve 48. Rajaji Tiger Reserve Uttarakhand
11. 2005 Achanakamar- Madhya Pradesh, Maikala Hills NA Rohla National Park Kullu (Madhya 1. Bandipur Tiger Karnataka 24. Pench Tiger Reserve Maharashtra
Amarkantak Chhattisgarh Pradesh) Reserve 25. Pakhui Tiger Arunachal elephant reserves in india
12. 1989 Manas Assam East Himalayas Golden langur, Sunderban Tiger Reserve West Bengal 2. Jim Corbett Tiger Uttarakhand Reserve Pradesh elephant reserve state
Red panda Sariska National Park Rajasthan Reserve
26. Nameri Tiger Assam Rayala Elephant Reserve Andhra Pradesh
13. 2000 Khangchendzonga Sikkim East Himalayas Snow leopard, Red Simlipal National Park Odisha 3. Kanha Tiger Madhya Pradesh Reserve
Reserve Kameng Elephant Reserve Arunachal Pradesh
panda Madhya Pradesh
Tadoba National Park Chandrapur 27. Satpura Tiger
Deomali Elephant Reserve Arunachal Pradesh
14. 2001 Agasthyamalai Kerala, Tamil Nadu Western Ghats Nilgiri Tahr, (Maharashtra) 4. Manas Tiger Assam Reserve
Biosphere Reserve Elephants Reserve Sonitpur Elephant Reserve Assam
Tadwai Sanctuary Warrangal 28. Anamalai Tiger Tamil Nadu
Saltwater crocodile 5. Melghat Tiger Maharashtra Dihing-Patkai Elephant Assam
15. 1989 Great Nicobar Andaman and Islands (Andhra Reserve
Biosphere Reserve Reserve Reserve
Nicobar Islands Pradesh) 29. Udanti-Sitanadi Chhattisgarh
16. 1988 Nokrek Meghalaya East Himalayas Red panda Tungabhadra Sanctuary Bellary 6. Palamau Tiger Jharkhand Kaziranga-Karbi Anglong Assam
Reserve 30. Satkosia Tiger Odisha Elephant Reserve
17. 1997 Dibru-Saikhowa Assam East Himalayas Golden langur (Karnataka) Reserve
7. Ranthambore Tiger Rajasthan Dhansiri-Lungding Assam
18. 2011 Panna Madhya Pradesh Ken River Tiger, Chital, list of Bird sanctuaries in india Reserve 31. Kaziranga Tiger Assam Elephant Reserve
Chinkara, Reserve
8. Similipal Tiger Odisha Chirang-Ripu Elephant Assam
Sambharand sloth Bird sanctuaries in india location
32. Achanakmar Tiger Chhattisgarh
Reserve Reserve
bear Bharatpur Bird Sanctuary Rajasthan Reserve
(also known as Keoladeo 9. Sunderbans Tiger West Bengal Singhbhum Elephant Jharkhand
list of Wildlife sanctuaries, national sanctuaries/national parks states National Park) Reserve 33. Dandeli-Anshi Karnataka Reserve
parks in india National Park Mysore Elephant Reserve
Hazaribagh Sanctuary Hazaribagh Chilka Lake Bird Puri (Odisha) 10. Periyar Tiger Kerala Karnataka
sanctuaries/national parks states (Jharkhand) Sanctuary Reserve 34. Sanjay-Dubri Tiger Madhya Pradesh Bhadra Elephant Reserve Karnataka
Rajasthan Reserve
Bandipur National Park Karnataka Indian Wild Ass Sanctuary Rann of Kutch Ghatprabha Bird Karnataka 11. Sariska Tiger Wayanad Elephant Kerala
(Gujarat) Sanctuary Reserve 35. Mudumalai Tiger Tamil Nadu Reserve
Buxa Tiger Reserve West Bengal Reserve
Jaldapara National Park West Bengal Kumarakom Bird Kerala 12. Buxa Tiger Reserve West Bengal Nilambur Elephant Kerala
Bandhavgarh National Park Madhya Pradesh 36. Nagarahole Tiger
Sanctuary (also known 13. Indravati Tiger Chhattisgarh Karnataka Reserve
Corbett National Park Uttarakhand Keoladeo Ghana National Bharatpur as Vembanad Bird Reserve
Reserve Anamudi Elephant Kerala
Park (Rajasthan) Sanctuary)
Chandraprabha Sanctuary Uttar Pradesh 14. Namdapha Tiger Arunachal 37. Parambikulam Tiger Kerala Reserve
Keibul Lamjao National Park Manipur Chittor (Andhra Pradesh
Dandeli Wildlife Sanctuary Karnataka Kaundinya Bird Reserve Reserve Periyar Elephant Reserve Kerala
Kanha National Park Madhya Pradesh Sanctuary Pradesh) Dudhwa Tiger Uttar Pradesh Sahyadri Maharashtra
Dachigam Sanctuary Kashmir 15. 38. Garo Hills Elephant Meghalaya
Karakoram Wildlife Jammu and Mayani Bird Sanctuary Satara Reserve Reserve
Dudhwa National Park Uttar Pradesh 39. Biligiriranga Swamy Karnataka
Sanctuary Kashmir (Maharashtra)
Temple Tiger Khasi Hills Elephant Meghalaya
Gir National Park Gujarat Kaziranga National Park Assam Reserve Reserve
216 General Knowledge 2020 Environment and Ecology 217
Intanki Elephant Reserve Nagaland 3. Great Indian Bustard 3. Knife-tooth Sawfish (Anoxypristis 22. Surinsar-Mansar Jammu and Kashmir
4. Bengal Florican cuspidata) Lakes
Mayurbhanj Elephant Odisha
Reserve
5. Siberian Crane 4. Large-tooth Sawfish (Pristis microdon) 23. Tsomoriri Lake Jammu and Kashmir
6. Spoon-billed Sandpiper 5. Long-comb Sawfish or Narrow-snout
Mahanadi Elephant Odisha 24. Vembanad Kol Kerala
7. Sociable Lapwing Sawfish (Pristis zijsron)
Reserve Wetland
8. Jerdon’s Courser
Sambalpur Elephant Odisha 9. White-backed Vulture CriTiCAlly endAngered CorAls 25. Upper Ganga Uttar Pradesh
Reserve 10. Red-headed Vulture 1. Fire corals (Millepora boschmai) River (Brijghat to
Baitarni Elephant Reserve Odisha Narora Stretch)
11. White-bellied Heron
South Orissa Elephant Odisha 12. Slender-billed Vulture CriTiCAlly endAngered spiders 26. Wular Lake Jammu and Kashmir
Reserve 13. Indian Vulture 1. R a m e s h w a r a m O r n a m e n t a l o r
Nilgiri Elephant Reserve Tamil Nadu 14. Himalayan Quail Rameshwaram Parachute Spider environmental institutes
15. Pink-headed Duck (Poecilotheria hanumavilasumica)
Coimbatore Elephant Tamil Nadu institution headquarter
2. Gooty Tarantula, Metallic Tarantula
Reserve
CriTiCAlly endAngered repTiles or Peacock Tarantula (Poecilotheria Arid Zone Research Institute Jodhpur
Anamalai Elephant Tamil Nadu
1. Gharial (Gavialis gangeticus) metallica) Central Pollution Control Board New Delhi
Reserve
2. Hawksbill Turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata) ramsar Wetlands sites Central Museum Authority New Delhi
Srivilliputtur Elephant Tamil Nadu
Reserve 3. Leatherback Turtle (Dermochelys s.no. name of site state / location Rehabilitation Institute of Social Allahabad
coriacea) Forestry and Ecology
Shivalik Elephant Reserve Uttaranchal 1. Asthamudi Kerala
4. Four-toed River Terrapin or River G. B. Pant Himdoya
Mayurjharna Elephant West Bengal Wetland Almora
Terrapin (Batagur baska)
Reserve 2. Bhitarkanika Odisha Environment and Development
5. Red-crowned Roofed Turtle or the Bengal Institute
Eastern Dooars Elephant West Bengal Mangroves
Roof Turtle (Batagur kachuga) Himalayan Forest Research Shimla
Reserve 3. Bhoj Wetlands Madhya Pradesh
6. Sispara day gecko (Cnemaspis sis Centre
4. Chandertal Himachal Pradesh
parensis)
Wetland Indian Forest Research and Dehradun
CriTiCAlly endAngered AnimAl Chilka Lake Odisha Education Council
CriTiCAlly endAngered AmphiBiAns 5.
speCies of indiA Bhopal
1. Anamalai Flying Frog (Rhacophorus
pseudomalabaricus)
6.
7.
Deepor Beel
East Calcutta
Assam
West Bengal
Institute of Indian Forest
Management IndIan PolIty and ConstItutIon
CriTiCAlly endAngered mAmmAls 2. Gundia Indian Frog (Indirana gundia) Wetlands Institute of Indian Plywood Bengaluru
Pygmy Hog (Porcula salvania).
1. 3. Kerala Indian Frog (Indirana phr 8. Harike Lake Punjab
Industry and Research
Andaman White-toothed Shrew
2. ynoderma) Institute of Forest Genetic Tree Coimbatore
9. Hokera Wetland Jammu and Kashmir
(Crocidura andamanensis) 4. Charles Darwin’s Frog (Ingerana Breeding
3. J e n k i n ’ s A n d a m a n S p i n y S h r e w 10. Kanjli Lake Punjab
charlesdarwini) Forest Productive Centre Ranchi
(Crocidura jenkinsi) 11. Keoladeo Ghana Rajasthan
5. Kottigehar Bubble-nest Frog (Micrixalus NP Institute of Forest Research and Chhindwara
4. Nicobar White-tailed Shrew (Crocidura
kottigeharensis) Human Resource Development
nicobarica) 12. Kolleru Lake Andhra Pradesh
6. Amboli Bush Frog (Pseudophilautus Jorhat
5. Kondana Rat (Millardia kondana) 13. Loktak Lake Manipur
Institute of Rainforest
amboli)
6. Large Rock Rat or Elvira Rat (Cremnomys Gujarat Institute of Lumbering Science Bengaluru
elvira) 7. Chalazodes Bubble-Nest Frog 14. Nalsarovar Bird
and Technology
(Raorchestes chalazodes) Sanctuary
7. Namdapha Flying Squirrel Point Calimere Institute of National Science Faridabad
(Biswamoyopterus biswasi) 8. Small Bush Frog (Raorchestes chotta) 15. Tamil Nadu
and Technology
9. Green-eyed Bush Frog (Raorchestes 16. Pong Dam Lake Himachal Pradesh
8. Malabar Civet (Viverra civettina) Indian Botanical Survey Kolkata
9. Sumatran Rhinoceros (Dicerorhinus chlorosomma) 17. Renuka Wetland Himachal Pradesh
10. Griet Bush Frog (Raorchestes griet) 18. Ropar Lake Punjab Indian Anthropology Survey Kolkata
sumatrensis)
10. Javan Rhinoceros (Rhinoceros sondaicus) 19. Rudrasagar Lake Tripura Indian Forest Survey Jorhat
CriTiCAlly endAngered fishes
20. Sambhar Lake Rajasthan Tropical Institute Jabalpur
CriTiCAlly endAngered Birds 1. Pondicherry Shark (Carcharhinus
1. Baer’s Pochard hemiodon) 21. Sasthamkotta Kerala ))
2. Ganges Shark (Glyphis gangeticus) Lake
2. Forest Owlet
221 222 General Knowledge 2020 Indian Polity and Constitution 223
• The Viceroy was given the power to issue • The provincial subjects were sub-divided thE govErnmEnt oF india aCt, 1935
administrativE and lEgislativE ordinances. into ‘transferred’ and ‘reserved’ subjects. • The Act of 1935 prescribed a federation,
rEForms aFtEr 1857 • The ‘transferred subjects’ were to be taking the Provinces and the Indian States
indian CounCils aCt, 1892 administered by the Governor with the aid (native states) as units.
• The non-official members of the Indian or Ministers responsible to the Legislative • The Act divided legislative powers between
govErnmEnt oF india aCt, 1858
Legislative Council were to be nominated
• British Crown decided to assume sovereignty Council. the Centre and Provinces.
by the Bengal Chamber of Commerce and • The ‘reserved subjects’ were to be admini- • The executive authority of a Province was
over India from the East India Company in an
the Provincial Legislative Councils while stered by the Governor and his Executive also exercised by a Governor on behalf of
apparent consequence of the Revolt of 1857.
the non-official members of the Provincial
Constitution
British Govt. All political responsibilities • It provided for absolute (British) imperial Council. the Crown and not as a subordinate of the
Councils were to be nominated by certain • The provincial budget was separated from
were given to this board. control over India without any popular Governor-General.
local bodies such as universities, district the central budget. • In certain matters, the Governor was
Constitution is the foundational law of a country participation in the administration of the
ChartEr aCt oF 1793 boards, municipalities, zamindars, etc. • The provincial legislature was empowered to required to act ‘in his discretion’ without
which ordains the fundamental principles on country.
• Provided for the payment of salaries of the • It brought an element of representation for the ministerial advice and under the control
which the government (or the governance) of • The country was divided into provinces first time by allowing a discussion of budget.
present its own budget and levy its own taxes
members of the Board of Controllers from headed by a Governor or Lieutenant- relating to the provincial sources of revenue. and directions of the Governor-General, and,
that country is based. With the exception of
Indian revenue. Governor aided by his Executive Council. • The Central Legislature, retained power to through him, of the Secretary of State.
the United Kingdom, almost all democratic morlEy-minto rEForms and thE
• All the authority for the governance of legislate for the whole country on any subject. • The executive authority of the Centre
countries possess a written constitution. ChartEr aCt oF 1813 indian CounCils aCt, 1909
India was vested in the Governor-General • The size of Provincial Legislative Councils • The control of the Governor General over was vested in the Governor-General (on
• Trade monopoly of the East India Company behalf of the Crown).
in Council who was responsible to the provincial legislation was retained by
Evolution oF indian came to an end. was enlarged by including elected non-
providing that a Provincial Bill, even though • In six provinces, the legislature was
• The Christian Missionaries were allowed to Secretary of State. official members so that the official
Constitution • The Secretary of State was ultimately majority was gone. assented to by the Governor, would become bi-cameral.
spread their religion in India. • Apart from the Governor-General’s power of
The first Constitution of India framed and responsible to the British Parliament. • An element of election was also introduced law only when assented to also by the
• The power was transferred from Company Governor-General. veto, a Bill passed by the Central Legislature
given to themselves by the people of India was ChartEr aCt oF 1833 in the Legislative Council at the Centre
• The Governor-General and his Council were to the British Crown. also but here the official majority there • The Indian Legislature was made more was also subject to veto by the Crown.
adopted by the Constituent Assembly on 26 • The Governor-General had independent
November 1949. It came into full operation with given vast powers. • Court of Directors and Board of Control were was maintained. representative and for the first time
• The members of the Legislative Council ‘bi-cameral’. powers of legislation concurrently with those
effect from 26 January 1950. The Constitution • The Council got full powers regarding abolished. The post of Secretary of State
revenue, and a single budget for the country was established. Secretary of State was could ask supplementary questions, • The Upper House was named the Council of the Legislature without the Governor-
as originally adopted had 22 parts, 395 articles General’s previous sanction.
member of British Cabinet and answerable discuss bills, move resolutions on financial of State.
and 8 schedules. was prepared by the Governor-General. • A three-fold division in the Act of 1935–
to British Parliament. statements and so on. • The Lower House was named the
• For the first time the Governor-General’s There was a Federal List over which the
Government was known as the ‘Government of • The Governor-General was made the • The Muslims were given separate electorates Legislative Assembly.
administrativE and lEgislativE Viceroy of India. and there were reservations of seats on • The Governor-General’s overriding powers Federal Legislature had exclusive powers
India’ and his Council as the ‘Indian Council’. of legislation. There was a Provincial
rEForms bEForE 1857 • The Governor-General of Bengal was to be
religious grounds. in respect of Central legislation were
indian CounCils aCt, 1861 • Satyendra Prasad Sinha became the first retained as follows: List of matters over which the Provincial
the Governor-General of India. • The Secretary of State, who was responsible Legislature had exclusive jurisdiction. There
rEgulating aCt oF 1773 Indian to join the Viceroy’s Executive Council. (a) His prior sanction was required to
• All powers, administrative and financial, were to the British Parliament, governed India was a Concurrent List also over which
• Governance of the East India Company was introduce Bills relating to certain
handed over to Governor-General in Council. through the Governor-General assisted by thE govErnmEnt oF india aCt, 1915 both the Federal and Provincial Legislature
put under British parliamentary control. matters.
• A Law Commission under Lord Macaulay an Executive Council. • This Act was passed to consolidate the had competence.
• The Governor of Bengal was nominated was constituted for codification of laws. provisions of the preceding Government
(b) He had the power to veto or reserve
• Dominion Status, which was promised
as Governor-General for all the three • It decentralised the legislative powers of the for consideration of the Crown any Bill
of India Acts. by the Simon Commission in 1929, was
Presidencies of Calcutta, Bombay and ChartEr aCt oF 1853 Governor-General’s Council and vested them passed by the Indian Legislature. not conferred by the Government of
• in the Governments of Bombay and Madras. (c) He had the converse power of certifying
Madras. Warren Hastings was the first such A separate Governor for Bengal was to montaguE-ChElmsFord rEPort and India Act, 1935.
• The Viceroy could now also nominate
Governor-General. be appointed. thE govErnmEnt oF india aCt, 1919 Bill or any grant refused by the • Dyarchy was abolished in the provinces,
• A Supreme Court was established in • Recruitment of the Company’s employees some Indians as non-official members • Responsible government in the Provinces Legislature. but it was introduced at the federal level.
was to be done through competitive exams. in his council. was to be introduced, without impairing the (d) He could make Ordinances, in case of • It provided for the establishment of an All-
Calcutta (now Kolkata).
• British Parliament was empowered to put • It made a beginning of representative responsibility of the Governor (through the emergency. India Federation consisting of provinces
Pitts india aCt oF 1784 Company’s governance of India to an end institutions by associating Indians with the Governor-General), for the administration of and princely states as unit but the federation
• It was enacted to improve upon the provision at any suitable time. law-making process. the Province, by resorting to device known simon Commission did not come into effect.
• The Executive Council was now to be called • This commission, headed by Sir John • It introduced bicameralism in 6 out of
of Regulating Act of 1773. • It introduced for the first time, local repre- as ‘Dyarchy’ or dual government.
the Central Legislative Council. • The subjects of administration were to Simon, constituted in 1927 to inquire into
• A six-member Board of Controllers was set sentation in the Indian (Central) Legislate 11 provinces.
up which was headed by a minister of the Council. • Portfolio System, which was introduced by be divided into two categories Central the working of the Act of 1919, placed it • The Federal Legislature had two Chambers:
Lord Canning in 1859, was given recognition. and Provincial. report in 1930. The Council of State and Federal Assembly.
224 General Knowledge 2020 Indian Polity and Constitution 225 226 General Knowledge 2020
The Council of State was to be a permanent • The Provinces could form groups with whom 284 were actually present of the 26 immediate effect, that is, from the November saliEnt FEaturEs oF thE emergency. During the emergency the
body with one-third of its members, retiring executives and legislatures, and each November 1949 and signed on the finally 26, 1949. The rest of the provisions came Constitution central Government becomes powerful
every two years. group could be competent to determine the approved Constitution of India Assembly, into force on January 26, 1950. • Lengthiest written constitution: The and state comes under total control of
• It further extended the principle of provincial subjects. which had been elected for undivided India, Indian constitution is the lengthiest in the it. During emergency our federal system
communal representation by providing • India was too divided into three groups of held its first meeting on December 9, 1946, draFting CommittEE world. Originally the constitution had 395 becomes unitary without any amendment
separate electorates for depressed classes, provinces, Group A, Group B, and Group C. and reassembled on August 14, 1947, as • The Constituent Assembly appointed a articles and 8 schedules. of the constitution.
women and labour. • The plan provided that the Union Constitution the sovereign Constituent Assembly for the Drafting Commitee on August 29, 1947. Dr. • Blend of rigidity and flexibility: The
• It provided for the establishment of a Reserve was to be framed by a Constituent Assembly, procedure of amendment of the Indian
dominion of India. B.R. Ambedkar, who was the Chairman of Different Sources of the Indian
Bank of India to control the currency and the members of which were to be elected on a
communal basis by the Provincial Legislative • It took two years, eleven months and the Drafting Committee, submitted a Drafting constitution is partly flexible and partly rigid. Constitution
credit of the country.
Assemblies and the representatives of the eighteen days for the Constituent Assembly Constitution of India to the President of the Some provisions can be amended easily and • Government of India Act, 1935: This Act
• It provided for the establishment of a to finalise the Constitution. Assembly on February 21, 1948. some provisions can only be amended by formed the basis or ‘blueprint’ of the
states joining the Union.
Federal Public Service Commission and • Objective Resolution was moved in the first passage in both union parliament and half Constitution of India with the features
Joint Public Service Commission for two or thE mountbattEn Plan session of the Constituent Assembly (on 13 EnaCtmEnt oF thE Constitution of the state legislatures. of Federal system, office of Governor,
more provinces. • The plan for transfer of power to the Indians December 1946) by Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru. • On November 26, 1949, Constitution was emergency power, etc.
and partition of the country was laid down ParliamEntary govErnmEnt
The following objectives were embodied in adopted, containing Preamble and 395 • Constitution of Britain: Law-making
CriPPs mission in the Mountbatten Plan. • India has a parliamentary system of
the resolution: Articles, 18 Parts and 8 Schedules. The procedures, Rule of law, Single citizenship,
• In March 1942, Sir Stafford Cripps, a • It was given a formal shape by a statement government both at the centre and at the
• The Assembly appointed the Drafting Constitution in its current form consists Bi-cameral Parliamentary system, office of
member of the British Cabinet came with made by the British Government states. The president is the head of the
Committee with Dr. B.R. Ambedkar as the of a Preamble, 24 Parts, 448 Articles CAG.
a draft declaration on the proposals of the on 3rd June 1947. union of India and the Governors are head
Chairman on August 29, 1947. and 12 Schedules. • Constitution of USA: Independence of
British Government. of the states but they act on the advice of
thE indian indEPEndEnCE aCt, 1947 oF • The members of the Drafting Committee judicial review, fundamental rights, removal
• According to the proposals the Constitution EnForCEmEnt oF thE Constitution
the council of ministers. They have nominal
thE british ParliamEnt were N. Gopalaswamy Ayyangar, Alladi of Supreme Court and High Court judges,
of India was to be framed by an elected • From the 15 August 1947 India ceased to • The Constitution came into force on January
powers.
Preamble and functions of President and
Krishnaswamy Ayya, K.M. Munshi, Mohd. • Federal system with unitary features:
Constituent Assemble by the India people. be a Dependency, and the suzerainty of the 26, 1950, was specifically chosen as the Vice-President.
• T he C on st it u ti on s hou l d g i ve I ndi a Saadullah, B.L. Mitter (later replaced by Our constitution contains federal features of
British Crown over the Indian States and N. Madhava Rao), and Dr. D.P. Khaitan “date of Commencement” of the Constitution • Constitution of Canada: Federation with
Dominion Status. the treaty relations with Tribal Areas lapsed government like division of powers written
(replaced on death by T.T. Krishnamachari). because on this day in 1930, the Poorna strong Centre, to provide residuary powers
• There should be one Indian Union comprising from that date. constitution, independent judiciary and
to the Centre, Supreme Court’s advisory
all the Provinces and Indian States. • The third and final reading of the draft Swaraj day was celebrated [Resolution was bicameralism but a large number of unitary
• The office of the Secretary of State for passed in Lahore Session (1929) of INC]. jurisdiction.
• Any Province (or Indian State) not accepting, India was abolished. was completed on November 26, 1949. On features like a strong center, single citizenship
• Constitution of Ireland: Directive
the Constitution would be free to retain • The Central Legislature of India, composed of this date, the signature of the President of Committee name headed by flexibility of constitution, integrated judiciary
Principles of State policy, method of
its constitutional position existing at that the Legislative Assembly and the Council of the Assembly was appended to it and the emergency provisions etc.
Union Power Committee Pandit Jawahar Lal presidential elections, and the nomination
time and with such non-acceding Provinces States, ceased to exist on August 14, 1947. Constitution was declared as passed.
Nehru indEPEndEnt JudiCiary of members to Rajya Sabha by the
the British Government could enter into • The Constituent Assembly itself was to • The provisions relating to citizenship,
separate Constitutional arrangements. function also as the Central Legislature with elections and provisional Parliament, etc. Union Constitution Pandit Jawahar Lal • There is a single, integrated and independent President.
complete sovereignty. judiciary in India. The Supreme Court is the • Weimar Constitution of Germany:
were implemented with immediate effect, Committee Nehru
• The Interim Government of India, formed on highest court of the land. Both Supreme Provisions concerning the suspension of
CabinEt mission Plan, 1946 that is, from the 26 November 1949. The rest Provincial Constitution Sardar Patel fundamental rights during emergency.
• In March 1946, Lord Attlee sent a Cabinet September 2, 1946, from the newly elected of the provisions of the Constitution came Court and high courts have been given
Constituent Assembly of India, had the Committee
extensive powers to interpret the constitution • Australian Constitution: Concurrent List,
Mission to India consisting of three Cabinet into force on January 26, 1950 and this date Provision Regarding Trade, Commerce and
task of assisting the transfer of power from Drafting Committee Dr. Bhim Rao and law under various provisions of the
Ministers, namely Lord Pethick Lawrence, is referred to in the Constitution as the date
British rule to Independent India. Ambedkar constitution of India. industry, Languages of the Preamble.
Sir Stafford Cripps and Mr. A.V. Alexander. of its commencement. • South African Constitution: Procedure of
• According to Cabinet Mission Plan, there ConstituEnt assEmbly and • Dr. Sachidanand Sinha was the first Advisory Committee on Sardar Patel
sECular statE Constitutional Amendment.
was to be a Union of India, comprising both President of the Constituent Assembly. Fundamental Rights
making oF thE Constitution Minorities and Tribal and
• The Indian constitution stands for a secular • Constitution of France: Republican of
British India and the States, and having • Dr. Rajendra Prasad was elected the state i.e. all religions in our country have Liberty, Equality and Fraternity.
Excluded Areas
jurisdiction over the subjects of Foreigh • The Cabinet Mission envisaged the President of the Assembly. the same right and support from the state, • Constitution of Australia: Idea of the
Affairs, Defence and Communication. All establishment of a Constituent Assembly to • B.N. Rao was appointed as the Constitutional Rules of Procedure Dr. Rajendra Prasad it does not uphold any particular religion as Concurrent List.
frame a Constitution for the country. Members Advisor of the Assembly. Committe the official religion of the Indian state. • Constitution of South Africa: Amendment
residuary powers were to be vested in
Provinces and the States. of the Constituent Assembly were elected by • On November 26, 1949, the Constitution was State Committee Pandit Jawahar Lal with 2/3rd majority in Parliament.
• The Union was to have an Executive and a the Provincial Legislative Assemblies. declared as passed. The provisions relating Nehru EmErgEnCy Provisions • Onstitution of former USSR: Fundamental
Legislature consisting of representatives of • After the partition of India number of members to citizenship, elections and provisional, • Indian constitution has special provisions Duties.
of the Constituent Assembly came to 299, of Steering Committee Dr. Rajendra Prasad to meet any extraordinary situation or
the Provinces and the States. Parliament, etc. were implemented with
Indian Polity and Constitution 227 228 General Knowledge 2020 Indian Polity and Constitution 229
imPortant artiClEs oF thE Art. 28 Freedom as to attendance Art. 42 Provision for just and Art. 61 Procedure for impeachment Art. 105 Powers, privileges, etc. of Art. 133 Appellate jurisdiction of
at religious instruction or humane conditions of work of the President. the Houses of Parliament Supreme Court in appeals
Constitution
religious worship in certain and maternity relief. Art. 63 The Vice-President of India. and of the members and from High Court in regard to
educational institutions. Art. 43 Living wage, etc. for workers. Art. 64 The Vice-President to be committees thereof. civil matters.
Part i.
Art. 43A Participation of workers in ex-officio Chairman of the Art. 108 Joint sitting of both House in Art. 134 Appellate jurisdiction of
Articles Subject Cultural and EduCational rights Council or States. certain cases. Supreme Court in regard to
management of industries.
Arts. 1-4 The Union and its territory. Art. 29 Protection of interests of Art. 65 The Vice-President to act Art. 109 Special procedure in respect criminal matters.
Art. 43B The State shall endeavour to
minorities. promote voluntary formation, as President or to discharge of Money Bills. Art. 136 Special leave to appeal by the
Part ii.
Art. 30 R i g h t o f m i n o r i t i e s t o autonomous functioning, his function during casual Art. 110 Definition of “Money Bills.” Supreme Court.
Arts. 5-11 Citizenship
establish and administer democratic control and vacancies in the office, Art. 111 Assent of Bills. Art. 137 Review of judgements or
Part iii. FundamEntal rights educational institutions. or during the absence of Art. 112 Annual financial statement orders by the Supreme Court.
professional management of
Art. 12 Definition. Saving of Certain Laws President. (Budget). Art. 141 Law declared by Supreme
co-operative societies.
Art. 13 Laws inconsistent with or Art. 31A Saving of laws providing for Art. 66 Election of Vice-President. Art. 114 Appropriation Bills. Court to be binding on all
Art. 44 Uniform civil code for the
in derogation of the funda- acquisition of estates, etc. Art. 72 Power of President to grant Art. 115 Supplementary, additional or courts.
citizens. excess grants. Art. 143 Power of President to consult
mental rights, Right to Art. 31B Validation of certain Acts and pardons, etc. and to suspend,
Equality. Art. 45 Provision for early childhood Art. 116 Votes on account, votes Supreme Court.
Regulations. remit or commute sentences
Art. 14 Equality before law. care and education to of credit and exceptional Art. 144 Civil and judicial authorities
Art. 31C Saving of laws giving effect to in certain cases.
Art. 15 Prohibition of discrimination children below the age of six grants. to act in aid of the Supreme
certain directive principles. Art. 74 Council of Ministers to aid
on grounds on religion, race, years. Art. 117 Special provisions as to Court.
and advise President.
caste, sex or place of birth. right to Constitutional rEmEdiEs Art. 46 Promotion of educational
Art. 76 Attorney-General for India. financial Bills. Comptroller and Auditor-General of India
Art. 16 Equality of opportunity in Art. 32 Remedies for enforcement of and economic interest of Art. 119 Regulation by law of procedure
Parliament Art. 148 Comptroller and Auditor-
matters of public employ- rights conferred by this Part. Scheduled Castes, Scheduled in Parliament in relation to
Art. 79 Constitution of Parliament. General of India.
ment. Art. 33 Power of Parliament to modify Tribes and other weaker financial business. Art. 149 Duties and powers of the
Art. 17 Abolition of untouchability. the rights conferred by this sections. Art. 80 Composition of the Council Art. 120 Language to be used in
of States (Rajya Sabha). Comptroller and Auditor
Art. 18 Abolition of titles, Right to Part in their application to Art. 47 Duty of the State to raise Parliament. -General.
Freedom. Forces, etc. the level of nutrition and Art. 81 Composition of the House of Art. 122 Courts not to inquire into
Art. 19 Protection of certain rights Art. 34 R e s t r i c t i o n o n r i g h t s the standard of living and to the People (Lok Sabha). proceedings of Parliament. Part vi:
regarding freedom of speech, conferred by this Part while improve public health. Art. 83 Duration of Houses of
Legislative Powers of the President The States
etc. martial law is in force in any Art. 48 Organisation of agriculture Parliament.
Art. 123 Power of President to prom- Arts. 152-237 The Government at the State
Art. 20 Protection in respect of con- area. and animal husbandry. Art. 84 Qualification for membership
ulgate Ordinances during level: The Executive, The
viction of offences. of Parliament.
Art. 35 Legislation to give effect to Art. 48A Protection and improvement recess of Parliament. State Legislature, The High
Art. 21 Protection of life and personal Art. 85 Sessions of Parliament,
the provisions of this Part. of environment and The Union Judiciary Courts and Subordinate
liberty. prorogation and dissolution.
safeguarding of forests and Art. 124 Establishment and Con- Courts.
Art. 21A. Right to Education. Part iv. dirECtivE PrinCiPlEs oF Art. 86 Right of President to
Wildlife. stitution of Supreme Court.
Art. 22 Protection against arrest and statE PoliCy address and send messages Part viii:
Art. 49 Protection of monuments Art. 126 Appointment of acting Chief
detention in certain cases. Art. 36 Definition. and places and objects of
to Houses. Articles 239-242: The Union Territories
Art. 87 Special address by the Justice.
Art. 37 Application of the principles national importance.
right against ExPloitation President. Art. 127 Appointment of ad hoc Part ix:
contained in this Part.
Art. 23 Prohibition of traffic in human Art. 50 Separation of judiciary from Art. 88 Rights of Ministers and Judges. Arts. 243 to 243-O The Panchayats.
Art. 38 State to secure a social order
beings and forced labour. executive. Attorney General as respect Art. 128 Attendance of retired Judge
for the promotion of welfare Part ix a:
Art. 24 Prohibition of employment of Art. 51 Promotion. of international to Houses. at sittings of the Supreme
children in factories, etc. of the people. Arts. 243-P to 243-ZG The Municipalities.
peace and security. Art. 89 The Chairman and Deputy Court.
Art. 39 Certain principles of policy to
Art. 25 Freedom of conscience and Part IVA Art. 51A Fundamental Chairman of the Council Art. 129 Supreme Court to be a Court
free profession, practice and be followed by the State. Part ix b:
Duties. of States. of record.
Art. 39A Equal justice and free legal Arts. 243-ZH to 243-ZT The Co-operative
propagation of religion. Art. 93 The Speaker and Deputy Art. 131 O r i g i n a l j u r i s d i c t i o n o f
aid. Part v. thE union Societies.
Art. 26 Freedom to manage religious Supreme Court.
Art. 40 O r g a n i s a t i o n o f v i l l a g e Speaker of the House of
affairs. The Executive Art. 132 Appellate jurisdiction of Part x:
panchayats. the People.
Art. 27 Freedom as to payment of Art. 52 The President of India. Supreme Court in appeals Arts. 244-244A The Scheduled and Tribal
Art. 41 Right to work, to education Art. 98 Secretariat of Parliament.
taxes for promotion of any Art. 53 Executive power of the Union. from High Court in certain Areas.
and to public assistance in Art. 99 Oath of affirmation by
particular religion. Art. 54 Election of President. cases.
certain cases. members.
Part xi: Part xvii 6th Schedule: Administration of Tribal Areas powers to amend the constitution and tried • Indian Constitution provides for the esta- • Single Constitutional Framework has been
Arts. 245-263 Relations between The Union Arts. 343-351 Official languages. of North-Eastern States. to accord precedence to directive principles blishment of Secular State. provided for the Centre as well as for
and the States. 7th Schedule: Distribution of power between over fundamental rights. But in the Minerva • The State cannot discriminate against the State.
Part xviii the Union and the State Government. Mills Case, the Supreme Court struck down anyone on the ground of religion or caste, • The proclamation of National emergency can
Part xii: Arts. 352-360 Emergency Provisions. (Union List, State List and Concurrent List). those provisions. nor can it compel anybody to pay taxes for immediately turn the federal system of India
Arts. 264-300 Finance, property, contracts Part XIX Miscellaneous. 8th Schedule: Description of 22 languages the support of any particular religion. into a unitary one.
Art. 363 Bar to interference by courts
and suits. recognised by the constitution. manEka gandhi vs. union oF india • The Indian Constitution has special • In the Rajya Sabha in India, States are
in disputes arising out of 9th Schedule: Validation of certain Acts and Right to live is not merely confined to reservation of seats for the Scheduled represented on the basis of population.
artiClE 300a: right to ProPErty certain treaties, agreements, Regulations. physical existence but includes within its Castes and Tribes in public appointments Besides, the President has the power to
Part XIII etc. 10th Schedule: Provisions as to disqualification ambit the right to live with human dignity. and in educational institutions and in the nominate twelve members to the Rajya Sabha.
Arts. 301-307 T r a d e , C o m m e r c e a n d Art. 365 Effect of failure to comply on ground of defection (Anti-defection Law Union and State Legislatures. • The Governors of the States are appointed
Industry within India. with, or to give effect to, introduced by the 52nd Constitutional somE sPECial FEaturEs oF thE • An outstanding feature of the Constitution by the President and they continue to hold
Part XIV Services under the Union and directions given by the Union. Amendment Act). indian Constitution is Panchayati Raj. office only during his pleasure.
the States.
Part xx 11th Schedule: Power, authority and • The procedure of amendment of the • The Indian Constitution provides for
Art. 309 Recruitment and conditions • The Constitution of India is the lengthiest
Art. 368 Amendment of the responsibilities of Panchayats, 29 subjects Indian Constitution is partly flexible and single judiciary.
of service of persons serving
Constitution. over which the Panchayats have jurisdiction and the most comprehensive of all the partly rigid. • The authority of the Comptroller and
the Union or a State. (refer to the 73rd Constitutional Amendment written constitutions of the world. • Single citizenship has been adopted in Auditor General and the Chief Election
Art. 311 D i s m i s s a l , r e m o v a l o r Part xxi Act). • The Constitution contains detailed provisions our Constitution. Commissioner uniformly prevails over the
reduction in rank of persons Arts. 369-392 Temporary, Transitional and 12th Schedule: Powers, authority and relating to Centre-State relations including Union as well as States.
employed in civil capacities Special Provisions Special
under the Union or a State.
responsibilities of Municipalities, 18 the emergency provisions. FEdEral and unitary FEaturEs
status of States. subjects over which the Municipalities have • Special status has been given to Jammu laPsE oF ParamountCy
Art. 312 All-India Services. oF thE indian union
Part xxii jurisdiction (refer to the 74th Constitutional and Kashmir and some other states such
Art. 315 Public Service Commissions Amendment Act). • India is different from the United States • When the Indian Independence Act, 1947 was
Arts. 393-395 Short Title, Commencement, as Nagaland, Mizoram, Assam, Gujarat, etc.
for the Union and for the passed, it declared the lapse of suzerainty
Authoritative text in Hindi • Under the Constitution the people of India of America because in United States the
States. imPortant CasEs oF thE federation is based on an agreement between (paramountcy) of the crown, in Sec. 7 (i)
and Repeals. are the ultimate sovereign.
Art. 320 Functions of Public Service different States, and the States have the (b) of the Act.
Constitution • The Constitution of India establishes a
Commissions. right to secede from the Union. • Of the states situated within the geographical
sChEdulEs oF thE indian Parliamentary form of government both
boundaries of the Dominion of India, all
Part xiva Constitution golaknath CasE, 1967 at the Centre and in the States.
FEdEral FEaturEs (numbering 552) save Hyderabad, Kashmir,
• The Constitution declares certain Funda-
artiClEs 323a-323b: tribunals 1st Schedule: 29 States and 7 Union Territories Preamble was not a part of the constitution. • Distribution of powers between Union Bahawalpur, Junagarh and the N.W.F.
Supreme Court held that the Parliament had mental rights of the individual. (North West Frontier) states (Chitral,
Part XV Elections with Territorial demarcations. and the States has been made as per
no power to amend any of the provisions of • It is unique feature of the Indian Constitution the three lists. Phulara, Dir, Swat and Amb) had acceded
Art. 324 Superintendence, direction 2nd Schedule: Part ‘A’ Salary and emoluments that it makes the citizens’ duties a part of
and control of elections to of the President and Governors of States. Part III (Fundamental Rights). The Indira • The Union Government as well as the State to the dominion of India by the 15th August,
Gandhi government in 1971 carried out the the basic law of the land. Governments has to function strictly in 1947, i.e. before the ‘appointed day’ itself.
be vested in an Election Part ‘B’ Omitted.
• The Indian Constitution unlike other federal accordance with the Constitution.
Commission. Part ‘C’ Salary and emoluments of the 24th Amendment with a view to assert the
constitutions provides for a single unified • Indian Constitution is entirely written. An intEgration and mErgEr oF
Art. 325 No person to be ineligible Speaker/Deputy Speaker or Chairman/ right of the Parliament to amend any part
judiciary with the Supreme Court at the amendment to it must be passed by the
for inclusion in, or to claim Vice-Chairman of the Lok Sabha, Rajya of the constitution.
apex, the High Courts in the middle and the
indian statEs
to be included in a special, Sabha and State Legislative Assemblies or Parliament and if an amendment affects the
Councils. kEshvanada bharti CasE, 1973 Subordinate Court at the bottom. federal structure it must be ratified by at • The main objective of shaping the Indian
electoral roll on grounds of
Part ‘D’ Salary and emoluments of the judge of Preamble was a part of the constitution and • There are provisions in the Constitution to least half the State Legislatures. States into sizeable or viable administrative
religion, race, caste or sex.
the Supreme Court and High Courts. can be amended by the Parliament under ensure independence of judiciary. • Has an independent judiciary as an units was sought to be achieved by a three-
Art. 326 Elections to the House of the
Part ‘E’ Salary and emoluments of the Article 368. Parliament can also amend the • The most remarkable feature of the essential feature. fold process of integration (known as the
People and to the Legislative
Comptroller and Auditor General of India. Fundamental Rights (Against Golaknath Indian Constitution is that being a federal ‘Patel Scheme’ after Sardar Vallabhbhai
Assemblies of States to be on
3rd Schedule: Forms of oath and affirmations case) but ruled that the Parliament Constitution, it acquires a unitary character unitary FEaturEs oF indian Patel, Minister-in-charge of Home Affairs):
the basis of adult suffrage.
of members of legislatures, ministers and cannot destroy the basic structure of the during the time of emergency. Constitution 1. 216 states were merged into respective
Art. 329 Bar to interference by courts
judges. constitution. • Under the Indian Constitution every adult • The Indian Constitution provides every Provinces, geographically contiguous
in electoral matters.
4th Schedule: Allocation of seats to States above 18 years of age has been given right Indian with single citizenship. (connected) to them.
Part xvi and Union Territories in the Rajya Sabha. minErva mills CasE, 1980 to elect representatives for the legislature • The centre can legislate on the subjects in 2. These merged states were included in
Arts. 330-342 Special provisions for certain 5th Schedule: Administration and control of The 42nd amendment carried out in 1976 without prescribing any qualification based the Concurrent List. the territories of the States in Part B in
classes. Scheduled Areas and STs. asserted that the Parliament had unlimited either on sex, property, education or the like. • Residuary powers belong to the Centre. the First Schedule of the Constitution.
3. 61 states were converted into centrally • In October 1953, the Government of India rEorganization oF statEs thE union and its tErritoriEs • The Citizenship Act, 1955, provides for or any of them be subjected to any
administered areas and included in Part C was forced to create the First Linguistic • Article 1 describes India, i.e. Bharat, as a the acquisition of Indian citizenship in the disability, liability restriction or condition
of the First Schedule of the Constitution. State, known as Andhra Pradesh, by • A Bill seeking to create a new State or Union of States. following ways: with regarded to access to shops, public
alter boundaries of existing States can be • According to Article 1, the Territory of India
4. The third form of integration was the separating the Telugu speaking area from Generally, every person born in India on restaurants, hotels and places of public
Madras state. (after the death of Sriramulu, introduced in either House of the Parliament, can be classified into the three categories:
consolidation of groups of states into new or after January 1950 shall be a citizen of entertainment or the use of wells, tanks,
only on the recommendation of the President.
viable units, known as Union of States. a Congress person). 1. Territories of the States. India or either of his parents was a citizen bathing ghats, roads and places of public
• President refers the State Reorganization
• The process of integration culminated in 2. Union Territories. of India at the time of his birth. resort maintained wholly or partly out
thE PrEamblE Bill to the State Legislature concerned for 3. Territories that may be acquired by the
the Constitution (7th Amendment) Act, its opinion, fixing a time limit. A person who was outside India on of State funds or dedicated to the use of
Government of India at any time.
1956, which abolished Part B states as a • The ideals embodied in the Objectives • Parliament is not bound to accept or act or after 26 January; 1950, shall be a general public.
class and included all the states in Part A • At present, there are 29 States and 7 citizen of India by descent, if his father Nothing in this article shall prevent the
Resolution are faithfully reflected in the upon the views of the State Legislature
and B in one list. Union Territories. was a citizen of India at the time of that State from making any special provisions
Preamble to the Constitution, which, as on a state Reorganization Bill. The State • Article 2 empowers the Parliament to
amended in 1976, summaries the aims and Reorganization Bill requires simple majority person’s birth. for women, children or any socially and
Evolution oF statEs and union admit into the Union of India, or establish
objects of the Constitution. in both Houses of the Parliament. A person residing in India for more than educationally backward classes.
new states on such terms and conditions
tErritoriEs • Text of the Preamble: “We, the People of • It is not necessary to obtain the views of seven years can seek citizenship by • Article 15: Prohibition of discrimination
as it thinks fit.
India having solemnly resolved to constitute legislatures of Union territories before a naturalisation. on certain grounds. It says that the State
• Article 3 authorises the Parliament to:
India into a Sovereign Socialist Secular bill affecting their boundaries or names in If any new territory becomes a part of shall not discriminate against any citizen
dhar CommittEE (a) Form a new state by separation from
• The Constituent Assembly appointed the
Democratic Republic and to secure to introduced. India, the persons of the territory become on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or
all citizens Justice, social, economic and any state or by uniting two or more
S.K. Dhar Commission in 1947 to study citizens of Indian. place of birth.
states or parts of states or by uniting
the issue of the reorganisation of the states
political; Liberty of thought, expression, timElinE oF statEs and union • Citizenship of India may be lost by: • Article 16 guarantees equality of opp-
belief, faith and worship, Equality of status any territory to a part of any state;
tErritoriEs Renunciation of citizenship. ortunity in matters of public employment.
on linguistic basis. The Dhar Commission and of opportunity; and to promote among (b) Increase the area of any state;
categorically rejected the basis of linguistic Termination of citizenship, if a citizen of It says that:
them all Fraternity assuring the dignity of • In 1956 there were 14 States and 6 Union (c) Diminish the area of any state;
formation of states. India voluntarily acquires the citizenship There shall be equality of opportunity
the individual and the unity and integrity of Territories. Andhra Pradesh was created in (d) Alter the boundaries of any state;
of another country. for all citizens in matters relating to
the Nation in our Constituent Assembly on 1953 and Kerala in 1956. (e) Alter the name of any state.
J.v.P. CommittEE Deprivation of citizenship by the employment or appointment to any office
this twenty-sixth day of November, 1949, do • In 1956, Karnataka was created.
• The Congress in its Jaipur Session in 1948, CitizEnshiP Government of India. under the State.
hereby adopt, enact and give to ourselves • In 1960, Bombay was bifurcated into
appointed a three member committee to
this constitution.” Gujarat and Maharashtra. No citizen shall, on grounds only of
consider the recommendation of Dhar • Citizenship of India was granted to every ovErsEas CitizEns oF india (oCi) religion, race, caste, sex, descent, place
• N.A. Palkivala, an eminent jurist and • In 1962, Nagaland was created as separate • Citizenship Act has been amended in 2003,
Commission. Its members were Jawahar person who domiciled in the territory of India of birth or any of them, be ineligible for
constitutional expert, called the Preamble state. by which people of Indian origin, except
Lal Nehru, Vallabh Bhai Patel and Pattabhi at the commencement of the Constitution any employment under the State.
as the Identity. • In 1966, Haryana was carved out of Punjab and who was born in the territory of India or– in Pakistan and Bangladesh, will become
Sitaramayya. • The Preamble to the Indian Constitution is and Chandigarh became a Union Territory.
• The committee rejected language as the Either of whose parents was born in the eligible to be registered as the Overseas thE mandal Commission CasE
based on the Objectives Resolution drafted • In 1970, the Union Territory of Himachal territory of India or Citizens of India (OCI).
basis for the reorganisation despite popular A nine-judge Bench of the Supreme Court
and moved by Pandit Nehru and adopted by Pradesh was elevated to the status of state. Who had been ordinarily residing in the has laid down in Indra Sawhney’s case
support for it. the Constituent Assembly. • In 1971, Manipur, Tripura and Meghalaya territory of India for not less than five years FundamEntal rights (popularly known as the Mandal Commission
• The Preamble is not enforceable in a court were granted statehood.
Fazal ali Commission immediately preceding commencement of • The Fundamental Rights have been (Case) regarding reservation in government
of law. • In 1974, Sikkim became an associate state of
• After the creation of Andhra State, demand • The Preamble has been amended only once the Indian Union. By the 36th Constitutional
the Constitution? described in Articles 12-35, Part III of employment, that:
for creation of states on linguistic basic • Indian citizens have the following rights Indian Constitution. • Under Article 16 (4) provisions can be made in
so far, in 1976, by 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act (1975), Sikkim became a full
intensified and Fazal Ali Commission was under the Constitution which aliens • The Right to Property (Article 31) was favour of the backward classes in the matter
Amendment Act, which added three new fledged State of the India Union. do not possess:
constituted in December 1953, which was also words Socialist, Secular and Integrity. • In 1986, Mizoram and Arunachal Pradesh deleted from the list of Fundamental Act, of employment by Executive orders also.
known as States Reorganisation Commission. Some of the Fundamental Rights 1978. By the 44th Amendment Act, 1978, it • The backwardness contemplated by Art. 16
This amendment was held to be valid. came into being.
• By the States Reorganisation Act (1956) and enumerated in Part III of the Constitution, (4) is mainly social. It need not be both social
• In case of doubt, the Supreme Court has • In 1987, Goa came into existence. is made a normal constitutional right under
e.g., Articles 15, 16, 19, 29 and 30. Act 300A in Part XII of the Constitution. and educational.
the 7th Constitutional Amendment Act, the referred to the Preamble to elucidate vague • In 2000, three more new states Chhattisgarh, Only citizens are eligible for offices of the • Article 14 of the Constitution States that: • The reservations contemplated in Art. 16 (4)
distinction between states was abolished. aspects of the Constitution. Uttarakhand and Jharkhand were created. President, Vice-President, Judge of the
Some of them were merged with the adjacent • In the Berubari case, the Supreme Court • On 2 June 2014, Telangana was made The State shall not discriminate against any should not exceed 50%.
Supreme Court or a High Court, Attorney citizen on grounds only of religion, race, • Reservation of posts under Art. 16 (4) is
states and some others were designated held that the Preamble was not part of the a new 29th state after separating from General, Governor of a State, Member of caste, sex, place of birth or any of them.
as Union Territories. As a result 14 States Constitution, but later, in the Keshavananda Andhra Pradesh, with the city of Hyderabad confined to initial appointment only and
a legislature, etc. No citizen shall, on grounds only of
and 6 Union Territories were created on Bharti case, it declared that it was part of as its capital. cannot extend to providing reservation in
Only citizens have the right to vote. religion, race, caste, sex, place of birth
November 1, 1956. the Constitution. promotion.
))
Note: Mandal Commission was set up order of morality. Restrictions can also be right against ExPloitation institution, discriminate against such an is issued to quash order or decision of the soCialistiC PrinCiPlEs
in 1979 under the Chairmanship of B.N. imposed on freedom of movement and reside artiClE 23–24) educational institution maintained by a court or Tribunal while prohibition is These principles reflect the ideology of socialism.
Mandal, M.P. (Former Chief Minister of and settle in the interest of the general public • Article 23 provides Right against Exp- minority community on the ground that issued to prohibit the court or Tribunal from • Article 38: To promote the welfare of the
Bihar). order or morality. Restrictions can also be loitation in following respects: it is under the management of a religious making the ultra vires order or decision. people by securing a social order permeated
imposed on freedom of movement and reside • Traffic in human beings and beggar and other community [Ref.: Art. 30]. • Quo warranto is a proceeding whereby the by justice–social, economic and political and
• The 77th Amendment has provided to
and settle in the interest of the general public similar forms of forced labour are prohibited. • Full compensation has to be paid if the State court enquires into the legality of the claim to minimise inequalities in income, status
continue reservation in promotion for the facilities and opportunities.
or for the protection of the interests of any • Special provision for the protection of seeks to acquire the property of a minority which a party asserts to a public office.
S.C. and S.T.
scheduled tribe. children is made in Art. 24 which provides educational institution [Ref.: Art. 30 (1A)]. • Parliament has the power to modify the • Article 39: To secure (a) the right to
• Article 17 ensures Abolition of application of the Fundamental Rights of the adequate means of livelihood for all citizens;
• Freedom of the press is included in the wider that no child below the age of fourteen
Untouchability. years can be employed to work in any right to Constitutional rEmEdiEs members of the armed forces, police forces or (b) the equitable distribution of material
freedom of expression which is guaranteed
• Article 18 ensures Abolition of titles. It factory or mine or engaged in any other (artiClE–32) intelligence organizations and maintenance resources of the community for the common
by freedom of expression under Art. 19.
prevents the State from conferring any title. • Right to constitutional remedy, which was of discipline amongst them [Ref.: Art. 33]. good; (c) prevention of concentration of
• Article 20: Protection in respect of conviction hazardous employment.
• This ban is only against the State and termed “Soul of the Constitution” by Dr. B.R. • When martial law is in force, Parliament wealth and means of production; (d) equal
for offences. It grants protection against pay for equal work for men for men and
not against other public institutions such right to FrEEdom oF rEligion Ambedkar, has been guaranteed by Art. 32 may indemnify any person in the service of
arbitrary and excessive punishment to the Union or a State for any act done by him women; (e) preservation of the health and
as universities. (article 25–28) of the Constitution.
an accused person, whether citizen or [Ref.: Art. 34]. strength of workers and children against
• The State is not debarred from awarding • Article 25 provides freedom of conscience
foreigner or legal person like a company thE Writs forcible abuse; and (f) opportunities for
military or academic distinctions, even and free profession, practice and propagation
of a corporation. right to inFormation healthy development of children.
though they may be used as titles. of religion subject to public order, morality • The power to issue these writs for the
• Article 21 (A) makes the right of education • Right to Information has been granted • Article 41: To secure the right to work,
• Bharat Ratna or Padma Vibhushan and health.
for children of the age of 6 to 14 years a enforcement of the Fundamental Rights is to every citizen of India under Right to education and public assistance in cases
• Article 26 guarantees following rights to
cannot be used by the recipient as a title fundamental right. [Ref.: 86th Amendment given by the Constitution to the Supreme Information Act, 2005 which came into force of unemployment, old age, sickness
and therefore does not come within the all religious groups subject to public order, Court [Ref.: Art. 32] and High Court and disablement.
Act, 2002]. morality and health:
on 12 October 2005.
Constitutional prohibition. • Article 21 of Constitution provides that [Ref.: Art. 226]. • It is not Fundamental Right. • Article 42: To make provision for just
Establish and maintain institution for • Supreme Court has the power to issue writs and humane conditions for work and
no person shall be deprived of his life or
right to FrEEdom religious and charitable purposes; only for the purpose of enforcement of the limitations on thE EnForCEmEnt oF maternity relief.
personal liberty except according to the
Article (19–22) Manage its own affairs in matters of religion; Fundamental Rights whereas under Art. FundamEntal rights
procedure established by law. gandhian PrinCiPlEs
Own and acquire movable and imm- 226 a High Court can issue writs for the • Parliament has the power to modify the
(a) Right to freedom of speech and exp- • In England courts have no power to invalidate These principles are based on Gandhian ideology.
ovable property; purpose of enforcement of Fundamental application of the Fundamental Rights to
ression. a law made by Parliament. • Article 40: To organise village Panchayat of
Administer such property in accordance Rights and/or for the redress of any other the members of the Armed Forces, Police
(b) Right to assemble peacefully and • In Manka’s case the Supreme Court held Force or intelligence organisations so as
function as units of self-government.
without arms. with law. injury of illegality. • Article 43: To promote cottage industries
that a law made by the State which seeks to
(c) Right to form association or unions or • The State cannot compel any citizen to pay • A writ of Habeas Corpus calls upon the to ensure proper discharge of their duties
on an individual or co-operation basis
deprive a person of his personal liberty must and maintenance of discipline among
co-operatives. any taxes for the promotion or maintenance person who has detained another to produce in rural areas.
prescribe a procedure for such deprivation them (Article 33).
(d) Right to move freely throughout the of any particular religion or religious the latter before the court. The words ‘habeas • Article 46: To promote the educational and
which must not be arbitrary, unfair or
institution [Ref.: Art. 27]. corpus’ literally mean ‘to have a body’. • Article 34: Restriction on rights conferred
territory of India. unreasonable. It follows that such a law economic interests of SCs, STs and other
• No religious instruction can be provided • Mandamus literally means a command. by this part while martial law is in force in weaker sections of the society and to protect
(e) Right to reside and settle in any part of shall be invalid if it violates the principle of any area.
in any educational institution wholly It commands the person to whom it is them from social injustice and exploitation.
the territory of India. natural justice. • Article 35: Legislation to give effect to the
maintained out of State funds [Ref.: Art. 28]. addressed to perform some public or • Article 47: To prohibit the consumption
(f) Right to practice any profession or • Article 22 provides that no person who is quasi-public legal duty which he has provisions of this part. of intoxicating drinks and drugs which are
to carry on any occupation, trade or arrested shall be detained in custody without Cultural and EduCational rights refused to perform and the performance injurious to health.
business. dirECtivE PrinCiPlEs oF statE
being informed of the ground for such arrest. (article 29–30) of which cannot be enforced by any other • Article 48: To organise agriculture and
• State can impose restrictions on the freedom • Every person who is arrested and detained in • Where a religious community is in the PoliCy
adequate legal remedy. animal husbandry on modern and
• The Directive Principles of State Policy are
of speech in the interest of the sovereignty custody is to be produced before the nearest minority, the Constitution enables it to • The write of prohibition is a writ issued enumerated in Part IV of the Constitution
scientific lines.
and integrity of India, the security of the magistrate within a period of twenty-four preserve its culture and religious interests by the Supreme Court or a High Court to from Articles 36 to 51. libEral-intEllECtual PrinCiPlEs
State, friendly relations with foreign States, hours of arrest excluding the time necessary by providing that the State shall not an inferior court forbidding the latter to • They embody the concept of a welfare state. The principles included in this category
public order, decency or morality, or in for the journey from the place of arrest to the impose upon it any culture other than the continue proceeding therein in excess if its • These are fundamental in the governance represent the ideology of liberalism.
relation to contempt of court, defamation or court of the magistrate and no such person community’s own culture [Ref.: Art. 29 (1)]. jurisdiction or to usurp a jurisdiction with • Article 44: To secure for all citizens a
of the country.
incitement to an offence. can be detained in custody beyond that • Such community shall have the right to which it is not legally vested. • They are non-justifiable. uniform civil code throughout the country.
• Restriction can be imposed on the right to period without the authority of a magistrate. establish and administer educational • Though prohibition and certiorari are both • They apply to both Union and State • Article 45: To provide early childhood care
form associations in the interests of the • The Constitution authorises the Legislature institutions of its choice and the State issued against court or Tribunals exercising and education for all children until they
Governments and all other authorities
sovereignty and integrity of India or public to make laws for preventive detention. shall not, in granting aid to educational judicial or quasi-judicial powers, Certiorari coming under the definition of ‘State’. complete the age of six years.
• Article 49: To protect all monuments of primary stage of education to children • to strive for excellence in all spheres of • The previous sanction of the President • The Electoral College for the president The presidential election is held in accordance
historic interest and national importance. belonging to linguistic minority groups individual and collective activity. is not required for introducing any Bill for consists of: with the system of proportional representation
• Article 50: To separate the judiciary from the [Ref.: Art. 350A]. • to provide opportunities for education to his amendment of the Constitution. The elected members of both Houses of by means of the single transferable vote and
executive in the public services of the state. • Union to promote spread of Hindi language child or as the case may be ward between • The amendment of Art. 368 in 1971 has Parliament; the voting is through secret ballot.
• Article 51: To promote international peace and to develop it as a medium of expression the age of six and fourteen years. made it obligatory for the President to give The elected members of the Legislative
and security and to maintain just and of all the elements of the composite culture • to strive toward excellence in all spheres of his assent to a Bill for amendment of the Conditions oF PrEsidEnt’s oFFiCE
Assemblies of the states; and
honourable relations between nations; to of India [Ref.: Art. 251]. individual and collective activity so that the Constitution, when it is presented to him Article 59 of the Constitution lays down the
The elected members of the Legislative following condition of the President’s office:
foster respect for international law and treaty • The claims of the members of the Scheduled nation constantly rises to higher levels of after its passage by the Legislature [Ref.:
Assemblies of Union Territories of Delhi • He should not be a member of either House
obligations, and to encourage settlement of Castes and the Scheduled Tribes shall be endeavour and achievement; and 24th Amendment 1971].
taken into consideration, consistently with the and Pondicherry (now Puducherry). of Parliament or a House of the State
international disputes by arbitration. • to provide opportunities for education to
maintenance of efficiency of administration, his child or ward between the age of 6 to WhEthEr FundamEntal rights arE Legislature. If any such person is elected
QualiFiCation oF thE PrEsidEnt
New Directive Principles
in the making of app0ointments to services 14 years. This duty was added by the 86th amEndablE as President he is deemed to have vacated
Under Article 58, a person to be eligible
• Article 39A: To provide free legal aid to
and posts in connection with the affairs of Constitutional Amendment Act, 2002. • In the case of Keshvananda Bharati, the for election as President should fulfill the
his seat in that House on the date on which
the union of a state [Ref.: Art. 335]. Supreme Court overruled its own decision he enters upon his office as the President.
the poor (42nd Amendment following qualifications:
Act, 1976). ProCEdurE For amEnding thE given in the case of Golak Nath and held that • His emoluments and allowances cannot be
FundamEntal dutiEs • He should be a citizen of India.
• Article 39F: To secure opportunities Constitution the Parliament could amend any provision diminished during his term of office.
• He should have completed 35 years of age.
for healthy development of
• In 1976, the FDs of citizens were added by of the Constitution including fundamental • Article 60: Oath and Affirmation of the
children (42nd Amendment • Provisions of the Constitution can be • He should be qualified for election as a
42nd Constitutional Amendment Act on rights in accordance with. President.
member of the Lok Sabha.
Act, 1976). changed only by the process of ‘amendment’ • The oath of the President is administered by
• Article 43A: To take steps to secure the
the basis of Swaran Singh Committee Report.
prescribed in Art. 368. • He should not hold any office of profit
thE doCtrinE oF basiC FEaturEs the Chief Justice of India and in his absence,
participation of workers in • In the case of provisions which affect under the Union Government or any State
list oF FundamEntal dutiEs • The Supreme Court held in the case of the seniormost Judge of the Supreme Court.
the management of industries the federal structure, ratification by the Government or any local authority or any
(42nd Amendment Act, 1976). According to Article 51A, of Part IV A, it Keshavananda Bharati that there are certain
other public authority.
• Article 43B: To promote professionally run shall be the duty of every citizen of India: Legislatures of at least half of the states, is basic features of the Constitution of India, tErm oF oFFiCE oF thE PrEsidEnt
co-operative societies added • to abide by the Constitution and respect its
required before the Bill is presented to the which cannot be altered by an amendment ElECtion oF thE PrEsidEnt • Under Article 56, the President shall hold
President for his assent. under Art. 368. office for a term of five year from the date on
by the 97th Constitutional ideals and institutions, the National Flag (artiClE 54)
• An amendment of the Constitution can be • The 42nd Amendment Act “shall be called in which he enters upon his office.
Amendment Act, 2011. and the National Anthem;
initiated only by the introduction of a Bill for • The President is elected by members of
• Article 48A: To protect and improve the • to cherish and follow the noble ideals that Question in any court on any ground”. These Electoral College consisting of the elected • He may resign from his office by writing
environment and to safeguard the purpose in either House of Parliament. clauses were nullified by the Supreme Court
inspired the national struggle for freedom; members of both the Houses of Parliament; under his hand addressed to the Vice-
forests and wildlife (42nd • The Amendment Bill should be passed by in the Minerva Mill’s case.
Amendment Act, 1976).
• to uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity each House by a special majority, e.g., more • The elected members of the Legislative President (he can communicate to the
and integrity of India; • There are three implications of the decision Assemblies of the states; and Speaker of the Lok Sabha).
than 50% of the total membership of that
• to promote harmony and the spirit of in Keshavananda Bharati’s case. • The elected members of the Legislative
House and by a majority of not less than imPEaChmEnt oF thE PrEsidEnt
• Article 38 (2) added one more Directive common brotherhood amongst all the people two-thirds of the members of that House 1. Any part of the Constitution may be Assemblies of the Union Territories of Delhi
Principle, which requires the state to of India transcending religious, linguistic amended as per the procedure laid down and Puducherry. Under Article 61, President can be
present and voting.
minimise inequalities in income status in Art. 368. • All disputes regarding election of the President impeached from office for “violation of the
and regional or sectional diversities and • Constitution stands amended in accordance
facilities and opportunities under Article 38. to renounce practices derogatory to the 2. No referendum or reference to Con- are adjudicated by the Supreme Court. Constitution”.
with the terms of the Amendment Bill after
(44th Amendment Act) dignity of women; stituent Assembly is required to amend • Nomination for election of President must • The impeachment can be initiated by either
President’s assent is accorded to it.
• to defend the country and render national be supported by at least 50 electors as House of the Parliament. The resolution
diFFErEnCE bEtWEEn FundamEntal any provision of the Constitution.
service, when called upon to do so; thE blEnd oF rigidity and FlExibility proposers and 50 electors as seconders. must be moved after at least 1/4 days notice
rights and dirECtivE PrinCiPlEs 3. Basic features of the Constitution cannot
• to value and preserve the rich heritage of the in thE ProCEdurE For amEndmEnt • Security deposit for the nomination as in writing signed by not less than 14th of
• The Directives are not enforceable in the be amended.
courts and do not create any Justifiable country’s composite culture; • The State Legislatures cannot initiate President is ` 15000 in RBI. total members of the House and passed by
rights in favour of the individuals, while the • to protect and improve the natural any Bill or proposal for amendment of ExECutivE oF thE union Value of the vote of an M. L. A. two thirds of the total membership.
Fundamental Rights are enforceable by the environment including forests, lakes, rivers the Constitution. Total population of state 1
= × vaCanCy in thE PrEsidEnt’s oFFiCE
courts [Ref.: Arts. 32, 37, and 226 (1)]. and wildlife and to have compassion for • Subject to the provisions of Art. 368, Total number of elected M.L.As. 1000
thE PrEsidEnt Under Article 62, a vacancy in the President’
• In case of any conflict between fundamental living creatures; Constitution Amendment Bills are to be
• President is the head of the Union Executive. Value of the vote of an M.P. office can occur in any of the following ways:
rights and directive principles, the former • to develop scientific temper, humanism and passed by the Parliament in the same way
should prevail in the courts. the spirit of inquiry and reform; as Ordinary Bills. • The President of India is indirectly elected Total value of votes of • On the expiry of his tenure of five years.
• State and every local authority within the • to safeguard public property and to abjure • The procedure for joint session is not by an electoral college, in accordance with all M.L. As of all states • By his resignation.
State to provide adequate facilities for the system of proportional representation by = • On his removal by the process of impeachment.
violence; applicable to Bills for amendment of the Total number of elected M.Ps.
instruction in the mother-tongue at the Constitution. means of the single transferable vote. • By his death.
• An election to fill the vacancy (due to The Attorney-General for India lEgislativE PoWErs can also withdraw an ordinance at any ComParison bEtWEEn Pardoning a bill which can be over sided by the
expiration of term) must be held before the The Comptroller and Auditor General of • President has the power to summon or time (Article 123). PoWErs oF thE PrEsidEnt and a legislature with ordinary majority.
expiry of the term. India* prorogue the Houses of Parliament and to • He lays the reports of CAG, UPSC, Finance govErnor 4. Pocket Veto: Taking no action on the
• If the office fall vacant by resignation, The Judges of the Supreme Court* dissolve the Lok Sabha. Commission etc., before the Parliament. • President has the power to grant pardon, bill passed by the legislature. It was used
removal, death or otherwise, then election to The Judges of the High Courts of the states* • He also has the power to summon a joint Presidents of india reprieve, respite, suspension, remission in 1986 in postal bill by the president of
fill the vacancy should be completed within The Governors of states* sitting of both Houses of Parliament in case or commutation, in respect of punishment that time Giani Zail Singh.
of a deadlock between them. s.no. name Period
six months from the date of the occurrence Chief election commissioner and other or sentence by court-martial. Governor
of such a vacancy. • The President addresses both Houses of 1. Rajendra Prasad 26 Jan. 1950 to has no such power. thE viCE-PrEsidEnt
members of Election Commission. Parliament assembled together, at the first 13 May 1962 • Vice-President is indirectly elected by means
• The President shall not be a member of either Chairman and members of UPSC. • Governor has no power to pardon in case of
session after each general election to the Lok 2. Sarvapalli 13 May 1962 to sentence of death, only President can pardon of single transferable vote.
House of Parliament or of a House of the
Legislature of any State. ))
*Can be removed from office through Sabha and at the commencement of the first
session of each year. 3.
Radhakrishnan
Zakir Hussain
13 May 1967
13 May 1967 to
a death sentence. • State Legislatures do not take part in the
election of Vice-President.
• If a member of either House of Parliament special constitutional provisions (by
• Electoral College of Vice-President consists
impeachment). • In the Rajya Sabha, 12 members are 3 May 1969 EmErgEnCy PoWErs
or a House of the Legislature of any State nominated by the President from persons 4. Varahagiri Venkata 3 May 1969 to • The President of India can proclaim of elected and nominated members of both
is elected President, he shall be deemed to having special knowledge or practical Giri 20 July 1969 the Houses of Parliament.
emergency in three conditions after getting
have vacated his seat in that House. FinanCial PoWErs experience of literature, science, art and 5. Muhammad 20 July 1969 to • All disputes regarding election of Vice-
the written recommendation of the Cabinet.
• The outgoing President continues to hold • Money Bills can be introduced in the Parlia- social service. Hidayatullah 24 Aug. 1969 • National Emergency (Article 352) arising President are adjudicated by the Supreme
office, notwithstanding that his term has ment only with his prior recommendation. • The President is empowered to nominate 6. Varahagiri Venkata 24 Aug. 1969 to Court.
out of war, external aggression or armed
expired, until his successor enters upon • No demand for a grant can be made except not more than two Anglo-Indian members Giri 24 Aug. 1974 • In case a member of the Legislature is
rebellion within the country.
the office. There is no scope for the Vice- on his recommendation. to the Lok Sabha, if that community is not 7. Fakhruddin Ali 24 Aug. 1974 to • Constitutional Emergency (Article 356) elected Vice-President, he shall be deemed
President getting a chance to act as President • He through his representative presents adequately represented in that House. Ahmed 11 Feb. 1977 to have vacated his seat in the House to
arising out of the failure of the constitutional
in this case. the annual financial statement before • A Bill becomes an Act of the Indian 8. Basappa Danappa 11 Feb. 1977 to machinery in the States. It is also known as which he belongs.
the parliament. Parliament only after it receives the assent Jatti 25 July 1977
President’s Rule.
• He can make advance out of the of the President. 9. Neelam Sanjiva 25 July 1977 to QualiFiCation [artiClE 66 (3)]
Smart Facts about ‘President’ • Financial Emergency (Article 360) arising
V.V. Giri is the only person, who won the Contingency Fund of the India to meet any • When a Bill is presented to the President Reddy 25 July 1982 • Should be a citizen of India.
out of a threat to financial stability or
Election of the President as an independent unforeseen expenditure. for assent: 10. Giani Zail Singh 25 July 1982 to credit of India. • Should have completed 35 years of age.
candidate in 1969. • He constitutes a Finance Commission after He may declare his assent to the Bill; or 25 July 1987 • Should be qualified for election as Member
In July 1977, Neelam Sanjeeva Reddy every five years. He may withhold his assent to the Bill; or 11. Ramaswamy 25 July 1987 to misCEllanEous PoWErs of Rajya Sabha.
was elected unopposed as no one else filed He may, in the case of Bills other than Venkataraman 25 July 1992 • Hershel has the power to give instruction to • Should not hold any office of profit.
JudiCial PoWErs Money Bills return the Bill for recon- 12. Shankar Dayal 25 July 1992 to
nomination for the post of the President. a Governor to promulgate an Ordinance if a
• He appoints the Chief Justice and the sideration of the Houses, with or without Sharma 25 July 1997 oath
Justice M. Hidayatullah is the only person Bill containing the same provisions requires
Judges of Supreme Court and High Courts. a message suggesting amendments. If 13. Kocheril Raman 25 July 1997 to Under Article 69 the oath of office of the
to perform the function of the President two previous sanction of the President.
• He can seek advice from the Supreme Court Narayanan 25 July 2002 Vice-President is administered by the
times in two different capacities, the first the Bill is passed again by both Houses of • President has the power to refer any question
on any question of law of fact. However, the Parliament with or without amendment 14. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam 25 July 2002 to President or some person appointed in that
time in 1969, being the Chief Justice of the of public importance for the opinion of
advice tendered by the Supreme Court is and again presented to the President. It 25 July 2007 behalf by him.
Supreme Court and the second time being the the Supreme Court.
Vice-President of India in 1982.
not binding on the President (Article 143). would be obligatory upon him to declare 15. Pratibha Patil 25 July 2007 to • President has some special powers relating
25 July 2012 tErm oF oFFiCE undEr artiClE 67
his assent to it. to Union Territories or territories which are
military PoWErs • Holds office for a term of 5 years from the
• The veto power of the Indian President is a 16. Pranab Mukherjee 25 July 2012 to directly administered by the Union.
• The Supreme command of the Defense 25 July 2017 date on which he enters upon his office.
combination of the absolute, suspense • The President shall have certain special
PoWErs oF PrEsidEnt Forces is vested in the President of India, • Can be removed by a resolution of the Rajya
and pocket vetors. 17. Ramnath Kobind 25 July 2017 to powers in respect of the administration Sabha passed by an absolute majority and
but the Parliament can regulate or control • President of India has the power of till date
administrativE PoWEr of Scheduled Area and Tribes, and agreed by the Lok Sabha [Article 67 (b)].
the exercise of such power. disallowance or return for reconsideration
• The President is the formal head of the Tribal Area in Assam.
• Declares war or conduces peace, subject to of a Bill of the state legislature, which are vaCanCy oF oFFiCE
administration. All executive actions of the reserved for his consideration by the Governor Pardoning Powers of the President
the approval of the Parliament. tyPEs oF vEto A vacancy in the Vice-President’s office can
Union are expressed to be taken in the name of the State. A Money Bill so reserved, cannot (Article 72)
1. Absolute Veto: Withholding of assent to occur in any of the following ways:
of the President. diPlomatiC PoWErs be returned by the President. • Pardon
• The President shall have the power to appoint • Reprieve
the bill passed by the legislature. • On the expiry of his tenure, by his resignation,
• President of India represents India in • He can promulgate ordinances, when the 2. Qualified Veto: Sending back of on his removal, by his death.
• Remission
and remove high dignitaries including: international affairs, appoints Indian repre- Parliament is not in session. The ordinances bill, which can be overridden by the • He draws his salary in his capacity as the
• Respite
The Prime Minister of India sentatives to other countries and receives must be approved by the Parliament legislature with a higher majority.
• Commutation ex-officio Chairman of Rajya Sabha.
Other Ministers of the Union diplomatic representatives of other States. within six weeks from its reassembly. He 3. Suspensive Veto: Sending back of
PoWErs and FunCtions 4. V.V. Giri 6 May, 1967 • He can bring about the collapse of the Union and proposals for legislation as the name tenure The main duties of the Comptroller and
• He acts as the ex-officio Chairman of Council of Ministers by resigning from office. President may call for. Auditor General are:
5. G.S. Pathak 30 Aug, 1969 Y. B. Chavan 1979–1980
Rajya Sabha. In this capacity, his powers Prime ministers of india • If the President requires, to submit for the • To audit and report on all expenditure
and functions are similar to those of the 6. B.D. Jatti 27 Aug, 1974 consideration of the Council of Ministers Devi Lal 1989–1990 from the Consolidated Fund of India and
Speaker of Lok Sabha. s.no. name Period any matter on which a decision has been of each State and each Union Territory
7. M. Hidaytullah 27 Aug, 1979 Devi Lal 1990–1991
• He acts as President when a vacany occurs 1. Jawahar Lal Nehru 15 Aug. 1947 to 27 taken by a minister but which has not been
L. K. Advani 2002–2004 having a Legislative Assembly as to whether
in the office of the President due to his 8. R. Venkataraman 23 Aug, 1984 May 1964 considered by the council. such expenditure has been in accordance
resignation, removal, death or otherwise. 2. Gulzarilal Nanda 27 May 1964 to 9 • As the head of the Council of Ministers, with the law. To audit and report on all
9. Shankar Dayal 7 Sept, 1987
June 1964
thE attornEy gEnEral oF india
He can act as President only for a maximum the Prime Minister (PM) is the head of the expenditure from the Contingency. Funds
Sharma • The Attorney General is the first Law Officer
period of six months. 3. Lal Bahadur 09 June 1964 to 11 Government. Also, she/he is the leader of and Public Accounts of the Union and
10. K. R. Narayanan 19 Aug, 1992 of the Government of India.
• If the offices of both the President and the Shastri Jan. 1966 his/her party or/and of a coalition of parties
• Under Article 76, the Attorney General for of the States. To audit and report on all
Vice-President fall vacant by reason of 11. Krishan Kant 16 Aug, 1997 4. Gulzarilal Nanda 11 Jan. 1966 to 24 in Parliament and usually the Leader of
India is appointed by the President and holds trading, manufacturing profit and loss
death, resignation, removal, etc. the Chief 12. Bhairon Singh 12 Aug, 2002 Jan. 1966 the Popular House. accounts, etc. kept by any department of
office during the pleasure of the President.
Justice of India or in his absence the senior Shekhawat 5. Indira Gandhi 24 Jan. 1966 to 24 • Ministers get the salaries and allowances, the Union or a State.
He must have the same qualifications as
most Judge of the Supreme Court acts as March 1977 etc. as payable to members of Parliament. In
13. Mohd. Hamid Ansari 10 Aug, 2007 required to be a Judge of the Supreme Court. • He is an officer of the parliament and
President. For the first time in 1969, when addition they get a sumptuary allowance at
14. Mohd. Hamid 7 Aug, 2012
6. Morarji Desai 24 March 1977 to • The Attorney General for India is not a is called Ears and Eyes of the Public
the President Dr. Zakir Hussain died and the 28 July 1979 a varying scale and a residence, free of rent.
Ansari member of the Cabinet. But he has the Accounts Committee.
Vice-President V.V. Giri resigned, the Chief 7. Charan Singh 28 July 1979 to 14
aPPointmEnt oF ministErs right to speak in the Houses of Parliament
Justice M. Hidayatullah acted as President. 15. Venkaiah Naidu 2017 Jan. 1980
• A sitting Vice-President is eligible for • Ministers are appointed by the President on or in any Committee thereof, but he has thE ParliamEnt oF india
8. Indira Gandhi 14 Jan. 1980 to 31 no right to vote.
re-election. Dr. S. Radhakrishnan was the advice of the Prime Minister. • The Parliament of India consists of the
elected as the Vice-President of India for a thE PrimE ministEr and thE union
Oct. 1984
• The Prime Minister and other Ministers have • He is entitled to the privileges of a Member
9. Rajiv Gandhi 31 Oct. 1984 to 2 of Parliament. In the performance of his President, the Lok Sabha and the Rajya
second term in 1957. CounCil oF ministErs to be member of either House of Parliament Sabha (Article 79).
Dec. 1989 official duties, the Attorney General has
• The normal function of the Vice-President or should become members within six • Out of seven UTs only two (Delhi and
10. Vishwanath Pratap 2 Dec.1989 to 10 months of their appointment, failing, which the right of audience in all Courts in the
is to act as the ex-officio Chairman of PrimE ministEr Puducherry) have representation in
the Rajya Sabha.
Singh Nov. 1990
they are removed. territory of India.
• Prime Minister is the head of the government 11. Chandra Shekhar 10 Nov. 1990 to 21 the Rajya Sabha.
• When the Vice-President acts as President, while President is the head of the State thE ComPtrollEr and auditor
June 1991 oath and salary oF ministErs
he gets the emoluments of the President. raJya sabha [artiClE 80]
of the Republic of India. Article 75 says • President administers the oath to the gEnEral oF india
• Determination of doubts and disputes 12. P.V. Narasimha 21 June 1991 to 16
that the Prime Minister shall be appointed Rao May 1996 Ministers. • Though appointed by the President, under Rajya Sabha is a permanent body and
relating to the election of President or Vice- not subject to dissolution. Its maximum
by the President. 13. Atal Behari 16 May 1996 to 1 Articles 148-151, the Comptroller and
President is described in Article 71. Main
Vajpayee June 1996 rEsPonsibility oF ministErs Auditor General can be grounded of proved strength is 250. The total membership of
provisions are as follows: oath, tErm and salary • Under Article 75, the CoMs is collectively misbehaviour or incapacity. the present Rajya Sabha is 245 however
• Such disputes are decided by the Supreme • The term of the Prime Minister is not
14. H.D. Deve Gowda 1 June 1996 to 21
April 1997 responsible to Lok Sabha for all their acts. • His salary and conditions of service are laid one-third members retire every second
Court whose jurisdiction is exclusive and
fixed and he holds office during the pleasure down by Parliament and cannot be varied to
final. No such dispute can be raised if the 15. Atal Behari 19 March 1998 to
dEPuty PrimE ministEr year. Their seats are filled up by fresh
of the President. However, this does not Vajpayee 22 May 2004 his disadvantage during his term of office.
President or the Vice-President is declared • The post of Deputy Prime Minister is not elections and presidential nomination at the
void by the Supreme Court, act done by mean that the President can dismiss the 16. Dr. Manmohan 22 May 2004 to 26
• The term of office of the Comptroller and
Prime Minister at any time. So long as the mentioned in the Constitution. Auditor General (CAG) is 6 years from the beginning of every third year.
him prior to the date of such decision of the Singh May 2014
• There are no seats reserved for SCs and STs
Prime Minister enjoys the majority support • Though the Ministers are collectively date on which he assumes office.
Supreme Court is to be invalidated. Matters 17. Narendra Modi 26 May 2014 to till
in the Lok Sabha, he cannot be dismissed responsible to the Legislature, they are • CAG vacates office on attaining the age of in Rajya Sabha.
other than the decision of such disputes are date
regulated by law made by the Parliament. by the President. However, if he loses the individually responsible to the President. 65 years even without completing the 6-year • Representation of People Act (1951) provided
• A Minister can take part in the proceedings term. He can resign by writing under his the term of office of a member of the Rajya
Election of the vice-President
confidence of the Lok Sabha, he must resign in rElation to thE PrEsidEnt
of both Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha, hand, addressed to the President of India.
or the President can dismiss him. • Under Article 78, it is the duty of the Sabha shall be six years.
but he/she can vote only if he/she is
s.no. victorious Candidate year and date Prime Minister– • His salary is equal to that of a Judge of
of Election in rElation to CounCil oF ministErs member of the House. lok sabha [artiClE 81]
• To communicate to the President, for all the Supreme Court.
1. S. Radhakrishnan 12 May, 1952 • He allocates and reshuffles various portfolios decisions of the Council of Ministers relating name tenure • The Salaries, etc. of the Comptroller and Its maximum strength is 550 + 2 members
2. S. Radhakrishnan 11 May, among the ministers. to the administration of the affairs of the Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel 1947–1950 Auditor General and his staff and the of its Anglo-Indian Community, which
1957 • He can ask a minister to resign or advise Union and proposals for legislation. administrative expenses of his office are includes 530 members from States and 20
Morarji Desai 1967–1969
the President to dismiss him in case of • To furnish such information relating to charged upon the Consolidated Fund of from Union Territories. Present strength of
3. Zakir Hussain 07 May, 1962 Charan Singh and Jagjiven Ram 1979–1979
difference in opinion. the administration of the affairs of the India and thus non-votable. Lok Sabha is 545.
• The 84th Amendment Act 2001 extended the oath or affirmation according to the form • He certifies a Bill and his decision cannot • When a Money Bill is transmitted from the • When the Chairman acts as the President • The Rajya Sabha can neither reject a Money
freeze on Lok Sabha and assembly seats till prescribed in the Third Schedule. be challenged. Lok Sabha to the Rajya Sabha the Speaker to India, the duties of the Chairman are Bill nor amend it. It must, within a period of
2026 during the A.B. Vajpayee government. • Must not be less than 30 years of age in the • While a resolution for his removal is under may certify that it is Money Bill. performed by the Deputy Chairman. fourteen days from the date of receipt of the
• The representatives of the States are directly case of Rajya Sabha and not less than 25 consideration, the Speaker cannot preside • The decision of the Speaker on whether a • The Chairman may be removed from his Bill, return the Bill to the Lok Sabha with its
elected by the people of the States on the years of age in the case of the Lok Sabha. but he can speak in, take part in the Bill is Money Bill is final. office only if he is removed from the office recommendations. Lok Sabha may accept or
basis of adult suffrage. • Must possess other qualification as proceedings of the House and vote except • While the office of Speaker is vacant or of the Vice-President. reject all or any of the recommendations of
• Every citizen who is not less than 18 years prescribed by Parliament. in the case of equality of votes. the Speaker is absent from a sitting of the the Rajya Sabha.
of age and is not otherwise disqualified is • At other meetings of the House the Speaker House, the Deputy Speaker presides, except PrivilEgEs oF ParliamEnt • It is up to the Lok Sabha to accept or
entitled to vote at such election. disQualiFiCation (artiClE 102) cannot vote in the first instances but can when a resolution for his own removal is The privileges enjoyed by the members reject the recommendations of the Rajya
• The Council of State is not subject to A person shall be disqualified for being exercise a casting vote in case of equality under consideration. individually are: Sabha. If the Lok Sabha accepts any of
dissolution. It is a permanent body. One- elected as a Member of Parliament: of votes. • Freedom from Arrest: Exempts a member the recommendations the Money Bill is
third of its members retire on the expiration • If he holds any office of profit under the from arrest during the continuance of a deemed to have been passed by both Houses
speakers of lok sabha
of every second year. Union of State Government (except that of meeting of the House or Committee thereof with Lok Sabha.
1. Ganesh Vasudev Mavalankar 15 May 1952–27 February 1956 • If a Money Bill is not returned by the
• The normal term of the Lok Sabha is 5 a Minister or any other office exempted by of which he is a member and during a
years, but it may be dissolved earlier the Parliament). 2. M. Ananthasayanam Ayyangar 8 March 1956 –10 May 1957 period of 40 days before and after such Rajya Sabha within fourteen days, it shall
by the President. • If he is of unsound mind. 3. M. Ananthasayanam Ayyangar 11 May 1957–16 April 1962 meeting or sitting. be deemed to have been passed by both
• The normal term of Lok Sabha can be • If he is declared insolvent. 4. Hukum Singh 17 April 1962 –16 Mar, 1967 • This immunity is confined to arrest in civil Houses in the form in which it was passed
extended by an Act passed by Parliament • If he is not a citizen of India or has voluntarily cases and not in criminal cases or under the by the Lok Sabha.
5. Neelam Sanjiva Reddy 17 March 1967 –19 July 1969
itself during Emergency. acquired the citizenship of a foreign state or law of Preventive Detention. • Only those Financial Bills are Money
6. Dr. G.S. Dhillon 8 August 1969 –19 March 1971
• The extension cannot be made for a period is under any acknowledgement of allegiance • A member cannot be summoned, without Bills which bear the certificate of the
exceeding one year at a time. to a foreign State; and if he is so disqualified 7. Dr. G.S. Dhillon 20 March 1971 –1 December 1975 the leave of the Houses to give evidence as Speaker as such.
• Such extension cannot continue beyond a under any law made by the Parliament. 8. Bali Ram Bhagat 5 January 1976–25 March 1977 a witness while Parliament is in session. • Financial Bills which do not receive the
period of six months after the proclamation 9. Neelam Sanjiva Reddy 26 March 1977 –13 July 1977 • There is freedom of speech within the walls of Speaker’s certificate are of two classes.
of Emergency ceases to operate. sPEakEr and dEPuty sPEakEr each House.
10. K. S. Hegde 21 July 1977–21 January 1980 (a) A Bill which contains any of the matters
• Parliament must meet at least twice a year oF thE lok sabha
specified in Article 110 but does not
• He is elected by Lok Sabha from amongst its 11. Dr. Balram Jakhar 22 January 1980–15 January 1985 monEy bills and FinanCial bills
and not more than six months shall elapse
A Bill is called Money Bill if it contains only consist solely of those matters. It can
between two sessions of Parliament. members, as soon as, after the first meeting. 12. Dr. Balram Jakhar 16 January 1985 –18 December 1989
be introduced in Lok Sabha only on the
• The power to adjourn the daily sittings of • He remains in his office during the life of the 13. Rabi Ray 19 December 1989 –9 July 1991
provisions dealing with all or any of the
following matters: recommendation of President. Rajya
Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha belongs to the Lok Sabha. He vacates office earlier in any
14. Shivraj Patil 10 July 1991–21 May 1996 • The imposition, abolition, remission, Sabha can amend or reject such Bills.
Speaker and the Chairman, respectively. of the following cases:
• If he ceases to be member of Lok Sabha; 15. P. A. Sangma 22 May 1996–23 March 1998 alteration or regulation of any tax. (b) Any Ordinary Bill which contains
• A dissolution brings Lok Sabha to an end
• If he resigns by writing to the Deputy Speaker; 16. G. M. C. Balayogi 24 March 1998–20 October 1999 • The regulation of the borrowing of money by provisions involving expenditure from
so that there must be a fresh election while the Government. the Consolidated Fund.
prorogation merely terminates a session. and 17. G. M. C. Balayogi 22 October 1999–3 March 2002
• If he is removed by a resolution passed by • The custody of or the withdrawal of moneys
• On dissolution of the Lok Sabha all matters 18. Manohar Joshi 10 May 2002–2 June 2004
from the Consolidated Fund of India. Joint sEssion (artiClE 108)
pending before the House lapse. a majority of all the members of the Lok • The President can summon Lok Sabha and
Sabha. Such a resolution can be moved only
19. Somnath Chatterjee 9 June 2004–1 June 2009 • The appropriation of moneys out of the
• But a Bill pending in the Rajya Sabha which 20. Meira Kumar 4 June 2009–4 June 2014 Consolidated Fund of India. Rajya Sabha for a joint sitting in case or
has not yet been passed by the Lok Sabha after giving 14 days advance notice. disagreement between the two Houses in
21. Sumitra Mahajan 6 June 2014–till date • The declaring of any expenditure to expenditure
not lapse on dissolution. charged on the Consolidated Fund of India. following ways:
rolE, PoWErs and FunCtions
• A dissolution does not affect a joint sitting of • If, after a Bill has been passed by one
oF sPEakEr dEPuty sPEakEr 2. It can authorise the Parliament to create The receipt money on account of the
the two Houses, if the President has notified Consolidated Fund of India or the Public House and transmitted to the other House.
• He maintains order and decorum in the • Anthasayanam Ayyangar was the First new all-India Service (Common for both
his intention to hold a joint sitting before accounts of India or the custody or issue of The Bill is rejected by the other House.
House for conducting its business. Deputy Speaker of Lok Sabha. the Centre and States (Article 312). The Houses have finally disagreed about
the dissolution. • He adjourns the House to suspend the meeting such money or the audit of the account of
in the absence of quorum (presence of only sPECial PoWEr oF raJya sabha the Union or of a State. the amendments to be made in the Bill.
Chairman and dEPuty Chairman oF More than six months have lapsed
QualiFiCation (artiClE 84) 1-10th of the total strength of the House). Due to its federal character, the Rajya Sabha • A Money Bill cannot be introduced in
For a person to be chosen as a Member of thE raJya sabha from the date of the reception of the
• He does not vote in the first instance, but has been given two exclusive or special powers the Rajya Sabha.
the Parliament: • Vice-President of India is ex-officio Chairman • After a Money Bill has been passed by the Bill by the other House without the Bill
he can exercise a casting vote in the case that are not enjoyed by the Lok Sabha.
• Must be a citizen of India. of a tie (dead lock). 1. It can authorise the Parliament to make of the Rajya Sabha and functions as the Lok Sabha, it is transmitted to the Rajya being passed by it.
• Must make and subscribe before the person • He presides over a joint sitting of two a law on a subject enumerated in the Presiding Officer of that House so long as he Sabha (with the Speaker’s certificate that it • The Speaker presides the joint sitting. In
authorised by the Election Commission on Houses of the Parliament. State List (Article 249). does not officiate as the President. is a Money Bill). the absence of the Speaker, Deputy Speaker
or Chairman of Rajya Sabha or Deputy • The speaker of Lok Sabha Presides over the confined to the acceptance or rejection of • The Budget speech has two parts. Part on behalf of the Government of India or the 14. Madhya 11 29
Chairman of Rajya Sabha or a person chosen joint sitting of both the houses of Parliament. the Bill. The Bill is submitted to the vote A deals with general economic survey of Government of India or the Government of a Pradesh
by the MPs may preside in the same order. • A resolution for the discontinuance of the of the house and has to be accepted or the country and policy statements. Part B State shall be credited to the Public Account 15. Maharashtra 19 48
• So far, joint sittings have been held thrice National Emergency can be passed only by rejected altogether. contains Tax proposals. of India or the Public Account of the State, 16. Manipur 1 2
in the history of Indian Parliament (1960, the Lok Sabha and not by the Rajya Sabha. Bill in the Second House • At the end of the Budget speech in Lok as the case may be.
17. Meghalya 1 2
1977 and 2002). • The Rajya Sabha cannot remove the • After the Bill has been passed by one House, Sabha, the Budget is laid in Rajya Sabha. • This account is operated by executive
Council of Ministers by passing a no- it is transmitted to the other House. • Rajya Sabha can only discuss the budget. action and payments from it do not need 18. Mizoram 1 1
ExtEnts oF thE PoWErs oF • After the general discussion the house is 19. Nagaland 1 1
confidence motion. • In case the Bill is also passed by the second Parliamentary approval.
raJya sabha adjourned for the period of a month. 20. Odisha 10 21
House or the first House agrees with the
• Though the Rajya Sabha can discuss, it lEadEr oF thE oPPosition • During this time the 24 standing committees CommittEE systEm
amendments made by the second House, 21. Punjab 7 13
cannot vote for the public expenditure and • Government has given statutory recognition carry out detailed scrutiny of the budget. • The Public Accounts Committee was setup
the Bill is sent to the President of his assent. 22. Rajasthan 10 25
demands for grants are not submitted for to the leaders of the Opposition in the Lok • In case the Bill is rejected by the second • Voting on demands for grants takes first in 1921. At present, it consists of 22
the vote of the Rajya Sabha. Sabha and Rajya Sabha. place in Lok Sabha. members (15 from the Lok Sabha and 7 from 23. Sikkim 1 1
House or it is kept by the second House with the Rajya Sabha). Since, 1967, a convention
• The Council of Ministers is responsible • For the first time Y.B. Chavan of the it for six months without any action or the • The time allotted for the discussion is 24. Tamil Nadu 18 39
to the Lok Sabha and not to the Rajya Congress (I) was given the official status of decided by the business advisory committee has developed whereby the Chairman of 25. Tripura 1 2
first House disagrees with the amazements the Committee is selected invariably from
Sabha. Leader of the Opposition in the Lok Sabha suggested by the second House a deadlock headed by the speaker. 26. Uttrakhand 3 5
• After the completion of voting on demands the opposition.
• Parliament can legislate on a State subject with the rank of a Cabinet Minister. is deemed to have taken place. • The first Estimates Committee was set up 27. Uttar 31 80
only if Rajya Sabha resolves for this by a for grants, appropriation bill is introduced.
stagEs oF bills in 1950. It has thirty members, all from the Pradesh
2/3rd majority. Assent of the President • Finance Bill includes taxation Proposals and
Lok Sabha only. 28. West Bengal 16 42
• New All-India services can be created only Introduction of the Bill • After being passed by both Houses, the Bill introduced with the General Budget, it has to • The Committee on Public Undertakings 29. Telangana 7 17
after Rajya Sabha resolves for this with a • It involves introduction of the Bill like is presented to the President. be passed within 25 days of its introduction. was created in 1964 on the recommendations
• If the President assents to the Bill, it becomes • No amendments can be moved to an amount union territories
2/3rd majority. provisions of the proposed law accompanied of the Krishna Menon Committee. It has 22
by the ‘Statement of Object and Reason’. an Act. appropriation bill to vary the amount 1. Andaman — 1
members (15 from the Lok Sabha and 7 from
FinanCial lEgislation in ParliamEnt Private member must give one month notice • If the President withholds his assent, or alter the destination which is unlike and Nicobar
the Rajya Sabha).
• the Bill ends. Islands
At the beginning of every financial year, on to introduce the Bill. the finance bill. • In case, Speaker is a member of a
behalf of the President of India, a statement • If the President returns the Bill for recon-
• After that it is published in the Gazette of Consolidated Fund of India (Article 266) committee, he becomes Exofficio Chairman 2. Chandigarh — 1
sideration and it is passed again by both the
of the estimated receipts and expenditure of India. The introduction of the Bill and its • It is a fund to which all receipts are credited of the Committee 3. Dadra and — 1
Houses, he has to give his assent after the
the Government of India for that year is laid publication in the Gazette constitutes the
second passage. and all payments are debited. In other words: allocation of seats in Parliament
Nagar Haveli
before both the Houses of Parliament. First Reading of the Bill. 4. Daman and — 1
(a) all revenues received by the government s. no. states/uts rajya sabha lok sabha Diu
• This is known as the “annual financial Second Reading of the Bill THE BUDGET of India,
statement.” • In the second reading, principles of the Bill • The budget is contained in Articles 112 to 117. (b) all loans raised by the government by 1. Andhra 11 25 5. Delhi 3 7
• No demand for a grant can be made except are discussed in detail and the treasury and • According to Article 112, the President shall the issue of treasury bills, loans or ways
Pradesh (The Capital
in respect of every financial year cause to be 2. Arunachal 1 2 Territory of
on the recommendation of the President. the opposition members give their views and means of advances,
laid before both the Houses of Parliament Pradesh Delhi)
• The scrutiny of budget proposals is either in support or opposition of the Bill. (c) all money received by the government
a statement of the estimated receipts and 3. Assam 7 14 6. Laksha- — 1
done by the Parliament’s Committee on • The second reading is divided into two in repayment of loans from the
dweep
stages: (i) consist of a general discussion expenditure of the Government of India Consolidated Fund of India. 4. Bihar 16 40
Estimates in order to: for that year, in this part referred to as the 7. Puducherry 1 1
• The Comptroller and Auditor General is the of the principles of the Bill and (ii) relates Contingency Fund of India 5. Chhattisgarh 5 11
to discussion of clauses, schedules and ‘annual financial statement’. nominated 12 2
guardian of the public fund and it is his • It is a statement of the estimated receipts • Article 267: The Constitution authorised 6. Goa 1 2
members
amendments. the Parliament to establish a ‘Contingency 7. Gujarat 11 26
function to see that not a paisa is spent and expenditures both revenue and capital total 245 545
• If the Bill is referred to the selected committee Fund of India’.
without the authority of Parliament. of that financial year. 8. Haryana 5 10
• The report of Comptroller and Auditor
or joint committee, it is expected to give its
• The expenditure of government is • This fund is placed at the disposal of the 9. Himachal 3 4 ParliamEntary tErms
report within a specified date. President. Question Hours: The day’s business
General laid before the Parliament is classified as ‘charged’ and made from the Pradesh
• The Bill then undergoes long discussions • The fund is held by the finance secretary on
examined by the Public Accounts Committee. clause by clause and may undergo sub- consolidated fund of India. 10. Jammu and 4 6 normally begins with the Question Hour
• The General Budget is usually presented in behalf of President. Kashmir during which questions asked by the
stantial change. members are answered by the Ministers. The
diFFErEnCE bEtWEEn PoWErs oF lok the Lok Sabha by Finance Minister on the Public Account of India 11. Jharkhand 6 14
sabha and thE raJya sabha Third Reading of the Bill last working day of February. • Article 266 (2) provides that all other different types of questions are:
12. Karnataka 12 28
• A Money Bill can be introduced only in the • The third reading is the final reading. It is • The General Budget is presented with the public moneys (other than those in the i. Starred Question is one for which an
more or less formal affair. The debate is 13. Kerala 9 20
Lok Sabha and not in the Rajya Sabha. Budget speech by the Finance Minister. Consolidated Fund of India) received by or oral answer is required to be given by
the Minister on the floor of the House. Zero Hour: From 12-1 pm daily. This time is Governor holds office during the pleasure • System of sending fortnightly report to the • The Ministers as well as Advocate General • The Governor of Assam can determine the
ii. Unstarred Question is one for which allotted everyday for miscellaneous business, of the President. President by the Governor must continue. hold office during the pleasure of the amount payable by the State of Assam to the
the Minister lies on the table written call-attention notices, question on official • The power of the Governor to refer any Governor but the Members of the State District Council, as royalty accruing from
answer. statements and adjournment motions. QualiFiCation oF govErnor Bill to the Centre for the President’s Public Service Commission can be removed licenses for minerals. Where a Governor
iii. Short Notice Question is one for which Under Article 158, the Constitution lays assent must continue. jointly by the President on the report of the is appointed administrator of an adjoining
can be asked by members on matters of tyPEs oF motions down the following conditions for the Supreme Court and in some cases on the Union Territory, he can function as such
public importance of an urgent nature. • Censure Motion: It can be moved only in the Governor’s office: artiClEs rElatEd With govErnor happening of certain disqualification. administrator independently of his Council
Lok Sabha and only by the opposition. It can • Must be citizen of India. Article-153 : Provision for the office of the • The Governor has no power to appoint Judges of Ministers. The President may direct that
Quorum be brought against the ruling Government • Completed 35 years of age. of the State High Court but he is entitled to the Governor of Maharashtra or Gujarat
Governor.
A Quorum is the minimum number of or against any Minister for the failure of an • Shall not be a member of both the Houses be consulted by the President in the matter. shall have a special responsibility for taking
Article–154 : Executive powers of Governor. steps for the Development of Vidarbha and
members of a deliberative assembly act of seeking disapproval of their policy. of Parliament or of a House of Legislative • Like the President the Governor has the
Article-155 : Appointment of the Governor. Saurashtra. The Governor of Nagaland has
necessary to conduct the business of that • No Confidence Motion: It can be moved Assembly or Legislative Council (if any). power to nominate members of the Anglo-
similar special responsibility with respect
group. Quorum for either House [Article only in the Lok Sabha and only by the • Shall not hold office of profit. Article-156 : Terms of the office. Indian Community to the Legislative
to law and order in that State. Governor of
100 (c)] is 1/10th of the total number of opposition. It needs the support of 50 Article-157 : Qualifications for the appoint-
Assembly of his State.
Sikkim has special responsibility for peace
oath (artiClE 159)
members. members to be admitted. It can be brought • His oath is administered by the Chief Justice ment of the Governor. lEgislativE PoWErs and equitable arrangement and has the
There are three types of cut motions: only against the Council of Ministers and not power to dismiss an individual Minister at
of the concerned State High Court and in his Article-158 : Conditions for the Governor’s • Governor is an integral part of the State
i. Disapproval of policy cut says that against any individual Minister. any time. Governor can dismiss a Council of
absence, the seniormost Judge of that Court. office. Legislature. He has the right of addressing
‘the amount of the demand be reduced • Cut Motions: They are moved in the Ministers or the Chief Minister, only when
Article-159 : Oath of the office to the Governor. and sending message and of summoning
by `1’. Lok Sabha only. They are related to the tEnurE oF govErnor undEr the Council of Ministers has lost confidence
proroguing and dissolving the State Assembly.
ii. Economy cut asks for a reduction of artiClE 156 of the Legislative Assembly and the Governor
budgetary process which seeks to reduce • He has the power to nominate one member of
the amount of the demand by a specific (a) The Governor shall hold office during Article-161 : Judicial powers of the Governor. Anglo-Indian Community to the Legislative
does not think fit to dissolve the Assembly.
the amount for grants.
amount. the pleasure of the President; Article-164 : Appointment of Ministers by the Assembly of the State.
iii. Token cut says that, the amount of the WhiP ChiEF ministEr’s (Cm) aPPointmEnt
(b) He may resign by writing under the Governor. • He appoints 1/6th members of Legislative
demand be reduced by `100. • A directive issued by any political party to hand addressed to the President; Council. Article 164, says that Chief Minister shall be
Adjournment Motion: It is a motion to Article-165 : Appointment of the Advocate-
ensure the support of its members voting in (c) He holds office for a period of 5 years. General. appointed by the Governor of the State.
adjourn the proceedings of the House so as to favour or against a particular issue on the (d) There is no bar to a person being app- FinanCial PoWErs
take up for discussion some matter of urgent floor of the House. ointed Governor more than once. Article-166 : All executive actions of state • State budget is laid before the State Leg- oath, tErm and salary
public importance. Any member can move the are formally taken in his name. islature by him. • Oath of the office of Chief Minister is
motion and, if more than fifty members support guillotinE sarkaria Commission rEPort on thE Article-168 : Governor is an integral part of • He constitutes a State Finance Commission administered by the Governor to person
the demand, the Speaker grants permission • When due to lack of time, demand for grants oFFiCE oF govErnor after every five years. appointed for this purpose.
the state legislature.
for the motion. are put to vote whether they are discussed or • The State must be consulted before the • A person, who is not a member of State
Article-174 : Right of summoning, proroguing JudiCial PoWErs (artiClE 161) Legislature can be appointed but he has
Calling Attention Motion: A member may, not in the House on the last day of the allotted appointment of a person to the office
and dissolving. • He can grant pardons, reprives, respites and to get himself elected within 6 months
with prior permission of the Speaker, call time, it is called Guillotine and it concludes of the Governor.
remissions of punishment or suspend, remit otherwise he is removed.
the attention of a Minister to any matter • The Governor should not belong to Article-200 : Reservation of Bill for President’s
the discussion on demands for grants. and commute the sentence of any person • The term of the CM is not fixed and he holds
of urgent public interest or ask for time to the same State. consideration.
convicted of any offence against any law office during the pleasure of the Governor.
make a statement. ExECutivE oF thE statEs: thE • He should be an eminent figure in Article-202 : Laying of state budget before • He cannot be dismissed by the Governor as
relating to a matter, to which the executive
Privilege Motion: It is a motion moved by any walk of life. the legislature.
govErnor • He should be a detached figure and not
power of the State extends. long as he enjoys the majority support in
a member if he feels that a Minister has Article–213 : Power to promulgate Ordinances. the Legislative Assembly. But, if he loses the
committed a breach of privilege of the House • If a member of a Legislature is appointed too intimately connected with the local EmErgEnCy PoWErs confidence of the Assembly, he must resign
or of any one or more of its members by governor, he ceases to be a Member politics of the state. • He reports to the President, if the State or the Governor can dismiss him.
immediately upon such appointment. • He should not have been actively involved Article-233 : Appointment and posting of Government is not running constitutionally • The salary and allowances of the Chief
withholding facts of a case or by giving a
• The Governor is the Constitutional Head in politics in recent past. District Judges by the Governor. and recommends to the Union Government, Minister are determined by the State
distorted version of acts.
of the State and the same Governor can • He should not be a politician of the ruling President’s Rule (Article 356). Legislature.
Vote on Account: As there is usually a gap
party at the Centre, if the State to which
between the presentation of the Budget and act as Governor of more than one State PoWErs oF govErnor disCrEtionary FunCtions oF
he appointed is ruled by some other PoWErs and FunCtions
its approval, the vote on account enables (Articles 153 and 154). Executive: Governor has the power to thE govErnor
party (parties). A. In Relation to Council of Ministers (CoMs)
the Government to draw some amount from • Under Article 155, the Governor is appointed • Persons of the minority groups should appoint Council of Ministers, Advocate • The functions which are specially required
The CM as a head of the CoMs, enjoys the
the Consolidated Fund of India to meet the by the President. Article 156 states that the continue to be given a chance. General and the members of the State Public by the Constitution to be exercised by the
Governor in his discretion are: following powers:
expenses in the intervening period. Service Commission.
• The Governor appoints only those persons • As per Article 169, if the Legislative Emergency by the President for not more • Absence (more than 60 days without state / union Chairman oF lEgislativE CounCil
as Ministers, who are recommended by the Assembly passes a resolution for abolishing than one year at a time. permission) s. no. territory number of seats The Chairman is elected by the Council itself
Chief Minister. or creating of the Legislative Council by • The Legislative Council is not dissolved. One- 4. Bihar 243 from amongst its members. The Chairman
• He allocates and reshuffles the portfolios third of the members of Legislative Council othEr CasEs
a majority of the total membership of the vacates his office in any of the following
among Ministers. Assembly and by a majority of not less retire on the expiry of every second year. • if his election is declared void by the court, 5. Chhattisgarh 90
three cases:
• He can ask a minister to resign or advise the • A Legislative Assembly has its Speaker and • if he is expelled by the House, 6. Goa 40
than two-thirds of the members present • If he ceases to be a member of the council;
Governor to dismiss him in case of difference Deputy Speaker and a Legislative Council • if he is elected for the office of the President
and voting, the Parliament may approve the
or office of Vice-President, and
7. Gujarat 182 • If he resigns by writing to the Deputy
of opinion. resolution by a simple majority to create or has its Chairman and Deputy Chairman and 8. Haryana 90
• if he is appointed to the office of Governor Chairman; and
• As the Chief Minister is the head of the the provisions relating to them are analogous
abolish the Legislative Council.
of a State. 9. Himachal Pradesh 68 • If he is removed by a resolution passed by a
Council of Ministers, his resignation or • The size of the Legislative Council may vary, to those relating to the corresponding offices
10. Jammu and 87 majority of all the members of the Council.
death automatically dissolves the Council but its membership should not be more than of the Union Parliament.
of Ministers. duration oF thE tWo housEs Kashmir Such a resolution can be moved only after
1/3rd of the membership of the Legislative • Legislative Assembly Same as Lok Sabha. giving 14 days’ advance notice.
B. In Relation to the Governor QualiFiCations For mEmbErshiP oF 11. Jharkhand 81
Assembly but not less than 40. • Legislative Council Same as Rajya Sabha.
• He is the principle channel of comm- statE lEgislaturE arE:
• 5/6th of the total number of members of 12. Karnataka 224 lEgislativE ProCEdurE
• Should be a citizen of India;
unication between the Governor and the the Council is indirectly elected and 1/6th PrEsiding oFFiCErs oF statE 13. Kerala 140 • A Money Bill can be introduced only in the
Council of Ministers. • for Legislative Assembly, not less than
is nominated by the Governor. lEgislaturE 14. Madhya Pradesh 230 Legislative Assembly.
twenty-five years of age and for Legislative
C. In Relation to State Legislature Of the total number of members of a Legislative Council not less than thirty years of age; • Speaker/Deputy Speaker in Legislative 15. Maharashtra 288 • In case of an Ordinary Bill, the Legislative
• Advises the Governor with regard to Council: • Should possess other qualifications Assembly (Article 178). Council can hold the Bill for a maximum
16. Manipur 60
summoning and proroguing the sessions of (a) 1/3rd elected from local bodies prescribed in that behalf by or under any • Chairman/Deputy Chairman in Legislative period of three months.
17. Meghalaya 60
the State Legislature. (municipalities and district boards). law made by Parliament. Council (Article 182). • There is no provision for joint sitting in case
• Recommend the dissolution of the Legislative (b) 1/12th elected by graduates of 3 years Speaker of Assembly is elected by the 18. Mizoram 40 of difference between the two houses.
Assembly to the Governor at any time standing and residing in the state. mEmbErshiP oF thE statE Assembly itself from amongst its members. 19. Nagaland 60
State Council of Ministers (c) 1/12th elected by teachers of 3 years lEgislaturE He can vacate his office earlier in any of the 20. Odisha 147 govErnor’s PoWEr oF vEto
• Articles 163 and 164 deal with Council of standing in the State, not lower in Under Article 173, they must fulfill the following three cases: • When a Bill is presented before the Governor
21. West Bengal 295
Ministers, in states. standing than secondary school. following conditions: • If he ceases to be a member of the assembly; after its approval by the Houses of the
22. Punjab 117
Oath and Salary
(d) 1/3rd elected by the members of the (a) He must be a citizen of India. • If he resigns by writing to the Deputy Speaker, Legislature, the Governor can:
Legislative Assembly of the State from (b) He must make and subscribe before and 23. Rajasthan 200 Declare his assent to the Bill, in that case
• Oaths of office and secrecy is administered
by the Governor or person appointed by him amongst persons, who are not members the person authorised by the Election • If he is removed by a resolution passed by a 24. Sikkim 32 it would become law at once.
for this purpose. of the assembly. Commission an oath or affirmation majority of all the members of the Assembly. 25. Tamil Nadu 235 Declare that he withholds his assent to
(e) Rest (1/6th) are nominated by the according to the form prescribed in the Such a resolution can be moved only after 26. Telangana 119 the Bill; such a Bill fails to become a law.
thE advoCatE gEnEral Governor from person of special Third Schedule. giving 14 days’ advance notice (Article 179).
27. Tripura 60 Declare that he withholds his assent to
• He is appointed by the Governor of the knowledge or practical experience of (c) He must be not less than 30 year of
PoWErs and dutiEs oF sPEakEr 28. Uttarakhand 70 the Bill (other than a Money Bill) and the
State and holds office during the pleasure literature, science, art, co-operative age in the case of the Legislative Council
of the Governor. movement and social service. • He adjourns the Assembly or suspends the 29. Uttar Pradesh 403 Bill is returned with a message.
and not less than 25 years of age in
• Only a person who is qualified to be a Judge • The Legislative Assembly (Vidhan Sabha) meeting in the absence of a quorum. union territories Reserve a Bill for the consideration of the
the case of the Legislative Assembly.
of a High Court can be appointed Advocate • He decides whether a Bill is a Money Bill or President. Such reservation is compulsory
consists of not more than 500 members (d) He must possess other qualifications 1. Delhi 70
General. He receives such remuneration as and not less than 60 members. However, not and his decision on this question is final. where the law in question would derogate
prescribed by Parliament, under 2. Puducherry 30
the Governor may determine. the Legislative Assemblies of Sikkim, Goa, • He decides the questions of disqualification the powers of the High Court.
Representation of People Act, 1951.
• He has the right to speak and to take part Mizoram and Puducherry have less than of a member of the Assembly, arising on the legislative Council
in the proceedings of, but no right to vote 60 members each. oaths or aFFirmation ground of defection under the provisions of 1. Uttar Pradesh 100 PoWEr oF govErnor to PromulgatE
in, the Houses of the Legislature of the State • Governor can nominate one member of the Administered by Governor or persons the Tenth Schedule. 2. Andhra Pradesh 58 ordinanCEs
(Ref.: Art. 177). Anglo-Indian community in the Assembly. appointed by Governor or a person appointed strength of legislative assembly 3. Karnataka 75 • The Governor can promulgate Ordinance
• The duration of the Legislative Assembly is by him for this purpose. only when the Legislature, or both Houses
thE statE lEgislaturE state / union 4. Bihar 75
five years. It may be dissolved sooner than s. no. territory number of seats thereof, are not in session.
Only 6 States, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Jammu five years, by the Governor. vaCation oF sEats (in CasEs oF) 5. Maharashtra 78
1. Andhra Pradesh 175 • It must be exercised with the aid and advice
and Kashmir, Karnataka, Maharashtra, • The term of five years may be extended by • Double membership 6. Jammu and 36
of the Council of Ministers.
and Uttar Pradesh are having Bicameral the Parliament in case of a proclamation of • Disqualification 2. Arunachal Pradesh 60 Kashmir
• The Ordinance must be laid before the State
(Double House). • Resignation 3. Assam 126 7. Telangana 40 Legislature when reassembles.
• An Ordinance ceases to have effect after 6 • The Union Government has no power to • These recommendations were accepted by • It is entitled as “The Panchayats” and consists • A Panchayat reconstituted after premature
weeks from the date of reassembly, unless suspend the Constitution of the State or NDC in Jan 1958. of provisions from Articles 243 to 243 (O). dissolution, continues only for the remainder muniCiPalitiEs
disapproved earlier by that Legislature. the ground of failure to comply with the • Rajasthan was the first state to establish the • It contains 29 functional items of the of the period. But if the remainder of the • Most provisions for municipalities are
• The Governor himself is competent to directions given by the Union Government institution of Panchayati Raj. Panchayats and deals with Article 243 (G). period is less than 6 months it is not similar to those contained in Part IX, e.g.,
withdraw the Ordinance at any time. under Article 365. • The scheme was inaugurated by the then • The provisions of the Act can be grouped into necessary to hold elections.
• Articles 356-357 relating to suspension Structure, Reservation of Seats, Functions,
• Governor cannot promulgate Ordinances P.M. Jawahar Lal Nehru on October 2, 1959 two categories-compulsory and voluntary. • All persons above 21 years of age and
without instructions from the President if: of constitutional machinery have been • The compulsory provisions of the Act are to Sources of Income, etc.
in Nagaur District in Rajasthan. qualified to be a member of the State Leg-
extended to Jammu and Kashmir by the be included in the State Laws creating the • The Constitution of India provides the
A Bill containing the same provisions • Rajasthan adopted a three tier system. islature are qualified as a member of a
Amendment Order of 1964. new Panchayati Raj System. provision of local self-government units in
would require previous sanction of the • Tamil Nadu accepted a two tier system and Panchayat [Article 243F].
• The Union has no power to make a • The voluntary provisions may be included • After the 73rd amendment of the Constitution urban area by inserting Part IX-A through
President. West Bengal a four tier system.
Proclamation of Financial Emergency with at the discretion of the States. the 73rd Amendment Act, 1992.
Bill is required to be reserved for con- (25 April 1993), every 5 years the States
respect to the State of Jammu and Kashmir ashok mEhta CommittEE Main Characteristics
appoint a Finance Commission to review • The Constitution provides for three types of
sideration of the President. under Article 360. • This Panchayati Raj system is for only
• The Janata Government appointed a the financial position of the Panchayats and Municipalities.
• Directive Principles of States Policy do not committee in 1977 on Panchayati Raj those states having population of more Nagar Panchayat
PrivilEgEs oF statE lEgislaturE make recommendations.
apply to the State of Jammu and Kashmir. than 20 lakhs. Municipal Council
• Privileges of State Legislature are similar to institutions under the chairmanship • State Election Commission consisting of a
• Jammu and Kashmir has its own Constitution • The tenure of every Panchayat should be
those of Union Parliament. of Ashok Mehta. State Election Commissioner is appointed by Municipal Corporation
made by a separate Constituent Assembly 5 years.
• No House of the Legislature can create Recommendations the Governor for superintendence, direction • Ward Committees shall be constituted in
and promulgated in 1957. • The election of the new Panchayat should be
any new privilege for itself. Court can • No alteration of the area or boundaries • This committee recommends a two tier held before the expiry of its tenure or within and control of elections to Panchayats those Municipalities having a population of
determine whether the House possesses a of Jammu and Kashmir can be made by Panchayati Raj system—Zila Parishad & 6 months of its dissolution. [Article 243K]. three lakh or more.
particular privilege. Parliament without the consent of the Mandal Panchayat. • Every Panchayat should have a chairperson. • The Community Development Programme • Seats shall be reserved for Scheduled Castes
Legislature of the State. • Nyaya Panchayat should be kept as separate • The total number of the seats in every was launched on October 2, 1952. and Scheduled Tribes.
union tErritoriEs
• It has dual citizenship. Only the citizens body. Panchayat should be filled by direct election. • The Panchayati Raj was introduced for the • One-third of the seats shall be reserved
• National Capital Territory of Delhi and
of Jammu and Kashmir can take part in • Seats for SCs and STs should be reserved • Seats should be reserved for SCs & STs. first time on October 2, 1959 in Nagaur for women.
Puducherry are headed by the Lieutenant the election of the State Assembly and on the basis of their population. • 1/3rd of the seats should be reserved for District of Rajasthan by the Prime Minister • The Constitution provides for a State
Governors.
• Daman and Diu, Dadra and Nagar Haveli
only they can buy immovable property in • These recommendations could not women. Jawaharlal Nehru. Finance Commission.
Jammu and Kashmir. be implemented. • The State Legislature may authorize a • Under Article 243ZD, a District Planning
have a common administrator. Lakshadweep • The residuary powers in respect of Jammu Panchayat to levy, collect and appropriate thrEE-tiEr systEm Committee shall be constituted to con-
is also governed by an administrator. and Kashmir rest with the State Government g.v. k. rao CommittEE taxes, duties, tolls and fees.
• Chandigarh and Andaman and Nicobar and not the Union Government. • This committee was appointed by the (a) Village Panchayat solidate the plans prepared by the Pan-
• State Legislature may also provide grants-
Islands are governed by a Chief Comm- planning commission in 1985. • It consists of elected representatives of the chayats and Municipalities in the district.
in-aid to Panchayat.
issioner. Delhi and Puducherry have PanChayats people. • Under Article 243ZE, a Metropolitan
Recommendations • All elections of Panchayats are conducted,
Legislative Assemblies.
• Zila Parishad should be of pivotal role in supervised, directed and controlled by the • Chairman, i.e., Sarpanch is elected in a Planning Committee shall be constituted.
• By the 69th Constitutional Amendment manner as the State Legislature may provide • The members of a municipality are generally
Act, Delhi was given the status of National
balWant rai mEhta CommittEE the scheme for democratic decentralisation. State Election Commission.
• The Government of India appointed a • Create the post of district development • The State Election Commissioner is appointed directly or indirectly. elected by direct election.
Capital Territory of India. • Gram Sabha comprises the residing adults • The Legislature of a State can provide for
committee in 1957. commissioner. by the Governor.
• This committee was set up to examine • He should act as the chief executive officer • He can be removed in the same manner as of the Panchayat. representation in municipalities of:
sPECial Position oF Jammu the Judge of the High Court. Persons having special knowledge or
the work of Community Development of Zila parishad. (b) Block and Panchayat Samiti
and kashmir Programme (1952), and National Extension • The Chairperson of each Panchayat is elected experience in municipal administration.
• Reservation for SCs, STs & women • It is governed by the elected members of
• Article 370 of the Indian Constitution Service (1953). according to the law passed by a State. village Panchayat, which is called Panchayat. Members of Lok Sabha, State Assembly,
• Recommendations could not be accepted. • Seats are reserved in Panchayat for Sche-
accords special status to the State of • The committee submitted its report in 1958. • Pradhan is the head or Chairman of Rajya Sabha and Legislative Council.
Jammu and Kashmir. Recommendations l.m. singhvi CommittEE duled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in The Chairpersons of Ward Committees.
Panchayat Samiti.
• Proclamation of Emergency under Article • This committee recommends three level of • Appointed by the Rajiv Gandhi Government proportion to their population [Article 243D].
352 on the ground of internal disturbance governance viz zila parishad, Panchayat in 1986. • Out of the reserved seats, 1/3rd is reserved • States with population less than 20 lakh ))
Note: If the population is 3 lakh or more,
for women belonging to Scheduled Castes need not constitute a Block Panchayat. Ward Committees are constituted.
has no effect in the State of Jammu and Samiti (Block) and Gram Panchayat (village). • Chairman: L.M. Singhvi
Kashmir, without the concurrence of the • District collector should be a chairperson and Scheduled Tribes. 1/3rd of the total (c) Zila Parishad
of Zila Parishad. 73rd amEndmEnt aCt oF 1992 seats to be filled by direct election in every • Members of the Zila Parishad are elected
Government of the State.
• The Act gives a constitutional status to the
thE suPrEmE Court
• No decision affecting the disposition of • The members of Zila Parishad and Panchayat Panchayat are reserved for women. from the district by direct election on the
the State can be made by the Government samiti should be elected indirectly while the Panchayati Raj institutions. • Every Panchayat can continue for 5 years basis of adult franchise for a term of 5 years. • Every Judge of the Supreme Court, after
of India, without the consent of the members of Gram Panchayat should be • The Act has added new part IX and 11th from the date of its first meeting. It can be • Chairman of Zila Parishad is elected from consulting the Chief Justice of the Supreme
Government of the State. elected directly. schedule to the constitution. dissolved earlier in accordance with State law. amongst the members. Court, is appointed by the President of India.
• Article 124 states the establishment and aCting ChiEF JustiCE • Article 141: Law declared by Supreme 10. Kailash Nath 12 April 1967–24 27. Jagdish Sharan 25 March thE high Court
constitution of Supreme Court. Under Article 126, The President can Court to be binding on all courts, within the Wanchoo February 1968 Verma 1997–17
territory of India. • Accordingly, the President determines the
• At present, the Supreme Court consists of appoint a Judge of the Supreme Court as 11. Mohammad 25 February January 1998
an acting CJI, when: • Article 144: All authorities, civil and judicial strength of a High Court from time-to-time
31 Judges (one CJI and 30 Judges). Hidayatullah 1968–16 28. Madan Mohan 18 January
depending upon its workload.
• office of CJI is vacant; or in the territory of India to act in aid of December 1970 Punchhi 1998–9 October
• the CJI is temporarily absent; or the Supreme Court. • The territorial jurisdiction of a High Court
QualiFiCations 12. Jayantilal 17 December 1998
• the CJI is unable to perform the duties of • It was during Chief Justice P.N. Bhagwati’s Chhotalal Shah 1970–21 January 29. Adarsh Sein Anand 10 October
is co-terminus with the territory of a
Under Article 124 (3), a person to be State.
his office. tenure the concept of PIL was started in India. 1971 1998–31 October
appointed as a Judge of the Supreme Court
• The jurisdiction of the Supreme Court to 2001 aPPointmEnt oF JudgEs
should have the following qualifications: ad hoC JudgE entertain an application under Article 32
13. Sarv Mittra Sikri 22 January
• He should be a citizen of India. He should Under Article 127, if at any time there 1971–25 April 30. Sam Piroj 1 November • Under Article 217, The Judges of the High
for the issue of writs for the enforcement 1973 Bharucha 2001–5 May 2002 Court are appointed by the President.
have been a Judge of a High Court (or High should not be a quorum of the Judges of
of Fundamental Rights is treated as an 31. Bhupinder Nath 6 May 2002–7 • The Chief Justice of the High Court is
the Supreme Court to hold or continue any 14. Ajit Nath Ray 26 April 1973–27
Courts in succession) for ten years. Or ‘original’ jurisdiction of the Supreme Court
session. CJI can appoint a Judge of the High January 1977 Kirpal November 2002 appointed by the President after consultation
• He should have been an advocate of a Court as an Ad hoc Judge of the Supreme
though called writ jurisdiction.
15. Mirza Hameedullah 28 January 32. Gopal Ballav 8 November with the Chief Justice of Supreme Court and
High Court (or High Courts in succession) • The Supreme Court is the highest court of Pattanaik 2002–19 Governor of the concerned state.
Court for a temporary period. Beg 1977–21
for ten years. Or appeal from all courts in the territory of India. December 2002
February 1978
Constitutional bEnCh • Supreme Court is the highest authority for QualiFiCation oF JudgEs
• He should be a distinguished jurist in the 16. Yeshwant Vishnu 22 February 33. V. N. Khare 19 December
A bench consisting of at least 5 judges interpretation of the Constitution. 2002–1 May 2004 • He should be a citizen of India.
opinion of the President. Chandrachud 1978–11 July
constituted by the CJI to hear a case • Supreme Court may hear appeals by • He should have held a judicial office in the
1985 34. S. Rajendra Babu 2 May 2004–1
oath or aFFirmation involving a substantial question of law. granting special leave against any kind of
June 2004
territory of India for ten years or
17. Prafullachandra 12 July 1985–20
judgment or order made by any court of • He should have been an advocate of a
Administered by the President or some Natwarlal Bhagwati December 1986 35. Ramesh Chandra 1 June 2004–31
original JurisdiCtion (artiClE 131) tribunal (except a military tribunal). High Court (or High Courts in succession)
person appointed by him for this purpose. 18. Raghunandan 21 December Lahoti October 2005
The Supreme Court decides the dispute between: Chief Justices of india for ten years.
Swarup Pathak 1986–18 June 36. Yogesh Kumar 1 November
tEnurE oF JudgEs • the Centre and one or more States; 1. Hiralal J. Kania 26 January 1989 Sabharwal 2005–14 January oath (artiClE 219)
The Constitution makes the following • the Centre and any State or States on one 1950–6 November
19. Engalaguppe 19 June 1989–17 2007 Administered by Governor or person
side and one or more States on the other; or 1951
provisions: Seetharamiah December 1989 37. K. G. Balakrishnan 14 January
• between two or more States. appointed by him for this purpose.
• Holds office until he attains the age of 2. Patanjali Shastri 7 November Venkataramiah 2007–12 May
1951–3 January 2010
65 years. aPPEllatE JurisdiCtion 20. Sabyasachi 18 December tEnurE (artiClE 217)
1954
• Resign his office by writing to the President. (artiClE 132) Mukherjee 1989–25 38. S. H. Kapadia 12 May 2010–28 • He holds office until he attains the age
3. Mehr Chand 4 January
• Removed from his office by the President • It enjoys a wide appellate jurisdiction, which September 1990 September 2012 of 65 years.
Mahajan 1954–22
on the recommendation of the Parliament. can be classified under four heads: 21. Ranganath Mishra 26 September 39. Altamas Kabir 29 September
December 1954
1990–24 2012–18 July rEmoval
(a) Appeals in constitutional matters. 4. B.K. Mukherjee 23 December
rEmoval oF JudgEs oF imPEaChmEnt November 1991 2013 • He can resign from his office by writing
Under Article 124 (4), a Judge of the (b) Appeals in civil matters (Article 133). 1954–31
22. Kamal Narain 25 November 40. P. Sathasivam 19 July 2013–26 to the President.
(c) Appeals in criminal matters (Article 134). January 1956
Supreme Court shall not be removed from Singh 1991–12 April 2014 • He can be removed from his office on the
(d) Appeals by special leave (Article 136). 5. S.R. Das 1 February
his office except by an order of the President December 1991 41. Rajendra Mal 27 April 2014–27 recommendation of the Parliament (same as
1956–30
passed after an address by each House of 23. Madhukar Hiralal 13 December Lodha September 2014
advisory JurisdiCtion September 1959 Judge of Supreme Court).
the Parliament by special majority. Kania 1991–17 42. H. L. Dattu 28 September
• The Constitution (Article 143) authorises the 6. B.P. Sinha 1 October • He vacates his office when he is appointed as
Judges can be removed only on the grounds November 1992 2014–2 December
President to seek the opinion of the Supreme 1959–31 January a Judge of the Supreme Court or when he is
24. Lalit Mohan 18 November 2015
of proved misbehaviour or incapacity. Court. It is duly bound to give its opinion 1964
43. T. S. Thakur 3 December transferred to another High Court.
• No Judge of the Supreme Court has been which is not binding on President. 7. Prahlad 1 February
Sharma 1992–11
February 1993 2015–3 January
impeached so far. Balacharya 1964–15 March salariEs and alloWanCEs
25. Manepalli 12 February 2017
PoWEr oF JudiCial rEviEW Gajendragadkar 1966 • Determined by Parliament from time-to-time.
salariEs and alloWanCEs Narayana Rao 1993–24 October 44. J. S. Khehar 4 January 2017–
(artiClE 137) 8. Amal Kumar 16 March
Venkatachaliah 1994 45. Dipak Misra 28 August 2017 – JurisdiCtion and PoWEr oF high
Under Article 125, the salaries, allowances, • Judicial review is the power of the Supreme Sarkar 1966–29 June
1966 26. Aziz Mushabber 25 October 2 October 2018 Court
privileges, leave and pension of the Judges Court to examine the constitutionality of
of the Supreme Court are determined from legislative enactments and executive orders 9. Koka Subba Rao 30 June 1966–11 Ahmadi 1994–24 March 46. Ranjan Gogoi 3 October 2018 – • The Supreme Court can issue writ juri-
April 1967 1997 incumbent
time-to-time by the Parliament. of both Central and State Governments. sdiction, only where a Fundamental Right
has been infringed. High Court can issue any other High Court by the President. Uttarakhand 2000 Uttarakhand Nainital (Articles 272, 273, 275, and 280) by the To recommend the principles which
these writs under Article 226 not only in By removal by the President. President. should govern the grants-in-aid to be given
Jharkhand 2000 Jharkhand Ranchi
such cases but also where an ordinary legal • The qualifications for being a Judge of the • The Finance Commission consists of a to States out of the Consolidated Fund
right has been infringed. High Court are:
Chhattisgarh 2000 Chhattisgarh Bilaspur Chairman and four other members. of India.
• In making appointment as a High Court Should be a citizen of India. Manipur 2013 Manipur Imphal • According to the qualifications prescribed To tender advice to the President on any
Judge, President can consult the Chief Not above 62 years of age. Meghalaya 2013 Meghalaya Shillong by the Parliament, the Chairman is selected other matter referred to the Commission
Justice of India, the Governor of the State Must have held for at least 10 years among persons who have had experience in in the interest of sound finance.
Tripura 2013 Tripura Agartala
public affairs. To suggest amounts to be paid to the
and also the Chief Justice of that High Court. a judicial office in territory of India or
aPPointmEnt oF distriCt JudgEs • According to the ARC, the Lokpal would be • The members of the Commission hold office States of Assam, Bihar, Odisha and West
• A Judge of the High Court can hold office experience of at least 10 years as advocate
(artiClE 233) appointed by the president after consultation for such period as may be specified by the Bengal in lieu of the assignment of system
until the age of 62 years. of a High Court, or of two or more such with the Chief Justice of India, the speaker of President in his orders and are eligible of export duty on Jute products.
The appointment, posting and promotion
• A High Court Judge can leave his office: courts in succession in India. Lok Sabha and the chairman of Rajya Sabha. for reappointment. • The Commission submits its recom-
of district judges in a State are made by
By resignation in writing addressed • Salaries and allowances of the High Court • Ist time Lokpal bill was introduced in • The main functions or duties of the Finance mend ati on s to th e President which
Governor of the State in consultation with
to the President. Judges are charged on the Consolidated Parliament in May 1968, by the Congress Commission are: are generally accepted by the Central
the High Court.
By being appointed a Judge of the Fund of the State. Government headed by Indira Gandhi. To recommend to the President the basis Government. The recommendations of the
A person to be appointed as district judge
Supreme Court or being transferred to should have the following qualifications: for distribution of the net proceeds of Commission are applicable for a period of
lokayuktas taxes between the Centre and States. five years.
• He should not already be in the service of • According to ARC Report (1966-70) the
Jurisdiction and seats of high Court
the Central or the State Government. Lokayukta (one at the centre and one in Finance Commissions
name year of territorial Jurisdiction seat • He should have been an advocate or a each state) would deal with the complaints
Estab. pleader for seven years. Finance year of name of Chairman Period of
against other specified higher officials which Commission Establishment implementation of
Madhya Pradesh 1956 Madhya Pradesh Jabalpur (Benches at Gwalior • He should be recommended by the High Court. are not included in Lokpal.
and Indore) report
aPPointmEnt oF othEr JudgEs • Lokayukta was established first in
First 1951 K. C. Neogi 1952–57
Bombay 1862 Maharashtra, Dadra and Mumbai (Bench at Nagpur, Maharashtra in 1971. Although Odisha
Nagar Haveli, Goa, Daman Panji and Aurangabad) Appointments of person (other than district Second 1956 K. Santhanam 1957–62
had passed the Act in this regard in 1970,
and Diu judges) to the judicial services of a State Third 1960 A. K. Chanda 1962–66
it came into force only in 1983.
are made by the Governor of the State after Fourth 1964 P. V. Rajamannar 1966–69
Calcutta 1862 West Bengal and Andaman Kolkata (circuit bench) at Port
and Nicobar Islands Blair consultation with the State Public Service Establishment of Lokayukta in states: Fifth 1968 Mahavir Tyagi 1969–74
Commission and the High Court. Odisha (1974), Maharashtra (1971), Rajasthan
Madras 1862 Tamil Nadu and Chennai Sixth 1972 K. Brahmananda Reddy 1974–79
Puducherry lok adalat (1973), Bihar (1974), Uttar Pradesh (1975), Seventh 1977 J. M. Shelat 1979–84
Allahabad 1866 Uttar Pradesh Allahabad (Bench at Lucknow) • This first Lok Adalat was held in Chennai Madhya Pradesh (1981), Himachal Pradesh Eighth 1983 Y. B. Chavan 1984–89
(1983), Karnataka (1985), Gujarat (1986),
Karnataka 1884 Karnataka Bengaluru in 1986. Ninth 1987 N. K. P. Salve 1989–95
Punjab (1995), Kerala (1999), Jharkhand
Patna 1916 Bihar Patna • The Lok Adalat is presided over by a sitting Tenth 1992 K. C. Pant 1995–2000
(2001), Chattisgarh (2002), Haryana (2002),
or retired judicial officer as Chairman, with Eleventh 1998 A. M. Khusro 2000–2005
Orissa 1948 Odisha Cuttack Uttarakhand (2002), Goa (2011).
two of other member, usually a lawyer and Twelfth 2002 C. Rangarajan 2005–2010
Guwahati 1948 Assam, Nagaland, Mizoram Guwahati (Benches at Kohima, a social worker.
Aizawal and Itanagar) Thirteenth 2007 Dr. Vijay L. Kelkar 2010–2015
and Arunachal Pradesh • Lok Adalats have been given the status of a intEr-statE CounCil
Rajasthan 1949 Rajasthan Jodhpur (Bench at Jaipur) Fourteenth 2013 Dr. Y.V. Reddy 2015–2020
Civil Court and every award made by the Lok
Adalat is final and binding on all parties and • Inter-State Council was constituted in April,
Andhra Pradesh 1954 Andhra Pradesh and Hyderabad
Telangana no appeal lies to any court against its award. 1990 under Article 263. national dEvEloPmEnt CounCil • It is extra-constitutional and extra-legal body.
• Inter-State Council consists of Prime
Kerala 1958 Kerala and Lakshadweep Ernakulam Minster, 6 Union Cabinet Ministers, the (ndC)
lokPal national intEgration CounCil
Jammu and Kashmir 1928 Jammu and Kashmir Srinagar and Jammu • The Administrative Reforms Commission Chief Ministers of all the States and • The National Development Council was
Gujarat 1960 Gujarat Ahmedabad (ARC) of India (1966-1970) recommended administrators of all UTs. • National Integration Council was set-up
formed in 1952, to associate the States in
the setting up of two special authorities • Inter-State Council is chaired by the Prime the formulation of the Plans.
in 1986.
Delhi 1966 Delhi Delhi
designated as Lokpal and Lokayukta for the Minister and it meets thrice a year. • All members of the Union Cabinet, Chief
Punjab and Haryana 1875 Punjab, Haryana and Chandigarh
redressal of citizens’ grievances. Ministers of States, the Administrators
intEr-statE rElations
Chandigarh FinanCE Commission
• The Lokpal deals with the complaints of the Union Territories and members of • Under Article 262 Parliament has constituted
Himachal Pradesh 1971 Himachal Pradesh Shimla
against ministers and secretaries at central • The Constitution provides for the the Planning Commission are members of the Inter-State Water Disputes Tribunal for
Sikkim 1975 Sikkim Gangtok and state level. the NDC.
establishment of a Finance Commission adjudication of disputes between States
for the waters of any inter-State river EmErgEnCy Provisions Legislature for the State, to the President or Government of India or under the Gover- registers political parties, and monitors • The recent Delimitation Commission was
or river valley. any other authority specified by him. nment of a State. the election campaign. It also organises set up on 12 July 2002 with Justice Kuldip
• President can make proclamation of • Proclamation of emergency for failure of • The Chairman of a State Public Service
• Inter-State river water disputes are excluded the polling booths, counting of votes, and Singh as its Chairperson.
emergency under Article 352 in case of constitutional machinery can be extended Commission is eligible for appointment as declaration of results, to ensure the orderly • The Constitution of India was specifically
from the jurisdiction of all Courts including
war, external aggression or armed rebellion by Parliament up to three years. the Chairman or member of the Union Public and fair manner of elections. amended in 2002 (84th Amendment Act,
the Supreme Court.
or threat thereof only on recommendation Service Commission or as the Chairman of • The Election Commission is independent of 2001, which amended the provisions of
• An inter-State Council has been constituted of the Cabinet.
for co-coordinating in inter-State disputes.
PubliC sErviCE Commissions any other State Public Service Commission, executive control to ensure a fair election. Article 82) not to have delimitation of
• Every such proclamation must be laid before but not for any other employment either • The Election Commission consists of a constituencies till the first census after 2026.
• Six Zonal Councils have been established Parliament and it ceases to be in operation • A Joint Public Service Commission can
under the Government of India or under the Chief Election Commissioner and two other • Election Commissioners of all the States
to discuss and advise on matters of unless it is approved by resolutions of be created by Parliament in pursuance Election Commissioners.
Government of a State. and Union Territories, along with the Chief
Common interest. both the Houses of the Parliament with of a resolution passed by the State Leg- • President can determine the number of
• A member of a State Public Service Election Commissioner (CEC) of India are the
• Each Zonal Council consists of the Chief special majority within one month from the islatures concerned.
Commission is eligible for appointment Election Commissioners. members of the Delimitation Commission.
Minister and two other Ministers of each of date of its issue. • The Union Public Service Commission can
as the Chairman of a State Public Service
• The proclamation gets a fresh lease of 6 serve the needs of a State, if so requested ChiEF ElECtion CommissionEr (CEC)
the States in the Zone and the Administrator Commission and Chairman or member of thE oFFiCial languagEs
in the case of a Union Territory. months from the date it is approved by both by the Governor of that State and approved
UPSC, but not for any other employment • The President appoints the Chief Election
by the President. Commissioner, who has tenure of 6 years, or • Part XVII of the Constitution deals with the
• The Union Home Minister has been Houses of Parliament. either under the Government of India or
• During an emergency, the Parliament can • The appointment, determination of number up to the age of 65 years, whichever is earlier. official language in Articles 343 to 351.
nominated to be the common Chairman of under the Government of a State.
extend the normal life of the Lok Sabha of members of the Commission and their • The CEC enjoys the same status and receives • Hindi written in Devanagari Script is to be
all the Zonal Councils. conditions of service is done by:
for one year at a time, and not exceeding FunCtions oF PubliC sErviCE the same salary and perks as available to the official language of the Union.
6 months after the proclamation has The President in the case of the Union or Judges of the Supreme Court. • Originally there were fourteen languages
a. lEgislativE rElations Commission
• The Constitution divides the subjects into ceased to operate. a Joint Commission, and
• To conduct examination for appointments to • The Chief Election Commissioner can be in Eighth Schedule, but eight were added
• Normal life of Lok Sabha was extended The Governor of State in the case of a State removed from his office only in a manner during amendments.
the Union List (99 subjects), the State the services of the Union and State.
only once in 1976. Commission.
To advise on any matter so referred to and on the grounds prescribed for removal • The first Official Language Commission
List (66 subjects) and the Concurrent List • Half of the members of Commission should
• During emergency, Parliament can legislate them and on any other matter which of Judge of the Supreme Court. was appointed in 1955 under Shri B.G.
(47 subjects). Enumerated in the Seventh be persons who have held office under the
regarding State subjects. the President or the Governor of a State • Other Election Commissioners can be removed Kher as Chairman.
Schedule under Article 246. Government of India or of a State for at least
• Effects of emergency on Fundamental Rights: may refer to the appropriate Commission by the President on the recommendation of
• Parliament has exclusive power to legislate 10 years (Article 316). the Chief Election Commissioner.
languagE oF thE statE/link
Article 358 provides that the rights provided [Article 320].
on subjects mentioned in the Union List. • The term of service of a member of a • The Election Commission has the power languagE:
by Article 19, would be non-existent To exercise such additional functions • The Legislature of a State can adopt any
• State Legislatures have exclusive power Commission is 6 years from the date of of superintendence, direction and conduct
against the State during emergency. his entering upon office, or until the age of as may be provided for by an act of one or more languages used in the State or
to legislate on subjects mentioned in of all elections to Parliament and the State
Under Article 359, the right to move the retirement, whichever is earlier. Parliament or of the Legislature of a State. Hindi for the official purposes of that State.
the State List. Courts for the enforcement of the rights Legislatures and of elections to the offices of
• Both Parliament and State Legislatures • Age of retirement for a member of UPSC the President and Vice-President.
can be suspended, by Order of the is 65 years. ElECtion languagE oF thE sC and hCl and
can legislate on subjects mentioned in the authoritativE tExt oF laWs
President. • Age of retirement for a member of PSC of • Every person who is a citizen of India and dElimitation Commission
Concurrent List. Articles 20 and 21 cannot be suspended a State or a Joint Commission is 62 years. • Until Parliament by law provides otherwise,
• Residual Power (i.e. subjects not included in not less than 18 years of age is entitled oF india English is the language of authoritative text of–
even during emergency. • Services of a member of a Public Service to vote at the election, provided he is not
any of the list) rest with Union Government. • The first proclamation of emergency under Commission can be terminated by: • The main task of the Commission is to All proceedings in the Supreme Court and
disqualified by law.
Article 352 was made by the President Resignation in writing addressed to the • The exclusive forum for adjudicating redraw the boundaries of the various in every High Court.
b. administrativE rElations All Bills or amendments thereto moved
on October 26, 1962 in view of Chinese President (to the Governor in the case of Assembly and Lok Sabha Constituencies
• All disputes between States regarding the a State Commission).
disputes relating to the election of the
based on a recent census. in either House of Parliament or the
aggression in the NEFA. President and Vice-president is the Supreme
use, distribution or control of water are Removal by the President. • The representation from each State is not
• A proclamation of emergency for failure Court (Article 71). State Legislature.
decided by the Centre (Article 262). • Even in the case of a State Commission, changed during this exercise. However, All Acts passed by Parliament or the
of constitutional machinery can be made
by the President when the constitutional only the President can remove a member, ElECtion Commission the number of SC and ST seats in a State Legislature of a State.
C. FinanCial rElations while governor has only the power to pass is changed in accordance with the census.
• The Union Government has the power to Government of State cannot be carried on • The Election Commission was established All Ordinances promulgated by the
in interim order of suspension. in accordance with the Constitution on • The Commission in India is a high-power
borrow from within India or outside, subject for any reasons. President or the Governor of a Sate.
• The expenses of the Commission are charged body whose orders have the force of law and
• Under a proclamation of emergency under 25 January 1950. All orders, rules, regulations and by-
to the limits laid down by the Parliament: on the Consolidated Fund of India or of the • The Election Commission prepares, main- cannot be called in question before any court.
Article 352, Parliament can legislate in laws issued under Constitution or under
the borrowing power of the States is subject Sate (as the case may be). tains and periodically updates the electoral • In India, such Delimitation Commissions
respect of State subjects only by itself; but any law made by Parliament or the
to several limitations and cannot borrow • The Chairman of the UPSC is ineligible roll, which shows who is entitled to vote, have been constituted 4 times–in 1952,
under a proclamation under Article 356 of Legislature of a State.
from outside India. the other kind, it can delegate its power to
for further employment either under the supervises the nominations of candidates, 1963, 1973 and in 2002.
• A State Legislature can prescribe the use of on two counts, when voting against the the flag to its length is two to three. In • Playing time of the full version of the national somE imPortant amEndmEnts State to give effect to Directive Principles
any language other than English for Bills government or not agreeing to policies and the centre of the white band is a new-blue anthem is approximately 52 seconds. specified under Clauses (b) and (c) of Art. 39
oF thE Constitution
and Acts passed by itself or Subordinate programmes of the government. wheel which represents the chakra. Its can be declared void on the ground that it
Legislation made thereunder. design is that of the wheel which appears national song • 1st Constitutional Amendment Act, 1951: was inconsistent with Fundamental Rights
• The only privileges gained by the languages PolitiCal PartiEs on the abacus of the Sarnath Lion Capital • The song ‘Vande Mataram’ was composed This amendment added Article, 15 (4) and conferred by Arts. 14, 19, and 31.
included in the Eighth Schedule are: • To be recognised as a National Party, a of Ashoka. Its diameter approximates to in Sanskrit by Bankim Chandra Chatterji. Article, 19 (6). Ninth schedule to the Con- • 26th Constitutional Amendment Act,
To have a member in the Official party needs to secure at least 6% of the valid the width of the white band and it has 24 It has an equal status with Jana-gana- stitution was also added by it. 1971: This amendment withdrew the
Language Commission. votes polled in any four or more states in a spokes. The design of the National Flag was mana. The first political occasion was when • 7th Constitutional Amendment Act, 1956: recognition to the rulers of Princely States
general election to the Lok Sabha or State adopted by the Constituent Assembly of it was sung at the 1896 session of Indian The categorisation of States into Part A, Part and their privy purses were abolished.
To be considered for contribution towards
Assembly. In addition to it, it has to win at India on 22 July 1947. B and Part C ceased henceforth. Part C states • 30th Constitutional Amendment Act,
the development of Hindi language. National Congress.
least four seats in the Lok Sabha from any • In an important judgement in January, • The song was published in the novel were redesignated as Union Territories. 1972 (w.e.f. 27.02.1973): It provided that
administrativE tribunals State or States as well. 2004 the Supreme Court (under the
‘Anandmath’, authored by Bankim Chandra • 10th Constitutional Amendment Act, only such appeals can be brought to the
• The 42nd Amendment Act of 1976 added • For getting recognition as a State Party, chairmanship of the Chief Justice B. N. 1961: Incorporated Dadra and Nagar Haveli Supreme Court which involve a substantial
a political party has to secure at least 6% of Chatterji and was adopted as the National
a new Part XIVA to the Constitution. This Khare) pronounce that unfurling (hoisting)
Song on 26 January, 1950.
as Union Territory. question of law.
Part is entitled as ‘Tribunals’ and consist of the valid votes in the State during a general of National Flag is a fundamental right under • 12th Constitutional Amendment Act, • 31st Constitutional Amendment Act,
only two Articles. Article 323A dealing with election, either to that of the Lok Sabha or Article 19 (1) (A). 1962: Inclusion of territories of Goa, Daman 1973: By this amendment, the seats of the
national CalEndar
administrative tribunals and Article 323B the State Assembly. Apart from this, the and Diu into the Indian Union. Lok Sabha was increased from 525 to 545
statE EmblEm • The National Calendar based on the Saka
dealing with tribunals for other matters. party should also win minimum two seats in • 13th Constitutional Amendment Act, but reduced the representation of UTs Lok
• The Central Administrative Tribunal (CAT). the Assembly of the State concerned. • The State Emblem is an adaptation from the Era, Chaitra as its first month and a
1962: Insertion of Art. 371 A to make special Sabha from 25 to 20.
Sarnath Lion Capital of Ashoka. normal year of 365 days was adopted provisions for the administration of the • 36th Constitutional Amendment Act,
anti-dEFECtion laW nCrWC • In the State Emblem, adopted by the from 22nd March 1957 along with the State of Nagaland. 1975: Made Sikkim a full-fledged State of
• The 52nd Amendment Act of 1985 provided • The National Commission to Review the Government of India on 26 January 1950 Gregorian calendar. • 14th Constitutional Amendment Act, the Union of India.
for the disqualification of the Members of Working of the Constitution (NCRWC) was only three lions are visible, the fourth being National Animal: The magnificent tiger 1962: Pondicherry, Karaikal, Mahe and • 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act,
Parliament and the State Legislatures on set up by a resolution of the Government hidden from view. The wheel appears in (Panthera tigris). Yanam, the former French territories were 1976 (Mini Constitution): It incorporated
the ground of defection from one Political of India in 2000. relief in the centre of the abacus with a National Bird: The Indian peacock (Pavo specified in the Constitution as the Union the words ‘Socialist’, ‘Secular’ and
Party to another. • The 11-Member Commission was headed bull on right and a horse on left and the cristatus). Territory of Pondicherry (now Puducherry). ‘Integrity’ in the Preamble. Fundamental
• Disqualification on ground of defection not by M.N. Venkatachaliah. It submitted its outlines of other wheels on extreme right National Flower: Lotus (Nelumbo Nucifera). • 15th Constitutional Amendment Act, Duties were added in Part IVA. Directive
to apply in case of split. report in 2002. and left. The bell-shaped lotus has been National Tree: The Banyan Tree (Ficus 1963: It raised the age of retirement of a Principles were given precedence over
• A member of a House belonging to any omitted. The words Satyameva Jayate from benghalensis). High Court Judge from 60 to 62.
right oF inFormation Fundamental Rights and any law made
political party becomes disqualified for being Mundakka Upanishad, meaning ‘Truth • 16th Constitutional Amendment Act,
a member of the House, • Right to information became an Act in 2005. Alone’ Triumphs, are inscribed below the
National Fruit: Mango (Mangifera indica). to this effect by the Parliament was kept
The aim is to make the governments more National Aquatic Animal: The mammal 1963: Charges were effected in Art. 19 beyond the scope of Judicial review by the
(a) If he voluntarily gives up his membership abacus in Devanagari script.
of such political party; or transparent in its working. It came into Ganges River Dolphin (Platanista gangetica). to enable the Parliament to make laws court. It authorised the President to make
operation on 12th October, 2005. providing reasonable restrictions on the Proclamation of Emergency for any part of
(b) If he votes or abstains from voting in national anthEm
such House contrary to any direction • The Chief Information Commissioner • The song Jana-gana-mana, composed Constitutional amEndmEnts
freedom of expression in the larger interests the country or to whole of India. It made it
and other Information Commissioners of sovereignty and integrity of India. obligatory for the President to act on the
issued by his political party without originally in Bengali by Rabindranath
shall be appointed by the President on Under Article 368 of the Constitution, • 19th Constitutional Amendment Act, advice of the Council of Ministers. Tenure
obtaining prior permission of such party Tagore, was adopted in its Hindi version by
the recommendation of a committee Parliament has the power of amending the 1966: Art. 324 was amended to clarify the of the Lok Sabha and the State Assemblies
and such act has not been condoned by the Constituent Assembly as the National
consisting of the Prime Minister. The leader Constitution. There are three methods: duties of the Election Commission. was increased by one year.
the party within 15 days. Anthem of India on 24 January, 1950. It • 21st Constitutional Amendment Act,
• An Independent member of a House of the opposition in Lok Sabha and a Union was first sung on 27 December, 1911 at • Method of Simple Majority: The Con- • 43rd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1977.
Cabinet Minister are to be nominated stitution can be amended by simple majority 1967: Sindhi language was included as 15th • 44th Constitutional Amendment Act,
becomes disqualified to remain a member the Kolkata Session of the Indian National regional language in the Eighth Schedule.
of the House, if he joins any political party by the PM. Congress. in matters relating to citizenship, abolishing 1978 (w.e.f. June-September 1979): The
• 24th Constitutional Amendment Act, amendment was brought by the Janata
after such election. • Rabindranath Tagore had published it in or creating second chambers in the states
1971: It affirmed the Parliament’s power
• A Nominated member of a House become national symbols ‘Tatvabodhini’ in 1912 with the title ‘Bharat creation of states or alteration of boundaries Party Government. Right to property was
to amend any part of the Constitution, taken away from the list of Fundamental
disqualified for being a member of the House, Bhagya Vidhata’ and translated it into of existing states, etc.
including Fundamental Rights by amending Rights and placed in a new Art. 300A as an
if he joins any Political Party after the expiry national Flag English in 1919 with the title ‘Morning song • In the Second Method, apart from passing Arts. 368 and 13.
of six months from the date, on which he • The national flag is a horizontal tricolour ordinary legal right. Constitutionality of the
of India’. The credit of composing the present through a special majority in Parliament, • 25th Constitutional Amendment Act,
takes his seat in the House. of deep saffron (Kesaria) at the top, white it should also be passed by half the state Proclamation of Emergency by the President
tune (music) of our national anthem goes to 1971 (came into force on 20.04.1972):
• Member of Parliament or a State Legislature in the middle and dark green at the bottom Captain Ram Singh Thakur (an I.N.A. sepoy). legislatures.
could be questioned in a court on the ground
It also provided that no law passed by the of malafide. In Article 352 regarding National
can be disqualified for defying a whip only in equal proportion. The ratio of width of
Emergency, the words ‘internal disturbance’ Union Territory of Delhi with a legislative and substituted the words “in matters of provides that a member of either House of National Goods and Services Tax in India Anglo-Indian is of a British birth but living or
were substituted by the words ‘armed Assembly and Council of Ministers. promotion, with consequential seniority, Parliament belonging to any political party from 1 July, 2017. having lived long in India.
rebellion’. It authorised the President to refer • 70th Constitutional Amendment Act, to any class” for the words “in matter of who is disqualified for being member of that • Addition of articles: 246 A, 269 A, 279 A Appropriation Bill is the act of devoting or
back the advice to the Council of Ministers for 1992: Altered Art. 54 and 368 to include promotion to any class.” House on the ground of defection shall also Deletion of article-268A. reserving for special or distinct purpose or
reconsideration, but made it binding for the members of legislative assemblies of The amendment provided for ‘consequential be disqualified to be appointed as a minister • Amendment of articles and schedule: 248, of destining to a particular end; anything
President to act on the reconsidered advice. Union Territories of Delhi and Pondicherry seniority’ to the SCs/STs for promotion in under clause (1) of Arts. 75 and 164 until 249, 250, 268, 269, 270, 271, 286, 366, set aside especially money for a specific
Constitutional protection on publication in the electoral college for the election government service. he is again elected. However, the number of 368 and VI, VII, use.
of proceedings of Parliament and State of the President. • 86th Constitutional Amendment Act, Ministers, including the Chief Minister in a • 123rd Constitutional Amendment Act, Backward Classes, the list of OBCs are
Legislatures was provided. • 71st Constitutional Amendment Act, 2002: Added a new Art. 21A after Art. State shall not be less than 12 (in smaller 2017: It gives constitutional status to prepared by the Central Government and
• 52nd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992: It included Manipuri, Konkani and 21 which makes the right of education States like Sikkim, Mizoram and Goa). National Commission for Backward classes, are revised after the expiry of every 10
1985: It added the Tenth Schedule to the Nepalese languages in the 8th Schedule. for children of the age of 6 to 14 years a • 92nd Constitutional Amendment Act, inserts new articles 338B and 342 A which years.
Constitution. • 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act, Fundamental Right. Substitutes Article 45 2003: It amended Eighth Schedule of the deal with composition of NCBC etc. and the Beggar, is a labour or service exacted by
• 55th Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992: The institution of Panchayati Raj to direct the State to endeavour to provide Constitution and has inserted four new power of president to notify the list of socially court or a person in power without giving
1986 (w.e.f. February 20, 1987): The received Constitutional guarantee, status early childhood care and education for all languages in it, namely Bodo, Dogri, Maithili and educationally backward classes of State remuneration.
formation of Arunachal Pradesh took place and legitimacy. The XI Schedule was added children until they complete the age of six and Santhali. After this amendment the and Union Territory respectively. Bill is a draft of a law proposed to a lawmaking
with special powers given to the Governor. to deal with it. It also inserted part IX, years. Added a new Fundamental Duty to total number of constitutionally recognised body.
• 56th Constitutional Amendment Act, containing Arts. 243, 243A. Part IV (Art. 51A) of the Constitution. official languages has become 22. glossary oF Constitutional Breach of privilege, disregard of any of the
1987: Goa was made a full-fledged State • 74th Constitutional Amendment Act, • 87th Constitutional Amendment Act, • 93rd Constitutional Amendment Act, privileges, rights and immunities either
with a State Assembly but Daman and 2005: Provided reservation in admissions
tErms of the members of Parliament individually
1992: Provided for constitutional sanctity 2003: Provided that the allocation of seats
Diu stayed as UT. to Municipalities by inserting Part IX-A, in the Lok Sabha and division of each State in private unaided educational institutions Act of God is a direct, violent, sudden and or of either House of Parliament in its
• 58th Constitutional Amendment Act, containing Arts. 243P to 243ZG and the into territorial Constituencies will be done for students belonging to scheduled castes/ irresistible act of nature, which could not be collective capacity or of its committees,
1987: An authoritative text of the XII Schedule which deals with the items on the basis of population as ascertained by tribes and other backward classes. by any reasonable care have been foreseen also includes action which obstruct the
Constitution in Hindi was provided to the concerning Municipalities. the ‘2001 census’ and not by ‘1991’ census. • 94th Constitutional Amendment Act, or resisted. House in the performance in its functions
People of India by the President. • 77th Constitutional Amendment Act, • 88th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2006: Excluded Bihar from the provision to Adjournment Motion, if Speaker given his and thereby lower its dignity and authority
• 61st Constitutional Amendment Act, 1995: By this amendment a new clause 2003: This amendment inserted new Article clause (1) of Art. 164. It extends the provisions consent after satisfying himself that the such as disobedience of its legitimate order
1988 (w.e.f. 28.03.1989): It brought 4A was added to Art. 16 which authorised 268A after Article 268 which empowered the of clause (1) of Art. 164 to the newly formed matter to be raised is definitely urgent or libel upon itself, or its member or officers
about an amendment to Article 326 for the the State to make provisions for Scheduled Union of India to levy ‘service tax’. States of Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand. and of public importance and holds that which are called contempt of the House.
reduction of voting age from 21 to 18 years. Castes and Scheduled Tribes with regard to • 89th Constitutional Amendment Act, • 95th Constitutional Amendment Act, the matter prepared to be discussed is in Bulletin, is an official notice of a public
• 62nd Constitutional Amendment Act, promotions in government jobs. 2003: Provided for the establishment of a 2009: Through this amendment in Art. 334 order, he shall call the member concerned transaction or matter of public importance.
1989: It increased the period of reservation • 80th Constitutional Amendment Act, separate National Commission for Scheduled the words ‘sixty years’ have been substituted who shall rise in his place and ask for leave Censure Motion is motion moved against
of seats provided to the Scheduled Castes 2000: Amended Art. 269 and substituted a Castes and Scheduled Tribes. by ‘seventy years’. to move the adjournment of the House. If the Government censuring its policy in
and Scheduled Tribes for another 10 years, new Article for Art. 270 and abolished Art. • 90th Constitutional Amendment Act, • 96th Constitutional Amendment Act, objection to leave being granted is taken, some direction or an individual Minister or
i.e. up to 2000 A.D. The reservation for 272A of the Constitution. 2003: It stated that the representation 2011: Substituted ‘Odia’ for ‘Oriya’. the Speaker shall request those members ministers of the Government.
Anglo-Indians through nomination in case • 81st Constitutional Amendment Act, of Scheduled Tribes and non-Scheduled • 98th Constitutional Amendment Act, who are in favour of leave being granted Chief whip is the Chief of the whips of different
of their inadequate representation was also 2000: Amended Art. 16 (1) of the Constitution Tribes in the Constitution of the Bodoland 2013: To empower the Governor of Karnataka to rise in their places and if not less than political parties in Parliament (generally the
extended up to 2000 A.D. and added a new clause (4B) after clause Territorial Area District shall be maintained. to take steps to develop the Hyderabad fifty members rise accordingly, the Speaker Minister of Parliamentary Affairs).
• 65th Constitutional Amendment Act, (4A) to Art. 16 (1) of the Constitution. It meant that the representation of the Karnataka Region. shall intimate that leave is granted, if Closure, is the Parliamentary Procedure by
1990 (w.e.f. 12.03.1992): A National The new clause (4B) ends the 50% ceiling above categories shall remain the same as • 100th Constitutional Amendment Act, not, he shall inform the House that the which debate is closed and the measure
Commission for Scheduled Castes and on reservation for Scheduled Caste and existed prior to the creation of Bodoland 2015: Exchange of certain enclave members have not to leave the House. under discussion brought up for an
Scheduled Tribes with wide powers was Scheduled Tribes and other Backward Territorial Area District. territories with Bangladesh and conferment Adjournment of House, in Lok Sabha the immediate vote.
provided to take care of the cause of SCs/STs. Classes in backlog vacancies. • 91st Constitutional Amendment Act, of citizenship rights to residents of Speaker determines when sitting of House Coalition, usually takes place in multi-party
• 66th Constitutional Amendment Act, • 82nd Constitutional Amendment Act, 2003: According to new clause (1A) the enclave consequent to signing of Land is to adjourn sine die or to a particular day system in which no single party is able to
1990: This amendment provided for the 2000: This amendment restored the total number of Ministers, including the Boundary Agreement Treaty between India or to an hour or part of same day while command support of a working majority.
inclusion of 55 new land reform acts passed relaxation in qualifying marks and standards Prime Minister in the Central Council of and Bangladesh. in Rajya Sabha it is the Chairman who Concurrent List, is list of subjects appended
by the States into the Ninth Schedule. of evaluation in both job reservation and Ministers or Chief Minister in the State • 101st Constitutional Amendment Act, determines. to a federal Constitution in respect of which
• 69th Constitutional Amendment Act, promotions to Scheduled Castes and Legislative Assemblies shall not exceed 15 2016: The One Hundred and twenty second Admonition is a judicial or ecclesiastic the federal Legislature and the State of
1991: Arts. 239 AA and 239 AB were Scheduled Tribes. per cent of the total members of the Lok Amendment Bill of the constitution of India, censure or reprimand. regional Legislatures have power to make
inserted in the Constitution to provide a • 85th Constitutional Amendment Act, Sabha in the Centre of Vidhan Sabha in officially known as the one hundred and Affirmation is a solemn declaration without laws, federal law prevailing in case of
National Capital Territory designation to 2001: It amended clause (4A) of Art. 16 the states. The new clause (1B) of Article 75 first amendment Act 2016, introduced oath. conflict.
278 General Knowledge 2020 Indian Polity and Constitution 279
Constituent Assembly is a legislative body Judicial review is the power of the court to between the same parties or their privies on Untouchability is a social disability historically
charged with task of framing or revising review statutes or administrative acts and the same questions by a legally constituted imposed on certain classes of people by
a Constitution, set up for India after determine their constitutionality. It is the court having jurisdiction is conclusive reason of their birth in certain castes.
it became independent in 1947 for the examination of federal and State legislature between the parties, and the issue cannot Vote on account is estimate of an advance
purpose of framing its Constitution. statutes and the acts of executive officials be raised again. payment to enable government departments
Contempt of court is a disobedience to or by the courts to determine their validity Rule of law is absolute supremely or
to carry on their work from beginning
disregard of the rules, orders, process, according to written Constitutions. predominance of regular law as opposed to
of financial year till the passing of
or dignity of a court, which has power to Legislature is the body of persons in a State the influence of arbitrary power’s equality
authorised to make, alter and repeal law. before the law or the equal subjection appropriation Act.
punish for such offence by committal.
It may consist of one or two Houses with of all classes to the ordinary law court; Vote of Credit: The Lok Sabha can grant vote
Delegated Legislation, the Parliament gives
the Executive the power to make rules similar or different powers. constitution is the result of the ordinary of credit of meet expenditure whose amount
and regulations regarding an act of the Locus standi means a place for standing, right law of the land. or details cannot be precisely stated on
Parliament. Such rules are called Delegated to be heard. Shadow cabinet is a body of opposition leaders account of magnitude or the indefinite
Legislation. Martial law is arbitrary in its decisions and is meeting from time to time and ready to character of service.
Doctrine of severability is a rule of inter- not built on any settled principles. take office. Walk out is a strike, an informal or unau-
pretation; it means that where some Minority is racial, religious or political groups State comprises people, territory, government thorised strike, an action of leaving a
particular provision of statute offends smaller than and differing from larger, through which its policies are implemented meeting or organisation as an expression
against a constitutional limitation, but that controlling group of which it is a party. and sovereignty having authority to make
of disapproval; continued absence from
provision is severable from the rest of the Motion, is a proposal made in the House of a final legal decisions and having physical
the meetings of an organisation as an
statute, only the offending provision will legislature to elicit its decision on a subject. power to enforce them.
Office of profit is an employment with fees Subordinate legislation is a making of expression of disapproval.
be declared void by the court and not the
and emoluments attached to it; where statutory instruments or orders by a body Zero hour is usually noisy interregnum
entire statute.
Double jeopardy is subjection of an accused pay or salary is attached to an office, it subordinate to the legislature in exercise of between the Question Hour and the
person to repeated trial for the same alleged immediately and indisputably makes the the power within specific limits conferred beginning of the rest of day’s business in
office and “office of profit”.
offence.
Due process of law is the law in conformity Petition, is a solemn, earnest supplication
by the legislature, also covers statutory
instruments themselves.
a legislature; members raise often without
notice various matters during this period.
IndIan Economy
with due process a concept adopted by or request to a superior or to a person or
))
the American Constitution; the process group in authority.
of law which hears before it condemns; Pith and substance is a doctrine relating to
judiciary can declare a law bad, if it is the interpretation of statutes, evolved by
not in accordance with due process even the Privy Council, to solve the problem of
though the legislation may be within the two competing legislatures.
competence of the legislature concerned. Preamble is an introduction, especially one
Electoral College is an intermediary to a constitutional statute, etc., stating its
body chosen by electors to choose the reason and purpose.
representatives in an indirect election. Proportional representation is a method
Electoral Roll: It is commonly known as of representation designed to secure the
voter’s list. It gives the names of all those election of candidates in proportion to
people, who are eligible to vote. the numerical strength of each section of
Equal protection, all individuals and classes political opinion thus accurately reflecting
will be equally subjected to the ordinary law the political feeling of the country in
administered by the law courts. Parliament.
Expulsion is the unseating of members of Question hour is the time fixed for asking and
offences committed against the House or answering oral questions in a sitting in a
for grave misdemeanours. legislature; it is fixed under the rules of the
Gazette, is the official newspaper of the House or standing orders.
government. Quorum is a minimum number required to be
Hung Parliament is a Parliament wherein no present at an assembly before it can validly
party has won a working majority. proceed to transact business.
Resjudicata is final judgement already decided
283 284 General Knowledge 2020 Indian Economy 285
• The agricultural output depends on mon- taking into accounts the recommendation of Dr. M.S. Swaminathan, which inter • India is the largest producer and consumer
soon as nearly 60% of area sown in is of the Commission for Agricultural Cost alia suggested an Agricultural Renewal of black tea in the world.
dependent on rainfall. and Prices (CACP). MSP is that price at Action Plan (ARAP). • India holds second position in the world for
• Land utilisation data is available for which government is ready to purchase the the production of sugar cane and sugar.
92.9% of total geographical area of 3,287.3 seCond green revolution • India is third in egg production.
crop from the farmers directly, if crop price • The call for Second Green Revolution
lakh hectares. falls below the MSP. • Agricultural production can be divided into
was given by the then Prime Minister
• Importance of agriculture in the national • For sugarcane instead of MSP “Fair and two parts–Food grains and Non-food grains,
Manmohan Singh at the 93rd Science in which the share of food grains is two-third
• Tertiary sector of Indian Economy is related economy is indicated by many facts,
Remunerative Price” is declared. Conference in 2006.
CharaCteristiCs of indian to business, transport, communication e.g., agriculture is the main support for and non-food grains is one-third.
• Kisan Credit Cards (KCCs) was introduced
eConomy and services. India’s transport systems, secure bulk evergreen revolution • The Tenth Plan was the first plan which did
in 1998-99 by NABARD.
• The contribution of public sector in the gross of their business from the movement of • Concept given by renowned agricultural not fix targets of crop production.
Main characteristics of Indian economy are: • Commission for Agricultural Costs and • Green Revolution did not cover barley, ragi
production is less than 20%. agricultural goods. Internal trade is mostly scientist Dr. M.S. Swaminathan.
i. Agrarian Economy: In an Agrarian Prices (CACPs) was set up in 1965 with the and minor-millets.
• The best indicator of economic development in agricultural products. • The cause of the evergreen revolution is
economy, agriculture dominance prevails • Agricultural growth has direct impact on name Agricultural Price Commission and • The Green Revolution was confined only to
of any country is per capita income. ‘Sustainability’.
in both the Gross National Product was renamed as CACP in 1985. High Yielding Varieties (HYV) mainly rice,
The following factors are important in poverty eradication. It is also an impor- • India is the largest milk producing country
(GNP) and employment.
economic development of a developing tant factor in containing inflation raising • The function of Agriculture Cost and in the world. wheat, maize and jowar.
ii. Mixed Economy: It is an economy, Price Commission (ACPC) is to decide • National Agriculture Insurance Scheme was
country: agricultural wages and employment • Speedy increase in the field of milk production
where both public and private sector the minimum support prices on behalf of
1. Natural resources, generation. is called White Revolution. implemented in Oct. 1999.
co-exist.
2. Capital gain, • Commercial crops are those crops which the government. • To increase the pace of White Revolution,
iii. Developing Economy: Following food seCurity in india
features show that Indian economy is 3. Skilled-labour force, are produced for trade purpose and not • For providing facilities relating to storage of Operation Flood was started.
4. Surplus sale of agriculture, for self-consumption by the farmers. It agriculture products, “National Co-operative • In milk production of the country the share • Food security implies access by all people at
a developing economy: all times to sufficient quantities of food to
(a) Low per capita income. 5. Justified social organisation, includes–oilseeds crops, sugar crops, fibre Development and Warehousing Board” was of buffalo, cow and goat is 50%, 46%,
6. Political freedom, crops, narcotic crops, beverage crops. established in 1957. Thereafter in States respectively. lead an active and healthy life.
(b) Occupational pattern is primary
producing. 7. Freedom from corruption, • Government announces Minimum Support also the State Warehousing Corporation • The Father of Operation Flood was Dr.
puBliC distriBution system (pds)
(c) Heavy population pressure. 8. Technological knowledge and general Prices (MSPs) for 25 agricultural crops were established. Verghese Kurien.
• PDS was envisaged in 1967 to act as a price
(d) Prevalence of chronic unemployment education. major Crops of india • The Operation Flood was the largest
support programme for the consumer during
and underemployment. integrated dairy development Programme of
the periods of food shortage of the 1960s.
(e) Steadily improving rate of capital agriCulture and land types of Crops meaning major Crops the world. It was started by National Dairy
Development Board in 1970. • PDS is the largest distribution network of its
formation. development Foodgrains Crops that are used for Rice, Wheat, Maize, Millets, Pulses kind in the world.
(f) Low capital per head. human consumption and oil seeds • India is the fourth largest producer of
(g) Unequal distribution of wealth/ • Agriculture is the mainstay of the Indian natural rubber.
Commercial Crops Crops which are grown for Cotton, Jute, Sugarcane, Tobacco targeted puBliC distriBution
assets. Economy. • India is the second largest consumer of
sale either in raw form or in and oil seeds system (tpds)
natural rubber. Kerala accounts for 9/10th
Broad seCtors of indian eConomy importanCe of agriCulture semi processed form Following the criticism of PDS, the gover-
of total rubber production in India.
• Primary Sector: Agriculture forestry, fishing. • Contribution to GDP(About one-fifth) Plantation Crops Crops which are grown on Tea, Coffee, Coconut and Rubber • The increase in oil seeds production was due
nment in June 1997, replaced the PDS with
• Secondary Sector: Mining, manufacturing, • Contribution to Employment: Agriculture to “Yellow Revolution”. TPDS. The system envisaged issuing special
plantations covering large
electricity gas and water supply, construction. provides livelihood to more than half of the • The progress in increase of fish production cards to BPL families and selling food grains
estates
• Tertiary Sector: (also called service sector) population (about 60 percent). was called “Blue Revolution”. to them at subsidised prices.
• Contribution to Trade Horticulture Sections of agriculture in Fruits and vegetables • National Co-operative Development Cor-
Business, transport, telecommunication, • Assam is the biggest tea producer in the
banking, insurance, real estate, community • It is also an important source of raw material which fruits and vegetables poration (NCDC) was set up in 1963.
country.
and personnel services. for a vast segment of industry. are grown
• India ranks sixth in world coffee prod-
agriCulture insuranCe Company
green revolution and rice, change in cropping pattern in uction and contributes only 4% of world
important faCts related to agriCulture and five year plans of india limited (aiC)
• It was launched in the year 1966 and was favour of wheat, and increase in employ- coffee production.
CharaCteristiCs of indian eConomy • The highest outlay on agriculture was during • AIC was incorporated under the Companies
the brainchild of Norman Borlaug, though ment opportunities. • Cuba is known as the Sugar Bowl of the world.
• Primary sector of Indian Economy is agri- the First Plan, it was 31%.
• The Green Revolution demanded high- • India holds first position in the world in the
Act, 1956 on 20 December 2002 as
in India, it was made successful by Dr. M.S.
culture and the related sectors. • Agriculture and allied sectors contribute a specialised insurer with the capital
Swaminathan. The term ‘Green Revolution’ yielding seeds, increasing irrigation pes- production of sugar cane and sugar.
• Secondary sector of Indian Economy is nearly 18% of national income (GNI of
ticides in fertilizer. • India consumes coffee comprising both
participation from GIC, four public
was coined by Dr. William Gide.
related to industry, manufacturing, electricity, India), while about 60% of the population is sector General Insurance Companies and
• The achievements of Green Revolution were • A National Commission on Farmers was Arabica (32%) and Robustra (68%) coffee.
etc. dependent on agriculture for their livelihood. NABARD.
rise in cereal production especially wheat appointed in 2004, under the Chairmanship
286 General Knowledge 2020 Indian Economy 287 288 General Knowledge 2020
food proCessing industry • Land Development Bank was established in national inCome aggregates 4. Personal Income (PI): It is that income, • National Income Committee: In 1949, seCond five-year plan (1956-61)
• India is the third largest producer of food in the year 1919 in the form of Land Mortgage 1. Gross Domestic Product (GDP): It which is actually obtained by the National Income Committee under the Chair- • This plan was based on the P.C.
the world after China and the US. Bank. is the total money value of all final individual or nationals. manship of Professor P.C. Mahalanobis Mahalanobis Model.
• Food processing industry is the fifth largest • National Bank for Agriculture and Rural goods and services produced within the 5. Personal Disposable Income (PDI): was constituted. • In this plan, industries and minerals were
industry in India in terms of production, Development (NABARD) is the apex geographical boundaries of the country When personal direct taxes are subtracted • National Statistical Commission (NSO) was on top priority and 20.1% of total outlay was
consumption, exports and expected growth. during a given period of time. from personal income, the obtained value get up on 1 June 2005. allocated for this sector.
institution of Rural Credit. It was established
GDP = C + G + I is called personal disposable income. • This plan was also successful and it achieved
mega food park sCheme on 12 July 1982 by the merger of Agriculture 6. National Income (NI): When NNP Cso and nsso
Credit Department and reconstruction of  C = Consumption expenditure 4.1% rate of growth.
• The Tenth Plan Scheme of Food Parks was is calculated at factor cost (FC) it is • In 1949, Central Statistical Organisation • Various important large industries like Steel
Agriculture and Development Corporation of G = Government expenditure called National Income. The measure
renamed as the Mega Food Park Scheme (CSO) was constituted to publish national Plant at Durgapur, Bhilai and Rourkela were
(MFPS) in 2008. the Reserve Bank of India. Its establishment I = Investment expenditure is calculated by deducting indirect income data. established during this plan.
is based on the recommendations of gdp at market price (gdp) taxes and adding subsidies in NNP at • The CSO released the new series of national
land reforms programmes Market Price (MP).
Shivraman Committee. • It refers to the total value of all the goods and accounts with base year 2011-2012 instead third five-year plan (1961-66)
in india inClude In India, Wholesale Price Index (WPI)
• Food stocks are maintained by the Central services at market price produced during of the base year 2004-05. • This plan is also called “Gadgil Yojana.”
• Elimination of intermediaries. is the weighted average of price of 676
Government for three purposes: a year within the geographical boundaries • NSSO (National Sample Survey Organisation) • This plan could not achieve its aim of
• Tenancy reforms. items with the base year 2011-12. 5.6% growth rate.
i. Maintaining prescribed buffer stock of the country. was set up in 1950.
• Determination of ceiling of holdings per family. • The main reason of failure of this plan was
norms for food security, • Market price refers to the actual
• Distribution of surplus land among landless methods of measuring national
eConomiC planning Indo-China war, Indo-Pakistan war and
ii. Monthly supply through Public Dis- transacted price and G.S.T. etc. It excludes
people. inCome unprecedented drought.
Government subsidies.
• Consolidation of holdings (Chakbandi). tribution System (PDS), 1. product method • The concept of Economic Planning in India,
• The following measures were made effective iii. Market intervention to stabilise open gdp at factor Cost (gdpfc) In this mehod, net value of final goods and is derived from Russia (the then USSR). plan holiday (from 1966-67 to
for the betterment of farmers: market prices. • GDP can be calculated at factor cost. services produced in a country during a • ‘Planning’ in India derives its objectives and 1968-69)
i. Regulation of tax. • Major crops of India: This measure more accurately reveals year is obtained, which is called total final social premises from the Directive Principles • The main reason of Plan holiday was
ii. Security for the rights of farmers. (a) Kharif Crops: Sown in July and the income paid to factors of production. product. This represents Gross Domestic of State Policy enshrined in the Constitution. Indo-Pakistan war, lack of resources and
iii. Right of land ownership for the farmers. The factor cost means the total cost of all Product. Net income earned in foreign • In the year 1934, the proposal relating to increase in price-level. Three Annual
harvested in October. They include rice,
• Land ceiling determines the maximum land factors of production consumed or used in boundries by nationals is added and economic planning came for the first time in Plans were enacted.
jowar, bajra, maize, cotton, sugarcane,
which can be held by a farmer. producing a good or service. The difference depreciation is subtracted from G.D.P. the book of Vishveshwaraiya titled Planned
soyabean and groundnut. fourth five-year plan (1969-74)
• Chakbandi of land means to aggregate the between market price and cost price is of 2. income method Economy for India. Thereafter in 1938, the
(b) Rabi Crops: Sown in October and In this method a total of net income earned • The two main objectives of this plan were
divided and broken land. the indirect taxes. All India Congress Committee demanded ‘growth with stability’ and ‘progressive
harvested in March/April. They include by working people in different sectors and
• The land having area less than 1 hectare, is for the same. In 1944, efforts were made by achievement of self-reliance’.
wheat, barley, gram, tuar, rapeseed and nominal gdp and real gdp commerical enterprises is obtained. Incomes
called marginal land holding, 1 to 4 hectare eight industrialists under “Bombay Plan”. • In this plan, ‘Establishment of socialist
mustard. Nominal GDP is evaluated at current market of both cafegories of people paying taxes
is called small land holding and the land • National Planning Committee was set-up order’ was specially aimed.
(c) Zayad Crops: Sown during March prices. Therefore, nominal GDP will include and not paying taxes are added to obtain • ‘Growth with justice’ and ‘Garibi Hatao’
within area more than 4 hectare, is called under the Chairmanship of Jawaharlal
to June. It includes watermelons, all of the change in market prices that have national income. (removal of poverty) were the main
large land holding. Nehru in 1938.
vegetables, moong, etc. occurred during the current year due to 3. Consumption method objectives of this plan.
• Chakbandi was implemented first time in • Thereafter, in the same year, ‘Gandhian
inflation or deflation. Real GDP is better It is also called expenditure method. Income • This plan failed to achieve its aim.
India in the year 1920 in Baroda. Plan’ by Mr. Mannarayan, in April 1944 the
national inCome measurement of GDP. Since it reflects the is either spent on consumption or saved.
• The most positive effect of Green Revolution increase in quantity of goods and services by ‘People’s Plan’ by labour leader M.N. Roy and
was on wheat. There was 500% increase in Hence, national income is the addition of fifth five-year plan (1974-79)
• Comparison between National Income and adjusting for any increase in prices. Real GDP total consumption and total savings. in January 30, 1950 the ‘Sarvodaya Plan’ by • The Fifth Plan draft as originally drawn
crop production. is generally measured by using base year prices Mr. Jai Prakash Narayan were presented.
National Wealth: The national wealth is the • In India, a combination of production up was part of a long-term Perspective
• Organised sources of agriculture finance of goods and services. • The Planning Commission was constituted
measurement of present assets available on method and income method is used for Plan covering a period of 10 years from
are co-operative committees, co-operative 2. Gross National Product (GNP): GNP in India in 1950 as a non-constitutional and
a given time, while the national income is estimating national income. 1974-75 to 1985-86.
banks, commercial banks, regional rural refers to the money value of total advisory corporation.
banks, the government, etc. the measurement of the production power • The two main objectives of this plan were
output of production of final goods and estimates of national inCome poverty eradication and attainment of
• Co-operative Credit Organisation started of economic system in a given time period. first five-year plan (1951-56)
services produced by the nationals of a in india self-reliance.
first time in 1904. • The figures of National income are based • First Five-year Plan was based on the
country during a given period of time, • In 1868, the first attempt was made by • Top priority was given to agriculture, next
• Primary Co-operative Committees provide on the financial year (i.e. from 1 April to generally a year. Dadabhai Naoroji in his book ‘Poverty and ‘Herrod-Domar Model’.
31 March). came industry and mines.
credit for short period. 3. Net National Product (NNP): NNP is Un-British Rule in India’. • Agriculture was on top priority in this plan.
• State Co-operative Agriculture and Rural • The base of one year is taken for calculating • This plan, which was started by the then ruling
obtained by subtracting depreciation • The first scientific attempt to measure • This plan was successful and achieved
Development Banks provide credit for long Janata Government was later terminated
national income, as all the seasons come in value (i.e. capital stock consumption) national income in India was made by the growth rate of 3.6%, which was more
period. in the year 1978.
a year. from GNP. Professor V.K.R.V. Rao in 1931-32. than its aim.
Indian Economy 289 290 General Knowledge 2020 Indian Economy 291
rolling plan (1978-80) • During this period, Pradhanmantri Rozgar • Every state must attain higher growth rate types of planning 3. Financial Planning • Ensure that India is an active player in the
• The rolling plan started with an annual plan Yojana (PMRY) was started in the year 1993. than the rate achieved during 11th plan. • It is a technique of planning, in which debates and deliberations on the global
for 1978-79 and as a continuation of the • Poverty and employment imperative planning resources are allocated in terms of money. commons.
terminated Fifth Plan.
ninth five-year plan • Poverty rate to be reduced by 10% than the • Ensure that the economically vibrant
In this type of planning, the Central Planning 4. Physical Planning
(1997 ad-2002 ad) rate at the end of 11th plan. middle-class remains engaged, and its
authority decides upon every aspect of • It refers to the allocation of resources in
sixth five-year plan (1980-85) • The Planning Commission released the draft • 5 crore new work opportunities and skill potential is fully realised.
the economy, and the targets set, and the terms of men, material and machinery.
• The Janata Government originally introduced Ninth Plan document on March 1, 1998. The certifications in non-farm sector. • Leverage India’s pool of entrepreneurial,
focus of the plan is “Growth with Social processes delineated to achieve them are to 5. Perspective Planning
this plan for the period 1978-83, but scientific and intellectual human capital.
later a new Sixth Plan replaced it, for the justice and Equity”. eduCation be strictly followed. This type of planning is • It refers to long-term planning in which long-
• Incorporate the significant geo-economic
period 1980-85. • The recession in international economy was • Mean years of schooling to increase to 7 years. mainly practised in the socialist economies. range targets are set in advance for a period
• 20 lakh seats for each age bracket in higher and geo-political strength of the Non-
• The basic objective of the Sixth Plan was held responsible for the failure of Ninth Plan. of 15, 20 or 25 years. Sixth Plan (1978-83)
education. indiCative planning resident Indian Community.
removal of poverty. by Janata Government was such plan.
tenth five-year plan (2002-07) • End gender gap and social gap in school In this type of planning, the State sets broad • Use urbanisation as an opportunity to create
• The target growth rate, in this plan, was fixed parameters and goals for the economy. It was a wholesome and secure habitat through the
• Though the 10th Plan could not achieve its enrollment. niti aayog
at 5.2% and it achieved successfully 5.7% adopted in our country since the 8th Five- use of modern technology.
target of 8% growth of GDP, yet has taken
of annual rate of growth. health year Plan, as practised in many developed • NITI Aayog or National Institution for • Use technology to reduce opacity and poten-
the economy to a higher trajectory of growth
• In this plan, important programmes like • Reduce: IMR to 25; MMR to 1. Increase Child countries. Transforming India Aayog is the replacement tial for misadventures in governance.
rate at 7.6% as against 5.5% in the 9th Plan. of Planning Commission of India.
Integrated Rural Development Programme Sex Ratio to 950.
(IRDP), Minimum Needs Programme (MNP) • Reduce Total Fertility Rate to 2.1. perspeCtive planning • National Institution for Transforming India oBjeCtives
eleventh five-year plan (2007-12)
were started. • Reduce undernutrition of children in age It’s type of planning for a long period of time, (NITI) Aayog has been created in accordance • To foster cooperative federalism through
• Emphasis on social sector and delivery of
group 0-3 to half of NFHS-3 levels. usually 15-20 years. to the announcement made by the Prime structured support initiatives and mecha-
seventh five-year plan (1985-90) service therein.
Minister, Narendra Modi on 15 August, 2014. nisms with the States on a continuous
• Main aim of the plan was to increase • Reduction of gender inequality. infrastruCture rolling plan basis, recognising that strong States make
production in all sectors and to generate • Rapid and inclusive growth. • Investment in infrastructure at 9% of GDP. Composition of niti aayog
Under the scheme of rolling plans, there a strong nation.
opportunities for employment. • Environment sustainability. • Gross Irrigated Area: 103 million hectare • Chairperson: Prime Minister.
are three different steps: First, a plan for • To develop mechanisms to formulate credible
• In this plan, for the first time private sector • Increase agriculture growth to 4%. (from 90 million hectare). • Vice Chairperson: Rajiv Kumar.
the current year which includes the annual plans at the village level and aggregate these
was given priority in comparison to public • Electricity to all villages; Reduce AT&C • Governing Council: CM’s (States) and
twelfth five-year plan (2012-2017) budget; Second, a plan for a fixed number progressively at higher levels of government.
sector. losses by 20%. Lieutenant Governors (Union Territories)
of years, say three, four or five. It is revised • To ensure, on areas that are specifically
• In this plan, employment generating Vision of 12th Five-year Plan (2012-17) • Connect Villages with All Weather Roads. • Regional Councils: Formed on need-
every year as per the requirements of the referred to it, that the interests of national
programmes like Jawahar Rozgar Yojana • Twelfth Five Year Plan focusses on Growth. • National and State highways to a minimum basis, incorporates CMs and Lieutenant
economy. Third, a perspective plan for 10, security are incorporated in economic
Growth which is: of 2-lane standard. Governors of the region.
were started. 15 or 20 years. strategy and policy.
1. Faster • Complete Eastern and Western Dedicated • Members: Economist Bibek Debroy and
Freight Corridors. • To pay special attention to the sections of our
annual plans 2. Inclusive Core plan Former DRDO Chief V.K. Saraswat. society that may be at risk of not benefitting
The new government, which assumed power 3. Sustainable • Rural Tele-Density to 70%. • Part-time Members: Maximum 2, Rotational,
As per this concept, the Planning Commission adequately from economic progress.
• 40 litres per capita per day drinking water
at the Centre in June 1991, decided that the • The 12th Five-Year Plan of the Government asks the States to submit their projected from relevant institutions. • To design strategic and long-term policy and
to 50% of rural population; Nirmal Gram
Eighth Five-year Plan would commence on of India has decided for the growth rate at revenue estimates. On the basis of these • Ex-officio Members: Rajnath Singh, programme frameworks and initiatives, and
Status to 50% of all Gram Panchayats.
April 1, 1992 and that 1990-91 and 1991-92 8.2% but the National Development Council estimates, Planning Commission determines Arun Jaitley, Suresh Prabhu and Radha monitor their progress and their efficacy.
should be treated as separate Annual Plans. (NDC) on 27 December, 2012 approved 8% environment and sustainaBility the expenditure heads for State Annual Mohan Singh. The lessons learnt through monitoring and
growth rate for 12th five-year plan. • Increase green cover by 1 million hectares Plans. This helps in keeping the plan target • Special Invitees: Experts, specialists, feedback will be used for making innovative
eighth five-year plan • The final growth target has been set at every year. to realistic limits and prevents diversion of practitioners with domain knowledge. improvements, including necessary mid-
(1992 ad-1997 ad) 8% by the endorsement of plan at the • 30,000 MW renewable energy during funds from the priority items to the non- • CEO: Mr. Amitabh Kant course corrections.
• In this plan, the utmost priority was given National Development Council meeting Five-year Period. plan account. The concept of ‘Core Plan’ has • Secretariat: If necessary. • To provide advice and encourage partner-
to “Development of Human Resources”, i.e. held in New Delhi. • Emission intensity of GDP to be reduced to emerged recently.
funCtions ships between key stakeholders and national
employment education and public health. • The government intends to reduce poverty by 20-25% of 2005 levels by 2020. 1. Planning by Direction and international like-minded Think Tanks,
In addition to this, the important aim made 10 per cent during the 12th Five-year Plan. • It is an integral part of a socialist society and • An administration paradigm in which the
as well as educational and policy research
in this plan was to strengthen the basic serviCe delivery entails absence of laissez faire. Government is an ‘enabler’ rather than a
• Banking services to 90% of Indian households. institutions.
infrastructure by the end of the decade. eConomiC growth ‘provider of the first and last resort’.
2. Planning by Inducement
• This plan was successful and got 6.8% • Real GDP growth at 8%. • Subsidies and welfare-related payment to be • Progress from ‘food security’ to focus on a mix national development CounCil
• It is a democratic planning and planning is
annual rate of growth, which was more than • Agriculture growth at 4%. routed through Aadhar-based Direct Cash of agricultural production, as well as actual • National Development Council was con-
through manipulating the market.
its target of 5.6%. • Manufacturing growth at 10%. Transfer Scheme. returns that farmers get from their produce. stituted on 6 August 1952.
• The Prime Minister is the ex-officio Chairman economic growth economic development advocating his Vision 2020, and, to eradicate Structural Unemployment within seven days of the week during
and the Secretary of Planning Commission poverty from India, he has been emphasising • This type of unemployment is associated Bharat Nirman Yojana which work was done.
A country may Economic development The Union Government launched a new
is the ex-officio Secretary of this council. the adoption of PURA (Providing Urban with economic structure of the country, i.e. 2. Work should be provided within 15 days
grow but it may includes the nation of comprehensive scheme, named ‘Bharat
• Chief Ministers of all the states and the not develop. economic growth. Amenities in Rural Areas); however, it productive capacity is inadequate to create of demanding it, and the work should be
members of Planning Commission are the Nirman Yojana’ on December 16, 2005.
was Mahatma Gandhi who underlined the a sufficient number of jobs. located within five kilometer distance.
members of National Development Council The six major sectors and their targets for
models of eConomiC development exploitation of rural society by its urban i. Seasonal unemployment: This occurs next four years are: 3. If work is not provided to anybody within
(NDC) is an extra-constitutional body. counterpart. at a certain period of the time when the given time, he/she will be paid a daily
Nehru-Mahalanobis Model • Irrigation
Functions • Nehru-Mahalanobis model of development • The objective of PURA is to propel economic workload is comparatively less, and, • Roads unemployment allowance, which will be
(a) It aims to make co-operative environment emerged as the driving force of the strategy development without population transfers. hence, people are rendered jobless. It • Housing at least one-third of the minimum wages.
for economic planning between States of development adopted at the time of • The PURA model, however, attempts also means the unemployment of the • Water supply 4. Workers employed on public works will
and the Planning Commission. reconciliation between employment and GDP farmers and farm labourers during non- • Electrification be entitled to medical treatment and
formulations of the Second Five-year Plan
(b) It evaluates the management of plans growth objectives. • Rural hospitalization in case of injury at work,
and has continued right up to the eighties. crop seasons.
from time to time. Communication
• Growth with social justice was the goal of ii. Educated unemployment: This is along with a daily allowance of not less
(c) It analyses the policies affecting develop- unemployment than half of the statutory minimum
Nehru-Mahalanobis model. mainly found in urban areas. Those mahatma gandhi national rural
ment.
• In the Nehru-Mahalanobis model, the State • Unemployment can be defined as a situation educated persons who are unable to get wage. In case of death or disability of a
(d) It gives suggestions to achieve the fixed employment guarantee aCt
controlled the commanding heights of the when persons able and willing to work are work come under this category. worker, an ex-gratia payment shall be
aim in the plans. (mnrega)
economy through the public sector. iii. Underemployment (Disguised unem- made to his legal heirs as per provision
(e) It gives final approval to the Five Year seeking jobs at the prevailing wage level but • The National Rural Employment Guarantee
Plans. The Gandhian Model of Growth they are unable to get the same. ployment): It results when a person of the Workmen Compensation Act.
Bill was passed by Parliament on September
• ‘Gandhian Plan’ was brought out by Acharya • In India, unemployment is structural in contributes to production less than 5. 5% of wages may be deducted as
7, 2005. It secured Presidential assent later
eConomiC growth S.N. Agarwala in 1944 and was re-affirmed nature due to lack of productive capacity and what he or she is capable of. contribution to welfare schemes.
in 2005 itself and became an Act.
• Economic growth has been defined as “an in 1948, formed the basis of Gandhian resources. iv. Compulsory unemployment: It means 6. The District Collector/Chief Executive
increase in real terms of the output of • The Act provides for at least 100 days of
model of growth. • In India, a person working eight hours a the labour power which is ready to work employment to one able bodied person in Officer will be responsible for the
goods and services that is sustained over • The basic objective of this model is to raise day for 273 days of the year is regarded as programme at the district level.
on the current rate but does not get the every rural household every year.
a long period of time, measured in terms the material as well as the cultural level of employed on a standard person year basis. 7. The Gram Sabha will monitor the
work. Employment to be given within 15 days
of value added. Economic growth is a the Indian masses so as to provide a basic • Bhagawati Committee on unemployment • The Planning Commission collects data of of application for work.
work of the Gram Panchayat by way
dynamic concept and refers to continuous standard of life. of social audit.
estimates (1973), set up by the Planning unemployment on the basis of ‘Lakadawala
increase in output. If employment is not provided within 15
• The Gandhian model’s primary aim is the Commission, gave three estimates of Formula’ effective from 11 March 1997 and
attainment of maximum self-sufficiency in days, daily unemployment allowance in
growth and development unemployment. prior to this the process to collect data was some important development
• The term economic growth refers over village communities. cash has to be paid.
types of unemployment
on the basis of surveys of National Sample
At least one-third beneficiaries have to and employment programmes
time in country’s real output of goods and LPG Model of Development Survey Organisation (NASO).
services i.e. product per capita, the term be women.
• The LPG Model of Development was Cyclical Unemployment • In India, the data relating to unemployment jawahar rozgar yojana
economic development in contrast is more introduced in 1991 by the then Finance • It is the result of depression in an economy. PRIs have a principal role in planning and
are collected by National Sample Survey • During the Seventh Five-year Plan, a
comprehensive. It implies progressive Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh. implementation.
Frictional Unemployment Organisation (NASO). This Organisation scheme called ‘Jawahar Rozgar Yojana’
changes in the socio-economic structure. • LPG Model of Development emphasises a • The wages admissible are around ` 120 per
• This kind of unemployment is temporary. has the following concepts with regard was introduced from April 1989 to solve
difference between economic growth bigger role for the private sector. day.
It is the result of a situation when new to unemployment:
and development • It envisages a much larger quantum of • The Act (NREGA) came into force from the problem of unemployment in the rural
industries drive out old ones and workers 1. General status of unemployment: In this sector. The former ongoing two main rural
foreign direct investment to supplement our Feb. 2, 2006.
economic growth economic development change over to better jobs. category, generally, those unemployed employment programmes National Rural
growth process.
It indicates It indicates qualitative • It aims at a strategy of export led growth as Open Unemployment
for more than one year are included.
2. Weekly-unemployment: The persons
))
Note: The Govt. of India, October 2, 2009 Employment Programme (NREP) and
quantitative improvement in the renamed the NREGA as the Mahatma Rural Landless Employment Guarantee
against import substitution practised earlier. • It refers to those who have no work to do even
improvement in the economic progress of who have not got work for even one hour Gandhi National Rural Employment Programme (RLEGP) were merged with
PURA Model of Development though they are able and willing to do work.
economic progress country. in a week are included in this category. Guarantee Act (MNREGA). Jawahar Rozgar Yojana.
of a country. • The Union Cabinet on 20 January, 2004 Classical Unemployment 3. Daily unemployment: It is considered • The total expenditure on Jawahar Rozgar
It shows growth in It shows not only a accorded in principle approval for the • It is a component of overall unemployment the best concept of unemployment. Yojana was shared by the Centre and the
execution of PURA within the gross employment guarantee aCt, 2005
national income and sustained increase caused by too high wage expectation. • The main reasons for unemployment in State Government in the ratio of 80:20.
per capita income in national and per budgetary support for bridging the rural- The main features of the Act are:
Chronic Unemployment India are slow economic development, • A sub-plan of Jawahar Rozgar Yojana–‘Indira
over time. capita income but also urban divide and achieving balanced socio- 1. Every household in rural India will have
• When unemployment tends to be a long- population explosion outdated technique, a right to at least 100 days of guaranteed Awas Yojana’ was made an independent
qualitative changes which economic development.
term feature of a country, it is called chronic improper education system and limited effect scheme in itself on January 1, 1996.
leads to higher standard • Though Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam, ever since employment every year for at least one
of living. unemployment. of government planning. adult member. The wages shall be paid
he became the President of India has been
the employment assuranCe jawaharlal nehru national urBan • Council for Advancement of Peoples Action integrated Child development date of
sCheme (eas) renewal mission (jnnurm launChed and Rural Technology (CAPART) is an sCheme (iCds, launChed in 1975) scheme ministry launch sector provisions
It was introduced on October 2, 1993, in on 3rd deCemBer, 2005) independent section of the Rural Development • The Integrated Child Development Services Deen Dayal MoP 2015 Rural Power It is a Government of India program
Upadhyaya Gram Supply aimed at providing 24x7 uninterrupted
selective rural areas. The aim of this scheme • (JNNURM) is to encourage reforms and Department of the Government of India, (ICDs) Scheme aims at enhancing the
Jyoti Yojana power supply to all homes in Rural
is to provide work in the form of unskilled fast track-planned development of which was established on September 1986. health, nutrition and learning opportunities
India.
physical labour to all the employment identified cities. • The Nehru Rozgar Yojana began on October of infants, young children (0-6 years) and Digital India MoC&IT July 1, 2015 Digitally Aims to ensure that government
seeking men and women (of ages between 1989 which was revved in March 1990. their mother. Programme Empowered services are available to citizens
health-oriented programmes Under this Yojana, following schemes Nation electronically and people get benefited
18 years to 60 years) in rural area. Since mid-day meal (mdm, launChed in
• National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) were included: (i) Scheme of Urban Micro from the latest information and
January 1, 1996, the Integrated Jawahar 1995) communication technology.
(set up in 12 April 2005). Enterprises–SUME; (ii) Scheme of Urban
Rozgar Yojana (IJRY) has been merged with
• Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY) a core • Under the scheme, hot cooked meal of a Gramin Bhandaran MoA March 31, Agriculture Creation of scientific storage capacity
Employment Assurance Scheme (EAS). Wage Employment–SUWE; (iii) Scheme of minimum 300 calories and 8-12 gms of Yojana 2007 with allied facilities in rural areas
component of NRHM (set up in April 2005). Housing and Shelter Upgradation–SHASU. protein are being provided to children to meet the requirements of farmers
the integrated rural development • Pradhanmantri Swasthya Suraksha • The Prime Minister’s Rozgar Yojana (PMRY) for storing farm produce, processed
Yojana (PMSSY) (set up in 2010). studying in primary schools/Education
programme (irdp) was started on October 2, 1993 for the farm produce and agricultural inputs.
Guarantee Scheme (EGS)/Alternative and
Improve their marketability through
It was started on. This programme was swarn jayanti shahari rozgar educated unemployed youth and initially Innovative Education (AIE) centres. promotion of grading, standardization
launched in the whole country on October 2, yojana it was in operation in the urban areas. and quality control of agricultural
1980. The basic aim of IRDP was to provide Since April 1, 1994, it was extended to the national rural drinking water
• The Urban Self-employment Programme programme (nrdwp, launChed in
produce.
assistance to rural poor families living below and Urban Wage-employment Programmes whole country. Pradhanmantri MoRD 1985 Housing, Rural Provides financial assistance to rural
the poverty line. 2009) Gramin Awaas Yojna poor for constructing their houses
of the Swaran Jayanti Shahari Yojana,
• Development of Women and Children in sarva shiksha aBhiyan • This programme’s instrument is Accelerated themselves.
which substituted (in December 1997) Indira Gandhi MoWCD 2010 Mother Care A cash incentive of ` 4000 to women (19
Rural Areas (DWCRA) and Training Rural (ssa; launChed in 2001) Rural Water Supply Programme (ARWSP)
various programmes operated earlier for Matritva Sahyog years and above) for the first two live
Youth for Self-Employment (TRYSEM) • The main objective of this programme was under implementation since 1972-93.
poverty alleviation. • The ARWSP has been modified as National
Yojana births.
were the sub-plans of Integrated Rural to provide educational facility to all children
• SJSRY is funded on 75:25 basis between the Rural Drinking Water Programme (NRDWP)
Integrated Child MoWCD October 2, Child Tackle malnutrition and health
Development Programme (IRDP). of 6-14 age-group in the state, to complete Development Services 1975 Development problems in children below 6 years of
Centre and the States. in 2009-10.
• The objective of TRYSEM was to provide the primary education by 2007 and upper age and their mothers.
primary education by 2010 of all enrolled Integrated Rural MoRD 1978 Rural Self-employment program to raise the
training to those rural youth (ages 18-35 swarna jayanti gram total sanitation programme (tsp) Development Development income-generation capacity of target
years) who belong to the families living swarozgar yojana (sgsy) children and to ensure universal stay of all • TSP was started in the state in the year 2000. Programme groups among the poor and the scheme
below the poverty line. This programme was The government has introduced Swarna children up to the year 2010. has been merged with another scheme
started on August 15, 1979. Development Jayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana on April 1, national soCial assistanCe named Swarnajayanti Gram Swarozgar
of Women and Children in Rural Area national rural health mission programme (nsap) Yojana (SGSY) since 01.04.1999.
1999 and the previous six ongoing schemes
Programme (DWCRA) was started in (nrhm, launChed in 2005) • The National Social Assistance Programme Janani Suraksha MoHFW 2005 Mother Care One-time cash incentive to pregnant
have been merged with this scheme, they • The National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) Yojana women for institutional/home-births
September 1982. (NSAP) envisages the pension schemes,
are– aims to provide accessible, affordable and through skilled assistance.
National Family Benefit Scheme and
indira awas yojana 1. IRDP accountable quality health services to the Jawaharlal Nehru MoUD December 3, Urban A programme meant to improve the
scholarship to up to two children of BPL families National Urban 2005 Development quality of life and infrastructure in
(iay, launChed in 1985) 2. TRYSEM rural poor. studying in classes 9th to 12th. Renewal Mission the cities. To be replaced by Atal
• IAY addresses housing shortage as an 3. DWCRA (JNNURM) Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban
important component of poverty alleviation 4. MWS list of government schemes Transformation.
in rural India. 5. SITRA date of Kasturba Gandhi MoHRD July 2004 Education Educational facilities (residential
• The cost is shared by the Centre and State 6. Ganga Kalyan Yojana. The scheme is scheme ministry launch sector provisions Balika Vidyalaya schools) for girls belonging to SC,
Atal Pension Yojana MoF May 9, 2015 Pension Social Sector Scheme pertaining to ST, OBC, minority communities and
in the ratio of 75:25. funded on 75:25 basis by the Centre families below the poverty line (BPL) in
Pension Sector.
and States. Bachat Lamp Yojna MoP 2009 Electrification Reduce the cost of compact fluorescent educationally backward blocks.
rajiv gandhi gramin vidyutikaran INSPIRE Programme Depart- Scholarships for top science students,
lamps.
yojana (rggvy launChed in 2005) rural landless employment ment of Fellowships for pursuing PhD,
Central Government MoHFW 1954 Health Comprehensive medical care facilities
• Aims at providing electricity in all villages guarantee programme (rlegp) Health Scheme to Central Government employees and Science and Research Grants to researchers.
and habitations and access to electricity to RLEGP began on August 15, 1993 and their family members. Technology
(India)
all rural households. National Rural Employment Programme Deendayal Disabled MoSJE 2003 Social Justice Create an enabling environment to
Kishore Vaigyanik MoST 1999 Scholarship program to encourage
• Connections to BPL families are given free (NREP) on October 2, 1980. During Seventh Rehabilitation Scheme ensure equal opportunities, equity,
Protsahan Yojana students to take up research careers in
social justice and empowerment of
of cost. 90% cost of the scheme is released Five-year Plan, these programmes were persons with disabilities. the areas of basic sciences, engineering
as grant, where 10% as loan. merged with Jawahar Rozgar Yojana. and medicine.
date of
date of date of scheme ministry launch sector provisions
scheme ministry launch sector provisions scheme ministry launch sector provisions
Swabhiman MoF February 15, Financial To make banking facility available to
Livestock Insurance MoA Education Insurance to cattle and attaining Pradhan Mantri Jan MoF August 28, Financial National Mission for Financial Inclusion
2011 Inclusion all citizens and to get 5 crore accounts
Scheme (India) qualitative improvement in livestock Dhan Yojana 2014 Inclusion to ensure access to financial services,
opened by March 2012. Replaced by
and their products. namely Banking Savings and Deposit
Pradhan Mantri Jan. Dhan Yojana.
Mahatma Gandhi MoRD February 6, Rural Wage Legal guarantee for one hundred days Accounts, Remittance, Credit, Insurance,
National Rural 2006 Employment of employment in every financial year to Pension in an affordable manner. Swarnajayanti Gram MoRD April 1, 1999 Rural Bring the assisted poor families above
Employment adult members of any rural household Pradhan Mantri Gram MoRD December Rural Good all-weather road connectivity to Swarozgar Yojana Employment the poverty line by organising them
Guarantee Act willing to do public work-related Sadak Yojana 25, 2000 Development unconnected villages. into Self-Help Groups (SHGs) through
unskilled manual work at the statutory Rajiv Awas Yojana MhUPA 2013 Urban Housing It envisages a ‘Slum-free India’ with the process of social mobilisation, their
minimum wage of ` 120 per day in 2009 inclusive and equitable cities in which training and capacity-building and
prices. every citizen has access to basic civic provision of income-generating assets
Members of MoSPI December Each MP has the choice to suggest to infrastructure and social amenities and through a mix of bank credit and
Parliament Local Area 23, 1993 the District Collector for, works to the decent shelter. government subsidy.
Development Scheme tune of Rs.5 Crores per annum to be Rajiv Gandhi Grameen MoP April 2005 Rural Programme for creation of Rural Swavalamban MoF September Pension Pension scheme to the workers in
taken up in his/her constituency. The Vidyutikaran Yojana Electrification Electricity Infrastructure and 26, 2010 unorganised sector. Any citizen who
Rajya Sabha Member of Parliament Household Electrification for is not part of any statutory pension
can recommend works in one or more providing access to electricity to rural scheme of the Government and
districts in the State from where he/ households. contributes between ` 1,000/-and
she has been elected. Rashtriya Krishi Vikas MoA August 1, Agriculture Achieve 4% annual growth in ` 12,000/-per annum, could join the
Midday Meal Scheme MoHRD August 15, Health, Lunch (free of cost) to school-children Yojana 2007 agriculture through development of scheme. The Central Government shall
1995 Education on all working days. agriculture and its allied sectors during contribute ` 1,000 per annum, to such
Namami Gange MoWR March 1995 Clean & Protect Integrates the efforts to clean the XI Plan period. subscribers.
Programme Ganga and protect the River Ganga in a Rashtriya Swasthya MoHFW April 1, 2008 Insurance Health insurance to poor (BPL), Udisha MoWCD Child Care Training Program for ICDS workers.
comprehensive manner. Bima Yojana Domestic workers, MGNREGA workers,
Voluntary Disclosure June 18, Opportunity to the income tax/
National Literacy MoHRD May 5, 1988 Education Make 80 million adults in the age group Rikshaw-pullers, Building and other
of Income Scheme 1997 wealth tax defaulters to disclose their
Mission Programme of 15-35 literate construction workers, and many other
undisclosed income at the prevailing
National Pension MoHRD January 1, Pension Contribution based pension system. categories as may be identified by the
tax rates.
Scheme 2004 respective states.
National Scheme on MoA Agriculture Financial assistance to fishers for RNTCP MoHFW 1997 Health Tuberculosis control initiative. National Rural MoRD June 2011 This scheme will organise rural poor
Welfare of Fishermen construction of house, community hall Saksham or Rajiv MoWCD 2014 Skill Aims at all-round development of Livelihood Mission into Self-Help Group (SHG) groups
for recreation and common working Gandhi Scheme for Development Adolescent Boys and make them self- (NRLM) and make them capable for self-
place and installation of tube wells for Empowerment of reliant, gender-sensitive and aware employment. The idea is to develop
drinking water. Adolescent Boys citizens, when they grow up. It covers better livelihood options for the poor.
National Service MoYAS Personality development through social all adolescent boys (both school-going HRIDAY–Heritage MoUD Jan. 2015 Urban Develop- The scheme seeks to preserve and
Scheme (or community) service. and out-of-school) in the age-group City Development and ment rejuvenate the rich cultural heritage of
National Social MoRD August 15, Pension Public assistance to its citizens in case of 11 to 18 years subdivided into two Augmentation Yojana the country.
Assistance Scheme 1995 of unemployment, old age, sickness categories, viz. 11-14 and 14-18 years.
Sukanya Samridhi MoWCD Jan. 2015 The scheme primarily ensures equitable
and disablement and in other cases of In 2014-15, an allocation of ` 25 crore
Yojana (Girl Child share to a girl-child in resources and
undeserved want. is made for the scheme.
Prosperity Scheme) savings of a family in which she is
Pooled Finance Sabal or Rajiv MoWCD 2011 Skill Empowering adolescent girls (Age) generally discriminated as against a
Development Fund Gandhi Scheme for Development of 11-18 years with focus on out-of- male child.
Scheme Empowerment of school girls by improvement in their
Adolescent Girls nutritional and health status and Smart Cities Mission MoUD June 25, Urban Develop- To enable better living and drive
Pradhan Mantri MoRD July 23, Model Village Integrated development of Scheduled 2015 ment economic growth stressing on the need
Adarsh Gram Yojana 2010 Caste-majority villages in four states. upgrading various skills like home
skills, life skills and vocational skills. for people-centric urban planning and
Pradhan Mantri MoF May 9, 2015 Insurance Accidental Insurance with a premium development.
Merged Nutrition Programme for
Suraksha Bima Yojana of ` 12 per year.
Adolescent Girls (NPAG) and Kishori Atal Mission for MoUD June 25, Urban Develop- To enable better living and drive
Pradhan Mantri MoF May 9, 2015 Insurance Life insurance of ` 2 lakh with a Shakti Yojana (KSY). Rejuvenation and 2015 ment economic growth stressing on the need
Jeevan Jyoti Bima premium of ` 330 per year.
Sampoorna Grameen MoRD September Rural Self- Providing additional wage employment Urban Transformation for people-centric urban planning and
Yojana
Rozgar Yojana 25, 2001 employment and food security, alongside creation (AMRUT) development.
Pradhan Mantri MoSDPE April 2016 Skill To provide encouragement to youth of durable community assets in rural
Kaushal Vikas Yojana Development for development of employable skills Pradhan Mantri Awas MoUD June 25, Housing To enable better living and drive
areas. Yojana (PMAY) 2015 economic growth stressing on the need
Initiative by providing monetary rewards by
Skill India Programme MoSDE July 15, Skill Seeks to provide the institutional for people-centric urban planning and
Scheme recognition of Prior Learning or by
(National Skill 2015 Development capacity to train a minimum 40 crore development.
Undergoing training at affiliated centres.
Development Mission) skilled people by 2022.
date of • The second factory of cotton textile was i. Number of reserved industries decreased • Inclusive development in India first • The Indian money market is the market in
scheme ministry launch sector provisions established by a businessman Kawas Ji to eight. Presently, these are only four. emphasised in the Eleventh Plan Period which short-term funds are borrowed and
National Child Labour Ministry of Launched in The objective of this project is to Nana Bhai in Mumbai in 1853. ii. The work of rehabilitation of sick indus- (2007-12). lent. The capital market in India, on the
Projects (NCLP) Labour and 9 districts eliminate child labour in hazardous • In 1885, first Jute factory was established tries handed over to Board of Industrial • The essential elements of inclusive other hand, is the market for medium-term
Employment in 1987 and industries by 2010. Under this scheme, in Rishara (West Bengal). and long-term funds.
Financial Reconstruction. development are:
has been the target group is all children below
expanded 14 years of age who are working in
• Jamsetji Tata established first steel factory iii. Industries were made powerful with the i. poverty reduction and increase in • The financial system is, commonly, classified
in January occupations and processes listed in in Jamshedpur in 1907. help of Memorandum of Understandings quantity and quality of employment; into:
2005 to 250 the Schedule to the Child Labour (MoU). ii. agricultural development; (a) Industrial finance,
districts in (Prohibition & Regulation) Act, 1986 new eConomiC poliCy iv. Voluntary Retirement Schemes started iii. reduction in regional disparities; (b) Agricultural finance,
21 different or occupations and processes that are (c) Development finance and
to cut down the size of work force. iv. social sector development; and
states of the harmful to the health of the child. • The New Economic Policy was devised
country v. protecting the environment. (d) Government finance.
and implemented, for the first time in eConomiC reforms
National Career Ministry of 20 July 2015 Employment The objective of this project is to help • Devaluation: It means lowering the official
the year 1985 during the period of Prime • Macroeconomic crisis of the early 1990s human development
Service (India) (NCS) Labour and job-seekers land up at the job they value of the local money in terms of foreign
Minister Rajiv Gandhi. necessitated economic reforms in India. The • The Human Development Report (HDR) was
Employment deserve currency or gold.
• The second wave of new economic reforms crisis had three aspects:
Antyodaya Anna NDA govern- 25 December Under the scheme, 1 crore of the published by the UNDP since 1990 captures • Balance of Payments (BoP) is the difference
Yojana ment 2000 poorest among the (Below Poverty Line) came in the year 1991 during the period of i. Fiscal imbalance or increasing fiscal the essence of human development. between the value of goods exported and the
BPL families covered under the targeted P.V. Narasimha Rao Government. deficit. • The HDR was started by Pakistani economist value of goods imported per annum. Services
public distribution system are identified. • The main reason to start new economic ii. Fragile Balance of Payment (BoP) sit-
Issue of Ration Cards Following the Mahbub-ul-Haq and Amartya Sen. not included in BoP.
policy (1991) was Gulf War and problem of uation.
recognition of Antyodaya families, • BoP is divided in current account and
balance of payment in India. iii. Inflationary pressures in the economy. poverty
unique quota cards to be recognised an
• The following four main steps were taken capital account.
‘Antyodaya Ration Card’ must be given • Two distinct stands of reform measures were • Planning Commission is the authority, • 1994-95, Indian Rupee was made fully
to the Antyodaya families by the chosen under the Fiscal Policy, 1991: prescribed by the World Bank and the IMF. which publishes the poverty estimates
i. To control public expenditure strictly. convertible on current account.
power. • These were: based on various rounds of National Sample • Fiscal policy is the policy relating to public
The scheme has been further expanded ii. To expand Tax Net. i. Macroeconomic Stabilisation Demand Survey Organisation (NSSO) on monthly per
twice by additional 50 lakh BPL families iii. To observe discipline in management of revenue and public expenditure and allied
each in June 2003 and in August 2004, Management. capita consumption expenditure. matters.
funds of Central and State Governments. ii. Structural Adjustments’ Supply-side • In India, the poverty line is defined on the
thus covering 2 crore families under the
iv. To curtail grants (subsidy). • Usually, the Indian money market is
AAY scheme. Management. basis of calorie intake. According to this, classified into organised sector and the
National Food Security Government 2007 for 5 It launched in 2007 for 5 years to • Measures implemented under the Industrial • Economic Reforms were introduced in 1991 2100 calories a day has been fixed for urban
Mission of India years increase production and productivity of Reforms Policy, 1991 were: unorganised sector.
in India. First Generation Reforms were areas and 2400 calories in rural areas. • The highest financial institution in organized
wheat, rice and pulses on a sustainable i. Delicensing of industries except the list
basis so as to ensure food security of the aimed at stabilisation of India economy • Since, NSSO 55th Round (1999), Planning sector is Reserve Bank of India and in
country. The aim is to bridge the yield
of 18 industries. and were of macro level in nature. Second Commission gives two poverty estimates
ii. M.R.T.P. norms were relaxed for addition to this bank of public sector
gap in respect of these crops through Generation Reforms aimed at structural based on Mixed Recall Period (MRP) and
dissemination of improved technologies disinvestment. banks of private sector, foreign banks and
changes and are micro level in nature. Universal Recall Period (URP).
and farm management practices. iii. The areas reserved for public sector were other financial institutions are also part of
• Since economic reform, poverty has been • Mixed Recall Period, gives consumer
Pradhan Mantri MoP&NG May 1, 2016 Launched to provide free LPG
opened to private sector. organized sector.
declining from 36% in 1993 to 26% by the expenditure data for five non-food items,
Ujjwala Yojna connections to women from below
• The objectives fixed for reforms in the Foreign • The Reserve Bank of India is the supreme
poverty line families end of 10th Plan. namely clothing, footwear, durable goods, monetary and banking authority in the
Jan Aushadhi Government 15 July 2017 Health Generic Medicine Campaign Investment Policy, 1991 were: • Disinvestment means to decrease the share education and institutional medical
i. Direct foreign investment up to 50% country and has the responsibility to control
of India of government in the industries. expenses for 365 days and consumption the banking system in the country. It keeps
was given automatic approval, in many • In 1996, Disinvestment Commission was data for remaining items are collected for
industries. the reserves of all commercial banks and
those cheap items in world market, the constituted to review, give suggestions 30 days’ period.
trade and CommerCe ii. Foreign companies, involved in export hence is known as the ‘Reserve Bank’. Its
tradition of colonisation began. and make regulations on the issue • In Universal Recall Period, consumption financial year is 1 July to 30 June.
• Indian Trade was extremely developed • British companies established monopoly on activities were allowed to invest up to of disinvestment. data for all items are collected for a 30
during ancient time. the sale of cotton. As a result, the Indian 51% capital. • Shri G.V. Ramakrishna was the first days’ recall period.
• After the British East India Company was Chairman of Disinvestment Commission.
the indian Capital market
weaver got costly raw material and thus iii. T h e g o v e r n m e n t g a v e a u t o m a t i c
established in 1600, the trade between Indian approval for Technology Agreement in • In the year 1992, National Renewal • The capital market in India includes:
and Britain was in India’s favour till 1857.
Indian completely ruined.
Fund was constituted for rehabilitation of
indian finanCial system
the industries of high priorities. (i) Government Securities (Gilt-edged
• First factory of cotton textile in India was
• During the later part of 18th century, after • The measures implemented to bring displaced labourers of sick industrial units • There are two parts of Indian Financial market); (ii) Industrial Securities Market;
established in 1818 at Ghughari near
Industrial Revolution in Britain, there was efficiency and market discipline under the affected due to industrial modernization, System–first demand side and second supply (iii) Development financial institutions
heavy production of cheap items. To sell Kolkata, which failed. technological development, etc.
Public Sector Policy, 1991 were as under: side. like IFCI, IDBI, ICICI, SFCs, IIBI, UTI,
etc.; and (iv) financial intermediaries like • The BSE transformed itself into a corporate (b) taxes on property and capital transaction; (c) Fiscal Deficit refers to the difference India has to be laid before the Parliament vote on aCCount
merchant banks. entity from being a brokers association, from and (c) taxes on commodities and services. between total expenditure (revenue, in respect of every financial year running • If budget is not passed before the beginning
• The capital market in India can be classified the middle of August 2005. Non-tax revenue, consists of–(a) currency, capital, and loans net a repayment) from April 1 to March 31 while under article of financial year, then government use
into: • To prevent excessive speculation and coinage and mint and (b) interest receipts on one hand; and on the other hand, 202 of the Constitution a statements of the concept of vote on account. Usually,
Gilt-edged market or market for government volatility in the stock market SEBI has and dividends; and other non-tax revenue. revenue receipts plus and those capital estimated receipts and expenditures of the the Appropriation Bill (expenditure part
and semi-government securities; introduced rolling settlements from July receipts which are not in the form of State Governments has to be laid before the of budget) is passed by end of April, but
Industrial securities market; 2, 2001, under which settlement has to be sourCes of revenue for state borrowings but which in the end accrue House of the State Legislature concerned. government needs money from beginning
Development financial institutions; and made every day. The main sources are: (a) state tax revenue; to the government. • Th e A n n u a l B u d g e t of th e C en tral of financial year, so government use
Non-banking financial companies. (b) share in central taxes; and (c) income (d) Primary Deficit refers to fiscal deficit Government provides estimates of receipts vote-on-account to remove money from
some important share priCe index from social, commercial and economic minus interest payments.
• The gilt-edged securities markets are the and expenditures of the government. The consolidated fund of India.
of india service and profits of state-run enterprises, Monetised Deficit = Increment in Net RBI Budget consists of two parts viz. (i) Revenue • Scrutiny by departmentally related standing
market for government and semi-government
• BSE SENSEX: This is the representative state tax revenue includes among others, Credit to the Central Government. Budget and (ii) Capital Budget. committees.
securities, which carry fixed interest rates.
index of 30 main shares. Its base year is land revenue, stamp, registration and estate • Revenue Budget: All “Current” receipts such • Voting on demands for grants.
• The industrial securities market is the indian fisCal system
1978-79. BSE is the oldest stock exchange duty, etc. as taxation, surplus of public enterprises, • Passing of appropriation bill (Article 114 of
market for equities and debentures of
of India, founded in 1875. and ‘expenditures’ of the government. the Constitution of India).
companies of the corporate sector.
• BSE 200: Its base year is 1989-90. expenditure of the Centre fisCal system • Capital Budget: All “Capital” receipts and • Passing of finance bill (under rule 219 of
• If shares or debentures of private corporations, • DOLLEX: Index of 200 BSE Dollar value Index The Central Government makes expenditures • It refers to the management of revenue and expenditure such as domestic and foreign the Lok Sabha).
primary sureties of government companies is called DOLLEX. Its base year is 1989-90. broadly under two heads: (i) Plan expenditure capital expenditure finances of the state. loans repayments, foreign aid, etc.
or new sureties and issue of bonds of public • NSE-50: From 28 July 1998, its name S and (ii) Non-plan expenditure. types of Budgeting
• Finance Bill is ordinarily introduced every
sector are sold or purchased in the capital and P CNX Nifty. • Under plan expenditure comes the outlay sourCes of revenue • Line Item Budgeting: It emphasises on
year to give effect to the financial proposals
market, then the market is called Primary • CRISIL, set up in 1988, is a credit rating for agriculture, rural development, irrigation • Main sources of revenue are customs duties, the items (Objects) of expenditure without
Capital Market. of the government for the following financial
agency. It undertakes the rating fixed and flood control, energy, industry and excise duties, service tax, taxes on property, highlighting its purpose.
year.
• Secondary Market includes transactions in deposit programmers, convertible and non- minerals, transport, communications, corporate tax and income tax. • Output Budgeting: It concentrates only on
the stock exchange and gilt-edged market. convertible and debentures and also credit science and technology, environment and preparation of Budget the quantitative aspect of expenditure.
• Merchant bank, mutual fund, leasing economic service, etc. sourCes of expenditure • Performance-based Budgeting: Its attempt
assessment of companies. • Plan Expenditure includes agriculture, rural • The budget is prepared by the budget
companies, risk capital companies etc. • CRISIL 500: It is the new share price index • The major non-plan expenditures are to solve decision-making problem based
development, irrigation and flood control, division in the Ministry of Finance (MoF)
Collect and invest public money into the interest payments, defence, subsidies and on a programmes ability to convert inputs
introduced by Credit Rating Agency the energy, industry, minerals, transport and after consulting with other ministries and
capital market. general services. to outputs and use inputs to affect certain
“Credit Rating Information Services of India communication, etc. the Planning Commission.
• Unit Trust of India (UTI) is the biggest • Public debt of the Government of India is of outcomes.
Limited” (CRISIL) on January 18, 1996.
two kinds–Internal and External. • Outcome Budgeting: This type of budgeting
Mutual Fund Institution of India. • Apart from CRISIL, there is another credit puBliC deBt Budget timeline
• Internal debt: It comprises loans raised tries to ensure that budget outlays translate
rating agency called “Investment Information • Internal Debt • Budget draft prepared and finalised–
stoCk exChange from the open market, compensation bonds, into concrete outcomes.
and Credit Rating Agency of India Limited prize bonds, etc. treasury bills issued to the • External Debt 28/29 February.
• The stock exchanges is the market for buying • Zero-based Budgeting: It is a method
(ICRA)”. It rates debt instrument of both RBI, commercial banks, etc. • Revenue Expenditure includes • Budget tabled before Parliament – March.
and selling of stocks, shares, securities, of budgeting, in which all budgetary
financial and manufacturing companies. • External debt: It consists of loans taken • Capital Receipts includes • General discussion on Budget proposal –
bonds and debentures, etc. • The National Stock Exchange (NSE) has • Recovery of Loans allocations are set to nil at the beginning of
from World Bank, IMF, ADB and individual March-April.
• The first organised stock exchange in India launched a new version of its online trading • Other Receipts (mainly PSU) (Disinvestment) a financial year.
countries like USA, Japan, etc. • House adjourns individual ministries • Gender Budgeting: It came into being in
was started in Bombay (now Mumbai) when software called Exchange for Automatic • Deficit Financing is a fiscal tool in the hands • Borrowings and other Liabilities Demands for Grants studies by Standing
Trading (NEAT). • Capital expenditure is huge expenditure, 2004-05. To contribute towards the women
the “Native share Brokers’ Association” of the government to bridge the gap between Committees – April.
• India’s fiscal system includes the management e.g., repayment of past loan including PPF empowerment and removal of inequality
known as the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) revenue receipt and revenue expenditure. • Detailed discussion and voting on ministries
of revenue sources and expenditure of the (Private Provident Fund) and small saving. based on gender, role of budgeting has been
was formed by the brokers in Bombay. BSE Demand for Grants – 1 April.
was Asia’s oldest stock exchange. Central and State Governments, public debt, defiCits • Revenue Deficit is the difference between accepted through this step.
(a) Revenue Deficit refers to the excess Revenue Receipts and Revenue Expenditure. • New financial year begins–April. • Programme Budgeting: It emphasis the
• Under the Securities Contract (Regulation) deficit financing, budget, tax structure, etc.
of revenue expenditure over revenue planning aspect of budgeting for selecting
Act of 1956, the Government of India has so sourCes of revenue for Centre receipts. Budget stages in Budget enaCtment the best out of a number of available
far recognised 23 stock exchanges. Bombay The revenue of the Central Government (b) Budget Deficit refers to the excess of • The core of the budget is called the annual The budget goes through the following six programmes and for optimising the choice.
is the premier exchange in the country. consists of the following elements (i) Tax total expenditure over total receipts. financial statement. This is the main stages in the Parliament.
• With the setting up to National Stock revenue and (ii) Non-tax revenue. Tax Here, total receipts include current budget document. Under Article 112 of • Presentation of the budget on the floor of the smart faCts ‘Budget’
Exchange, all regional stock exchanges have revenue comes broadly from three sources– revenue and net internal and external the Constitution, a statement of estimated House before the Lok Sabha. • John Mathai proposed the first budget of
lost relevance. (a) taxes on income and expenditure; capital receipts of the governments. receipts and expenditure of the Govt. of • General discussion on the budget. Republic of India in 1950.
• Finance Minister Morarji Desai has given • After the merger of ‘State Bank of Saurashtra’ reserve Bank of india (rBi) • Among private sector banks, ICICI Bank has by individual nationalised commercial • On 3 November 2000, GIC was renamed as
budget for the maximum number of times. and ‘State Bank of Indore’ in the State • RBI was set up on the basis of Hilton Young the largest foreign. banks) with the objective of developing GIC Re and approved as Indian Reinsurer
• Indira Gandhi is the only woman to hold Bank of India, the number of Associates of Commission recommendation in April 1935, rural economy by providing crediting and and the four subsidiaries of GIC were
the post of the Finance Minister and to have SBI has come to 6. with the enactment of RBI Act, 1934. Its first Banking omBudsman depositing facilities for agriculture and separated from GIC and are functioning
• The scheme is in operation since 1995 and other productive activities of all kinds independently under Public Sector General
presented the budget in her capacity as the establishment of various financial Governor was C.D. Deshmukh.
work under the control and supervision in rural areas. Insturance companies (GIPSA).
Prime Minister of India in 1978. institutions administration
of the RBI. • First Regional Rural Bank was established • Indian insurance sector has low
• The headquarters of RBI are in Mumbai.
1. Reserve Bank of India 1934
Banking in india Quantitative/general Criteria on 2 October 1975. penetration, particularly in the rural areas.
2. Industrial Finance 1948. Sick The committee on Insurance Sector
• The Finance Ministry issues currency notes
Credit Control • The 2001 revised guidelines have set certain
Corporation of India financial Co-operative Banks
• Quantitative credit controls are used to criteria for the establishment of the new Reforms was set-up in 1993 under the
and coins of rupee one, all other currency institution
control the volume of credit and indirectly • Co-operative banks are so-called because chairmanship of R.N. Malhotra which
private sector banks. Some of these are:
notes are issued by the Reserve Bank of India. 3. ICICI 1955 they are organised under the provisions submitted its report in 1994.
to control the inflationary and deflationary The bank should have minimum net
• The first bank of limited liability managed 4. SBI 1955. pressures caused by expansion and contra- of the Co-operative Credit Societies law of • At present LIC is operating internationally
worth of ` 100 crores.
by Indians was Oudh Commercial Bank Nationalised ction of credit. The promoters holding should be a the states. The major beneficiary of the Co- through Branch Offices in Fiji, Mauritius,
founded in 1881. Subsequently, Punjab 5. Life Insurance 1956 The quantitative credit control consists of: minimum of 25% of the paid-up capital. operative Banking is the agricultural sector and UK and through Joint Venture
National Bank was established in 1884. Corporation (LIC) • Bank Rate: It is also called the rediscount Within three years of the starting of in particular and the rural sector in general. Companies in Bahrain, Nepal, Sri Lanka,
• The Banking Companies Act was passed in 6. Industrial Development 1964 rate. It is the rate, at which the RBI gives the operations, the bank should offer The first such bank was established in 1904. Kenya and Saudi Arabia.
February 1949, which was subsequently Bank of India (IDBI) finance to commercial banks. shares of public. • In the year 1991, Narasimhan Committee
amended to read as Banking Regulation 7. Unit Trust of India 1964 • Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR): The RBI was constituted to advice or the issue of insuranCe regulatory and
Act, 1949. (UTI) (Amendment) Bill, 2006, empowers RBI to housing development finanCe reconstruction of banking system. development authority (irda)
• The Indian banking system consists of prescribe CRR–Cash that banks deposits with Corporation (hdfC) • IRDA was set up on April 19, 2000 under
8. HUDCO 1970 development Banks
commercial banks, both in public and the RBI without any floor rate or ceiling rate. HDFC was the first private bank to receive the IRDA Act, 1999.
9. General Insurance 1972
• Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR): It is the • Industrial Development Bank of India • IRDA comprises of a chairman, three whole-
private sectors, Regional Rural Banks (RRBs) Corporation (GIC) license after 1993 economic reforms.
ratio of liquid asset, which all commercial (IDBI), established in 1964. time members and four part-time members.
and cooperative banks.
10. NABARD 1982 priority seCtor lending • Industrial Finance Corporation of India
• Commercial banks are broadly classified Banks have to keep in the form of cash, gold
11. SEBI (Replaced 1988. Functional and unencumbered approved securities • The broad categories of advances under (IFCI), established in 1948. Pension Sector
into nationalised or public sector banks
Controller of Capital in 1992 equal to not more than 40% of their priority sector lending now include • Industrial Credit and Investment Cor- • New Pension System launched on 1 January
and private sector banks, with a few foreign Issue) total demand and time deposit liabilities agriculture MSME sector, microcredit, edu- poration of India Limited (ICICI) esta- 2004.
banks. The public sector banks account blished in 1991. • With effect from 1 November 2009, the NPS
12. Small Industries 1990. Subsidiary (ranges is 25-40%). cation and housing.
for more than 92% of the entire banking • The priority sector lending targets of 40%, • Small Industries Development Bank of was opened to all citizens.
business in India occupying a dominant
Development Bank of of IDBI • Repo Rate: It is the rate, at which RBI
India (SIDBI) lends short-term money to the bank against 32% and 60% have been fixed with respect India (SIDBI), established in 1988.
position in the commercial banking. The to domestic, foreign and regional rural • Export-Import Bank of India (Exim Bank)
13. IRDA 1999 securities. • Swawalamban Scheme was announced
State Bank of India and its seven associate banks respectively. was established in 1982.
• Reverse Repo Rate: It is the rate, at which in the Budget of 2010. It is an incentive
banks along with another 19 banks are the lead Bank sCheme • National Housing Bank (NHB) started
banks park short-term excess liquidity scheme for the NPS.
public sector banks. differential interest rate sCheme operations in 1988.
• After the nationalisation of 14 banks the with the RBI. • The revised guidelines for NPS have raised
• Oudh Commercial Bank was the first • The scheme was introduced in 1972, under • NABARD (National Bank for Agriculture
Lead Bank Scheme of the RBI was adopted • Open Market Operations (OMOs): the age from 55 years to 60 years.
complete Commercial Bank of India. which public sector banks are required to and Rural Development) was established
in 1969 for branch expansion programme Under OMOs, the RBI sells G-securities
fulfill the target of at least 1% of the advances • The Pension Fund Regulatory Development
• The Imperial Bank was established in in the market. in 1982.
of banks. at the end of the previous year to the weakest Authority was established on 23 August,
the year 1921 by merging three main Qualitative/seleCtive/direCt 2003.
Presidency Banks. of the weaker sections of the society at an insuranCe
sCheduled and non-sCheduled Credit Control interest rate of 4% per annum.
• The largest bank, Imperial Bank, was • Insurance industry includes two sectors– Base rate system
Banks Qualitative measures are used to make sure • Lead Bank Scheme under which each
nationalised in 1955 on recommendation Life Insurance and General Insurance. • Base rate system asks the banks to set a
• The scheduled banks are those which are that purpose, for which loan is given is not public sector bank is allocated certain
of Gorewala Committee and rechristened as misused. It is done through: Life Insurance in India was introduced by level of minimum interest rates charged
entered in the second schedule of the RBI districts and these banks have to bring Britishers. A British firm in 1818 established
State Bank of India. • Credit rationing. development of those districts.
while giving out the loans.
• On July 19, 1969, 14 big commercial banks Act, 1934. the Oriental Life Insurance Company at
• Regulating loan to consumption, etc. • Introduced on the recommendation of
with deposits worth ` 50 crores or more and • The commercial banks (India and foreign), Calcutta now Kolkata. Deepak Mohanty Committee.
regional rural Banks
on April 15, 1980, six other scheduled banks regional rural banks and state co-operative indian Banks operations aBroad • Life Insurance Corporation (LIC) of India
• The Regional Rural Banks (RRBs), the
were nationalised, bringing total number banks or scheduled banks. Non-scheduled • SBI has the largest network of foreign offices newest form of banks, have come into
was established in September 1956. General Basel norms
of nationalised banks to 27 (19 + SBI 7 banks are those which are not included in followed by Bank of Baroda. Insurance Corporation (GIC) was established • Basel Norms are set by Bank of International
existence since middle of 1970s (sponsored
SBI Associates). the second schedule of the RBI Act, 1934. in November 1972. Settlement (BIS) headquartered in Basel,
Switzerland. It prescribes for a set of • R. Chelliah Committee was constituted (f) Special Additional Duty of Customs (SAD); • Agricultural income in India is free from • The IPR, 1956, called the Economic non-polluting type will be located outside
minimum capital requirement for banks. in August 1991 for suggesting reforms (g) Service Tax; (h) Cesses and surcharges income tax. Constitution of India, gave the public sector several kms of the periphery.
• In India, Basel norms were introduced in in Tax Structure. insofar as they relate to supply of goods or • Corporate Tax: Corporate Tax is imposed a strategic role in the economy. • Abolition of Phased Manufacturing Pro-
1988 by the RBI. • K.L. Rekhi Committee was constituted services. on Registered Companies and corporations. • The main objective of the Industrial Policy grammes for new projects.
in 1992 for suggesting uniform regulations • The rate of corporate tax on all companies of 1956 was to develop public sector, co- • Mandatory Convertibility clause removed:
instruments of money market for indirect taxation (Customs Duty state taxes that would Be is equal. However, various types of rebates operative sector and control on private A large part of industrial investment in
• 91 days Treasury Bills (T-bills) and Excise Duty). suBsumed within the gst are and exemptions have been provided. monopoly. India is financed by loans from banks and
• 182 days T-bills (a) State VAT; (b) Central Sales Tax; (c) • Custom Duties: As per the Constitutional • There were four categories of industries in finance institutions. These institutions have
• 364 days T-bills direct and indirect tax
Purchase Tax; (d) Luxury Tax; (e) Entry Tax provisions, the Central Government imposes the Industrial Policy of 1948, which was followed a mandatory practice including
• 14 days T-bills direct tax indirect tax imports duty and export duty both. reduced to three in the Industrial Policy a convertibility clause in their lending
(All forms); (f) Entertainment Tax (except
• Dated Government Securities Corporation Tax Excise Duties • Imports Duties: Generally, imports duties of 1956. operations for new projects. This mandatory
those levied by the local bodies); (g) Taxes on
• Certificate of Deposits are ad-valorem in India. • In 1973, Joint Sector was constituted on convertibility clause has been abolished by
Income Tax Service Tax Interest Tax advertisements; (h) Taxes on lotteries, betting
• Commercial Papers • Excise Duties: Excise duties are commodity the recommendations of Dutta Committee. the new industrial policy.
• and gambling; (i) State cesses and surcharges • In the Union Budget of 1997-98, nine public
Money Market Index Central Value-added Tax Expenditure Tax
tax as it is imposed on production of an • The Industrial Policy of 1980 was influenced
• Bankers Acceptance Rate (Vat) insofar as they relate to supply of goods or by the concept of federalism and the policy sector undertakings, which performed very
item and it has no relevance with its sale.
• LIBOR/MIBOR Sales Tax Wealth Tax services. of giving concession to agriculture based well were given the name of ‘Navratna’ and
This is the largest source of revenue for the
GST would apply to all goods and services industries was implemented through it. were made autonomous.
Property Tax Gift Tax Central Government.
tax system except Alcohol for human consumption. GST
• Except liquor, opium and other drugs, • Navratna: Public sector enterprises have
Octroi Estate Duty on five specified petroleum products (Crude, new industrial poliCy, 1991
production of all the other items is taxable been given enhanced autonomy and
• A compulsory contribution given by a citizen or Customs Duties Land Revenue Petrol, Diesel, ATF & Natural gas) would be • Abolition of industrial licensing: The new delegation of powers to incur capital
organisation to the government is called Tax. under Central Excise Duties. industrial policy abolished all industrial
Stamp Duties applicable from a date to be recommended • On July 15, 2010 Indian rupee got the expenditure (without any monetary ceiling),
• The tax system has been divided into two by the GSTC. Tobacco and tobacco products licensing irrespective of the level of to enter intertechnology joint ventures, to
parts: much-awaited symbol. investment, except for certain industries.
GST would be applicable on “supply” of goods would be subjected to GST. In addition, the raise capital from domestic and international
• The new symbol is an amalgamation of • Entry of foreign investment and techno-
Tax by Central Government: Custom Duty, or services as against the present concept of Centre would continue to levy Central Excise market, to establish financial joint ventures
Devanagari ‘Ra’ and the Roman ‘R’ without logy made easier: Approval would be given
Income Tax and Corporate Tax, etc. tax on the manufacture of goods or on sale of Duty. A common threshold exemption would and to wholly own subsidiary.
the stem. for direct foreign investment up to 15%
Tax by State Government: The State goods or on provision of services. GST would apply to both CGST and SGST. Taxpayers • The new symbol designed by D. Udaya foreign equity in high priority industries. puBliC seCtor
Government has right to collect all the taxes be based on the principle of destination based with an annual turnover of `20 lakh (`10 lakh Kumar, a post-graduate of IIT Bombay, • Public sector’s role diluted: Industries that • In terms of ownership, public sector
in this category and to spend them. consumption taxation as against the present for special category States (except J & K) as was finally selected by the Union Cabinet continue to be reserved for the public sector enterprise (PSE) comprises all undertakings
• There are two types of taxes: 1. Direct Taxes principle of origin-based taxation. It would be specified in article 279A of the Constitution on July 15, 2010. are: (i) arms and ammunition and allied that are owned by the government, or the
and 2. Indirect Taxes. a dual GST with the Centre and the States would be exempted from GST. A compounding • One Coin and One Rupee note belong to items of defence equipment, defence aircraft public, whereas private sector comprises
• Direct Taxes: The taxes levied by the simultaneously levying it on a common base. option (i.e. to pay tax at a flat rate without ‘Legal Tender Money category’. and warships; (ii) atomic energy; (iii) mineral enterprises that are owned by private persons.
Central Government on income and wealth The GST to be levied by the Centre would be credits) would be available to small taxpayers • M1 is known as Narrow Money. oils and minerals specified in the schedule
are important direct taxes. The important called Central GST (central tax-CGST) and (including to manufacturers other than • M3 is known as Broad Money. to the Atomic Energy (Control of Production puBliC seCtor enterprises
taxes levied on incomes are–corporation tax that to be levied by the States [including Union specified category of manufacturers and service and Use) Order, 1953; and (iv) railways. • The concept of Memorandum of Under-
and income tax. Taxes levied on wealth are territories with legislature] would be called providers) having an annual turnover of up to industry • MRTP Act: Under the MRTP Act, all firms standing (MoU), on the recommendation
State GST (state tax-SGST). Union territories `75 lakh [`50 lakh for special category States with assets above a certain size (` 100 crores of Arjun Sengupta Committee (1988), was
wealth tax, gift tax, etc. • Industry sector comprises mining,
without legislature would levy Union territory (except J & K and Uttarakhand) enumerated since 1985) were classified as MRTP firms. started in 1991.
• Indirect Taxes: The main forms of indirect manu facturing, electricity and gas and
GST (union territory tax-UTGST). in article 279A of the Constitution]. The Such firms were permitted to enter selected • The concept of Maharatnas, Navratnas and
taxes are customs and excise duties and construction.
industries only and this also a case by case Miniratnas was started in 1997.
sales tax. The Central Government is threshold exemption and compounding • The Industrial Policy Resolution of 1948
gst replaCed the following taxes approval basis.
scheme would be optional. marked the beginning of the evolution of the
empowered to levy customs and excise • Liberalisation of industrial location maharatna
Currently levied and ColleCted By Indian Industrial Policy. • In 2009, the government established the
duties (except on alcoholic liquors and policy: The new Industrial Policy provides
the Centre: important taxes imposed in india • In the Industrial Policy of 1948, the impor- Maharatna status, which raised the PSEs
narcotics) where sales tax is the exclusive that in locations other than cities of more
(a) Central Excise Duty; (b) Duties of Excise • Tax on Income and Wealth: The Central tance of both public sector and private sector investment ceiling from ` 1,000 crores to
jurisdiction of the State Governments. than one million population, there will
Government imposes different types of tax was accepted. However, the responsibility of ` 5,000 crores.
• Progressive Tax: A tax that takes away (Medicinal and Toilet Preparations); (c) be no requirement of obtaining industrial
on income and wealth, viz. income tax, development of basis industries was handed
Additional Duties of Excise (Goods of Special approvals from the Centre, except for
a higher proportion of one’s income as corporate tax, wealth tax and gift tax. Out of over to public sector. Critieria for maharatna
Importance); (d) Additional Duties of Excise industries subjects to compulsory licensing.
the income rises is known as progressive them income tax and corporate tax are more • The Industrial Policy Resolution of 1956 In cities with a population of more than The six criteria for the eligibility of Maharatna
tax. Indian Income Tax is a progressive (Textiles and Textile Products); (e) Additional important from the revenue point of view. gave the public sector strategic role in the are:
one million, industries other than those of
and direct tax. Duties of Customs (commonly known as CVD); economy.
• Having Navratna status; the accounting year that it had fully eroded • The first public-owned steel plant was • Dual price mechanism with partial control unorganised seCtor and informal
• Listed on India stock exchange • Oil India Limited its net worth 30,000 units fall every year. A Rourkela Integrated Steel Plant set up in 1954 is applied to sugar industry. eConomy
• Have an average annual turnover of • Power Finance Corporation Limited weak unit is the one which erodes 15% more with the help of a German company, Demag. • Unorganised Informal workers refer to
more than ` 25,000 crores during the • Power Grid Corporation of India Limited of its net worth. • India is the fourth largest producer of crude Cement industry
• workers, who are not covered under any social
last three years; Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Limited • Textile industry is the largest industry in the steel in the world. • India is the second largest producer of
• Rural Electrification Corporation Limited security benefits irrespective of whether they
• An average annual net worth of more than country. The share of textile and clothing • India is the largest producer of sponge cement in the world.
• Shipping Carnation of India Limited work in organised or unorganised sector.
` 15,000 crores during the last three years; • Container Corporation of India Ltd.
industry in total industrial production is iron since 2002.
petroChemiCal industry 86% of the total workforce was in the
• An average annual net profit after tax • Engineers India Ltd. about 14% also contributes 13.14% in total • Steel Authority of India Limited (SAIL) was
of more than ` 5,000 crores during the merchandise exports of the country. This established in 1974. • The real thrust to this industry came with unorganised sector in 2004-05.
• National Building Construction Corporation
last three years; industry provides employment to about 350 the establishment of Indian Petrochemical • To look into the problems of unorganised
Ltd.
• Should have significant global presence. lakh people in a country. Cotton and synthetiC textile Corporation Limited at Baroda. sector, National Commission for Enterprises
• Ahmedabad is known as Boston of East. industry • Kanpur Committee was set up to identify in the Unorganised Sector was set up under
disinvestment and privatisation • It is the largest industry in India. The first the Chairmanship of Dr. Arjun Sengupta.
List of Maharatnas Kanpur is called Manchester of North India. and support the growth of basic petrochemical
• Disinvestment is a process through which Indian modernised cotton cloth mill was
There are Eight Maharatnas in India: • The first cycle making factory of India was and their end. • In accordance with the recommendation
privatisation could take place. established in 1818 at fort Gloster near
• Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC) established in Calcutta in 1932. India holds of the NCEUS, the Government of India
• First Disinvestment Commission was set up Kolkata but this was unsuccessful.
• Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL) second place in the field of cycle production fertilizer industry enacted the Unorganised Worker Social
• Gas Authority of India Limited (GAIL) in 1996, under the Chairmanship of E.V. • The second mill was established in 1854 at
in the world. • The first fertiliser industry was set up in Security Act, 2008. The act came into effect
• Steel Authority India Limited (SAIL) Ramakrishna, which was later constituted Bombay by K.G.N. Daber.
• Abid Husain Committee is related to 1906, in Ranipet near Chennai. from 16 May 2009.
• Indian Oil Corporation (IOC) in July 2001, under Dr. R.H. Patil.
• National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC) • There is a difference between privatisation
reforms in small industries. jute industry • India is the third largest producer of fertilizer
• The industries in which maximum ` 1 crore • Jute industry was started in 1855 at Resra after China and USA and second largest national manufaCturing poliCy
• Coal India Limited (CIL) and disinvestment. Privatisation implies a
• Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited is invested are called Small industries. and India is the largest producer and second consumer after China. (nmp)
change in ownership resulting in a change
• Industrial Finance Corporation of India (IFCI) largest exporter of jute in the world. • Urea is the only fertilizer under statutory • The NMP was released by the government on
in management. ‘Disinvestment’ is a winder
was established on 1 July 1948 by a special price control. 4 November 2011 with following objectives:
term extending from dilution for the stake of
navratna Act of Parliament. gems and jewellery Increase manufacturing growth to 12-
the government to the transfer of ownership • According to the data released by the World
To qualify as a Navratna Company: • Industrial Development Bank of India automotive industry 14% over the medium-term.
• The company must obtain a score of 60 (of (when govt. stake reduced beyond 51%). Gold Council (WGC), India is the largest
(IDBI) is an apex institution in the field of • India is the second largest manufacturer of
the total 100). • To minimize the financial burden on the consumer of gold.
Enable manufacturing to contribute at
industrial finance. motorcycle and fifth largest manufacturer of
• The score is based on six parameters, Public Sector Enterprises the government • India (especially, Seurat and Mumbai) least 25% of GDP by 2022.
• Industrial Reconstruction Board of India commercial vehicles in the world.
which included net profit to net worth, total has started Voluntary Retirement Scheme ranks among the ‘big four’ diamond cutting Create 100 million additional jobs in the
(IRBI) was established in 1971.
manpower cost to total cost of production, (VRS) for the employees by giving full centres of the world, the other three being, • India is the largest manufacturer of manufacturing sector by 2025.
• Unit Trust of India was established in 1964.
Profit before Depreciation, Interest and compensation to employees. This is called Belgium (Antwerp), the USA (New York) and tractors in the world. Provides for National Investment and
• The head office of Life Insurance Corporation
Taxes (PBDIT) to capital employed, PBDIT “Golden Hand Shake Scheme”. Israel (Ramat Gan). Manufacturing Zone (NIMZ) on lands,
of India is in Mumbai.
to turnover, earning per share and inter- • General Insurance Company of India (GIC)
foreign direCt investment which are degraded and uncultivable.
sectoral performance. small sCale industries paper industry
Their importance can be explained as: was established in 1972. • The first paper mill in India was set up at • FDI occurs when a company invests in a
• The company must first be a Miniratna-I • Indian Industrial Investment Bank Limited national governanCe plan
and must have four independent i. Employment Generation. Sreerampur, West Bengal, in the year of 1862. business that is located in another country
was established on 17 March 1977 by the and it is investing not less than 10% of It was launched in May 2006. It
directors on its board. ii. Equitable Distribution.
government, under Companies Act, 1956. silk industry shares belonging to the foreign company. It comprises Mission Mode Projects, covers
• The Navratna status empowers a company to iii. Mobilisation of Small Savings.
iv. Exports contribution. Presently, its authorized capital is 1000 • India is the second largest (after China) is a non-debt capital flow. e-infrastructure and MCA 21.
invest upto ` 1,000 crores on 15% of their net
crore rupees and its head office is in Kolkata. silk manufacturer.
worth overseas without government approval. v. Environment-friendly. • If the investment is less than 10% shares
• The majority of silk is produced mainly in national poliCy on eleCtroniCs
• At present, there are 17 Navratnas. However, small scale industries are suffering then it is called FII (Foreign Institutional
large sCale industries Bhoodan Pochampally (also known as silk city), (npe), 2011
from a number of problems like: (i) Lack Investment).
Kanchipuram, Dharamvaram and Mysore. • NPE was released on 3 October 2011.
List of Navratnas of timely, adequate and easy finance; • Foreign portfolio investment occurs, The main objectives are:
• Bharat Electronics Limited (ii) Lack of availability of raw material; iron and steel industry sugar industry when foreign investment in the form of
• • First steel industry at Kulti, West To achieve a turnover of about US$ 400
Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (iii) Lack of sound marketing system; and • India is the largest producer of sugar in the shares, equities and bonds, is made by a
• Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited (iv) Competition with large scale sector. Bengal–Bengal Iron Works Company was world with a 22% share. billion by 2020.
• Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited
foreign company. To create employment opportunities of
established in 1870. • It is the second largest agro-based industry
• National Aluminium Company Limited siCk industries • First large scale steel plant–TISCO at in the country. around 28 million.
fdi in retail
• National Mineral Development Corporation • A sick unit is one which is in existence for at To increase export from US$ 5.5 billion
Jamshedpur (1907) was followed at by IISCO • B.B. Mahajan Committee was set up to study • Since, May 20, 2011, FDI in Limited Liability
• Neyveli Lignite Corporation Limited
least five years and it is found at the end of at Burnpur (1919). the sugar industry. Partnership (LLP) has been allowed. to US$ 80 billion 2020.
automoBile industry because Indian share in total foreign trade • Under current account transactions are 3. Noida SEZ Uttar Multi-product M2 = M1 + Time liabilities portion of saving wholesale priCe index (wpi)
• Automobile Industry was delicensed in July of the world has remained remarkable low. classified into merchandise (exports and Pradesh deposits with banks + Certificates of deposits It measures the change in wholesale prices
1991 with the announcement of the New • The structural changes in imports since imports) and invisibles. issued by banks + Term deposit maturing on weekly basis. The base year for WPI is
1951 show: (a) rapid growth of indus- 4. MEPZ Chennai Multi-product
Industrial Policy. Balance of Payment Crisis: It means that within a year. 2004-05.
• The passenger car was however delicensed trialisation necessitating increasing imports exports exceed imports in value. 5. Cochin SEZ Kerala Multi-product M3 = M2 + terms deposit with banks with
in 1993. of capital goods and raw materials; (b) • The main component of capital account 6. Falta SEZ West Multi-product maturity over one year + call/term borrowing Consumer priCe index (Cpi)
• At present 100% Foreign Direct Investment growing imports of raw materials on the includes foreign investment, loans and Bengal of the banking system. It measures the change in retail prices on
(FDI) is permissible under automatic route in basis of liberalisation of imports for export banking capital.
promotion; and (c) declining imports of 7. Visakhapa- Andhra Multi-product monthly basis.
this sector including passenger car segment. Non-debt Liabilities includes FDI and tnam SEZ Pradesh devaluation of CurrenCy
good grains and consumer goods due to portfolio investment comprising FIIs, ADRs/
the country becoming self-sufficient in food • In India, devaluation has been resorted to finanCial relations Between
steel GDRs. foreign exChange reserves in india
grains and other consumer goods through four times. Centre and states
• Iron and Steel Industry took birth in India • Debt Liabilities included External ass- • The foreign exchange reserves of the country
in the year 1870 when Bengal Iron Works agricultural and industrial growth. (a) First Devaluation in June 1949. • Our Constitution provides residual powers
istance, External Commercial Borrowings include three important components:
Company established its plant at Kulti, • Exports of Indian are broadly classified (b) Second Devaluation in June. to the Centre. Article 264 and Article 293
(ECBs), trade credit and banking capital (i) Foreign Exchange Assets of RBI, (ii) Gold
West Bengal. into four categories: (i) Agriculture and (c) Third Devaluation on July 1, 1991. explain the financial relations between the
(NRIs deposits). Stock of RBI and (iii) SDR holdings of the
• Large scale iron and steel production was allied products. Ores and minerals man- (d) Fourth Devaluation on July 3, 1991. Union and State Governments.
Balance of Payment: The balance of governments.
started in 1907 by TISCO established at ufactured goods and (ii) Mineral fuels
Payments may be classified into current • After 1991, Indian foreign exchange reserves
Jamshedpur (Jharkhand). and lubricants. inflation finanCe Commission
account, capital account, unilateral transfer have rapidly increased due to various reasons
• As per the data from International Iron and • Exports of India over the years show a clear Inflation means a persistent rise in the price • Under the provision of Article 280 of the
account and gold account. which are as follows:
Steel Institute (IISI) India is the 7th largest decline in the importance of agriculture and levels of goods and services leading to a fall Constitution, the President appoints a
Invisibles: A term used to describe those i. Devaluation of Rupee.
producer of steel in the world. allied products and a substantial increase in the currency’s purchasing power.
items such as financial series, included in ii. Availability of loans from international Finance Commission for the specific purpose
• At present India is the 9th largest Crude in the importance of manufactured goods.
the current Balance of Payments accounts, institutions. of devolution of non-plan revenue resources.
Steel producing country in the world. This has been due to change production Causes of inflation
iii. Availability of foreign exchange from The Functions of the Commission are to
• Today, India is the largest producer of sponge structure of the economy and the overall as distinct from physically visible Imports • Printing too much money.
NRIs under various schemes. make recommendations to the President
growth of the economy. and Exports of goods.
iron in the world. iv. Increase in foreign investment (both • Increase in production cost.
in respect of:
direCtion of foreign trade speCial eConomiC zone (sez) direct and indirect). • Tax rises.
miCro, small and medium enterprise The distribution of net proceeds of taxes
• India is having maximum trade with OECD • Asia’s first Export Processing Zone (EPZ) was v. Full convertibility or rupee on current • Decline in exchange rates.
development aCt, 2006 account. to be shared between the Union and the
countries (mainly they US, EU and Japan). set up in Kandla, India in 1965. • War or other events causing instability.
• This new Act, named as ‘Small and Medium • Indian trade has been partially shifted • FEMA (Foreign Exchange Management Act) States and the allocation of share of such
• The first SEZ policy was announced in • Increase in money supply in the economy.
Enterprise Development Act, 2006’ has from West Europe of East Asia and OECD came into force in July 2000. This FEMA has proceeds among the States.
April 2000.
become effective from October 2, 2006. replaced Foreign Exchange Regulation Act, The principles, which should govern
countries. • SEZ Act, 2005, was enacted with from measures to Control inflation
• The Act provides the first-ever legal framework • The high growth rate in Japan and ASEAN 1943 (FERA, 1973). the payment of grants-in-aid by the
10 February 2005. • Increasing the bank interest rates.
for recognition of the concept of ‘enterprise’ countries gave a high demand and favourable • India’s total external trade (exports plus
• Regulating fixed exchange rates of the Centre to the States.
(comprising both manufacturing and service market to India exports. This has been one of sez aCt, 2005 imports including re-exports) in the year
domestic currency. Any other matter concerning financial
and integrating the three tiers of these the reasons responsible for increasing Indian • Duty-free import/domestic procurement 1950-51 stood at ` 1214 crore. Since then,
enterprises, viz., micro, small and medium). this has witnessed continuous increase with • Deflation: A general decline in prices often relations between the Centre and the
exports to East-Asian region of the world. of goods for development, operation and States.
occasional downturns. caused by a reduction in the supply of money
maintenance of SEZ units.
new foreign trade poliCy (2009-14) or credit. Deflation can be also caused • Composition of Finance Commission:
foreign trade • 100% Income Tax exemption on export
• In the Foreign Trade Policy for the year the indian CurrenCy system by a decrease in government, personal or The Finance Commission consists of
income of SEZ units; exemption from
• After independence, inward looking foreign 2009-14 announced on August 2009, the The present currency system is based on investment spending. Chairman and four other members to be
Central Tax, Sales Tax and Service Tax; and
trade policies were accepted and the policy government spelt out a bond vision to double minimum reserve system of note issue. It • Stagflation: When you have a slow economy appointed by President. They are eligible for
single-window clearance mechanism for the was adopted in 1957, under the minimum
of import replacement was its base. India exports of goods and services by 2014 with high inflation rates and unemployment, re-appointment.
establishment of units. reserve system, minimum of gold and foreign
and to double India’s percentage share of stagflation is usually the result.
volume of india’s foreign trade global trade by 2020 and to focus on the sezs in india securities to the extent of ` 200 crore (of
• Controlling prices and wages. fourteenth finanCe Commission
• After independence, Indian foreign trade has generation of addition employment. which gold should be of value ` 115 crore)
s. no. sez location type
and the balance in rupee securities is main- • Providing cost of livings allowances to citizens. The government constituted the Fourteenth
cumulative progress both qualitatively and
quantitatively. Though the size of foreign BalanCe of payments 1. Kandla SEZ Gujarat Multi-product tained. • Regulating black and speculative market. Commission under former Reserve Bank of
trade and its value both have increased • BoP comprises current account, capital 2. SEEPZ Mumbai Electronics, • The revised monetary measures are: • Supply side inflation can be controlled by India Governor Yaga Vanugopal Reddy. The
during post-independence era, this increase account and omissions and changes in foreign gems and M1= Coins and Notes + Demand Deposits + increasing production of economy, especially five member panel is to submit its report by
in foreign trade cannot be said satisfactory exchange reserves. jewellery Other deposits with RBI. food grains and by improving infrastructure. 31 October 2014.
demography • Four industries which have been reserved • Since 2002, price of all petroleum products Both the parties have to accept and honour French Frank and German Deutsche Mark. Broker: An agent who handles the public’s
for public sector are: Arms and Ammunition, are market determined. Kerosene and the Arbitration. India opted for this system in 1975. orders to buy and sell securities commodities
population trend in india Atomic Energy, Rail Transportation, and domestic LPG is supplied at subsidised rates Assets: Everything a corporation or an org- Bear and Bull: ‘Bear’ is an individual who sells or other property.
• 1891-1921 Period of stagnant population. Minerals mentioned in the scheduled list to target groups. anisation owns that is due to it: cash, shares in a hope that stock’s price would Brokers’ Loans: Money borrowed by brokers
• 1921-51 Period of steady growth. of Atomic Energy. • Foreign exchange rates are not fixed. It investments, money due it, materials and fall. ‘Bull’ is an individual who buys shares from banks or other brokers for a variety
• 1951-81 Period of high growth. • The position of India is first as a producer changes with market conditions. inventories, which are called current assets; in a hope that the stock’s price would rise. of uses.
• 1981-2011 Period of declining rate. of pulses. • Agriculture Income Insurance Scheme was buildings and machinery, which are known Bearer Bond: A bond that does not have the Buffer stocks: These are the stocks (generally
• The year 1921 is known as the year of Great • First Hydel Power Plant in India was started announced in 2004 to provide insurance as fixed assets; and patents and goodwill, owner’s name registered on the books of of primary goods) accumulated by a
Divide. in Darjeeling. safeguards and economic security to farmers. called intangible assets. the issuer. government agency when supply is plentiful.
• The Money-Order system in India was • Seed Crop Insurance is operational since Auction: When a commodity is sold by auction, Bill of Exchange: It is an unconditional order Bullion: It is gold or silver having a specific
national population poliCy 2000 launched in 1880. 1999-2000. the bids are made by the buyers. Whosoever in writing addressed by one person to degree of purity.
This policy outlined the following objective • First postal stamp was launched in India • Seed Bank is in operation since 1999-2000. makes the highest bid gets the commodity another requiring the addressee it pay on Bull Market: It is a market where the
to be achieved. in 1852. • Types of loans provided to Indian Farmers. which is being sold. demand or at a fixed future time a certain speculators buy shares of commodities in
• To lower down the Total Fertility Rate (TFR) • Maharashtra is the first state which accorded (a) Short Term Loans: Less than 15 months. Auction market: The system of trading sum of money to the order of the specified anticipation of rising prices. The opposite
to achieve replacement level by 2010. the status of industry to agriculture in 1997. (b) Medium Term Loans: 15 months to securities through brokers of agents on person to the bearer. is Bear Market.
• Population stabilisation by 2045. • Central Agmark Laboratory is in Nagpur. 5 years. an exchange such as the Bombay Stock Black Money: It is unaccounted money which Buoyancy: In the inflationary period, the
• Reduce MMR (Maternal Mortality Rate) to • First Cotton Industry of the country was (c) Long Term Loans: More than 5 years. Exchange. is concealed from tax authorities. Black increase in tax revenue is known as
below 100 per 100000 births. established in Kolkata in 1818 and the second Auditor’s report: Often called the accountant’s money creates parallel economy. buoyancy.
• Reduce IMR (Infant Mortality Rate) to below by Kovesjee Nana Bhai in Mumbai in 1853. glossary of eConomiC and opinion, it is the statement of the accounting Blue Chip Stocks: Stocks in large, nationally Buyer’s Market: When the markets is
30 per thousand live births. • The largest number of co-operative insti- finanCial terms firm’s work, its opinion of the corporation’s known companies that have been profitable favourable to buyer’s market. This situation
• Making school education compulsory. tutions is in India. Accrued interest: The interest due on a bond financial statements, especially if they for a long time and are well-known and occurs when there is a change from boom
• Promote delayed marriage of girls. • Unorganised sectors are creating more since the last interest payment was made. conform to the normal and generally trusted. to recession.
• Promote and control communicable diseases. employment than organised sector in India. The buyer of the bond pays the market price accepted practices of accountancy. Blue Collar Jobs: These jobs are concerned Callable: A bond issue, all or part of which may
• Three cities of India have more than one crore plus accrued interest. Autarchy: It means self-sufficiency and self- with factory. Persons who are unskilled be redeemed by the issuing firm, institution
demographiCs population–Mumbai, Kolkata and Delhi. Acquisition: The acquiring of control of one reliance of an economy. and depend upon manual jobs that require or organisation under specified conditions
• First synchronised census in India took • Urbanisation is highest in Goa in India. corporation by another. Balance Sheet: Balance sheet is a statement before maturity.
physical strain on human muscle are said
place in 1881. Since 1901, it has been taking • Asian Development Bank was established in Active Market: This is a term used by stock showing the assets and liabilities of a Call Money: It is a loan that is made for a very
to be engaged in Blue Collar Jobs.
place after every decade. 1966. (Head Office, Manila). exchange which specifies the particular business at certain date. short period of a few days only or for a week.
• Census 2011, is the 15th census and 7th Blue Sky Laws: A popular name for laws
• The social accounting method of estimating stock of share that deals in frequent and Balance of Trade: The part of a nation’s Capital: The stock of goods which are used
after independence. various states have enacted to protect the
national income was developed by Richard regular transactions. It helps the buyers to balance of payments accounts that deals in production and which themselves have
• The slogan of Census 2011 is “Our Census, public against securities frauds.
Stone. obtain reasonably large amounts any time. only with its imports and exports of goods been produced.
Our Future”. Bond: A bond is evidence of a debt on which
• Prime Minister Narendra Modi announced Ad-valorem Tax: Ad-valorem tax is a kind of and services.
the issuing company usually promises to
Capitalism: The economic system based on free
• India was the first country to adopt family demonetisation of ` 1000 and ` 500 notes with indirect tax in which goods are taxed by Bank: Bank is a financial institution. It accepts enterprise and private profit. Capitalism
planning in world. pay the bondholders a specified amount of
effect from midnight on 8 November 2016 their values. Value Added Tax (VAT) is an funds on current account and savings is an economic system in which all
interest for a specified length of time, and
• The Indian 2000 Rupee bank note is a ad-valorem tax. accounts. It also lends money. means of production are owned by private
misCellaneous faCts to repay the loan on the expiration date. individuals.
denomination of the Indian Rupee. It was American Depositary Receipt (ADR): A Bank Draft: Banker’s draft (Demand Draft) is a
security issued by a US bank in place of the Boom: Point at which price and employment Capital Market: It is a market for long-term
released by the RBI on 8 November 2016 negotiable claim drawn upon a bank. Bank
• According to the World Bank, on the basis are the maximum.
after demonetisation of ` 500 and 1000 bank foreign shares held in trust by that bank, Draft is safer than a cheque. loans.
of the purchasing power parity, the economy Bounty: It is a subsidy paid by the government
notes and has been in circulation since thereby facilitating the trading of foreign Bank Rate: It is official rate interest charged Capital Market: It is a market for long loans.
of India is the fourth largest economy to exporters.
10 November 2016. shares in US markets. by Reserve Bank of India on loans to other Capital stock: All shares representing
in the world. Brain-Drain: It means the drift of intellectuals
• TRIFED: Tribal co-operative Marketing Amortization: Accounting for expenses of banks. It is the rate at which RBI discounts ownership of a business, including preferred
• In the production of vegetables, India is on of a country to another country.
Development Federation of India Ltd. chargers as applicable rather than as paid. first class securities including bills of and common.
the second position (after China). Bride Loan: A loan made by a bank for a short
established by government in 1987 to benefit Appreciation: Appreciation means an increase exchange. Thus, it is known as discount. Capitalisation: Total amount of the various
• India is on the first position in the pro- period to make up to a temporary shortage
small tribal farmers. in the value of something, e.g., stock of raw Bankruptcy: It is a situation in which a person securities issued by an organisation or
duction of milk. of cash.
• NAFED: National Agricultural Co-operative materials or manufactured goods. is unable to discharge his debt obligations. a company. Capitalisation may include
• The highest producer of milk in India Broad Banding: It means providing more
Marketing Federation of India Ltd. was Arbitrage: A technique employed to take Basket of Currency: In this system, the bonds, debentures, preferred and common
is Uttar Pradesh. flexibility to manufacturers to produce
established for marketing the agricultural advantage of differences in price. exchange value of a country’s currency is stocks, and surplus.
• India is the third largest producer of tobacco. wider variety of products with same
products. Arbitration: Where there is an industrial fixed in terms of some major international Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR): It refers to that
The largest producer and consumer of material mix so as to ensure optimum
• Small industries have been completely dispute, the arbitration comes to the force. currencies. Indian rupee is valued against portion of banker’s total cash reserves which
tobacco is China. capacity.
relaxed from licensing. The judgement is given by the Arbitrator. US Dollar, British Pound, Japanese Yen, they are statutorily to hold with the RBI.
Cash Sale: A transaction on the floor of the Convertible: A bond, debenture or preferred occurrence of the downward phase of the Discretionary Account: An account in which stock, usually at a discount from the as sales, assets, earnings, products or
stock exchange that calls for delivery of the share that may be exchanged by the trade cycle. the customer gives the broker or someone prevailing market price. The buyer of stock services, markets, and management.
securities the same day. owner for common stock or another Dealer: An individual of firm in the securities else discretion to buy and sell securities or selling ex-rights is not entitled to the right. Funded Debt: Usually, interest-bearing bonds
Ceiling Prices: This is the maximum limit fixed security, usually of the same company, business who buys and sells stocks and commodities, including selection, timing, Extra: The short form of ‘extra dividend.’ A or debentures of a company. These could
generally by the government or its agency. in accordance with the terms of the issue. bonds as a principal rather as an agent. amount, and price to be paid or received. dividend in the form of stock or cash in include long-term bank loans.
Certificate: The actual piece of paper that is Core Industries: Core industries include Death Rate: Death rate signifies the number Diversification: Spreading investments addition to the regular or usual dividend General Mortgage Bond: A bond that is
an evidence of the ownership of stock in a strategic, basic and critical industries of deaths in a year per thousand of the among different types of securities and the company has been paying. secured by a blanket mortgage on the
company or an organisation. which remain generally under state control. population. It is mostly known as crude various companies in different fields. Face Value: The value of a bond that appears company’s property but may be outranked
Certificate of Deposit (CD): A money market Corporate Tax: It is a direct tax levied on death rate. Life expectancy is important Divided: It is earnings on stocks paid to on the face of the bond, unless the value is by one or more other mortgages.
instrument characterised by its set date company’s profit. determinant of death rate. shareholders. otherwise specified by the issuing company. Gilt-edged: High-grade bond issued by a
of maturity and interest rate. There are Correspondent: A securities firm, bank or Debentures: It is document which enlists the Dow Theory: A theory of market analysis based Factor Cost: It is the sum total of amount paid company that has demonstrated its ability
two basic types of CDs: traditonal and other financial organization that regularly terms or conditions of a loan. upon the performance of the Dow Jones to four main factors of production, i.e. Land to earn a comfortable profit over a period of
negotiable. performs services for another in a place or Debit Balance: In a customer’s margin account, Industrial Average and transportation stock (rent), Labour (compensation of employees), years and pay its bondholders their interest
Cheap Money: It indicates a situation when market to which the other does not have that portion of the purchase price of stock, price averages. The theory says that the Capital (interest), and Entrepreneurship without interruption.
bank rate and other rates of interest are low. direct access. bonds or commodities that is covered market is in a basic upward trend if one of (profit). Good ‘til Canceled (GTC) or Open Order: An
Cheque: Cheque is an order in writing issued Cost Price Index (CPI): It is used for measuring by credit extended by the broker to the these averages advances above a previous FINRA: The Financial Industry Regulatory order to buy or sell that remains in effects
by the drawer to a bank. cost of living and it covers large number of margin customer. important high, accompanied or followed Authority (f/k/a National Association of until it is either executed of canceled.
Clearing House: Clearing house is an insti- commodities than Wholesale Price Index Decentration: Decentration means the by a similar advance in the other. When Securities Dealers), is the largest non- Gresham’s Law: “If not limited in quantity;
tution which helps to settle the mutual (WPI) which is used for measuring rate of establishment of various units of the same both averages dip below previous important governmental regulator for all securities bad money drives good money out of
indebtedness that occurs among the mem- inflammation. industry at different places. lows, this is regarded a confirmation of a firms doings business in the United States. circulation.”
bers of its organisation. Coupon Bond: Bond with interest coupons Deed: It is a written contract signed under downward trend. Fiscal Year: A firm’s or company’s or a cor- Gross Domestic Product (GDP): It is the
Closed Economy: Closed economy refers to attached. legal seal. Dumping: It means selling goods in poration accounting year. aggregate of total flow of goods and services
the economy having no foreign trade (i.e. Credit Control: It implies the measures Deflation: Deflation is a fall in the general price international market at a price which is Fixed Charges: A company’s fixed expenses produced by an economy in year.
export and import). employed by central bank of a country to level over a particular period of time. It is lower than in domestic or home market. such as bond interest which it has agreed Gross National Product (GNP): Gross Domestic
Collateral: Securities or other property pledged control the volume of credit in the banks. opposite to inflation. Earnings Report: A statement, also called an to pay whether or not earned, and which Product plus net factor income from abroad
by a borrower to secure repayment of a Credit Rating: It is the assessed credit Demand Draft: It is a bill of exchange payable income statement, issued by a company are deducted from income before earnings is equal to Gross National Product.
loan. worthiness of prospective customer. at sight. showing its earnings or losses over a given on equity capital are computed. Holding Company: A corporation that owns
Credit Rationing: Credit rationing takes place Depository Trust Company (DTC): A central period. Floating of a Currency: When the exchange the securities of another, in most cases with
Commercial Paper: Debt instruments issued
securities certificate depository through Elasticity of Demand: The responsiveness of value of a currency in terms of other voting control.
by companies to meet short-term financing when the banks discriminate between the
which members effect security deliveries demand of a commodity to the change in currencies is not fixed officially, that Hot Money: It is volatile money which comes
needs. borrowers.
between each other via computerised its price is known as elasticity of demand. currency is said to be floating. easily but can also go out easily, e.g.,
Commission: The broker’s basic fee for Credit Squeeze: Monetary authorities restrict
book-keeping entries, thereby reducing Embargo: It means prohibition of entry Floor: The huge trading area–about the size portfolio investment.
purchasing or selling securities or property credit as and when required. This credit
the physical moment of stock certificates. of goods from certain countries into a of a football field–where stocks, bonds and Hypothecation: The pledging of securities as
as an agent. restriction is called credit squeeze.
Depreciation: A reduction in the value of particular country. options are bought and sold on the stock collateral, for example, to secure the debit
Common Stock: Securities that represent an Current Assets: Those assets of a company
capital goods over time due to their use in Eagle’s Law: According to the law, “When a exchange. balance in a margin account.
ownership interest in a company. The terms are reasonably expected to be realized in
production. family’s income increases the percentage of Floor Broker: A member of the stock exchange Income Bond: Generally, income bonds
common stock and capital stock are often cash, sold or consumed during one year.
Depreciation of Currency: A decline in the its income spent on food decreases.” who executes orders on the floor of the promise to repay principal but to pay
used interchangeably when the company Currency Devaluation: A government adjusts
price of one currency relative to another. Equity: The ownership interest of common exchange to buy or sell any listed securities. interest only when earned.
has no preferred stock. the value of the nation’s currency so that it Depression: It implies a state of economy and preferred stockholders in a company. Foreign Exchange Reserves: Foreign Indenture: A written agreement under which
Competitive Trader: A member of the buys less of foreign currencies than before. when lack of demand result in heavy Exchange Rate: The rate at which central Exchange Reserves of a country includes bonds and debentures are issued, setting
exchange who trades in stocks on the floor Current Liabilities: Money owed and payable unemployment and stagnation in economy. bank will exchange one country’s currency foreign currency assets and interest bearing fourth maturity date, interest rate and
for an account in which there is an interest. by a company, usually within one year. Devaluation: It is the reduction in the official for another. bonds held by it. other terms.
He is also known as a registered trader. Custom Duty: It implies tax on imports. rate of a currency in terms of a foreign Excise Tax: Tax imposed on the manufacture, Free and Open Market: A market in which Index: A statistical yardstick expressed in
Conglomerate: A company or an organisation Custom duty is a duty that is imposed currency. India rupee has been devalued sale or the consumption of various supply and demand are freely expressed terms of percentages of a base year of years.
that has diversified its operations usually on the products received from exporting thrice in 1949, 1966, and 1991. commodities such as taxes on textiles, in terms of price. Inflation: It is a sustained increase in general
by acquiring enterprises in widely varied nations of the world. It is also called Director: Person elected by shareholders to cloth, liquor, etc. Free Trade: It implies absence of any protective price level over a particular period of time.
industries. protective duty as it protects the home serve on the Board of directors. Ex-dividend: A synonym for ‘without dividend.’ tariffs or trade barriers by any economy It reduces the purchasing power of money.
Consolidated Balance Sheet: It is a balance industries. Discount: The amount by which a preferred The buyer of a stock of additional money with respect to export and import. Institutional Investor: An organization whose
sheet showing the financial condition of a Cyclical Unemployment: It is that phase stock or bond may sell below its ‘at par’ may do so by offering their stockholders Fundamental Research: Analysis of industries primary purpose is to invest in own assets
corporation and its subsidiaries. of unemployment which appears due the value. the right to subscribe to new or additional and companies based on such factors of those held in trust by in for others.
Interest: Payments borrowers pay lenders for Limit Limited Order, or Limited Price Order: Monopsony: A market situation, in which Octroi: It is an internal tariff system among Portfolio: Holdings of securities by an ind- Proxy Statement: Information given to stock-
the use of their money. An order to buy or sell a stated amount there is only one buyer of a resource. different region of a country. ividual or institution. holders in conjunction with the solicitation
Interim Budget: It is an addition on the general of a security at a specified price, or at a Mortgage Bond: A bond secured by a mortgage Odd Lot: An amount of stock less than the Poverty Line: The poverty line has been fixed of proxies.
budget and is presented as a part of it better price, if obtainable after the order is on a property. established 100-share unit. by the planning commission on the basis Recession: Recession cycle characterised by a
through the financial year. represented in the trading crowd. MoU: The concept of Memorandum of Under- Off-board: This term may refer to transactions of an average daily intake of 2400 calories modest downturn in the level of economic
Interrogation Device: A computer terminal Liquidation: The process of converting standing introduced in 1988. The main over-the-counter in listed securities or to person in rural areas and 2100 calories per activity means fall up of demand.
that provides market information–last sale securities or other property into cash. objective of MoU is to reduce the quantity. transactions of listed shares that are not capita in urban areas. In monetary terms, Reflation: It is an increase in the level of
price, quotes, volume, etc.–on a screen or Liquidity: The ability of the market in a executed on a national securities exchange. the poverty line is commented to be ` 76 National Income and Output. Reflation
Mutual Fund: It is a form of collective
paper tape. particular security to absorb in reasonable Offer: The price at which a person is ready to per month in rural and ` 88 in urban areas is often deliberately brought about by
investment that is useful spreading risks
Investment: The use of money for the purpose amount of buying or selling at reasonable sell. in terms of 1979-80 prices. the authorities in order to secure full
of making more money, to gain income, and optimising returns.
price changes. Oligopoly: A market structure, in which a Preferred Stock: A class of stock with a claim employment and to increase the rate of
increase capital, or both. Nasdaq: An automated information network
Listed Stock: The stock of a company that is few, relatively large firms account for all or on the company’s earnings before payment economic growth.
Investment Banker: Also known as an that provides brokers and dealers with
traded in a stock exchange. most of the production or sales of a good or may be made on the common stock and Quote: The highest bid to buy and the lowest
underwriter. The middleman between the price quotations on securities traded over
Load: The portion of the offering price of shares service in a particular market, and where usually entitled to priority over common offer to sell a security in a given market at
corporation issuing new securities and the the counter. Nasdaq is an acronym for
of open-end investment companies in barriers to new firms entering the market stock if the company liquidates. a given time.
public. excess of the value of the underlying assets. National Association of Securities Dealers are very high.
Investment Counsel: One whose principal Premium: The amount by which a bond or Rally: A brisk rise following a decline in the
Locked in: Investors are said to be locked in Automated Quotations. Overbought: An opinion as to price levels. May
business consists of acting as in investment preferred stock may sell above its par value. general price level of the market, or in an
when they have profit on securities they National Income: It is equal to the total money refer to a security has had a sharp rise or
advisor and rendering investment super- Price-to-earnings Ratio: A popular way to individual stock.
own but do not sell because their profit value of goods and services produced over to the market as a whole after a period of
visory services. compare stocks selling at various price Record Date: The date on which you must be
would immediately come down subject to the given time less capital consumption. vigorous buying which, it may be argued,
I.O.U.: It means ‘I owe you’. It is non-negotiable levels. The P/E ratio is the price of a share registered as a shareholder of a company
the capital gains tax. Negotiable: Refers to a security, the title of has left prices ‘too high’.
promissory note indicating the debt owed of stock divided by earnings per share for in order to receive a declared dividend or,
Margin: The amount paid by the customer which is transferable by delivery. Oversold: The reverse of overbought. A single
by one party to another. a 12-month period. among other things to vote on company
when using a broker’s debt to buy or sell Net Asset Value: Usually used in connection security or a market which, it is believed,
Initial Public offering (IPO): A company’s first Primary Distribution: Also called primary or affairs.
a security. with investment companies to mean net has declined to an unreasonable level. initial public offering. The original sale of Redemption price: The price at which a bond
sale of stock to the public.
IRA: Individual retirement account. A pension Margin Call: A demand upon a customer to put asset value per share. Over-the-counter: A market for securities a company’s securities. may be redeemed before maturity, at the
plan with tax advantages. IRAs permit up money or securities–the broker. Net Change: The change in the price of made up of securities exchange. Prime Rate: The lowest interest rate charged option of the issuing company.
investment through intermediaries like Market Order: An order to buy or sell a security from the closing price on one day Paper Profit (Loss): An unrealized profit or by commercial banks to their most credit- Refinancing: Same as refunding. New
mutual funds, insurance companies and stated amount of a security at the most to the closing price the next day on which loss on a security still held paper profits securities are sold by a company and the
worthy customers; other interest rates
banks, or directly in stocks and bonds advantageous price obtainable after the the stock is traded. and losses become realized only when the
such as personal, automobile, commercial money is used to retire existing securities.
through stockbrokers. order is represented in the trading crowd. Net Domestic Product (NDP): The money security is sold.
and financing loans are often pegged Registered Bond: A bond that is registered on
Issue: Any of a company’s securities, or the act Market Price: The last reported price at which value of a nation’s annual output of goods Par: In the case of a common share, par means
to the prime. the books of the issuing company in the
of distributing such securities. the stock or bond sold, or the current quote. and service, less capital consumption a dollar amount assigned to the share by
Principal: The person for whom a broker name of the owner.
Joint Stock Company: It is a form of company Market Value: The market value of an equity (depreciation) experienced in producing the company’s charter.
executes an order, or dealers buying or Registrar: Usually, a trust company or bank
in which a number of people contribute share is the price at which it is traded in that output. Participating preferred: A preferred stock
selling for their own accounts. charged with the responsibility of keeping
funds to finance a firm in return of ‘shares’ the market. Net National Product (NNP): Net National
that is entitled to its state dividend and to
Progressive Tax: A tax that take a larger record of the owners of corporation’s
in the company. Merchant Banking: In Merchant Banking, additional dividends on a specified basis
Product is equal to Net Domestic Product percentage of income from people in higher- securities and preventing the issuance of
Keogh plan: Tax-advantaged personal retire- banks act as ‘underwriter’ and do business upon payment of dividends on the common
plus Net Factor Income from abroad. income groups than from people in lower- more than the authorized amount.
ment programme that can be established on behalf of corporate sector. stock.
Merger: Combination of two or more cor- New York Futures Exchange (NYFE): A income ones. Regressive Tax: A tax that takes a larger
by a self-employed individual. Passed dividend: Omission of a regular or
porations. subsidiary of the New York Stock Exchange scheduled dividend. P r o f i t - t a k i n g : Selling stock that has percentage of income from people in groups
Laissez-faire: Literally, it means to let people
do as they choose. It is an economic MODVAT: The modified system of value- devoted to the trading of futures products. Penny Stocks: Low-priced issues, often highly appreciated in value since purchase, in than from higher-income ones. Sales taxes
doctrine which emphasizes the superiority added taxation is based on the idea of tax New York Stock Exchange (NYSE): The speculative, selling less than $1 a share. order to realize the profit. and excise taxes are example.
of ‘free’ trade and ‘free’ markets over state’s final products and not input that go into largest organized securities market in the Per Capita Income: It implies income per Prospectus: The official selling circular Regulation T: The federal regulation governing
interference in economic affairs. production. United States, founded in 1792. person. It is obtained in dividing national that must be given to purchasers of new the amount of credit that may be advanced
Legal Tender: It is the currency (coins and Money Market Fund: A mutual fund whose Noncumulative: A type of preferred stock on income of country by its population. securities registered with the Securities by brokers and dealers to customers for the
bank notes) which have to be accepted in investments are in high-yield money market which unpaid dividends do not accrue. Plastic Money: It refers to use of instruments and Exchange Commission. purchase of securities.
payment. instruments such as federal securities, CDs NYSE Composite Index: The composite index like ‘Credit cards’ instead of cash in Proxy: Written authorization given by a Regulation U: The federal regulation governing
Leverage: The effect on a company when the and commercial paper. covering price movements of all common business transactions. shareholder to someone else to represent the amount of credit that may be advanced
company has bonds preferred stock, or Monopoly: It is a type of market structure stocks listed on the New York Stock Exc- Point: In the case of shares of stock, a point him or her and vote his or her shares at a by banks to customers for the purchase of
both outstanding. having one seller and many buyers. hange. means $1. shareholders meeting. listed stocks.
Rights: When a company wants to raise more delivers securities sold and receives from Stock Dividend: A dividend paid in securities company’s treasury indefinitely, reissued Yield: Also known as return. The dividends Madhukar Gold exchange-traded
funds by issuing additional securities, it the broker the proceeds of a sale. rather than in cash. to the public or retired. or interest paid be a company expressed Committee fund implementation.
may give its stockholders the opportunity, Shares: These are the equal portions of the Stockholder of Record: A stockholder whose Turnover Rate: The volume of shares traded as a price.
ahead others, to buy the new securities in capital of a limited company. The holders of name is registered on the books of the in a year as a percentage of total shares Yield to Maturity: The yield of a bond to mat- L.C. Gupta Derivatives in India Model
proportion to the number of shares each the ordinary shares carry the residual risk issuing corporation. listed on an exchange, outstanding for an urity takes into account the price discount Committee
one owns. The piece of paper evidencing of the business; they rank after debenture Stop Limit Order: A stop order that becomes individual issue or held in an institutional from or premium over the face value. Naresh Chandra Corporate Audit and
this privilege is called a right. holders and preference shareholders for a limit order after the specified stop price portfolio. Zero Coupon Bond: A bond that pays no Committee Governance
Scheduled Bank: It is a bank included in the the payment of dividends and they are has been reached. Unlisted Stock: A security not listed on a interest but is priced, at a discount from
J.J. Irani Company Law Reforms
second schedule of RBI has a minimum liable for losses, although this liability is Stop order: An order to buy at price above or stock exchange. its redemption price. Committee
cash reserve of ‘` 5 lakh’. limited dividends and they are liable for sell at a price below the current market. Up Tick: A term used to designate a transaction The existence of a large parallel economy
Scale Order: An order to buy (or sell) a losses, although this liability is limited to Stop buy orders are generally used to limit made at a price higher than the preceding fluctuates is agricultural and industrial B. Bhattacharya Committee on pension
security, that specifies the total amount the value of the shares and to the limit loss or protect unrealized profits on a short transaction. Also called a ‘plus’ tick. A ‘zero- output and indirect taxation are the reasons Committee reforms
to be bought (or sold) at specified price of guarantee given by them. Preference sale. Stop sell orders are generally used to plus’ tick is a term used for a transaction at for: Rakesh Mohan Small savings and
variations. shares are such shares of a company on profits on a short sale. Stop sell orders are the same price as the preceding trade but Committee Administered interest
Scripophily: A term coined in the mid- which interest is paid before any others, generally used to protect unrealized profits higher than the preceding different price. Cost push inflation rates
1970s to describe the hobby collecting and owners have prior right to repayment on limit loss on a holding. Conversely a down tick, or ‘minus’ tick, is a • Among the supply side, measure to contain
Vijay Kelkar FRBM (Fiscal
antique bonds, stocks, and other financial of capital if company is wound up. Street Name: Securities held in the name of a term used to designate a transaction made inflation is to increase the supply of
Committee Responsibility and
instruments. Share Capital: Money raised by issuing of broker instead of customer’s name are said at a price lower than the preceding trade. products or commodities. Budget Management) Act
SDRs (Special Drawing Rights): The SDR is shares is called Share Capital. to be carried in ‘street name’. Variable Annuity: A life insurance policy • Population experts refer to the possible implementation
a reverse asset created with the framework Share Index: It is the statistical indicator of Swapping: Selling one security and buying a where the annuity premium (a set amount ‘demographic bonus’ that may accrue to
similar one almost at the same time to take of dollars) is immediately turned into units India around 2016 AD. They are referring S.P. Gupta Generation of employment
of the International Monetary Fund in an overall share values, based on selected Committee opportunities in the 10th
attempt to increase international liquidity group. a loss, usually for tax purposes. of a portfolio of stocks. Upon retirement, to the phenomenon of a surge in the
plan
and forming a part of country’s official Short Covering: Buying stock to return stock Syndicate: A group of investment bankers the policyholder is paid according to population in the productive age-group.
reserves also with gold, reserve positions in previously borrowed to make delivery on a who together underwrite and distribute a accumulated units, the dollar value of • The significant change in the new FEMA Raghvan Replacement of MRTP Act
short sale. new issue of securities or a large block of which varies according to the performance which has replaced FERA is that the emphasis Committee by Competition Act.
the IMF and convertible foreign currency.
an outstanding issue. of the stock portfolio. from imprisonment will be shifted to:
It is also known as ‘Paper Gold’. Short Sale: A transaction by a person who Eradi Panel Industrial Insolvency
Technical Research: Analysis of the market VAT: It seeks to tax the value added at every
Self-Reliance: Self-Reliance, in short, can believes a security will decline and sells it, various acts and their enactment years M.S. Verma Restructuring weak
and stocks based on support and demand. stage of manufacturing and sale with a
mean attainment of economic independence though the person does not own any. banks.
Tender Offer: A public offer to buy shares provision of refunding the amount of VAT 1. Banking Regulation Act 1949
which, in turn, implies capability to Sinking Fund: Money regularly set aside by a
from an existing stockholder of one public already paid at earlier stage to avoid double Lakdawala Estimating poverty line in
sustain a higher rate of growth of economy company to redeem its bonds, debentures 2. Industries (Development and 1951
corporation by another public corporation taxation. Committee India
essentially with the help of the domestic or preferred stock from time as specified in Regulation) Act
under specific terms, good for a certain Volume: The number of shares or contracts
resources. the indenture or charter. 3. MRTP Act 1969 Montek Singh Power Sector reforms
period of time. traded in a security or area entire market
Seller’s Market: It is market situation which Speculation: The employment of funds Ahuluwalia
Third Market: Trading of stock exchange- during a given period. 4. FERA 1973
exists for a short time period. by a speculator. Safety of principal is a
listed securities in the over the counter Voting Right: A common stockholder has Rakesh Mohan Development of
Sell Side: The portion of the securities secondary factor. right to vote his/her stock in affairs of a 5. Negotiable Instruments Act 1981 Committee Infrastructure in India
market by non-exchange member brokers.
business in which orders are transacted. Speculator: One who is willing to assume a company. The right to vote may be delegated
Ticker: A telegraphic system that continuously 6. FEMA 2000 Abid Hussain Small Scale Sector
The sell side includes retail brokers, relatively large risk in the terms good hope by the stockholder to another person.
provides the last sale prices and volume of 7. Competition Act 2002 Committee
institutional brokers and traders, and of gain. securities transactions of exchanges. Warrants: Certificates giving the holder the
research departments. Spin Off: The separation of a subsidiary or Trader: Individuals who buy and sell for their rights to purchase security at a stipulated Jha Committee MODVAT
Sensex: The Stock Exchange Sensitive Index division of a corporation from its parent Commissions/Committees and their
own accounts for short term profit. price within a specified time limit or
purpose Vasudev Committee NBFC
(popularly referred to as the SENSEX) company by issuing shares in a new Transfer Agent: A transfer agent keeps a perpetually.
reflects the weighted arithmetic average corporate entity. record of the name of each registered Working Control: Theoretically, ownership Arjun Sen Gupta Public Sector Enterprise
Omkar Goswami Industrial Sickness
of the price relative of a group of share Split: The division of the outstanding shares of Committe
shareowner, his or her address, the number of 51% of a company’s voting stock is Committee Autonomy
included in the index of sensitive shares. a corporation into larger number of shares. of shares owned, and sees that certificates necessary to exercise control. In practice G.V. Ramakrishna Disinvestment
Serial Bond: An issue that matures in part at Stock Exchange: An organised marketplace Rangarajan Disinvestment of PSUs
presented for transfer are properly canceled and this is particular true in the case Commission
Committee and Balance of Payments
periodic stated intervals. for securities featured in the centralisation and new certificates issued in the name of of a large corporation, effective control Arvind Virmani Import Tariff Reform
Settlement: Conclusion of a securities of supply and demand for the transaction of the new owner. sometimes can exerted through ownership, Malhotra Insurance Sector and its
transaction when a customer pays a orders by member brokers for institutional Treasury Stock: Stock issued by a company individually or by a group acting in control Committee regulation. Follow-up led Vaghul Committee Money Markets India
broker/dealer for securities purchased or and individual investors. to setting up of IRDA. reforms
but later reacquired. It may be held in the of less than 50%.
Indian Economy 331 335
fera and fema

fera fema Citizenship was a Stay in India for more
criteria to determine than 182 days is
Violation of FERA Violation of FEMA is a residential status of a the criteria to decide
was a criminal civil wrong. person under FERA. residential status.
offence.
There was only one There are two appellate
Offences under Offences under FEMA Appellate Authority authorities, namely:
FERA were not are compoundable. namely Foreign 1. Special Director
compoundable.
Penalty was 5 times
the amount involved.
Penalty is 3 times the
sum involved.
Exchange Regulation
Appellate Board.
(Appeals)
2. Appellate Tribunal for
Foreign Exchange.
PhySicS
)) Scalar QUantitieS
Unit Physical quantities which have magnitude
The chosen standard used for measuring a only and no direction are called scalar
physical quantity is called unit. quantities.
Example: Mass, Speed, Volume, etc.
SyStem of UnitS
Units depend on choice. Each choice of units Vector QUantitieS
leads to a new system (set) of units. The Physical quantities which have magnitude
internationally accepted systems are (i) CGS and direction both and which obey triangle
system; (ii) EPS System; (iii) FPS System; law are called vector quantities.
and (iv) SI Units. Example: Displacement, Velocity, etc.
Si Base Units
Science Base quantity Unit Symbol KinematicS
Length metre m
Mass kilogram kg DiStance
Time second s Distance is the length of actual path covered
Electric current ampere A by a moving object in a given time interval.
Thermodynamic • Distance is a scalar quantity whereas
kelvin K
temperature dis placement is a vector quantity both
Amount of having the same unit.
mole mol
substance
Luminous intensity candela cd DiSPlacement
Supplementary Supplementary
• The difference between the final and the initial
Symbol position of an object is called displacement.
Physical Quantity Unit
Plane angle radian rad.
• It is a vector quantity. Its unit is metre.
• The magnitude of displacement may or may
Solid angle steradian Sr
not be equal to the path length traversed by
Standard Units an object.
viscocity pascal second • Displacement may be positive, negative or
zero whereas distance is always positive.
Power dioptre
Inductance henry SPeeD
Loudness phon • The average speed of a particle for a given
Magnetic inductance tesla interval of time is defined as the ratio of total
Magnetic flux weber distance travelled to the total time taken.
Total distance travelled
Electric charge farad, coulomb Average speed =
Total time taken
336 General Knowledge 2020 Science 337 338 General Knowledge 2020
• Distance travelled by the moving object in inertia momentUm • The centre of gravity of a body is that point, • Friction that exists during the relative sliding
motion Inertia is the property of a body by virtue of through which the entire weight of body acts. or rolling of one surface over the other is
unit time interval is called speed. It is scalar
quantity and its SI unit is metre/second If the position of an object changes with time, which the body opposes change in its initial Momentum is the property of a moving body • The weight of a body acts through centre of called dynamic or kinetic fraction.
it is said to be in motion. A particle at rest does state of rest or motion with uniform speed and is defined as the product of mass and gravity in the downward direction. • Frictional force does not depend on the
(m/s). Velocity of a moving object is defined
not have the speed and acceleration, while a on a straight line. velocity of the body. It is a vector quantity. area of contact.
as the displacement of the object in the unit Its SI unit is kg m/s. eQUiliBriUm • Kinetic friction is less than static friction.
particle in motion has its speed and also may
time interval. It is a vector quantity and its • If the resultant of all the forces acting on
have some acceleration. Some Examples of Inertia
SI unit is metre/second. a body is zero then the body is said to be aDVantageS anD DiSaDVantageS
• When a car or train starts suddenly, the PrinciPle of conSerVation of
Projectile motion in equilibrium. of friction
Distance passengers bend backward. linear momentUm
Speed = • When a particle is so projected that it makes • When a running horse stops suddenly, the i. Stable equilibrium: If on slight dis • Walking is possible due to friction.
Time If no external force acts on a system of
certain angle with horizontal and moves rider bends forward. placement from equilibrium position; • The transfer of motion from one part of
Displacement • When a coat/blanket is beaten by a stick, bodies, the total linear momentum of the a body has tendency to regain its a machine to other part through belts is
Velocity = under gravity alone then the motion of the
Time the dust particles are removed. system of bodies remains constant, i.e., original position, it is said to be in stable possible by friction.
particle is said to be projectile.
• Path of projectile is a parabola.
• First law gives the definition of force. m1u2 + m1u2 = m1v1 + m2v2 equilibrium. • Brake works on the basis of friction.
Uniform Velocity ii. Unstable equilibrium: If on a slight • Friction causes wear and tear of the
• To achieve maximum range the body should imPUlSe
• An object is said to be moving with uniform displacement from equilibrium position, parts of machinery in contact. Thus their
be projected at an angle of 45°. force • When a large force acts on a body for very a body moves in the direction of lifetime gets reduced.
velocity if it undergoes equal displacements • When a body is dropped freely from the top Force is that external cause which when small time, then force is called impulsive
of the tower and another body is projected displacement and does not regain its
in equal intervals of time. acts on a body, changes or tries to change force. Impulse is defined as the product of methoDS of reDUcing friction
horizontally from the same point, both will original position, the equilibrium is said
the initial state of the body. force and time. • By polishing, by lubrication, by proper
relatiVe Velocity reach the ground at the same time. to be unstable equilibrium.
• Force = mass × acceleration • It is a vector quantity and its direction selection of material, by using ball bearing,
• When two bodies are moving in the straight • If we throw two balls of different masses is the direction of force. Its SI unit is the friction can be reduced to some extent.
v − u neUtral eQUiliBriUm
in horizontal direction then they will again  m = ma Newton second (Ns).
 t 
line, the speed (or velocity) of one with If on slight displacement from equilibrium
respect to another is known as its relative
reach on earth at the same time because
position, a body has no tendency to come
worK, energy anD Power
both the balls will have zero velocity in centriPetal force
speed (or velocity). • Its S.I. unit is Newton (kg. m s–2) back to its original position or to move in
vertical direction. A body performing circular motion is acted worK
the direction of displacement, it is said to • When a body is displaced by applying a force
Important Prefixes to Units newton’S SeconD law of motion upon by a force which is always directed
be in neutral equilibrium.
circUlar motion on it, then work is said to be done.
• The rate of change of momentum of a towards the centre of the circle. This force
tera (T) 1012 giga (G) 109 Mega (M)106 • When an object moves along a circular path, • The centre of gravity of a body is that point • Work = Force × displacement.
body is directly proportional to the applied is called centripetal force.
then its motion is called circular motion e.g., through which the entire weight of the • Its SI unit is joule (kg m2 s–2).
kilo (K) 103 hecto (h) 102 deka (da) 10 force on the body and takes place in the mv 2 body acts.
motion of a top etc. F=
deci (d) 10–1 centi (C) 10–2 mili (m) 10–3 • If an object moves a long a circular path with
direction of force. r PoSitiVe worK Done
• Newton’s second law gives the magnitude conDitionS for StaBle eQUiliBriUm • Positive work means that force is parallel
uniform speed, its motion is called uniform Cyclist bends his body towards the centre
Micro (µ) 10–6 nano (n) 10–9 Pilo (P) 10–12 of force, i.e. Force = mass × acceleration. • For stable equilibrium of a body, the to displacement, i.e. in the direction
circular motion. on a turn while turning to obtain the
• Newton’s first law is contained in the following two conditions should be fulfilled. of displacement.
Femp (f) 10–15 atto (a) 10–18 • It is accelerated even if speed of the body required centripetal force.
second law. i. The centre of gravity of the body should
is constant. The motion of satellite is an negatiVe worK Done
centrifUgal force be at the minimum height.
acceleration acclerated motion. newton’S thirD law of motion • Negative work means that force is opposite
In applying the Newton’s laws of motion, ii. The vertical line passing through the
• Acceleration of an object is defined as the To every action, there is an equal and centre of gravity of the body should pass
to displacement.
angUlar Velocity we have to consider some forces which
rate of change of velocity of the object. It is opposite reaction. cannot be assigned to any object in the through the base of the body.
The time rate of change of the angular Zero worK Done
a vector quantity and its SI unit is metre/
displacement of a particle relative to its origin • Forces act on two different bodies in surrounding. These forces are called pseudo • If the force is perpendicular to the dis
second2 (m/s2). If velocity decreases with opposite directions. friction
is angular velocity. w = q
force or inertial force. Centrifugal force is placement and if either the force or the
time then acceleration is negative and is t also called a Pseudo force. It is always equal • If we slide or try to slide a body over a displacement is zero, work done is zero.
called retardation. Examples of third law and opposite to centripetal force.
newton’S firSt law of motion surface, the motion is resisted by a bonding energy
i. Recoil of a gun; Cream separator, centrifugal driver, etc.
• Accceleration (a) = v – u • Everybody maintains its initial state of rest ii. Motion of a rocket;
between the body and the surface. This • Capacity of doing work by a body is called
t work on the principle of centrifugal force. resistance is called frictional force.
or motion with uniform speed on a straight iii. Swimming; its energy.
line unless an external force acts on it. • The opposite force that comes into play when • Energy is a scalar quantity and its SI unit
• When the velocity of a body increases with iv. While drawing water from the well, if moment of force
• First law is also called law of Galileo or the string breaks up, the man drawing • The rotational effect of a force on a body one body tends to move over the surface of is joule and CGS unit is erg.
time then its acceleration is negative and is
law of inertia. water falls back. about an axis of rotation is described in another body but actually motion has yet • Energy developed in a body due to work done
called retardation or deceleration.
• It gives the definition of force. terms of moment of force. not started is called static friction. is called mechanical energy.
Science 339 340 General Knowledge 2020 Science 341
Kinetic energy • In battery, chemical energy changes into graVity • The gravitational force of earth (gravity) is • The orbital speed of a satellite revolving near
• If a body of mass m is moving with velocity mechanical energy. • The acceleration due to gravity is the rate called acceleration due to gravity (denoted Kepler’s Laws of Planetary Motion the surface of earth is 7.9 km/sec.
v, then kinetic energy • In electric motor, electrical energy changes of increase of velocity of a body falling freely as g) and its value is 9.8 m/s2. i. All planets move around the sun in
elliptical orbits, with the sun being at PerioD of reVolUtion of Satellite
1 2 P2 into mechanical energy. towards the earth. It is represented by • Acceleration due to gravity is independent of
KE = mv = rest at one focus of the orbit. Time taken by a satellite to complete one
2 2m GM e shape, size and mass of the body. ii. The position vector of the planet with revolution in its orbit is called its period of
Power g= sun at the origin sweeps out equal area
where p is the linear momentum. • Rate of doing work is called power. R e2 revolution.
weight in equal time.
• When momentum is doubled, kinetic energy • SI unit of power is watt named as a respect i. Period of revolution of a satellite depends
where Me is the mass of the earth and Re is • The weight of a body is the force with which it is iii. The square of the period of revolution
becomes four times. upon the height of satellite from the
to the scientist James Watt or Joule Per the radius of the earth. attracted towards the centre of Earth. of a planet around the sun is directly
• If a body is moving in horizontal circle then surface of earth. The greater the height,
second and it is scalar quantity. • The value of g at the surface of earth is • It is measured by a spring balance. proportional to the cube of main distance
the more will be the period of revolution.
its kinetic energy is same at all points, but if of planet from the sun.
1 W = 1 J/s 9.8 m/s2. • It is not constant and it changes from ii. Period of revolution of a satellite is
it is moving in vertical circle, then the kinetic
1 kW = 103 W • The value of g on the Moon is 1/6th of that on independent of its mass.
energy is different at different points. place to place.
the earth. geoStationary Satellite • The period of revolution of satellite revolving
1 MW = 106 W
Potential energy Weight of a Body in a Lift If a satellite revolves in equatorial plane in near the surface of earth is 1 hour 24
• It is the energy possessed by a body by virtue 1 Watt/s (W–s) = 1 J Variation in the ValUe of graVity
the direction of earth’s rotation, i.e. from minutes (84 minute).
• Horse power is a practical unit of power. • When we go above the surface of the earth, i. If the lift is stationary or moving with
of its position. uniform speed (either upward or west to east with a period of revolution equal
1 H.P. = 746 watt. the acceleration due to gravity goes on
• PE of a body in the gravitational field downward), the apparent weight of a to time period of rotation of earth on its own general ProPertieS of matter
Power is the rate at which work is done. It decreasing.
of earth is mgh. body is equal to its true weight. axis, i.e. 24 hours, then the satellite will
is the work/time ratio. Mathematically, it is • When we go below the surface of the earth,
where m = mass, g = acceleration due to ii. If the lift is going up with acceleration appear stationary relative to earth. Such a elaSticity
computed using the following equation: the acceleration due to gravity goes on
gravity, h = height of the body from surface (a), the apparent weight of a body satellite is called a geostationary satellite. • It is that property of the material of a body
decreasing and becomes zero at the centre of by virtue of which the body opposes any
of the earth. is more than the true weight, i.e. Such a satellite revolves around the earth
Power = Work done
the earth.
• When a body is falling downwards, then R = m(g + a) change in its shape or size when deforming
Time taken • On increasing the rotational motion of earth, at a height of 36,000 km. The orbit of
forces are applied to it, and recovers its
its potential energy goes on changing to iii. If the lift is going down with acceleration, geostationary satellite is called parking orbit.
the value of g decreases.
kinetic energy. P=W the apparent weight of the body is less original state as soon as the deforming
T • Decreasing the rotational motion of earth, Polar satellites revolve around the earth in forces are removed.
than the true weight. i.e. R = m(g – a)
PrinciPle of conSerVation of the value of g increases. polar orbits at a height of approximately
iv. If the cord of the lift is broken, it falls PlaSticity
energy graVitation • When we go from the equator towards the 800 km. The time period of these satellites is
poles, the value of g goes on increasing.
freely under gravity. In this situation,
approximately 84 minutes. These satellites • The property of a body, by virtue of which
• Energy can neither be created nor destroyed. weight of a body in the lift becomes it does not regain its original configuration
Definition • If earth stops its rotation about its own axis are used for weather forecasting.
Energy can only be transformed from one zero. after the removal of deforming force, is
Every body attracts another body by a force then at the equator the value of g increases
form to another form. The sum of all kinds v. While going down, if the acceleration called plasticity.
called force of gravitation. and consequently the weight of body lying eScaPe Velocity
of energies in an isolated system remains of lift is more than acceleration due to
there increases. • The minimum velocity of the body that StreSS
constant at all times. gravity, a body in the lift goes in contact
graVitational force should be given to the body to enable it to • The internal restoring force acting per unit
Variation in g of the ceiling of lift.
Mm • escape away from earth’s gravitational field area of crosssection of the deformed body
tranSformation of energy • Mathematically, it is represented as: F = G i. Value of g decreases with height or
r2 is called escape velocity. Its value on the is called stress.
• In a heat engine, heat energy changes into depth from earth’s surface. earth’s surface is 11.2 km/s.
mechanical energy. Where, F is gravitational force, G is ii. g is maximum at poles. Strain
• gravitational constant, M is the mass of first
Satellite
In the electric bulb, the electric energy is iii. g is minimum at equator. Vesp = 2Gm • The change in length, volume, shape of the
converted into light energy. particle, m is the mass of second particle and iv. g decreases due to rotation of earth. • The heavenly body which revolves round the R body under the application of the deforming
• In burning coal, oil, etc., the chemical energy r is the distance between them. v. g decreases if angular speed of earth planets is called satellite. Moon is a natural force is called strain.
• This is called Newton’s Universal Law increases and increases if angular speed orBital SPeeD of a Satellite • Hooke’s law and Modulus of Elasticity: The
changes to heat energy. satellite of earth, while INSATI1B is an
of Gravitation. i. Orbital speed of a satellite is independent ratio of stress to strain is a constant for the
• In solar cell, solar energy changes into of earth decreases. artificial satellite of earth.
• The value of G is 6.67 × 10–11 N m2/kg2. • If angular speed of earth becomes 17 times of its mass. Hence satellites of different material and is called Modulus of Elasticity.
electrical energy. • The speed of a satellite does not depend upon
its present value, a body on the equator masses revolving in the orbit of same Stress
• In playing sitar, mechanical energy changes newton’S law of graVitation the mass of the satellite.
radius have same orbital speed. E=
into sound energy. becomes weightless. • A satellite revolving very close to earth’s Strain
The force of gravitational attraction between ii. Orbital speed of a satellite depends upon
• In microphone, sound energy changes into twopoint bodies is directly proportional to centre of graVity surface has a period of revolution about 84 the radius of orbit (height of satellite • It is also called Hooke’s law, which states
electrical energy. the product of their masses and inversely • The centre of gravity of a body is that point min and its speed is nearly 8 km/s. from the surface of earth). Greater the that within the limit of elasticity the strain
• In loud speaker, electrical energy changes proportional to the square of the distance at which the whole weight of the body • Artificial satellites are of two types: Geo radius of orbit, lesser will be the orbital produced in a body is directly proportional
into sound energy. between them. appears to act. stationary and Polar satellites. speed. to the stress applied to it.
PreSSUre • Hydraulic lift, hydraulic press, hydraulic centre of BUoyancy • Bubbles of soap solution are big because v. Action of leaves in soaking up water • Viscosity of gases is much less than that of
brake work on the basis of Pascal’s law. The centre of gravity of the liquid displaced addition of soap decreases the surface from the body is due to capillary action liquids. There is no viscosity in solids.
• Pressure is defined as force acting normally • Cohesive force: It is the intermolecular force by a body is called centre of buoyancy. tension of water. of cotton in the towel. • Viscosity of an ideal fluid is zero.
on unit area on the surface. SI unit of of attraction acting between the molecules • Due to the surface tension, rain drops are vi. Melted wax, in a candle rises up to wick • With rise in temperature, viscosity of liquids
pressure is N/m2 also called Pascal (Pa). of same substance. meta centre by capillary action. decreases and that for gases increases.
spherical in shape.
Pressure is a scalar quantity. • Adhesive force: It is intermolecular force of When a floating body is slightly tilted from • The kerosene oil in a lantern and the melted • Viscosity of a fluid is measured by its
• When kerosene oil is sprinkled on water, its
attraction acting between the molecules of equilibrium position, the centre of buoyancy wax in a candle, rise in the capillaries formed coefficient of viscosity. Its SI unit is (N sm–2)
Normal force shifts. The point at which the vertical line surface tension decreases. As a result, the
Pressure = different substances. in the cotton wick and thus they burnt. or Pascalsecond. It is generally denoted by n.
Area Effect of Pressure on Melting Point and passing through the new position of centre larvae of mosquitoes floating on the surface
• Writing nib is split in the middle so that
Boiling Point: of buoyancy meets with the initial line is of water die due to sinking. terminal Velocity
• Atmospheric pressure of 1 atm = 1.01 × 10–5 • Small drops of mercury are spherical while
a fine capillary is formed in it. When it is
i. The M.P. of substances which expands called Meta Centre. dipped in ink the ink rises in the capillary. When a body falls in a viscous medium, its
N/m2 = 760 torr
on fusion increases with the increase Conditions for stable equilibrium of Floating large are flat. • The water given to the fields rises in the velocity first increases and finally becomes
atmoSPheric PreSSUre in pressure. body: • Formation of lead shots. innumerable capillaries formed in the stems constant. This constant velocity is called
Atmospheric pressure is that pressure which ii. The M.P. of substances which contracts • Relative density is measured by Hydrometer. • Warm soup is tasty because at high of plants and trees and reaches the branches terminal velocity.
is exerted by a mercury column of 76 cm on fusion decreases with the increase in • The density of sea water is more than that temperature its surface tension is low and the leaves.
temperature. of normal water. Streamline flow
length at 0°C at 45° latitude at sealevel. and consequently the soup spreads on all • The farmers plough their fields after rains If a fluid is flowing in such a way that velocity
• Atmospheric pressure decreases with
iii. Boiling point of all the substances • When ice floats in water, its part remains parts of the tongue. so that the capillaries formed in the soil are
increases with the increase in pressure. outside the water. of all the fluid particles reaching a particular
altitude (height from earth surface). This is broken and the water remains in the lower point is same at all time, then the floor of
why (i) It is difficult to cook on the mountain. • If ice floating in water in a vessel melts, the caPillarity layers of the soil.
floatation level of water in the vessel does not change. fluid is said to be streamlined flow.
(ii) The fountain pen of a passenger leaks in
an aeroplane at a height. • Purity of milk is measured by lactometer. DenSity critical Velocity
BUoyant force caPillary tUBe
• Atmospheric pressure is measured by A tube having very narrow (fine) and uniform The maximum velocity up to which fluid
When a body is immersed partly or wholly SUrface tenSion • The density of a substance (ρ) is defined as
barometer. bore is called a capillary tube. motion is streamlined is called critical
in a liquid, a force acts on the body by the the ratio of its mass (M) to its volume (V).
• Sudden fall in barometric reading is the • It is the force (F) acting normally to a unit If a capillary tube is dipped in a liquid, liquid velocity. Clearly, if the velocity of flow is
liquid in the upward direction. This force is Mass below critical velocity, flow is streamlined
indication of storm. length (l) of an imaginary line drawn on the ascends or descends in the capillary tube. i.e. Density =
called buoyant force or force of buoyancy or and of the velocity is above the critical
• Slow fall in barometric reading is the surface of liquid. This phenomenon is called capillarity. Volume
upthrust. It is equal to the weight of liquid velocity, flow is turbulent.
indication of rain. F The height by which liquid ascends or • Density of water is maximum at 4°C.
displaced by the body and acts at the centre i.e. T =
• Slow rise in the barometric reading is the descends in a capillary tube depends upon • The relative density is defined as the ratio
of gravity of displaced liquid. l BernoUlli’S theorem
the radius of the tube. of the density of the substance to the density
indication of clear weathers. • When an incompressible and nonviscous
archimeDeS’ PrinciPle Surface tension is the property of a liquid The capillarity depends on the nature of of water at 4°C. liquid (or gas) flows in streamlined motion
PreSSUre in liQUiD When a body is immersed partly or wholly by virtue of which it has the tendency to liquid and solid both. The liquid which wets • Ice floats on water surface as its density from one place to another, then at every
Force exerted on unit area of wall or base of in a liquid, there is an apparent loss in the have the area of its free surface minimum. the wall of tube rises in the tube and the (0.92 g/cm3) is lesser than the density of point of its path the total energy per unit
the container by the molecules of liquid is weight of the body which is equal to the • Surface tension of a liquid decreases with liquid which does not wet the wall of tube water (1g/cm3). volume (pressure energy + kinetic energy +
the pressure of liquid. weight of liquid displaced by the body. the increase of temperature and becomes descends in the tube. • If ice floating in water in a vessel melts, the potential energy) remains constant.
zero at critical temperature. level of water in the vessel does not change.
i. In a static liquid at same horizontal illUStrationS of caPillarity • Venturi Meter, Pitot tube, Bunsen’s burner,
law of floatation Cohesive Force: The force of attraction • The density of sea water is more than that of
level, pressure is same at all points. atomizer, filter pump and magnus effect are
ii. Pressure at a point in a static liquid has A body floats in a liquid if– between the molecules of same substance i. A piece of blotting paper soaks ink normal water. This explains why it is easier
is called cohesive force. Cohesive force is because the pores of the blotting paper based on the Bernoulli’s theorem.
same value in all directions. i. Density of material of body is less than to swim in sea water.
or equal to the density of liquid. maximum solids. Cohesive force is negligible serve as capillary tubes. SimPle harmonic motion (Shm)
iii. Pressure at a point in a liquid is in cases of gages. ii. The root hairs of plants draw water from
proportional to the depth of the point ii. If density of material of body is equal ViScoSity If a particle repeats its motion about a fixed
to density of liquid, the body floats Adhesive Force: Force of attraction between the soil through capillary action.
from the free surface. point after a regular time interval in such
fully submerged in liquid in neutral the molecules of different substances is iii. To prevent loss of water due to capillary
iv. Pressure at a point in a liquid is ViScoUS force a way that at any moment the acceleration
equilibrium. called adhesive force. action, the soil is loosened and split into
proportional to the density of the liquid. • If a clean and dry needle is very slowly kept The force which opposes the relative motion of the particle is directly proportional to its
iii. When body floats in neutral equilibrium, pieces by the farmers.
between different layers of liquid or gases is displacement from the fixed point at the
on the surface of water, it floats due to iv. If a capillary tube is dipped in water in
PaScal’S law the weight of the body is equal to the called viscous force. moment and is always directed towards the
surface tension. an artificial satellite, water rises up to
• The pressure exerted anywhere at a weight of displaced liquid. fixed point at that moment and is always
• The addition of detergent or soap decreases other end of tube because of its zero
Viscosity is the property of a liquid by virtue
point of confined fluid is transmitted iv. The centre of gravity of the body and of which it opposes the relative motion directed towards the fixed point then the
the surface tension of water and, thus, apparent weight, how long the tube
equally and undiminished in all directions centre of gravity of the displaced liquid between its different layers. motion of the particle is called simple
increases the cleaning ability. may be.
throughout the liquid. should be in one vertical line.
harmonic motion. The fixed point is called • If a simple pendulum is suspended in a lift ProPertieS of electromagnetic • The longitudinal mechanical waves having Effect of humidity on speed of sound: The Velocity of source
mean point or equilibrium point. descending down with acceleration, then waVeS frequencies greater than 2000 Hz are called speed of sound is more in humid air than in Mach number =
time period of pendulum will increase. Velocity of sound
Following waves are not electromagnetic: ultrasonic waves. dry because the density of humid air is less
characteriSticS of Shm If lift is ascending, then time period of i. Cathode rays than the density of dry air. Echo: The sound waves received after being
When a particle executing SHM passes pendulum will decrease. Applications of Ultrasonic Waves reflected from a high tower or mountains is
ii. Canal rays
through the mean position: • If a lift falling freely under gravity, then the iii. Sound waves 1. For sending signals. characteriSticS of SoUnD waVeS called echo.
i. No force acts on the particle. time period of the Pendulum will be infinite. iv. Ultrasonic waves 2. For measuring the depth of sea. 1. Intensity: Intensity of sound at any point • To hear echo, the minimum distance
ii. Acceleration of the particle is zero. 3. For cleaning clothes, aeroplanes and in space is defined as amount of energy between the observer and reflector should
iii. Velocity is maximum. waVe ))
Note: Electromagnetic waves of wavelength machinery parts of clocks. passing normally per unit area head held be 17m (16.6m).
iv. Kinetic energy is maximum. • A wave is a disturbance which propagates
range 10–3 m to 10–2 m are called microwaves. 4. For removing lampshoot from the around that point per unit time. • Persistence of ear (effect of sound on ear)
v. Potential energy is zero. chimney of factories. Due to intensity, a sound appears loud is 1/10 sec.
energy from one place to the other without
When a particle executing SHM is at the the transport of matter. imPortant termS 5. In sterilising of a liquid. or faint to the ear. Actually, the sensation • Due to refraction, sound is heard at longer
extreme end, then: • These are of two types: 6. In ultrasonography. of a sound perceived by ear is measured in nights than in day.
i. Acceleration of the particle is maximum. i. Mechanical waves amPlitUDe by another term called loudness which Resonance: If the frequency of imposed
ii. Restoring force acting on particle is ii. Electromagnetic waves Amplitude is defined as the maximum depends on intensity of sound and periodic force is equal to the natural
SPeeD of SoUnD sensitiveness of the ear. Unit of loudness frequency of a body, the body oscillates with
maximum. displacement of the vibrating particle on
mechanical waVeS either side from the equilibrium position. • In a medium, the speed of sound is bel. A practical unit of loudness is very large amplitude. This phenomenon is
iii. Velocity of particle is zero. basically depends upon elasticity and
• The waves which require material medium decibel (dB) which is equal to 1/10th of called resonance.
iv. Kinetic energy of a particle is zero. (solid, liquid or gas) for their propagation are waVelength density of medium. • A group of soldiers on a bridge are advised
bel. Another unit of loudness is phon.
v. Potential energy is maximum. called mechanical waves or elastic waves. Wavelength is the distance between any two • When sound enters from one medium to not to walk in steps because their movement
2. Pitch: Pitch is that characteristic of
These are of two types: nearest particles of the medium, vibrating in another medium, its speed and wavelength sound which distinguishes a sharp (or causes the bridge to vibrate. If they walk
PerioDic motion
i. Longitudinal waves the same phase. It is denoted by the Greek changes but frequency remains unchanged. shrill) sound from a grave (dull or flat) in step, the frequency of vibration may
Any motion which repeats itself after regular
interval of time is called periodic or harmonic ii. Transverse waves letter lambda. • In a medium the speed of sound is sound. Higher the frequency, higher match the natural frequency of the bridge
Longitudinal Waves: If the particles of In transverse wave distance between two independent of frequency. will be the pitch and shriller will be the structure, and thus causing resonance.
motion.
the medium vibrate in the direction of consecutive crests or troughs, and in • Speed of sound is maximum in solids and sound. Lower the frequency, lower will This resonance of frequency can cause the
oScillatory motion propagation of wave, the wave is called lon longitudinal wave, distance between two minimum in gases. be the pitch and grave will be the sound. bridge to collapse.
• If a particle repeats its motion after a regular gitudinal wave. Waves on springs or sound consecutive compressions or refractions is • The speed of sound is more in humid air The pitch of female voice is higher than Interference of sound: The modification
time interval about a fixed point, motion is waves in air are examples of longitudinal equal to wavelength. than in dry air because the density of humid the pitch of male voice. redistribution of energy at a point due to
said to be oscillatory or vibratory. waves. The pitch of sound produced by superposition of two (or more) sound waves
air is less than the density of dry air.
• Motion of piston in an automobile engine freQUency of same frequency is called interference of
Transverse Waves: If the particles of the
• Frequency of vibration of a particle is defined • The unit of loudness is decibel (dB). roaring of lion is lower whereas the
and motion of balance wheel of a watch are medium vibrate perpendicular to the pitch of sound produced by mosquito sound.
Effect of pressure on speed of sound: The
the examples of oscillatory motion. direction of propagation of wave, the wave
as the number of vibrations completed by
whisper is high.
the particle in one second speed of sound is independent of pressure. Diffraction of SoUnD
is called transverse wave. Effect of temperature on speed of sound: 3. Quality: Quality is that characteristic of Wavelength of sound is of the order of 1 m. If
time PerioD 1
Time taken in one complete oscillation is
Waves on strings under tension, waves Frequency (f) = The speed of sound increases with the sound which enables us to distinguish an obstacle of that range appears in the path
on the surface of water are examples of Time period (T)
increase of temperature of the medium. between sounds produced by two sources of sound, sound deviates the edge of obstacle
called time period.
transverse waves. Velocity of wave (v) = frequency (f) × having the same intensity and pitch. The
Frequency is the number of oscillations intensity of Sound and propagates forward. This phenomenon
wavelength l quality depends upon number, frequency
completed by oscillating body in unit time electromagnetic waVeS is called diffraction of sound.
area Kind of intensity intensity and relative intensities of overtones.
interval. Its SI unit is Hertz. • The waves which do not require medium for SoUnD waVe code area during the at night DoPPler’S effect
their propagation, i.e. which can propagate day (decibel) (decibel) ShocK waVeS
SimPle PenDUlUm • It is longitudinal mechanical. If there is a relative motion between source
even though the vacuum are called non • A body moving with supersonic speed in air
• It is a heavy point mass suspended from • The longitudinal mechanical waves which lie A Industrial 75 70
leaves behind it conical region of disturbance and observer, the apparent frequency of
mechanical waves. Light and heat are area
a rigid support by means of an elastic in the range 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz are called sound heard by the observer is different
the examples of non-mechanical wave. which spreads continuously. Such a
inextensible string. audible or sound waves. B Commercial 65 55 disturbance is called shock wave. from the actual frequency of sound emitted
In fact all the electromagnetic waves are
l nonmechanical. • The longitudinal mechanical waves area
• These waves carry huge energy and may by the source. This phenomenon is called
• Time period of simple pendulum = T = 2p having frequencies less than 20 Hz are Doppler’s effect.
g • All the electromagnetic waves consist of C Residential 55 45 even make cracks in window panes.
photons. called infrasonic. These are produced by area • The speed of supersonic wave is measured When the distance between the source and
• Where l is the length of simple pendulum earthquakes, volcanic, eruption, Ocean observer decreases, the apparent frequency
and g is the acceleration due to gravity. • The wavelength range of electromagnetic D Peaceful 50 40 in mach number. One mach number is the
waves is 10–4 m to 104 m. waves, elephants, and whales. area ratio of speed of source to the speed of sound. increases and viceversa.
USeS thermometers Thermal expansion radiaTion process of fusion (as wax) increases with the ii. Latent heat of vapourisation: It is the
i. By police to check over speeding vehicles. When a body is heated, its length, surface In this method, transfer of heat takes place increase in pressure. amount of heat required to change unit
Scale minimum Maximum
ii. At airport to guide the aircraft. temperature temperature area and volume increases. with the speed of light without affecting the • With the addition of impurity (as salt in ice), mass of a substance from liquid state
iii. To study heart beats and blood flow in (Boiling Point) Almost every liquid expands with the increase intervening medium. melting point of a substance decreases. to vapour state at its boiling point. For
different parts of the body. Centigrade or 0°C 100°C in temperature. But when temperature of water at 100°C it is about 2230 joules
newTon’s law of cooling VaPoriSation
celsius water is increased from 0°C to 4°C, its volume (536 cal per gram).
mach nUmBer • The rate of loss of heat by a body is directly The process by which a substance is
decreases. If the temperature is increased
It is defined as the ratio of speed of sound Fahrenheit 32°F 212°F proportional to the difference in temperature changed from liquid state to vapour state is
above 4°C its volume starts increasing. SUBlimation
source to the speed of sound in the same Reumer 0°R 80°R between the body and the surrounding. called vaporisation.
Clearly, density of water is maximum at 4°C Sublimation is the process of conversion of
medium under the same condition of as its volume is minimum at 4°C. • According to Kirchhoff’s law, the ratio of eVaPoration a solid directly into vapour.
temperature and pressure. emissive power to absorptive power is same
relation Between temPeratUreS The process of vapourisation which takes • Sublimation takes place when boiling point
• If mach number > 1, body is called supersonic. some pracTical applicaTions for all surfaces at the same temperature and
place only from the exposed surface of
• If mach number > 5, body is called hypersonic. on Different ScaleS is equal to emissive power of black body at is less than melting point.
of Thermal expansion liquid and that at all temperatures is called • Sublimation is shown by camphor or ice
• If mach number < 1, the body (source) is that temperature.
• Kirchhoff’s law signifies that good absorbers evaporation. in vacuum.
said to be moving with subsonic behind total raDiation Pyrometer • Telephone wires are given enough gaps to Evaporation causes cooling. This is why
it a conical region of disturbance which When a body is at high temperature, it allow the wires for contraction in winter. are good emitters. If a shining metal ball
spreads continuously. Such a disturbance with some black spot on its surface is water in an earthen pot gets cooled in hoar froSt
glows brightly and the radiation permitted • An ordinary pendulum clock runs faster summer.
is called shock waves. by the body is directly proportional to the in winter but slower in summer, because in heated to a high temperature and seen in • Hoar frost is just the reverse process of
summer the length of pendulum increases, dark, the shining ball becomes dull but Boiling sublimation i.e. it is the process of direct
fourth power of absolute temperature of
heat the body. Radiation pyrometer measures while in winter it decreases. the black spot shines brilliantly, because
The process of vapourisation which takes conversion of vapour into solid.
Heat is that form of energy which flows from the temperature of a body by measuring the • In the Construction of bridges, ends of black spot absorbs radiation during heating
place at a fixed temperature and from • Steam produces more severe burn than
steel girders are not fixed but placed on rolls and emit in dark. water at same temperature because internal
one body to other body due to difference radiation emitted by the body. whole part of liquid is called boiling. The
to allow free expansion and contraction in • Black body absorbs all the radiations
of temperature between the bodies. The temperature at which boiling takes place is energy of steam is more than that of water
SPecific heat caPacity summer and winter respectively to avoid any incident on its surface. It always appear black
amount of heat contained in a body depends called boiling point. at same temperature.
Specific heat capacity of a material is damage to the bridge. despite the colour of radiation incident on it.
upon the mass of the body. • The amount of water vapour in air is
the amount of heat required to raise the • A gap is provided between the iron rails conDenSation
• It is due to the kinetic energy of the of the railway track so that rails can easily sTefan’s law called as humidity.
temperature of unit mass of substance The process by which a substance is
molecules constituting the body.
expand during summer and do not bend. The radiant energy emitted by a black body changed from vapour state to liquid state is • The amount of water vapour present in 1 m3
• Its units are calorie (cal), kilocalorie (kcal) through 1°C. Its SI unit is J/kg C°. It is given
per unit area per unit time (i.e. emissive called condensation. air is called its absolute humidity.
or joule (J). ∆Q
by S = where m is the mass and ΔQ is Transmission of heaT power) is directly proportional to the fourth • Boiling point of a liquid increases with the
• 1 cal = 4.18 Joule, 1 kcal = 1000 cal m ∆θ increase in pressure.
relatiVe hUmiDity
power of its absolute temperature.
temPeratUre amount of heat given and Δθ is change in conducTion • Boiling point of a liquid increases with the Relative humidity is defined as the ratio of
Temperature is that physical cause which temperature. In this process, heat is transferred from fusion addition of impurity. amount of water vapour present in a given
• One calorie of heat is required to raise the The process by which a substance is
decides the direction of flow of heat from one one place to other place by the successive volume of atmosphere to the amount of
temperature of 1 gram of water through latent heat or heat of
body to other body. Heat energy always flows vibrations of the particles of the medium changed from solid state to liquid state is water vapour required to saturate the same
1°C. Hence, specific heat capacity of water called fusion. Fusion takes place at a fixed
from body at higher temperature to body at
is 1 cal/gram°C.
without bodily movement of the particles of tranSformation volume at same temperature.
lower temperature. the medium. In solids, heat transfer takes temperature called melting point (MP). • Relative humidity is measured by Hygrometer.
• For most substances, the specific heat
• The normal temperature of a human body place by conduction. The amount of heat required to change the
• Relative humidity increase with the increase
increases with rise in temperature and freezing
is 37°C or 98.4 °F. state of unit mass of substance at constant
assumes a constant value a high temperature. convecTion of temperature.
• Triple point is the state at which all the three The process by which a substance is temperature is called latent heat.
• The sp eci fic h eat of wat er h oweve r
states of matter co-exist. The triple point of In this process, heat is transferred by the changed from liquid state to solid state is S.I. unit of latent heat is Joule/kilogram. air conDitioning
decreases with rise in temperature from
water is 273.16 K. actual movement of particles from one place called freezing. Freezing takes at a fixed i. Latent heat of fusion : It is the amount
0°C to about 4°C, after which it increases to other place. Due to movement of particles, For healthy and favourable atmosphere of
The device which measures the temperature temperature called freezing point (FP). For of heat energy required to convert unit
with temperature. a current of particles sets up, which is called
of a body is called thermometer. a substance MP = FP. mass a substance from solid state human being, the conditions are as follows:
• Hot water burns are less severe than
The interconversion relation for celsius, convection current. • Melting point of substances which contract to liquid state at melting point. The i. Temperature: from 23°C to 25°C.
that of steam burns because steam has
Fahrenheit and Reumer scale is : In liquids and gases, heat transfer takes in the process of fusion (as ice) decreases latent heat of fusion of ice at 0°C is ii. Relative humidity: from 60% to 65%.
high latent heat.
C F − 32 R •
place by convection. with the increase in pressure. Melting approximately 334 joules (79.7 calories)
= = Ice at 0°C appears colder than that water at
• Earth’s atmosphere is heated by convection. point of substances which expand in the
iii. Speed of air: from 0.75 metre/minute
5 9 4 0°C, because ice absorbs more heat. per gram. to 2.5 metre/minute.
thermoDynamicS engine. Steam engine is an example of on them emitted by the luminous bodies are reflection at SPherical SUrface Image formation by convex mirror iv. An object in a denser medium, when seen
external combustion engine (efficiency called nonluminous bodies. • Spherical mirrors are the mirrors in which from a rarer medium, appears to be at a
Position of Position Size of nature of
= 20%). A material can be classified as: reflecting surface side is spherical. smaller distance.
firSt law of thermoDynamicS object of image image image
Refrigerator Heat Pump: A refrigerator is i. Transparent: The bodies which allow There are two types of spherical mirrors: • Due to refraction, rivers appear shallow,
The amount of heat given to a system is used most of the incident light to pass At infinity At F Highly Erect and
an apparatus which transfer heat energy i. convex mirror coin in a beaker filled with water appears
up in two ways, first to increase the internal through them are called transparent dimished virtual
from cold to a hot body at the expanse of ii. concave mirror raised, pencil in the beaker appears broken.
energy and second to do the external work. bodies, e.g., glass and water. Between Between Diminished Erect and •
energy supplied by an external agent. The 1 1 1 2
At sunset and sunrise, due to refraction,
ii. Translucent: The bodies which allow infinity and F and P virtual
SeconD law of thermoDynamicS working substance here is called refrigerant. Mirror formula is given by + = = sun appears above horizon while it is
a part of incident light to pass through v u f r Pole actually below horizon.
The second law of thermodynamics is In actual refrigerator, vapours of Freon (CCl2 F2)
acts as refrigerant.
them are called translucent bodies, e.g., u = Object distance • The duration of day appears to be increased by
the outcome of human experience under pied paper. refraction of light
nearly 4 minute to atmospheric refraction.
which heat energy can be converted into v = Image distance When a ray of light propagating in a medium
light iii. Opaque: The substances which do not
f = Focal length of the mirror. • Writing on a paper appears lifted when a
mechanical energy. allow the incident light to pass through enters the other medium, it deviates from
glass slab is placed over the paper.
r = radius of curvature its path. This phenomenon of change in
Light is a form of energy which is propagated them are called opaque bodies, e.g., • The refractive index of a medium is maximum
iSothermal ProceSS the direction of propagation of light at the
as electromagnetic waves. In the spectrum mirror, metal, wood, etc. USeS of concaVe mirror for violet colour of light and minimum for red
If the changes are taking place in a system in boundary, when it passes from one medium
of electromagnetic waves it lies between reflection of light i. As a shaving glass. colour of light.
such a way that temperature of the system to other medium, is called refraction of light.
ultraviolet and infrared region and has • The return of light into the same medium ii. As a reflector for the headlights of a • Refractive index decreases with rise in
remains constant throughout the change, When a ray of light enters from rarer medium
wavelength between 3900 Å to 7800 Å. after striking a surface is called reflection. vehicle, search light. the temperature.
to denser medium from water to glass) it
then the process is said to be an isothermal. • Electromagnetic waves are transverse, hence There are two laws of reflection. Critical angle: In case of propagation of
iii. In ophthalmoscope to examine eye, ear, deviates towards the normal drawn on the
light is transverse wave. i. The angle of incidence is always equal light from denser to rarer medium through a
aDiaBatic ProceSS nose by doctors. boundry of two media at the incident point.
• Wave nature of light explains rectilinear to angle of reflection. plane boundary, critical angle is the angle of
If the changes are taking place in a system iv. In solar cookers. Similarly, in passiing from denser to rarer
propagation, reflection, refraction, inter ii. The incident ray, normal at the point of incidence for which angle of refraction is 90°.
medium, a ray deviates away from the
in such a way that there is no exchange of ference, diffraction and polarisation of incidence and reflected ray, all lie in the USeS of conVex mirror normal. If light is incident normally on the total internal reflection of light
heat energy between the system and the light. same plane. i. As a rear view mirror in vehicles because boundary, i.e. parallel to normal, it enters • If the angle of incidence in denser medium
surrounding, then the process is said to be • Clearly light behaves as wave and particle both.
it provides the maximum rear field of the second medium undeviated.
an adiabatic process. • Speed of light is maximum in vacuum and reflection from Plane mirror is greater than critical angle (C), then the
view and image formed is always erect. ray is reflected back into the first rarer
• If carbon dioxide is suddenly expanded, it air (3×108 m/s). i. The image is virtual and laterally inverted. lawS of refraction
ii. In sodium reflector lamp. medium, this phenomenon is called total
• It is a transverse wave. ii. The size of image is equal to that of
is changed into dry ice. This is an example i. Incident ray, refracted ray and normal internal reflection.
• It takes 8 min 19 s to reach on the earth from object. image formation by concave mirror
of adiabatic process. drawn at incident point always lie in the • In a desert, the phenomenon of mirage
the sun. iii. The distance of image from the mirror same plane.
Position Position Size of nature of occurs due to total internal reflection.
KelVin’S Statement • The light reflected from moon takes 1.28 s is equal to distance of object from the of object of image image image ii. Snell’s law: For a given colour of light,
Whole of the heat can never be converted to reach earth. mirror. the ratio of sine of angle of incidence illUStrationS of total internal
iv. If an object moves towards (or away At infinity At F Highly Real and
into work. Refractive Index to the sine of angle of refraction is a reflection
diminished inverted
Refractive Index of a medium is defined as from) a plane mirror with speed u, constant. i. Sparkling of diamond.
claUDiUS Statement the ratio of speed or light in vacuum to the relative to the object, the image moves Between Between Diminished ” • The refractive index of a medium decreases ii. Mirage and looming.
Heat by itself cannot flow from a colder body towards (or away) with a speed of 2u. infinity F and C with the increase in wavelength of light. iii. Shining of air bubble in water.
speed of light in the medium.
to a hotter body. • Velocity of light is larger in a medium which v. If a plane mirror is rotated by an angle and C • The refractive index of a medium decreases iv. Increase in duration of sun’s visibility.
has small refractive index.
θ, keeping the incident ray fixed, the At C At C Same size ” with an increase in temperature. v. Shining of a smoked ball or a metal ball
tyPeS of comBUStion engine reflected ray is rotated by an angle 2θ. • When a ray of light enters from one medium
• Light takes 8 minute 19 second (499 second) Between F Between Enlarged ” on which lamp stool deposited when
Combustion Engine is a device which vi. To see his full image in a plane mirror, a to other medium, its frequency and phase
to reach from sun to the earth. and C infinity dipped in water.
person requires a mirror of at least half do not change but wavelength and velocity
converts heat energy into mechanical work • The light reflected from moon takes 1.28 and C vi. Optical Fibre.
of his height. changes.
continuously through a cyclic process. second to reach earth.
vii. The total number of images formed by At F At Highly ”
i. Internal Combustion Engine: In this two plane mirrors inclined an angle infinity enlarged Some illUStrationS of refraction aPPlicationS
engine, heat is produced in the engine lUminoUS BoDieS i. For transmitting optical signals and the
Those objects which emit light by themselves i. Bending of a linear object when it is
360 Between F Behind Enlarged Virtual two dimensional picture.
itself. Example: Otto engine or petrol
are called luminous bodies. ‘q’ = − 1. partially dipped in a liquid inclined to the
engine (efficiency = 52%), Diesel engine θ and P the mirror and erect
surface of the liquid. ii. For transmitting electrical signals by
(efficiency = 64%). Where (C) is centre of curvature first converting them to light.
ii. External Combustion Engine: In this
non-lUminoUS BoDieS
Those objects which do not emit light by
))
Note: Image formed by a convex mirror is P is pole of the mirror
ii. Twinkling of stars.
iii. Oval shape of sun in the morning and iii. For visualising the internal sites of the
always virtual, erect and diminished. F is focus. evening. body by doctors in endoscopy.
engine heat is produced outside the themselves but are visible by the light falling
refraction of light throUgh lenS lenSeS There are three secondary colours, yellow, • The most spectacular illustration of perpendicular to the direction of propagation DefectS of hUman eye anD the
• When a lens is thicker at the middle than • Lens is a transparent medium bounded by magenta and cyan. dispersion is the rainbow. The beautiful of wave. remeDieS
at the edges, it is called convex lens or a two curved surfaces. Lenses are of two types: When the three secondary colours are mixed, colours of the rainbow are due to the • The visible effect of light is only due to electric
white colour produced. dispersion or sunlight by water droplets 1. Myopia or short sightedness: A person
converging lens. When the lens is thicker i. Concave or divergent lens. field vector.
suspended in the air after rain. In each suffering from myopia can see the near
at edge than in the middle, it is called as ii. Convex or convergent lens Colours produced by mixing lights of primary
objects clearly while far objects are
colours can be obtained from the colour droplet there is dispersion as well as total hUman eye not clear.
concave lens or diverging lens. Lenght (height) of image v triangle. internal reflection.
Magnification (m) = = • The human eye is more or less like a It is caused due to :
Length (height) of object u Red
sCattering of light photographic camera. (i) increase in the length of eye ball
• When light passes through a medium, in • The eye ball is almost spherical in shape (ii) decrease in the focal length of the eye
Image Formation by a Convex Lens.
which particles are suspended, whose sizes having a diameter of about 2.3 cm. lens.
Position of object Position of image Size of image nature of image are of the order of wavelength of light, then • The front transparent part of the eye is Remedy: Diverging or concave lens is
Magenta
At infinity At F2 Highly diminished Real and inverted light on striking these particles, deviates in called cornea which serves as window of used.
Beyond 2 F1 Between F2 and 2 F2 Diminished Real and inverted White different directions. This phenomenon is the eye for light. 2. Hyperopia or hypermetropia or long
called scattering of light. • Behind the cornea, is a circular diaphragm sightedness: A person suffering from
At 2 F1 At 2 F2 Same size Real and inverted
• Red colour of light is scattered least and called iris with a hole in its centre. The hole hypermetropia can see the distant
Between 2 F1 and F1 Beyond 2 F2 Enlarged Real and inverted violet colour of light is scattered most. Blue is called pupil of the eye. objects clearly but not the near objects.
Green Cyan Blue
At F1 At infinity Highly enlarged Real and inverted colour of sky is due to scattering of light. The • The function of iris is to control and It is caused due to :
Between F1 and lens Behind the object on the Enlarged Virtual and erect Thus, Red + Green = Yellow brilliant red colour of rising and setting sun regulate the amount of light entering the (i) decrease in length of the eye ball
same side of the object Red + Blue = Magenta is due to scattering of light. eye by adjusting the size of the pupil. When (ii) increase in the focal length of eye
Green + Blue = Cyan • Clouds appear white due to scattering of light. intensity of light is high, the pupil contracts lens.
Power of a lenS medium. As a result, the refractive index of Also, Green + Magenta = White • The air bubbles in glass paper white appear and viceversa. Remedy: A converging or convex lens is
Power of a lens is its capacity to deviate a ray. a medium is different for different colours Red + Cyan = White silvery white due to total internal reflection. • Behind the pupil, is a double convex lens, used.
It is measured as the reciprocal of the focal of light. Blue + Yellow = White • Sparkling of diamonds is due to multiple called the eye lens. 3. Presbyopia: This defect is generally
length in metres. Unit of power is dioptre (D). • The velocity of light in a medium is maximum total internal reflections taking place inside
• Ciliary muscles adjust the focal length found in elderly person. Due to stiffening
for that colour for which refractive index Complementary Colours the diamond.
• Power of a convex lens is positive and that Any two colours when added produced white of eye lens. When the ciliary muscles are of ciliary muscles, eye looses much of
of a concave lens is negative. is minimum. relaxed, eye lens becomes thin. Its focal its accommodating power. As a result,
light, are said to be complementary. interferenCe of light the distant as well as the nearby objects
• If two lenses are placed in contact, then the rainBow • In coloured television, the three primary When two light waves of exactly the same length increases and converging power
power of combination is equal to the sum of cannot be seen.
Rainbow is formed due to dispersion of sun colours are used. frequency and a constant phase difference decreases. When the ciliary muscles are
Remedy: For its remedy, two separate
powers of individual lenses. light by the suspended water droplets. travel in same direction and superimpose, tense, converging power increases, as focal
Colour of Bodies lenses or a bifocal lens are/is used.
DiSPerSion of light • Primary rainbow is formed due to two The colour of a body is the colour of light then the resultant intensity in the region length decreases.
4. Astigmatism: This defect arises due to
refractions and one total internal reflection of superposition is different from the sum • Behind the eye lens, there is a screen called
When a ray of white light (or a composite which it reflects or transmits. An object is difference in the radius of curvature of
of light falling on the raindrops. of the intensities of individual waves. This retina on which image of the object is formed.
light) is passed through a prism, it gets white if it reflects all the components of white cornea in the different planes. As a result
• Secondary rainbow is formed due to two modification in the intensity of light in the • In retina there are light sensitive cells in the rays from an object in one plane are
splitted into its constituent colours. This light and it is black if it absorbs the entire
refractions and two internal reflections of region of superposition is called interference form of rods and cones. brought to focus by eye in another plane.
phenomenon is called dispersion of light. light incident over it.
light falling on raindrops. of light. Interference is of two types: • The rod type cells respond to intensity of For its remedy cylindrical lens is used.
The coloured pattern obtained on a screen dispersion
theory of coloUrS i. Constructive interference light and cone type cells respond to the
after dispersion of light is called spectrum. • White light consists of seven colours-violet, colour of light. cataract
Colour is the sensation perceived by the rods ii. Destructive interference
• The dispersion of light is due to different indigo, blue, green, yellow, orange and red, in
in the eye due to light. Diffraction of Light: Diffraction is the • An eye lid in front of human eye acts like a • In this defect, an opaque, white membrane is
deviation suffered by different colours of ascending order of their wavelength or from
process by which a beam of light or other shutter in a camera. developed on cornea due to which a person
light. The deviation is maximum for violet Primary Colours maximum frequency to minimum frequency.
• The image of any object seen persists on loses power of vision partially or completely.
• In glass, violet light travels the slowest while systems of wave is spread out as a result of
colour and minimum for red colour of The spectral colours blue, green and red are the retina for 1/16th of a second, even This defect can be removed by removing this
red light travels the fastest. passing through a narrow opening or across
light. The different colours appeared in the called primary colours because all the colours after the removal of object. It is called membrane through surgery.
• When a narrow beam of white light passes an edge.
spectrum are in the following order: Violet, can be produced by mixing these colours persistence of vision. • There are two kinds of vision cells in the
through a glass prism, it is split up into its Polarisation of light: Polarisation is the
Indigo, Blue, Green, Yellow, Orange and in proper proportion.
constituent colours. This separation of light only phenomenon which proves that light • Colour blindness is said to occur when a retina. They are called rods and cones
Red (VIBGYOR). Secondary Colours is a transverse wave. Polarisation is the person cannot distinguish between different on account of their peculiar shape. Rods
into colours is called dispersion.
• The dispersion of light is due to different The colour produced by mixing any two • The red light is deviated least and violet phenomenon of restricting the vibrations of colours (redgreen). It is a genetic disorder decide the intensity of light whereas cones
velocities of light of different colours in a primary colours is called a secondary colour. light the maximum. a light in a particular direction in a place which occurs by inheritance. distinguish colour of light.
SimPle microScoPe This is why surface density of charge Potential Difference: Work done in bringing Resistance: The opposition offered by a electric Power electric motor
This is simply a convex lens of small focal is maximum at the pointed parts of the a unit positive charge from one point to other conductor to the flow of current through it The rate at which electrical energy is con It is a device which coverts electrical energy
length. The object to be enlarged is placed conductor. point is the potential difference between is called resistance. Its SI unit is ohm. sumed in a circuit is called electric power. into mechanical energy.
within the focus of lens. the two points. Its SI unit is volt and it is a Its SI unit is watt.
conDUctor ohm’S law 1 kilowatt hour = 3.6 × 106 joule microPhone
scalar quantity. It converts sound energy into electrical
comPoUnD microScoPe Conductors are those materials which allow If physical conditions like temperature,
It consists of two convex lenses coaxially electricity (charge) to pass through them. electric caPacity ammeter energy and works on the principle of
intensity of light, etc. remains unchanged electromagnetic induction.
fitted in a hollow tube. The lens facing Examples: (a) Metals like silver, iron, Electric capacity of a conductor is defined as Ammeter is a device which is used to measure
then electric current flowing through a electric current in a circuit. It is connected
the object is called objective and the lens copper, (b) Earth (especially the most part) the charge required to increase the potential conductor is directly proportional to the magnetiSm
of the conductor by unity. Its SI unit is in series in the circuit.
towards the eye is called eyepiece. acts like a huge conductor. potential difference across its ends. • The resistance of an ideal ammeter is zero. • Magnet is a piece of iron or other material that
Insulator or Dielectric: Insulators are those farad (F).
teleScoPe Ohmic Resistance: The resistances of such can attract iron containing objects and that
materials which do not allow electricity to conductors which obey Ohm’s law are called Voltmeter
• Astronomical telescope consists of two electrochemical cell points north and south when suspended.
flow through them. ohmic resistances. For example, resistance Voltmeter is a device used to measure the
convex lenses placed coaxially in a hollow
Examples: Wood, paper. Electrochemical cell is a device which of melanin wire. potential difference between two points in DirectiVe ProPerty
tube. The lens facing the object is called
converts chemical energy into electrical a circuit. It is connected in parallel to the When a magnet is freely suspended, it
objective and the lens towards the eye is Nonohmic Resistance: The resistances of
Coulomb’s Law energy. circuit. aligns itself in the geographical northsouth
called eyepiece. such materials which do not obey ohm’s law
• The resistance of an ideal voltmeter is infinite. direction.
• The objective has large aperture so that the According to Coulomb’s law, the attraction
are called nonohmic resistances.
or repulsion between two point charges at Primary cell • Natural magnet is oxide of iron.
rays from the object can be easily collected. Example: Resistance of diode valve, electric fUSe
rest is directly proportional to the product of In primary cell electrical energy is obtained • The magnets made by artificial methods
• The focal length of objective is larger than resistance of triode valve. Electric fuse is a protective device used in
the magnitudes of the charges and inversely from the irreversible chemical reaction are called artificial magnets or manmade
that of eyepiece. proportional to the square of the distance series with an electric appliance to save it magnets. They may be of different types like
taking place inside the cell. conDUctance
between them. from being damaged due to high current. bar magnet, horse shoe magnet, Robinson’s
electricity Examples: Voltaic Cell, Leclanche Cell,
Reciprocal of resistance of a conductor is In general, it is a small conducting wire of ball ended magnet, magnetic needle,
Daniel Cell, Dry Cell, etc.
called its conductance. alloy of copper, tin and lead, having low electromagnet, etc.
charge electric fielD SeconDary cell Its SI unit is ohm –1 (also called mho or melting point. • The two points near the two ends of a magnet
Charge is the basic property associated • The region around an electric charge in A secondary cell is that which has to be • Pure fuse is made up of tin. where the attracting capacity is maximum
siemen.)
with matter due to which it produces and which the electric effect can be experienced charged at first from an external electric • The resistance of a conductor is directly
are called magnetic poles.
experiences electric and magnetic effects. galVanometer • The imaginary line joining the two poles of a
is called the electric field. source and then can be used to draw proportional to its length and inversely
• Galvanometer is a device used to detect and magnet is called magnetic axis of the magnet.
It is something that a body attains when it • Electric field intensity inside a charged current. proportional to its cross sectional area. measure electric current in a circuit. • Similar poles repel each other and dissimilar
loses or gains the electrons. hollow conductor is zero. • In voltaic cell zinc rod is used as cathode
• Its S.I. unit is coulomb C. Specific conductance or conductivity: poles attract each other.
and copper rod is used as anode. These ShUnt
• Electricity is associated with the charge. electric fielD intenSity rods are placed in sulphuric acid kept in The reciprocal of resistivity of a conductor is • When magnetic substance is placed near a
Shunt is a wire of very small resistance.
• Similar charges repel each other and called its conductivity (s). Its SI unit is mho magnet, it gets magnetised due to induction.
Electric field intensity at a point in an a glass vessel. • A galvanometer can be converted into an
opposite charges attract each other. electric field is the force experienced by a • In a Leclanche cell, carbon rod acts as anode m–1 or siemen metre (sm–1). ammeter by connecting shunt parallel to it. magnetic fielD
• The proton possesses positive charge (+ e) unit positive charge placed at that point. and zinc rod acts as cathode. These rods • In series combination, the equivalent • A galvanometer can be converted into Region in space around a magnet where
and electron possesses an equal negative Electric Field of hollow conductor: Electric are placed in ammonium chloride kept in resistance is equal to the sum of the res a voltmeter by connecting a very high the magnet has its magnetic effect is called
charge (– e). field intensity inside a charged hollow a glass vessel. istances of individual conductors. (R = R1 + resistance in its series. magnetic field of the magnet.
• Charging of bodies takes place due to transfer conductor is zero. Charge given to such • The emf of Leclanche cell is 1.5 volt. R2 +............Rn) intenSity of magnetic fielD or
of electrons from one body to other body. a conductor (or conductor of any shape) • Leclanche cell is used for intermittent works. • In parallel combination, the reciprocal of tranSformer
• In a dry cell, mixture of MnO2, NH4Cl and magnetic flUx DenSity
• Human body and earth act like a conductor. Transformer is a device which converts low
remains on its surface only. equivalent resistance is equal to the sum
voltage A.C. into high voltage A.C. and high Magnetic flux density of a point in a magnetic
Silver is the best conductor. carbon is kept in zinc vessel. A carbon rod is
This explains why a hollow conductor acts as of the reciprocal of individual resistances. field is the force experienced by a north pole
• The surface density of charge at a point placed in the mixture which acts as anode. voltage A.C. into low voltage A.C. It is based
an electrostatic shield. For this reason it is
The zinc vessel itself acts as cathode. • Specific resistance or Resistivity depends on electromagnetic induction and can be
of unit strength placed at that point.
on the surface of conductor depends upon safer to sit in a car or bus during lightning. Its SI unit is Newton/amperemetre Weber/
only on the material of conductor and used only in case of alternating current.
the shape of conductor and presence of metre or tesla (T).
Electric Potential: Electric potential at a electric cUrrent its temperature. Resistivity increases
other conductors or insulators near the
point in an electric field is the work done in Electric current is defined as the rate of flow with temperature. A.C. DynAMO (Or GenerAtOr) magnetic lineS of force
given conductor.
bringing a unit positive charge from infinity of charge or charge flowing per unit time • If a wire is stretched or doubled on itself, It is device used to convert mechanical The magnetic lines of force are imaginary
• The surface density of charge at any part of
to that point. SI unit of electric potential interval. Its direction is the direction of flow its resistance will change, but its specific energy into electrical energy. It works on current which represent a magnetic field
the conductor is inversely proportional to the
is volt. of positive charge. Its SI unit is ampere (A). resistance will remain unaffected. the principle of electromagnetic induction. graphically.
radius of curvature of the surface of that part.
magnetic SUBStance then a beam of electrons emerges from the v. These rays are capable of producing • With the emission of α particle, atomic nUclear fiSSion anD fUSion be water, heavy water, or gas like He
i. Diamagnetic substance: Diamagnetic cathode, which is called cathode rays. physical and chemical changes. number is decreased by 2 and mass member Nuclear Fission: The nuclear reaction in or CO2.
substances are such substances which, vi. These rays can produce ionisation in is decreased by 4. which a heavy nucleus splits into two nuclei Fast Breeder Reactor: A nuclear reactor
when placed in a magnetic field, acquire ProPertieS of cathoDe rayS gases. • With the emission of a β particle atomic of nearly equal mass is called nuclear fission. which can produce more fissionable fuel
feeble magnetism opposite to the i. Cathode rays are invisible and travel in number is increased by one and mass than it consumes is called a fast breeder
straight line. x-rayS 235
+ 01n → 141 92
+ 3 01n
direction of the magnetic field. number does not change. 92 U 56 Ba + 36Kr reactor.
• These rays are electromagnetic in nature.
Examples: Bismuth, Zinc, Copper. ii. These rays carry negative charge and • The effect on the mass number and atomic Nuclear Fusion: When two or more light
travel from cathode to anode. ProPertieS of x-rayS number with the emission of α, β and γ rays Chain Reaction: When uranium atom is
ii. Paramagnetic Substance: Paramagnetic nuclei combined together to form a heavier
iii. These rays emerge perpendicular to the • xrays travel in straight line. is decided by Groupdisplacement law or bombarded with slow neutrons, fission takes
substances are such substances which nucleus, tremendous energy is released.
when placed in a magnetic field acquire cathode surface and are not affected by • Speed of xrays is equal to speed of light. Soddy Fagan Law. place. With the fission of each uranium
A typical fusion reaction is:
a feedback magnetised in the direction the position of anode. These are not deflected by electric and • Radioactivity is detected by G.M. Counter. nucleus, on an average, three neutrons and
of field. iv. Cathode rays travel with very high magnetic fields. • The time in which half nuclei of the element large energy are released. These neutrons
velocity (1/10th the velocity of light). • These produce illumination on falling on cause further fission. Clearly, a chain of
2
1H + 13H → 24He + 01n + E
Examples: Iron, Cobalt. is decayed is called half life of the radio
v. These rays are deflected by electric and fluorescent substances. active substance. fission of uranium nucleus starts which • The energy released by sun and other stars
cUrie temPeratUre magnetic fields. • xrays penetrate through different depth • Cloud chamber is used to detect the presence continues till whole of uranium is exhausted. is by nuclear fusion.
As temperature increases, the magnetic vi. These rays can ionise gases. into different substances. and kinetic energy of radioactive particles. This is called chain reaction. Hydrogen bomb: Hydrogen bomb was made
property of ferromagnetic substance vii. These rays heat the material on which • xrays shows photoelectric effect. It was discovered by CRT Wilson. Atom bomb: Atom bomb is based on nuclear by American scientists in 1952. This is based
decreases and above a certain temperature they fall. • xrays are used in surgery, radiotherapy, • Transmutation: The changing of one element fission. U235 and Pu239 are used as
engineering department and searching. on nuclear fusion. It is 1000 times more
the substance changes into paramagnetic viii. They can produce chemical change and into another is called transmutation. It is of fissionable material. This bomb was first powerful than atom bomb.
substance. This temperature is called Curie thus affect a photographic plate. Photoelectric cell two typesnatural transmutation going on in used by USA against Japan in Second World
temperature. ix. These rays can penetrate through thin • It is a device based on phenomena of the form of natural radioactivity and artificial War (6 August 1945 at Hiroshima and 9 maSS-energy relation
• Permanent magnets are made of steel, cobalt metal foils. photoelectric effect which converts light transmutation by bombarding elements August 1945 at Nagasaki). • Albert Einstein established a relation
steel, alcomax or alnico. x. The source of emf used in the production energy directly into electric energy. with highly energetic projectiles, electrons
Nuclear reactor: Nuclear reactor is an between mass and energy on the basis of
• Electromagnets, cores of transformers, of cathode rays is induction coil. and protons etc. Artificial transmutation
arrangement in which controlled nuclear
special theory of relativity in 1905. According
telephoediaphragms and motors are made xi. When they strike a target of heavy aPPlicationS of Photoelectric has been used to obtain elements with to this mass can be converted into energy
atomic number greater than 92 (called fission reaction takes place.
of soft iron, mumetal and stalloy. metals such as tungsten, they produce cellS and vice-versa.
• First nuclear reactor was established in
xrays. • In reproduction of sound in cinema, television transuranic elements). i.e., E = mc2
terreStrial magnetiSm • Radioactive Isotopes: These are produced Chicago University under the supervision
xii. The nature of cathode rays is independent and phototelegraphy. Where, c is the velocity of light and E is the
Our earth behaves as a powerful magnet • To control the temperature in furnace and by irradiating substances with neutrons in of Prof. Fermi. energy equivalent of mass m.
of nature of cathode and the gas in the
whose south pole is near the geographical in chemical processes. a nuclear reactor. These are several components of nuclear
discharge tube.
North Pole and whose North Pole is near the • In automatic doors. • Carbon Dating: This is the technique of reactor which are as follows: flUoreScence anD PhoSPhoreScence
geographical South Pole. PoSitiVe or canal rayS • In photoelectric counter. estimating the age of the remains of a i. Fissionable Fuel: U235 or U239 is • Zinc sulphide exhibits the phenomena of
i. Declination: The acute angle between If perforated cathode is used in a discharge • In automatic switches for street lights. onceliving oragnism, by measuring the used. phosphorescence.
magnetic meridian and geographical tube, it is observed that a new type of rays • In photoelectric sorters. radioactivity of the carbon14 content. ii. Moderator: Moderator decreases the
meridian at a place is called the angle are produced from anode moving towards • Uranium Dating: The dating of older energy of neutrons so that they can
of declination at that place. raDioactiVity but nonliving things such as rocks, is electronicS
the cathode and passed through the holes be further used for fission reaction.
ii. Dip or Inclination: Dip is the angle of cathode. These rays are positively charged • Radioactivity was discovered by Henry accomplished with radioactive minerals
Heavy water and graphite are used as Diode valve: Designed by J.A. Fleming in
which the resultant earth’s magnetic Becquerel, Madame Curie and Pierre such as uranium.
and are called positive rays or canal rays or moderator.
field at a place makes with the horizontal. Curie for which they jointly won Nobel • Application in Medicine: Gamma rays 1904, diode valve consists of two electrodes
anode rays. iii. Control Rod: Rods of cadmium or boron
At poles and equator, dip is 90° and 0° Prize. from radioactive cobalt60 are used for placed inside an evacuated glass envelope.
respectively. • γ rays are emitted after the emission cancer therapy. are used to absorb the excess neutrons One electrode is called cathode which is
ProPertieS of canal rayS
of α and β rays. Radioisotopes are used to study the process produced in fission of uranium nucleus made up of tungsten on which this is a
i. The positive rays consist of positively
atomic anD nUclear PhySicS • Alpha rays are positively charged helium so that the chain reaction continues to thin layer of barium oxide. When heated,
charged particles. of digestion. Radioisotopes are used to
nuclei (1/2 He), beta rays are negatively
ii. These rays travel in straight line. measure the volume of blood circulating in be controlled. cathode emits electrons. These electrons flow
charged electrons and gamma rays are
cathoDe rayS iii. These rays can exert pressure and thus chargeless photons. the body of a patient. iv. Coolant: A large amount of heat towards the other electrode called anode,
If the gas pressure in a discharge tube is 10–2 possess kinetic energy. • The end product of all natural radioactive • In Agriculture: Radioisotopes are used to is produced during fission. Coolant a plate, which is a positive potential. As a
to 10–3 mm of Hg and a potential difference iv. These rays are deflected by electric and elements after emission of radioactive measure the fertilizer consumption of plants absorbs that heat and prevents excessive result, an electric current is established in
of 104 volt is applied between the electrodes, magnetic fields. rays is lead. by using the tracer technique. rise in the temperature. The coolant may the circuit.
• Diode valve acts a rectifier. • The electrical conductivity of a semi List of Scientific Instruments instrument Use instrument Use instrument Use
Rectifier is a device which converts alter conductor increases with the increase
instrument Use Dynamo It converts mechanical Potentiometer It is used for comparing Stethoscope An instrument which is
nating voltage (current) into direct voltage in temperature.
Altimeter It measures altitudes and energy into electrical electromotive force of cells. used by the doctors to
(current). energy. hear and analyze heart
imPortant PointS is used in aircrafts. Odometer An instrument by which
Triode Valve: Designed by Lee de Forest and lung sounds.
• When the energy of the Satellite is negative, Ammeter It measures strength Endoscope It examines internal parts the distance covered
in 1907, triode valve is a modified form of it moves in either a circular or an elliptical of electric current (in of the body. by wheeled vehicles is Stroboscope It is used to view rapidly
usual diode. It consists of a usual anode orbit. amperes). measured. moving objects.
Eudiometer Glass tube for measuring
cathode pair and one more electrode called • When the energy of satellite is zero, it escapes Anemometer It measures force and volume changes in Phonograph An instrument for Tachometer An instrument used
control grid. away from its orbit and its path becomes chemical reactions producing sound. in measuring speeds
velocity of wind.
• Triode valve can be used as amplifier, parabolic. between gases. Pyrometer It measures very high of aeroplanes and
AudioPhone It is used for improving
oscillator, transmitter and detector. • When the energy of a satellite is positive, Electrometer It measures electricity. temperature. motorboats.
imperfect sense of
it escapes from the orbit following a hearing. Electroscope It detects presence of an Radar It is used for detecting Teleprinter This instrument receives
SemiconDUctor hyperbolic path. electric charge. the direction and range and sends typed messages
• When the height of the satellite is in Audiometer It measures intensity of from one place to another.
• The substances, in which electric conduction sound. Fathometer It measures the depth of
of an approaching
is not possible at a low temperature but creased, its potential energy increases and plane by means of radio Telescope It views distant objects in
the ocean.
kinetic energy decreases. Barometer It measures atmospheric microwaves. space.
on increasing the temperature, electric Galvanometer It measures the electric
• Highly polished surfaces are bad absorbers pressure. Rain Gauge An apparatus for Theodolite It measures horizontal
conduction becomes possible, are called the current of low magnitude.
and bad emitter but they are good reflectors. Binocular It is used to view distant recording rainfall at a and vertical angles.
semiconductors. It measures the specific
• Standing in doubledecker buses, particularly objects. Hydrometer particular place.
• Germanium and silicon are the two important gravity of liquids. Thermometer This instrument is used
on the upper floor, is not allowed because Bolometer It measures heat Radiometer It measures the emission for the measurement of
semiconductors. on tilting, the centre of gravity of the bus get Hygrometer It measures humidity in of radiant energy.
radiation. temperatures.
• A pure semiconductor is called intrinsic changes and it is likely to overturn. air.
Barograph It is used for continuous Refractometer It measures refractive Thermostat It regulates the
semiconductor and to increase its con • A rose appears red when day light falls on Hydrophone It measures sound under index. temperature at a
recording of atmospheric
ductivity a chemical process is performed it because it absorbs all the constitutent water.
pressure. Saccharimeter It measures the amount of particular point.
on it which is called Doping. colours of white light except red, which it Kymograph It graphically records sugar in the solution.
Cinematography It is an instrument used in Viscometer It measures the viscosity
• An impure semiconductor is called extrinsic reflects to us. physiological movements
cinemamaking to throw Seismograph It measures the intensity of liquids.
semiconductor. (blood pressure and of earthquake shocks.
on screen and enlarged
nanotechnology image of photograph. heartbeat). Voltmeter It measures the electric
n-tyPe SemiconDUctor Salinometer It determines salinity of potential difference
• Nanotechnology: Nanotechnology deals Crescograph It measures the growth in Lactometer It determines the purity of solution. between two points.
• If pentavalent impurity atom (such as with structures sized developing materials milk.
plants. Speedometer It is an instrument placed
antimony, arsenic, phosphorus, etc.) is or devices within that size. Manometer It measures the pressure
Cyclotron A charged particle in a vehicle to record its
added to the pure germanium or silicon • Molecular nanotechnolgy, sometimes of gases. speed. invention and Discovery
crystal, the crystal so obtained is called the accelerator which can
called molecular manufacturing, describes accelerate charged Mariner’s Compass It is an instrument used Sphygmomanometer It measures blood inventions/ name of the Scientist/
ntype semiconductor. engineered nanosystems (nanoscale Discoveries Person
particles to high energies. by the sailors to determine pressure.
• Pentavalent impurities are called donor. machines) operating on the molecular scale. the direction.
Calorimeter It measures quantity of Spherometer It measures the Archimedean Screw Archimedes
P-tyPe SemiconDUctor • Spintronics is a technology that exploits heat. Microphone It converts the sound curvatures of surfaces. Atom Neils Bohr
the intrinsic spin of the electron and its waves into electrical
• If trivalent impurity atom (such as alum associated magnetic moment, in addition Carburetor It is used in an internal
vibrations and to magnify
Stereoscope It is used to view two Atomic Number Mosley
inium, boron, gallium, etc.) is added to combustion engine for dimensional pictures.
to its fundamental electronic charge, in the sound. Atomic Physics Enrico Fermi
the pure germanium or silicon crystal, the solidstate devices.
charging air with petrol Sextant This is used by navigators
vapour. Microscope It is used to obtain to find the latitude of Atomic Structure Bohr and Rutherford
crystal so obtained is called ptype • Diamondoids: Nonscale molecules with magnified view of small
semiconductor. Cardiogram It traces movements of a place by measuring Atomic Theory Dalton
characteristic diamond structure isolated objects. the elevation above the
• Trivalent impurities are called accepter. from petroleum. the heart, recorded on a Automatic Gearbox Hermann Fottinger
Photometer The instrument compares horizon of the sun or
• LEDs are specially designed diode made • Grey Goo is hypothetical endofthe
cardiograph.
Adding Machine Pascal
the luminous intensity of another star.
of GaAsP, GaP and are used in electronic world scenario involving molecular nan Chronometer It determines longitude of the source of light. Spectrometer It is an instrument for Aeroplane Wright brothers
gadgets and indicator light. otechnology, in which out of control self a place kept onboard ship.
Periscope It is used to view objects measuring the energy Air Brake George Westinghouse
Doping: Adding of chemical impurity to a replicating robots consume all matter on Dynamometer It measures electrical above sea level (used in distribution of a particular
pure semiconductor is called doping. earth, while building more of themselves. power. submarines). type of radiation. Air Pump Otto von Guericke
inventions/ name of the Scientist/ inventions/ name of the Scientist/ inventions/ name of the Scientist/ inventions/ name of the Scientist/ inventions/ name of the Scientist/ inventions/ name of the Scientist/
Discoveries Person Discoveries Person Discoveries Person Discoveries Person Discoveries Person Discoveries Person
Airship (rigid) G. Ferdinand von Camera George Eastman Electromagnetic Maxwell Helium Gas Lockyer Mathematical Carl Gauss (Karl Friedrich New Astronomy Tycho Brahe
Zeppelin Carburettor Gottlieb Daimler Theory Hovercraft Christopher Cockerell Genius Gauss) New Science Galileo Galilei
Aniline Dyes Hoffman Cell Doctrine Rudolf Virchow Electron Joseph J. Thomson Hydrogen Cavendish Mauve Dye Perkin Newtonian Pierre Simon de Laplace
Antiseptic Surgery Lord Joseph Lister Celluloid A. Parker Electron Theory Bohr Hydrophobia Louis Pasteur Measurement of Joule, James Prescoft Mechanics
Arc Lamp C. F. Brush Electronic Dr. Alan M. Turing Electrical Energy Modern Computer John von Neumann
Cement Joseph Aspdin Intelligence Test Binet
Automobile Daimler Computer Mechanical Joules
Chromosomal Thomas Hunt Morgan Internal Otto Modern Geology Charles Lyell
Theory of Heredity Elevator Elisha G. Otis Equivalent of Heat
Automobiles using Karl Benz Combustion Engine Modern Physiology William Bayliss
gasoline Chronometer John Harrison Energy of the Sun Hans Bethe Jeans Levi Strauss Mercury Fahrenheit
Thermometer Modern Synthesis Theodosius Dobzhansky
Avogadro’s Avogadro Cine Camera FrieseGreene ‘Equal’ sign (=) Robert Recorde Jet Engine Sir Frank Whittle
Hypothesis Meson Hideki Yakawa Modern Telescope Edwin Hubble
Cinematography Thomas Alva Edison Ethology Konrad Lorenz Jet Propulsion Frank Whittle
Bacteriology Robert Koch Microphone Johann Phillip Reis, Molecular Biology Francis Crick
Classical Field Michael Faraday Eugenics Francis Galton Kalaazar Fever U.N. Brahmachari
Bakelite Leo H Baekeland Alexander Graham Bell, Molecular Ramanathan
Theory Fahrenheit Scale Fahrenheit Kaleidoscope David Brewster Elisha Gray, Amos E. Scattering of Light
Balloon Jacques and Joseph Clock (machanical) Hsing and LingTsan Film and Goods Kodak Dolbear, and Thomas
Laboratory Gas Robert Wilhelm von in Fluid
Montgolfier Photographic Edison
Clock (pendulum) C. Hugyens Burner Bunsen
BallPoint Pen John J. Loud Montessori Method Maria Montessori
Coloured Lippman Electric Flat Iron H.W. Seeley I.Q. Test Alfred Binet Microscopic Marcello Malpighi
Barometer Evangelista Torricelli Anatomy Newtonian Isaac Newton
Photography Electric Furnace William Siemens In Number Theory Ramanujam Revolution
BeriBeri Eijkman Computer Charles Babbage Electric Generator Michael Faraday Life Boat Henry Great Head
Incandescent Bulb Edison Nuclear Fission Otto Hahn, Bohr and
Bicycle Kirkpatrick Macmillan Cosmic Rays R.A.Millikan Electric Guitar Adolph Rickenbacker Lift E.g., Otis Fermi
Induction Coil Rohm Korff
Bicycle Tyre J.B. Dunlop Crescograph J.C.Bose Electric iron H.W. Seeley Lift (Elevators) Otis
Induction of Electric Faraday Nylon Dr. Wallace H. Carothers
Bacteriophage Max Delbruck Crystal Dynamics C.V.Raman Electric Lamp Thomas Alva Edison Current Lightning Benjamin Franklin Nylon Plastic Carothers
Bifocal Lens Benjamin Franklin Cyclotron Lawrence Electric Gauss Insulin F. Banting Conductor
Organic Chemistry Emil Fischer
Binomial Carl Linnaeus Deuterium (Heavy H.C. Urey Measurement Laughing Gas Priestley Line of Demarcation Plimsoll
Nomenclature Water) Origin of Species Charles Darwin
Electric Motor (AC) Nikola Tesla (Ship)
Law of Electrolysis Faraday
Biogenetic Principle Ernst Haeckel Diesel Engine Rudolf Diesel Oxygen Priestly
Electric Razor Jacob Schick Law of Gases Gay Lussac Linotype Mergenthaler
Diesel Oil Engine Rudolf Diesel Paints Shalimar
Bismuth Valentine Film (with sound) Dr. Lee de Forest Laws of Electrical Ohm Liquid Oxygen Dewar
Bomb Edward Teller Difference Engine Charles Babbage Fundamental Coulomb Resistance Paper Clip Johann Vaaler
Locomotive Richard Trevithick
Boson S.N.Bose Electrons J.J. Thomson Laws of Electric Laws of Gravitation Newton Parking Meter Carlton Mcgee
Logarithmic Tables John Napier
Attraction
Boyle’s law Boyle Solar System Copernicus (1540) Laws of Heredity Gregory Mandel Penicillin Alexander Fleming
Galvanometer AndreMarie Ampere Modern Franz Boas
Braille Louis Braille Specific Gravity Archimedes Laws of Inheritance Gregory Mendel Anthropology Periodic Law Mendeleef
Gas Lighting William Murdoch
Breaking up the Rutherford Dynamite Alfred B. Nobel Laws of Motion Newton Modern Astronomy Arthur Eddington Periodic Table of Dmitri Mendeleev
Nucleus of an atom Gasoline Engine Karl Benz Elements
Dynamo Michael Faraday Laws of Multiple Dalton Motion of the Johannes Kepler
Cinema A.L. and J.L. Lumiere Genetic Code Frederick Sanger Proportion Pharmacology Gertrude Belle Elion
Effect of Pressure Meghnad Saha Planets
Centrigrade scale A. Celsius on Trough Bodies Glider Sir George Caley Laws of Natural Darwin Phonograph Edison
Motor Car (Petrol) Karl Butler
Chemical Structure August Kekule Eightfold Way Murray GellMann Gramophone Thomas Alva Edison Selections
Movie Projector Thomas Alva Edison Photograph Dauguerre
Chemotherapy Paul Ehrlich Electric Battery Alessandro Volta Gun Powder Rogei Bacon Logarithms John Napier
Neon Gas Ramsay, Travers Photography (paper) W.H. Fox Tablot
Chloroform James Harrison and Electrical Waves Heitz Heavens William Herschel Machine Gun Dr. Richard Gatling
Neon Lamp G. Claude Quantum Theory Werner Heisenberg
James Young Simpson Electricity Faraday Heavy Hydrogen Urey Malarial Parasite Ronald Ross
Neurophysiology Charles Sherrington Quantum Theory Max Plank
Cholera Bacillus Robert Koch Electromagnet William Sturgeon Helicopter Broquett Match (safety) J.E. Lurdstrom
Neutron Chadwick Raazor (safety) K.G. Gillete
Calculating Pascal Electromagnetic James Clerk Maxwell Heliocentric Nicolaus Copernicus Mathematical Astro Chandrasekhar
Machine Field Universe physics New Anatomy Andreas Vesalius Rabies Vaccine Louis Pasteur
Science 369 370 General Knowledge 2020 371
inventions/ name of the Scientist/ inventions/ name of the Scientist/ inventions/ name of the Scientist/ inventions/ name of the Scientist/
Discoveries Person Discoveries Person Discoveries Person Discoveries Person
Radar Dr. A.H. Taylor and L.C. Razor (electric) Col. J. Schick Structure of the Ernest Rutherford Thermodynamics Ludwig Boltzmann
Young Atom Vaccination Edward Jenner
Refrigerator James Harrison,
Radio G. Marconi Alexander Catlin Submarine David Bushnell Valve of Radio Sir J.A. Fleming
Phototherapy N.R. Finsen Replacing Human Christian Barnard Sulpha Drugs Domagk Vitamins Hopkins and Funk
Heart Steel Melting Bessemer
Pneumatic Tyres John Boyd Dunlop Vitamin A Elmer V. McCollum and
Positive Electrons Anderson
Revolution in
Chemistry
Antoine Laurent Lavoisier Process
Steel Production Henry Bessemer Vitamin B
M. Davis
Elmer V. McCollum
chemiStry
Power Loom Edmund Cartwright Revolver Samuel Colt Stethoscope Dr. William Stokes, Rene Vitamin B1 Casimir Funk
Powerloom Cartwright Rise of German Hermann von Helmholtz Laennec A French chemist, Lavoisier (174393) is • Pure substances: A single substance (or
Science Vitamin B2 D. T. Smith, E. G. regarded as father of modern chemisty. matter) which cannot be separated into other
Principle for lever Archimedes Superconductivity Heike Kamerlingh Hendrick
(S.P. Gravity) Rubber (vulcanized) Charles Goodyear
kinds of matter by any physical process is
Symbiosis Theory Lynn Margulis Vitamin Niacin Conrad Elvehjem matter anD itS StateS called pure substance.
Printing for the Braille Rubber (waterproof) Charles Macintosh Telegraph Samuel Morse • It exists in five states viz, solid, liquid, gas,
Blind Vitamin Folic acid Lucy Wills
Safety Lamp Sir Humphrey Davy Telegraphic Code Samuel Morse plasma, BoseEinstein condensate, out of elementS
Printing Press Johannes Gutenberg Vitamin B6 Paul Gyorgy which the former three are commonly seen.
Safety Pin William Hurst Telephone Sir Alexander Graham • They contain only single type of atoms.
Psychoanalysis Dr. Sigmund Freud
Vitamin C James Lind • Anything that occupies space, possesses
Seismograph Roberts Mallet Bell
mass and can be felt by any one or more of • Elements which are liquid at room temperature
Vitamin D Edward Mellanby
Psychology of the Sigmund Freud Sewing Machine Thomas Saint Telescope Galileo our sense organs is called matter. are mercury (Hg) and bromine (Br2).
Unconscious
Sextant Hadley Television Baird
Vitamin E Herbert Evans and • Examples (of elements) are diamond,
Katherine Bishop graphite, sulphur (S8), phosphorus (P4),
Quanta Max Planck
Ship (steam) J.C. Perier Television John Logie Baird StateS of matter
Vulcanised Rubber Charles Goodyear ozone (O3), oxygen (O2), etc.
Quantum Stephen Hawking (mechanical)
Ship (turbine) Sir Charles Parsons
Washing Soda Lablanc
SoliD State • Elements have the following order of
Cosmology
Soviet Genetics Trofim Lysenko
Tempo of Evolution George Gaylord Simpson A solid possesses definite shape and definite abundance in earth crust, Oxygen > silicon
Quantum Richard Feynman Terylene J. Whinfield and H. Watch A.L. Breguet volume which means that it cannot be > aluminium (metal) > iron > calcium.
Electrodynamics Space Flying Braun, Dr. Wernher von
Dickson Waterproof Rubber Charles Macintosh compressed on applying pressure. • Elements have the following order of
Quantum Max Born Spectroscope Bunsen abundance in human body: Oxygen > carbon
The Long Playing Peter Goldmark Wave Mechanics Erwin Schrodinger
Mechanics Spectroscopy Gustav Kirchhoff Microgroove Record liQUiD State > hydrogen > nitrogen.
Alexanderson
Wave Theory of Christiaan Huygens A liquid possesses definite volume but no
Radio Transmitter Spinning Frame Sir Richard Arkwight T.N.T. llly Brandt Light extraction Process for Various elements
definite shape.
Radioactive Dating Willard Libby Spinning Jenny James Hargreaves Talkies LeedeFrost Wave/Particle Louis Victor de Broglie Frasch process Sulphur
Radioactivity Marie Curie Stainless Steel Harry Brearley Tank Sir Ernest Swington Duality gaSeS
Acheson process Graphite
Shorthand Sir Isaac Pitman Wireless Oliver Lodge
• These have neither definite volume nor
Radioactivity of Henry Becquerel Theory of Pavlov
Conditioned Reflex Communication definite shape. Hall Herault Aluminium
Uranium Sociobiology Edward O. Wilson • Solid, liquid and gases are interconvertible
Radium Madame Curie Theory of Evolution Darwin Wireless Telegraphy Marcony Ostwald process Nitric acid
Steam Boat Fulton by changing the conditions of temperature
Railway Engine Stephenson Steam Engine James Watt Theory of Relativity Einstein World Wide Web Tim Berners Lee and pressure. Extraction of
Bayer process
Thermometer Galileo Gallei and Hypertext • Fluorescent tube contains helium (He) gas aluminium from ore
Raincoat Charles Macintosh Steam Engine James Watt Markup Language
(condenser) Thermos Flasks Dewar
and neon sign bulb contains neon (Ne) gas. Steel from molten pig
Raman Effect C.V. Raman xrays Roentgen Bessemer process
iron
Steam Engine Thomas Newcome Tractor J. Froelich BoSe-einStein conDenSate
Rare Gas Cavandish xray Wilhelm Reontgen
(piston) Transformer Michael Faraday • In 1924–25, Satyendra Nath Bose and Albert Patio process Silver
Safety Razor King C. Gillette Steam Turbine Parsons xray Max von Laue Einstein gave the information about Bose
Transistor Bardeen, Shockley, Dow process Bromine
Salk Vaccine Salk Crystallography Einstein condensate.
Stress Concept Hans Selye Brattain
Saxophone Antoine Joseph Sax Zerox Machine Chester Carlson • It is a state of matter of a lower density gas Pidgeion process Magnesium
Structural Claude LeviStrauss Typewriter C. Sholes
of boson cooled up to temperature which Fischer Tropsch process Gasoline
Scooter G. Bradshaw Anthropology Uranium Fusion Oho Hahn Zip Fastener W.L. Judson
is very close to absolute zero or –273.15°C.
Structure of DNA James Watson Zipper B.F. Goodrich Azeotropic distillation Absolute alcohol
Rayon American Viscose Co. Theory of the Atom John Dalton Infact, it is a fifth state of matter.
metalS (a) homogeneoUS mixtUre (A) Vacuum Distillation concentration when these are separated by PhySical change Mass Number (A)
Metals are solids (exception mercury which A mixture is said to be homogeneous if it does It is also known as distillation under semipermeable membrane and excess • It is the change which only affects the • It is equal to the sum of number of protons
is liquid at room temperature) are normally have a uniform composition throughout. reduced pressures. pressure is applied to the solution of higher physical properties like colour, hardness, and number of neutrons.
Example: Saltsolution, sugar solution, etc. (B) Steam Distillation concentration. density, melting point, etc. of matter. • It is written as a superscript to the right of
hard. They have lustre, high MP and BP It is used to separate a steam volatile
and also with increase in temperature due • It is used for desalination of sea water. the symbol of the atom e.g., C12 here 12 is
(B) heterogeneoUS mixtUre compound from nonvolatile or non chemical change
to vibration of positive ions at their Lattice steam volatile compounds. SolUtionS or trUe SolUtionS the mass number of carbon (C).
A mixture is said to be heterogeneous if • These changes affect the composition as
points.
it does not have a uniform composition
(C) Fractional Distillation • These are homogeneous mixtures of two or well as chemical properties of matter and Molecule
This process is similar to the distillation more substances. The size of solute particles result in the formation of a new substance. A molecule is the smallest particle of a
non-metalS throughout and has visible boundaries of process except that a fractionating is lesss than 10–7 cm. compound that can have a stable and
Nonmetals are the elements with properties separation between the various constituents. column is used to separate two or concePt of change in State independent existence.
opposite to those of the metals. They are Example: A mixture of sulphur and sand, a more volatile liquids which have colloiDal SolUtionS
(a) Melting Point: The temperature at Mole Concept
found in all states of matter. They do not mixture of iron fillings and sand, etc. different boiling points. • These are heterogeneous mixtures. The which solid and the liquid forms of the One mole is just a number whose value is
possess lustre (exception is iodine). They chromatograPhy size of solute particles is between 10–7 cm
substance exist at equilibrium or both
SeParation of mixtUreS equal to 6.022 × 1023 i.e. Avogadro’s number.
are poor conductors of electricity (exception • The technique of chromatography is based and 10–5 cm.
forms have same vapour pressure is
• These can scatter light because of the Thus, one mole in quantity implies that the
is graphite) and they are not malleable and on the difference in the rates at which the
SUBlimation presence of large solute particles, i.e. called melting point. matter contains exactly 6.022 × 1023 number
ductile. components of a mixture are absorbed in (b) Boiling Point: The temperature at
In this process, a solid substance passes they show Tyndall effect and Brownian of particles (atoms, molecules, ions, etc).
the suitable absorbent.
metalloiDS direct into its vapours on application of movement. which the vapour pressure of a liquid • Number of moles of molecules
Metalloids are the elements which have heat. The vapours when cooled, give back centrifUgation • The scattering of light by colloidal particles becomes equal to the atmospheric
Weight in gm
common properties of both metals and non the original substance. • It is based upon the principle that the is called Tyndall effect. pressure is called boiling point. =
denser particles are forced to the bottom Molecular mass
metals. (c) Freezing Point: The temperature at
filtration and the lighter particles stay at the top Strength of SolUtion which a substance is changed from • Number of moles of atoms
This is a process for quick and complete when spun rapidly. • Molarity: It is defined as the number of
comPoUnDS liquid state to solid state is called Weight in gm
removal of suspended solid particles from a SeDimentation anD Decantation moles of the solute per litre of solution. freezing point. =
Compounds are pure substances that are Atomic mass
liquid, by passing the suspension through • These methods are used when one component (d) Vapour Pressure: The pressure exerted
composed of two or more different elements a filter paper. is a liquid and the other is an insoluble solid, Number of moles of solute • Number of moles of gases
M= by the vapours of liquid in equilibrium
in fixed proportion by mass. heavier than liquid, i.e. mud and water. Volume of solution per litre
eVaPoration with liquid at a given temperature Volume at STP
• These contain more than one kind of atom. If muddy water is allowed to stand =
If a solution of solid substance in a liquid is called vapour pressure. Vapour Standard molar volume
• Their examples are silica (SiO2), water (H2O), undisturbed for some time in a beaker, the • Normality: It is defined as the number of
is heated, the liquid gets converted into its pressure depends on (i) its nature and
sugar (C12H22O11), salt (NaCl), etc. particles of earth (clay and sand) settle at the gram equivalent of the solute per litre of • Standard molar volume of gas at STP
vapours and slowly goes off completely. This (ii) temperature.
bottom. This process is called sedimentation. solution. = 22.4 litres
organic comPoUnDS process is called evaporation. Molecular mass Higher the vapour pressure, lesser will be the
The clear liquid at the top can be gently Normality (N) = Molarity × magnitude of intermolecular forces present Atomic Mass
The compounds obtained from living sources Equivalent weight
cryStalliSation transferred into another beaker. This It is the ratio of mass of one atom of the
are called organic compounds. Examples in molecules. Vapour pressure of a liquid
This method is mostly used for separation process is known as decantation. • Molality: It is defined as the number of moles increases with increase in temperature. element to the part of the mass of one atom
are carbohyrates, proteins, oils, fats, etc.
and purification of solid substances. In reVerSe oSmoSiS of solute dissolved in 1000 g of the solvent. of Carbon12.
inorganic comPoUnDS this process, the impure solid or mixture is • It is a technique in which solvent mole atomic StrUctUre
Moles of solute Molecular Mass
The compounds obtained from nonliving heated with suitable solvent to its boiling cules move from the solution of higher m=
sources such as rocks and minerals are point and the hot solution is filtered. Weight of solvent in Kg It indicates how many times one molecule of
concentration to the solution of lower Atom
called inorganic compounds. Examples are The clear filtrate is cooled slowly to room a substance is heavier in comparison to the
types of colloidal Systems The smallest particle of an element is called mass of the atom of Carbon12.
common salt, marble, washing soda, etc. temperature. When pure solid crystallises
out, this is separated by filtration and dried. S.no. Dispersed Phase medium name example an atom. The atom of the hydrogen is the
smallest and lightest. electron
mixtUreS DiStillation
1. Solid Solid Solid Sol Some coloured glasses
i. Electron was discovered by J.J.
2. Solid Liquid Sol Muddy water Characteristics of Atoms
A material obtained by mixing two or more It is a process of converting a liquid into its Thomson.
substances in any indefinite proportion is vapour by heating and then condensing the 3. Liquid Solid Gel Cheese, butter, jellies ii. The name of electron was given
Atomic Number (Z)
called a mixture. Examples are milk, sea vapour again into the same liquid by cooling. 4. Liquid Liquid Emulsion Milk, Hair Cream • It is equal to the number of protons. by Stoney.
water, petrol, paint, glass, cement, wood, Thus, distillation involves vapourisation and 5. Gas Solid Solid Foam Pumice stone, foam, rubber • It is equal to the number of electrons iii. An electron is obtained from Cathode
etc. condensation both. 6. Gas Liquid Foam Froth, whipped cream in netural atom. rays experiment.
• Its antiparticle is positron. neUtron Spectrum: When a white light is allowed to Zeeman’s effect: When spectral lines configuration of elements and contains 118
• It has mass equal to 9.1 × 10–31 kg or 0.00054 u. i. A neutron was discovered by James pass through a prism, it splits into seven obtained from atomic spectra are placed in a Uses of RadioIcsotopes elements.
• It has charge equal to –1.6 × 10–19 C (by Chadwick. colours. These seven coloured bands are magnetic field, they are splitted into number 1. Iodine131 is employed to study the Modern periodic table is classified as:
Millikan oil drop experiment). structure and activity of
ii. Charge on neutron is zero. called spectrum. of fine lines. This is called Zeeman’s effect. i. sblock; iii. dblock;
thyroid gland.
iii. A neutron is obtained from radioactivity Stark’s effect: When spectral lines obtained ii. pblock; iv. fblock.
Proton 2. Iodine123 is used in external radiation
i. A proton was discovered by Goldstein.
phenomenon. niel BohrS’S moDel from atomic spectra is placed in electric field, therapy for the treatment
• It has zero charge and mass equal to 1.674 they are splitted into number of fine lines S-BlocK
ii. A proton was named by Rutherford. • This model suggests that the electrons are of cancer.
× 10–27 kg or 1.00867 u. this is called Stark’s effect. 3. Cobalt60 is used in external radiation • It contains group 1 and 2, i.e., hydrogen
iii. A proton is obtained from anode rays confined into clearly defined, quantized
• It is present inside the nucleus. Its and alkali metals (Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr) and
experiment. orbits, and could jump between these, but
therapy for the treatment
antiparticle is antineutrino. of cancer. alkatine earth metals (Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba,
• It is positively charged. could not freely spiral inward or outward in raDioactiVity
Atomic number (Z): The number of proton 4. Sodium24 is injected along with salt Ra). General electronic configuration of these
• It is present in the nucleus. intermediate states.
or electrons in an atom of the element is solution to trace the flow elements is ns0–2.
• It has charge +1.6 × 10–19 C and mass equal • It was discovered by Henry Becquerel but
to 1.672 × 10–27 kg or 1.00727 u. called atomic number. It is denoted by Z. of blood. • These elements are soft metals,
PlancK’S QUantUm theory term radioactivity was given by Madam 5. Phosphorus32 is used for leukemia electropositive.
Proton, neutron and electron Data • According to this theory: Curie. It is the process of spontaneous therapy.
disintegration of nucleus and is measured 6. Carbon14 is used to study the kinetics of P-BlocK
Particle relative charge relative/c charge/kgs mass i. Atoms and molecules could emit or
absorb energy only in the form of by Geiger counter. photosynthesis. • It comprises the last six groups (13–18).
Protons 1 +1 +1.6×10–19 1.67×10×–27 • It involves emission of α, β and γ rays/particles • General electronic configuration of this block
discrete packets of energy called quanta.
Neutrons 1 neutral 0 1.67×10–27 and has units Curie, Becquerel, Rutherford. raDiocarBon Dating elements is ns2 np1–6.
ii. The energy of quantum (E) is proportional
Electrons 0.0005 –1 –1.6×10 –19
9.11×10 –31
• It is used in determining the age of • It is only block which contain metals, non
to its frequency (v). alPha (α) Particle
carbon bearing materials such as wood, metals and metalloids.
nUcleUS through them. This is also called Plum • These are positively charged helium nuclei animal fossils, etc.
heiSenBerg’S Uncertainty PrinciPle
• It contains protons and neutrons which Pudding model of an atom or watermelon (2He4)2+. D-BlocK
are collectively called nucleons. model of an atom. • This principle states that it is impossible UraniUm Dating • It comprises 10 groups (3 to 12). These
• An aemission reduces the atomic mass by
• Mass number (A): The sum of number to determine simultaneously the exact • It is used to determine the age of earth, elements are called transition elements.
4 and atomic number by 2.
of protons and neutrons in an atom of cathoDe rayS position and exact momentum (velocity) minerals and rocks. • General electronic configuration of dblock
the elements is called mass number. It is • These rays were discovered by J.J. Thomson. of an electron. Beta (β) Particle elements is (n–1)d1–10 ns 1–2.
denoted by A. • These rays originate from cathode and PerioDic claSSification of • Hg, Zn, Cu, Sc etc. are dblock elements but
• These are negatively charged electrons (–1e0).
• Isotopes: These are atoms of the elements travels in a straight line towards anode. QUantUm nUmBerS
• A β-emission increases the atomic number elementS not the transtion elements.
having the same atomic number but diff • These show the position and energy of
anoDe rayS by one with no change in atomic mass. Father of Periodic Table is Mendeleev.
erent mass number. f-BlocK
• electrons in an atom. These are four in
• Hydrogen (H1) is the lightest isotope These rays were discovered by Goldstein gamma (γ) rayS • There are two series in this block 4 F and
(also called positive rays). number PerioDic taBle
and lead208 is the heaviest isotope 5F series. 4F series elements are called
• These rays do not originate from anode. 1. Principal quantum number, n. • These are electromagnetic radiations and • It is a tabular display of the chemical
(with mass 207.974). lanthanides and 5F series elements are
2. Azimuthal quantum number, l. have very high penetrating power. elements, organised on the basis of
• The isotopes of hydrogen are Protium (1H1), • These are positively charged and have called actinides.
3. Magnetic quantum number, m. • Their emission increases does not affect the their properties.
Deuterium (1H2) and Tritium (1H3). 6C12 and velocity less than cathode rays. • General electronic configuration of this block
4. Spin quantum number, s. position of nuclei in the Periodic Table.
6
C14 are isotopes of carbon. • Hydrogen is the only atom in which neutrons menDeleeV’S PerioDic taBle (1869) elements is (n–2)F1–14 (n–1) d1–10 ns 1–2.
• Isobars: These are atoms of the elements are not present. electronic configUration nUclear reactor • It is based upon the Mendeleev’s periodic
having the same mass number but different • According to deBroglie, all particles have law, which states, “Properties of the elements PerioDic ProPertieS
• It is the arrangement of electrons in various • It is a device that is used to produce electricity
atomic numbers, e.g.: 40 S, 40 Cl, 40 Ar, wave nature. are the periodic function of their atomic i. Atomic radii: The distance from the
40 shells, subshells and orbitals in an atom. and permits a controlled chain nuclear
K and 40Ca. masses.” centre of the nucleus to the outermost
fission.
• Isotones: These are atoms of different rUtherforD’S atomic moDel Modern Periodic Law: Modern periodic law shell containing electrons is called
PaUli exclUSion PrinciPle • It contains fuels e.g., 92U235, moderator (e.g.,
elements having the same number of neutrons. • This model was based upon α-particle was given by Moseley. atomic radius.
• It is the quantum mechanical principle graphite and heavy water, D2O) to slow down
• Isoelectronic: These are atoms/molecules/ scattering experiment and it suggests that According to Moseley: “The physical and ii. Ionic radii: The effective distance from
ions containing the same number of electrons. which states that no two identical fermions neutrons and control rods (made up of boron
most of the part of an atom is empty. It also chemical properties of the elements are the the centre of nucleus of the ion upto
• Thomson’s model of an atom: According steel or cadmium) to absorb neutrons.
suggests that the entire mass of an atom is (particles with halfinteger spin) may occupy
• It may also contain liquid sodium as coolant. periodic function of their atomic numbers.” which it exerts its influence on the
to Thomson, an atom is treated as sphere of concentrated in its centre at the nucleus. the same quantum state simultaneously. Or electron cloud is called ionic radii.
radius 10–8 cm in which positively charged The nucleus is surrounded by electrons that • Only two electrons may exist in the same half-life PerioD moDern PerioDic taBle iii. Atomic Size: It generally increases on
particles are uniformly distributed and move around the nucleus with a very high orbital and these electrons must have opposite • It is the time in which a radioactive sub It is just graphical representation of Aufbau moving down the group because number
negatively charged electrons are embedded speed in circular paths called orbits. spin. principle. It is based on the electronic of shells increases.
stance remains half of its original amount.
iv. Valency: It is the combining capacity and carry positive charge. Anions are BonD length Addition reactions: In such reactions, two Reversible reaction: A reaction in which iii. Sum of oxidation numbers of atoms in
of an element. It remains the same in formed by the gain of electrons and carry The average equilibrium distance between or more substances combine to give a single reactants combine to form products and a molecule is equal to zero.
a group. negative charge. the centres of the two bonded atoms is called substance. again products recombine to form reactants iv. Sum of oxidation numbers of atoms in
v. Metallic Character: It is the tendency length. Substitution reactions: In such reactions, is called reversible reaction. an ion is equal to magnitude of charge
of an element to form cation by the ionic BonD or Greater the size of atoms, greater will be an atom or a group of atoms of a molecule is Irreversible reaction: A reaction which with sign.
loss of electrons. It decreases along a (electroValent BonD) bond length. replaced by another atom or group of atoms. proceeds in only one direction is called
period from left to right and increases in A bond formed by the complete transfer of Greater the multiplicity of bonds, lesser will irreversible reaction. catalySiS
Combination reactions: In combination
a group on moving downwards. ions or more electrons from one atom to be bond length. • It was discovered by Berzelius.
reactions, compounds are formed as a result
vi. Ionisation Energy: It is the energy other atom is called ionic bond. oxiDation (olD concePt) • It is a term used for the reactions/processes
of the chemical combination of two or more
required to remove an electron from the hyDrogen BonD Oxidation is a process which involves either which occur in the presence of certain
coValent BonD elements. substances that increase the rate of the
outermost shell of an isolated gaseous When hydrogen atom is present between two of the following–
atom. It generally increases along a A bond formed between two same or different most electronegative atoms (N, O, F) then it CaO + H2O Ca (OH)2 i. Addition of oxygen. reaction without being consumed. Such
period from left to right but ionisation atoms by mutual contribution and sharing Calcium Water Calcium ii. Removal of hydrogen. substances are called catalysts.
is bonded to by a covalent bond and to other
energy of Be, Mg, Ca, Sr is larger than of electrons is called covalent bond. Oxide Hydroxide iii. Addition of electronegative element or
by a weak force of attraction which is called Uses of catalyst
the ionisation energy of B, Al, In, Ti, Coordinate bond (or Dative bond): Co hydrogen bond. group.
Displacement reactions: In these reactions, S. no. Process catalyst
respectively. It generally decreases along ordinate bond is a special type of covalent Intermolecular hydrogen bond arises when iv. Removal of electropositive element or
an atom/ion present in a compound gets 1. Manufacture of Ghee Nickel
a group on moving downwards. bond in which one atom donates electrons hydrogen bonding occurs between two or group.
replaced by an atom/ion of another element. from vegetable oils
vii. Electron Affinity (EA): It is defined of other atom. The bonding between donor more molecules. In this case, m.p. and b.p. reDUction (olD concePt)
as the energy liberated when an extra to acceptor atom is called coordinate bond. of the compounds increase due to molecular CuSO4 + Fe FeSO4 + Cu 2. Conversion of milk into Lactase
Copper Ferrous Reduction is a process which involves either curd
electron is added to an atom. It decreases association.
on moving down a group. It is highest Valency Sulphate Sulphate of the following: 3. Decon’s process for Cupric
When hydrogen bonding occurs within a i. Addition of hydrogen.
for chlorine. • It is the number of electrons taking part in molecule, then it is called intermolecular manufacture of chlorine Chloride
viii. Electronegativity: It is the tendency bonding (i.e., bond formation).
Disproportionation reactions: The chemical ii. Removal of oxygen.
hydrogen bonding. Due to cyclisation, m.p. reaction in which only one substance is 4. Conversion of sucrose Invertase
of an atom in a molecule to attract the iii. Addition of electropositive element or into glucose and fructose enzyme
Sigma BonD (σ -BonD)
and b.p. of the compounds decrease in this oxidised as well as reduced simultaneously group.
shared electrons towards it. It increases case. 5. Contact process Pt Powder
A bond formed by the linear overlapping of is called disproportionation reaction. iv. Removal of electronegative element or
regularly along a period from left to right Due to intermolecular hydrogen bonding for manufacture of
atomic orbitals is called sigma bond. Since Dissociation reactions: These are those group.
and decreases on moving down a group. between alcohol and water, alcohol is soluble sulphuric acid
It is highest for fluorine. the extent of overlapping of atomic orbitals reversible reactions in which a molecule
in water. moDern concePt of oxiDation 6. Conversion of proteins Pepsin
ix. Lattice Energy: The amount of energy in σ-bond is large, hence, σ-bond is a strong dissociates into two or more simple
anD reDUction into peptide enzyme
released during formation of the mole bond. molecules.
Van Der waalS’ interactionS/force According to modern concept, loss of 7. Conversion of glucose Zymase
of ionic compound from its constituent It is the attractive force among the nonpolar 2HI H2 + 12 electrons is called oxidation whereas gain into ethyl alcohol enzyme
ions is called Lattice energy. pi-BonD (π-BonD) molecules in solid or liquid states. Hydrogen Hydrogen Iodine of electrons is called reduction. 8. Formation of vinegar from Mesoderm
x. Hydration Energy: The amount of A bond formed by the sidewise (or lateral iodide Oxidising agent (OA): A substance which cane sugar acetate
energy released during dissolution of overlapping of atomic orbitals is called chemical reaction undergoes reduction is called oxidising 9. Conversion of starch into Diastase
one mole of compound into water, is pi-bond. Since in this case, extent of • The process in which substances (reactants) Double decomposition reactions: These
involve exchange of ions between two agent. maltose enzyme
called hydration energy. overlapping of atomic orbitals is lesser than react to form new compunds (products) is Reducing agent (RA): A substance which
If hydration energy > Lattice energy, σ-bond. So, π-bond is a weak bond. known as chemical reaction. compounds.
undergoes oxidation is called reducing
then compound is soluble in water and if Exothermic reactions: These are those aciDS, BaSeS anD SaltS
BonD energy agent.
hydration energy < Lattice energy, then tyPeS of reactionS reactions in which energy is released.
Oxidation number: The charge present on
compound is insoluble in water. The amount of energy required to break one Decomposition reactions: In these rea Endothermic reactions: These are those in aciD
atom in molecule or ion is called oxidation
mole bonds of a particular type between the ctions, compound either of its own or upon which energy is consumed. An acid is a substance which
number. It may be zero, positive or negative.
chemical BonDing atoms in the gaseous state of a substance is heating decomposes to give two or more Redox reaction: A reaction in which i. Is sour to taste.
called bond energy. components out of which at least one is in both oxidation and reduction takes place rUleS for Determination of ii. Turns blue litmus paper into red.
The force that holds together the different
atoms in a molecule is called chemical bond. The greater the size of atoms, the lesser will the elemental state. simultaneously is called redox reaction. oxiDation nUmBer iii. Contains replaceable hydrogen.
be bond energy. 2 KCl O3 Δ 2KCl + 3O2
Neutralisation reaction: When an acid i. Oxidation number of an atom in free iv. Gives hydrogen ion (H+) in aqueous
ionS Potassium Potassium Oxygen
reacts with a base, salt and water is formed. state is zero, positive or negative. solution.
The greater the bond multiplicity, the more
• These are of two types: cations and anions. Chlorate Chloride This reaction is called neutralisation rea ii. Oxidation number of alkali metals (Li, v. Can donate a proton.
Cations are formed by the loss of electrons will be bond energy. Na, K, Rb, Cs) in molecule is always +2. vi. Can accept an electron.
ction.
Use of Boric Acid: It is used as an antiseptic. ph Values of common Substances Gay-Lussac’s Law through them in their molten state or
Uses of Acid
Uses of Phosphoric Acid At constant volume, the pressure of given in their aqueous solution and undergo
1. As food: ph values acidic Solutions Ph Value alkine Solution
mass of a gas is directly proportional to the chemical decomposition.
(a) Citric acid–Lemons or oranges. i. Its calcium salt makes our bones. 1 0.1 N HCl 7.3 Blood (Human)
1 2. Strong Electrolytes: The electrolytes
(b) Lactic acid–Sour milk. ii. It forms phosphatic fertilisers. temperature in Kelvin, i.e. P ∝ .
2.3 Citric and Lemons 7.9 Albomin (egg) which are almost completely dissociated
(c) Butyric acid–Rancid butter. Use of Ascorbic Acid: Source of vitamin C. T
3 Carbonic acid (soft drink) 8.5 Sea water into ions in solution are called
(d) Tartaric acid–Grapes. Use of Citric Acid: Flavouring agent and strong electrolytes, e.g., HCl, HNO 3,
3.5 Tartaric acid (Grapes) 10.5 Milk of Magnesia the comBineD gaS law or iDeal gaS
(e) Acetic acid–Vinegar. food preservative. H2SO4, NaOH, KOH.
eQUation
(f) Maleic acid–Apples. 5.3 Boric acid (eyewash) 11.6 0.1 N Na2Co3 Solution
Use of Acetic Acid: Flavouring agent and • It is a gas law which combines Charles law, 3. Weak Electrolytes: The electrolytes
(g) Carbonic acid–Soda water, 6.6 Lactic acid 13 0.1 N NaOH Solution which do not ionise completely in
food preservative. Boyle’s law and GayLussac’s law.
carbonated drinks. solution are called weak electrolytes.
(h) Stearic acid–Fats. Uses of Tartaric acid Avogadro’s Gas Law e.g. Acetic acid, carbonic acid, Ammonium
SaltS PlaSter of PariS
(i) Oxalic acid–Tomato and wood At constant temperature and pressure the hydroxide, sodium carbonate.
i. Souring agent for pickles. • These are the product of neutralisation • It is chemically calcium sulphate
sorrel.
reaction between an acid and a base. volume of a gas is directly proportional to 4. Electrolysis: The process of chemical
ii. A component of baking powder (sodium hemihydrate, i.e. (CaSO4)2 . H2O
2. Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is used in the number of molecules.
bicarbonate + tartaric acid). • A salt can be acidic, basic or neutral. Strong • It is formed from gypsum, that is, CaSO4 . 2H2O. decomposition of an electrolyte by the
digestion.
acid + Weak base  Acidic salt • It is used to plaster fractured bones, for Ideal Gas Equation passage of electric current through its
3. Nitric acid (HNO3) is used in the
BaSeS Weak acid + Strong base/alkali  Basic salt. PV = nRT is called ideal gas equation, molten state or its solution is called
purification of gold and silver. making toys, materials for decoration and
A Base is a substance which: Strong acid + Strong base/alkali  where electrolysis.
4. Oxalic acid is used to remove rust spot. for making surfaces smooth.
i. Is bitter in taste. Normal/neutral salt. P = Pressure
5. Boric acid is a constituent of eyes wash.
• Mohr’s salt [FeSO 4(NH 4) 2 . SO4 . 6H 2O] coPPer SUlPhate V = Volume faraDay’S lawS of electrolySiS
6. Formic acid is present in red ants. ii. Turns red litmus paper into blue.
and Alum [K 2 SO 4 . Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 , 24H 2 O] • Copper sulphate when anhydrous, is
7. Uric acid is present in urine of iii. Gives hydroxyl ions (OH–) in aqueous are double salts.
n = Number of moles
mammals. solution. white and when associated with water of T = Temperature in Kelvin. firSt law of electrolySiS
• Hydrolysis is a reaction in which salt reacts
iv. Can accept proton. crystallisation (i.e. CuSO4. 5H2O), is blue, Diffusion of gases: The process of intermixing • It states that, the quantity of elements
with water to form a solution.
so it is called blue vitriol. It is used to test of gases irrespective of the density separated by passing an electric current
Basicity of an acid: The number of removable v. Can donate electrons. • Efflorescence is the property of salts to lose
• Oxides and hydroxides of metals are bases. their water of crystallisation. the presence of water. relationship and without the effect of through a molten or dissolved salt is
hydrogen ions from an acid is called external agency is called diffusion of gases. proportional to the quantity of electric
basicity of that acid. • Water soluble bases are called alkali. • Deliquescence is the property of salts to lime charge passed through the circuit.
• All alkalies are bases but all bases are not absorb moisture at ordinary temperature to • It is chemically calcium oxide and also graham’S law of DiffUSion
Uses of HCI alkalies because all bases not soluble in water. form a solution. called quicklime. • According to this law, “the rate of diffusion of SeconD law of electrolySiS
i. Used as bathroom cleaner.
Acidity of a base: The number of removable • Hygroscopy is the property of salts to • It is used in the manufacture of glass, cement, a gas is inversely proportional to the square It states that, the mass of the resulting
ii. As a pickling agent before galvanization. absorb atmospheric moisture at ordinary
hydroxyl (OH–) ions from a base is called etc. and for drying ammonia and alcohol. root of its density.” separated elements is directly proportional
iii. In the tanning of leather. temperature without dissolving in it.
acidity of a base. to the atomic masses of the elements when
PotaSSiUm nitrate
iv. In the dying and textile industry. The pH scale: pH of a solution is the waShing SoDa iDeal anD real gaSeS an appropriate integral divisor is applied.
• It is used as fertilizer in gun powder in • Ideal gases follow gas laws in all conditions
v. In the manufacture of gelatin from bones. negative logarithm of the concentration of • Its chemical name is sodium carbonate Electrodes: In order to pass the current
matchsticks, etc. of temperature and pressure.
hydrogen ions on mole per litre. decahydrate (Na2CO3.10H2O) and is used
Uses of HNO3 • Ant or bee sting contains methanoic • Critical temperature is the temperature
through an electrolyte in molten state or
in glass, soap and paper industries and for in aqueous solution, two rods of plates
i. In the manufacture of explosives like TNT removing permanent hardness of water.
or formic acid. above which a gas cannot be liquefied.
inDicatorS are needed to connect with the terminal
(Trinitrotoluene), TNB (Trinitrobenzene), • Dalton’s law of partial pressure: It states
Picric acid (Trinitrophenol), etc. • These are the substances which give BaKing SoDa BehaVioUr of gaSeS of a battery. These rods or plates are
that, if two or more gases which do not react
different colours in acid and base solution. • It is sodium hydrogen carbonate (NaHCO3). called electrodes.
ii. Found in rain water (first shower). Boyle’s Law chemically are enclosed in a vessel, the
It is a mild noncorrosive base. At constant temperature, the volume Anode: The electrode which is attached to
iii. In the manufacture of rayon. • When mixed with a mild edible acid such as total pressure, of all gases of the gaseous
ph ValUe positive terminal of battery.
iv. In manufacturing fertilizers. tartaric acid it is called baking powder and is
of a definite mass of a gas is inversely mixture is equal to the sum of the partial
• It is a measure of acidity or basicity of a solution. 1 pressures of all gases which exert pressure Cathode: The electrode which is attached to
Uses of Sulphuric acid (H2SO4) used to make bread or cake soft and spongy. proportional to pressure, i.e. P ∝ . negative terminal of batteries.
• It is defined as the negative logarithm of the • It is used as mild antiseptic for skin infections, V when enclosed separately in the same vessel
i. In lead storage battery. concentration in (mol/L) of hydrogen ions Charles’ Law at constant temperature.
in sodaacids and as fire extinguishers. At constant pressure volume of a fixed electrochemical cell
ii. In the manufacturing of HCl. which it contains.
Bleaching PowDer mass of a gas is directly proportional to • It is a device that produces an electric current
iii. In the manufacturing of Alum. • It is seven for neutral solution, greater than electrolySiS from energy released by a spontaneous redox
iv. In the manufacturing of fertilisers, • It is chemically Ca (OCl)Cl or CaOCl2. its absolute temperature, i.e. V  T.
seven for basic solution and less than seven 1. Electrolytes: These are the substances reaction. This kind of cell includes the
drugs, detergents and explosives. • It is used for disinfecting drinking water and Applications of Charles’ Law: Bursting
for acidic solution. which allow the electricity to pass galvanic cell or voltaic cell.
in the manufacture of chloroform. of hydrogen balloon, making of chapatti.
Battery graphite (Plumbago or Black lead) Triplybonded carbon: Hydrocarbons Rubber: It is a polymer which is capable • Ethylene (C2H4) is used to prepare mustard v. Have low ignition temperature.
• It is an arrangement of one or more cells i. It is soft, greasy, dark grayish colored containing at lease one carbon–carbon triple of returning to its original length, shape or gas (war gas) and for ripening of fruits. The quantity of fuel is expressed in the form
connected in series. crystalline solid. bond between two carbon atoms are called size after being stretched or deformed. The • Glycol (C2H6O2) is used as an antifreeze of calorific value.
• These are of two types: ii. It is good conductor of heat and alkynes. The general formula of alkynes is rubber obtained from natural sources is called mixture in car radiator and to prevent the
i. Primary batteries (nonrechargeable), electricity. CnH2n–2. natural rubber, and polymer prepared in freezing of fuel in spacecrafts. calorific ValUe
e.g., dry cell, mercury cell, etc. iii. It is chemically more reactive than laboratory, which is similar to natural rubber, • Acetylene (C2H2) is used to generate light, • It is defined as the heat obtained when 1 g
ii. Secondary batteries (rechargeable) e.g., diamond. aromatic hyDrocarBonS is known as synthesised rubber. weld metals as oxy-acetylene flame and to of a fuel is burned in excess of oxygen and
lead storage battery, nickel cadmium iv. Its layer structure is headed by weak These are homocyclic compounds which iii. Thiokol: Thiokol is made by polymeri
prepare synthetic rubber (neoprene). is expressed in kcal/g.
battery. van der Waal’s forces. contain at least one benzene ring in which • Methyl Alcohol (CH3OH) is used as a fuel • Hydrogen is the fuel of future.
sation of ethylene chloride and sodium
mercury cell carbon atoms are linked to one another by polysulphide.
with petrol, used to synthesise varnish and • Alcohol, when mixed with petrol, is called
fUllereneS polish, used to denature ethanol. power alcohol. It is an alternative source
• It is suitable for the low current devices like alternate single and double bonds. Thiokol is chemically resistant polymer. It
• It (C60) looks like a soccer ball (or buckyball). Isomerism: Two or more compounds having • Chloroform (CHCl3) is used as an anesthetic of energy.
hearing aids and camera, etc. is used in the manufacture of houses and
• It consists of zincmercury amalgam as same molecular formula but different and to preserve substances obtained • For the combustion of substance, its
graPhene tank linings, engine gaskets and rocket fuel. from plants and animals. It converts into
anode and a paste of HgO and Carbon physical and chemical properties are called ignition temperature should be low.
• Graphene is an allotrope of carbon. Vulcanization is a process of treating poisonous phosgene (COCl2), when exposed
as cathode. The electrolyte is a paste isomers and this phenomenon is called the natural rubber with sulphur or some to sunlight. So, it is kept in dark bottles. flame
of KOH and ZnO. carBon monoxiDe (co) isomerism. compound of sulphur (SF6) under heat. • Glycerin (C3H8O3) is used as a preservative • It is the hot part of fire and has three parts:
lead Storage Battery • It is formed by incomplete combustion. It is Polymerisation: The simple molecules Vulcanized rubber is used for manufacturing for fruits and juices, in leather industry and 1. innermost region
• It is a secondary battery. a colourless, odourless gas. which combine to form a macro molecule rubber bands, gloves, car tyres, etc. in coagulation of rubber. It is black because of the presence of
• It acts as electrochemical cell during called polymer. The process by which the • Acetic acid (CH3COOH) is used in vinegar,
discharging (e.g., during use) and as organic comPoUnDS simple molecules (monomers) are converted natUral rUBBer unburned carbon particles.
medicines, and as a solvent.
electrolytic cell during charging. • These are the compounds of mainly carbon into polymer is called polymerisation. • It is an elastomer. It is a polymer of It has the lowest temperature.
• Oxalic acid (C2H2O4) is used in printing
• It is used in automobiles and invertors. and hydrogen or compounds of carbon Natural occurring polymers are protein, cis-isoprene. 2. middle region
of clothes, in photography and in the
• A 38% solution of sulphuric acid is used as and hydrogen with other elements like nucleic acid, cellulose, starch, etc. • It is heated with sulphur compounds at It is yellow luminous due to partial
synthesis of coal tar.
an electrolyte. phosphorus, oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur, 373 K in the presence of ZnO to improve • Glucose (C6H12O6) is used for the synthesis combustion of fuel.
halogens, etc. PlaSticS their properties. This process is called of alcohol and as a preservative for fruit juice. 3. outermost region
carBon anD itS comPoUnDS • Urea is the first synthesised organic vulcanisation of rubber. • Benzene (C6H6) is used as a solvent for oil It is blue (nonluminous) due to com
compound (by Wöhler). These are crossliked polymers. • If vulcanised with 5% sulphur, it is used for fat and in drycleaning. Sodium benzoate is plete combustion of fuel.
allotroPy • Acetic acid was the first organic compound making tyres and if with 30% sulphur, it is It is the hottest part of flame.
• lac is a natural plastic (polymer). a food preservative.
The substances which have same chemical synthesised in the laboratory from its
i. Thermoplastics: These are the polymers used in making battery cases. • Toluene (C6H5CH3) is used to synthesis Safety match
properties, but different physical properties elements.
which can be easily softened repeatedly explosive TNT, for drycleaning and for the
are called allotropes and this property is exPloSiVeS • Safety matchstick contains a mixture of
when heated and hardened when cooled synthesis of medicines like chloramine.
called allotropy. hyDrocarBonS • Some examples of explosives are trinitrotol • Phenol (C 6H 5OH) is used to synthesis antimony trisulphide and potassium chlorate
Example: Allotropes of Carbon are diamond, with little change in their properties. at its one end. Its box side contains a mixture
Compounds made of carbon and hydrogen Examples: Polyethylene and teflon.
uene (TNT), nitroglycerin or trinitroglycerin, explosive, 2,4,6-trinitrophenol (picric
graphite and charcoal. cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDx, also acid) and bakelite. of powdered glass and red phosphorus.
atoms only, are called hydrocarbons. The ii. Thermosetting plastics: These are the
Diamond called cyclonite). • Ethyl Alcohol (C2H5OH) is used for drinking, Gaseous fuels are considered to be the
natural source of hydrocarbons is petroleum. polymers which when condensed have
i. It is the purest form of carbon. in medicine to prepare tincture and as best fuels.
1. Saturated hydrocarbons: The hydro fiBreS
ii. It is hardest natural known substance.
a permanent change on heating. On insecticide, and as a fuel with petrol. Producer gas: It is mixture of CO and H2.
carbons in which carbon atoms are • These have strong intermolecular forces like
iii. It is transparent and its specific gravity heating they undergo extensive cross It is the cheapest gaseous fuel; however, its
singly bonded are called saturated hydrogen bonding.
is 3.52. linking in moulds and become hard calorific value is not very high because it has
hydrocarbons. Saturated hydrocarbons
and infusible; therefore, they cannot Rayon: Synthetic fibre obtained from fUelS
iv. It is a bad conductor of electricity and are also called alkanes or paraffins. a large proportion of nitrogen.
be reused. cellulose is known as Rayon. Coal gas: It is a mixture of H2, CH4, CO and
heat. General formula of alkane–CnH2n + 2. A substance that can supply energy either
v. It has very high refractive index of 2.415. 2. Unsaturated hydrocarbons: The hydro Examples: Bakelite, glyptal. alone or by reacting with another substance gases like N2, C2, H4, O2, etc.
vi. It is chemically inert and on heating carbons in which carbon atoms are Bakelite (Phenolformaldehyde resins): It USeS of Some imPortant is known as fuel. Heat produced by fuel is Oil gas: It is a mixture of H2, CH4, C2H4, CO
above 15000°C, it gets transformed into either doubly or triply bonded are called is a condensation polymer and is obtained organic comPoUnDS measured in Calories. An ideal fuel should: and other gases like CO2.
graphite. unsaturated hydrocarbons. Doubly from phenol and formaldehyde in presence of i. Have high calorific value. Gobar gas: It contains CH4, CO and H2.
vii. It has high MP and density. bonded (carbon atoms) hydrocarbons either an acid or a base catalyst. It is used in • Methane (CH 4) is used to manufacture ii. Be cheap and easily available. Natural gas: It is a mixture of gaseous
viii. Black diamond called Carbonado are called alkenes. The general formula making combs, fountain pens, photographs, printer ink, methyl alcohol and to obtain iii. Be easily stored and transport. hydrocarbons, viz. methane 85%, ethane,
contains traces of graphite. of alkene is CnH2n. records, electrical goods, etc. light and energy. iv. Be regulated and controlled. propane, butane, etc.
coal antiKnocK comPoUnDS Some common oreS 8. Invar Iron & Nickel. Used in 13. Zinc Sulphide (ZnS): White pigment. Bismuth Mixed with iron to make it
• It is believed to have been formed by the slow • These are used to reduce the knocking Aluminium: Bauxite (Al2O3,2H2O), Kryolite precision instruments 14. Zinc Sulphate (White vitriol) malleable
carbonisation of vegetable matter buried property, e.g., tetraethyl lead (TEL). (Na3AlF6), Corrundum (Al2O3) (ZnSO4:7H2O): Lithopone, Eye ointment. Sodium Street lamp
9. Bell metal Copper & tin
underneath the earth centuries ago, in Iron: Magnetite (Fe3O4), Haematite (Fe2O3), 15. Zinc Chloride (ZnCl2): Textile industry.
10. Gun Metal Copper, Tin & Zinc Gadolinium CDs. Aluminium is sometimes
limited supply of air under high temperature cetane nUmBer Siderite (FeCO3) 16. Zinc oxide (ZnO): Ointment. used to coat the disc
and pressure prevailing there. • It is a measure of quality of diesel. Copper: Copper pyrite (CuFeS2), Copper 11. Monel Nickel (67%), Copper & 17. P l a s t e r o f P a r i s [CaSO 4 ) 2 . 2H 2 /
Cesium Atomic clocks
• Bituminous is the most common variety of glance (Cu2S) Metal Iron CaSO4½H2O)]: Statue, Surgery.
coal. 18. Calcium sulphate (CaSO 4 . 2H 2 O): Tellurium Tint glass (oneway visibility
metallUrgy Zinc: Zinc blende (ZnS), Calamine (ZnCO3) 12. Pewter Tin (8090%), Copper &
• On the basis of carbon % and calorific value Lead: Galena (PbS), Angelsite (PbCl2) Lead Cement industry. used in cars)
there are four types of coal. 19. Calcium carbonate (CaCO3): Lime and Technetium Superconductor at–262
The process of extracting metal in pure form Mercury: Cinnabar (HgS), Caloment (Hg2Cl2). 13. Solder Tin, Lead & Antimony
toothpaste. degree Celsius
nature % of carbon from its ore is known as metallurgy. Magnesium: Magnesite (MgCO3), Dolomite
(MgCO3. CaCO3), Epsom salt (MgSO4 . 7H2O), aQUa-regia 20. Cupric oxide (CuO): Blue and green Paraformaldehyde Common disinfectant and
Metals: These are the elements which are
Peat 50–60%
• It is a mixture of concentrated hydrochloric glass, purification of petroleum. contraceptives
hard, lustrous, ductile, malleable, sonorous Kieserite (MgSO4 . H2O).
Lignite 60–70% acid (HCl) and concentrated nitric acid 21. Cuprous Oxide (Cu 2O): Red Glass, Potassium Used in breath analyser for
and conductor of heat and electricity in Potassium: Karnalite (KCl MgCl2. 6H2O), Salt
(HNO3) in the ratio of 3:1. It is used to pesticides. Dichromate detecting alcohol. Safe limit
Bituminous 75–80% their solid as well as molten state. These Petre (KNO3).
dissolve noble metals like gold and platinum. 22. Copper (Cu): Electrical wire. is 0.1%.
evolve hydrogen gas when react with water 23. Sodium nitrate (NaNO3): Fertilizer.
Anthracite 90–95% corroSion Amalgam: An alloy in which one of the
and acids. Mercury (metal) is liquid at room 24. Sodium Sulphate (Glauber’s salt)
• It is the process of oxidative deterioration of component metals is mercury is called
charcoal temperature. Ti is called strategic metal. (Na2SO4.10H2O): Medicine, cheap glass. imPortant factS aBoUt Some
a metal surface by the action of environment amalgam.
• It can be wood charcoal, animal charcoal, Minerals: The compound of a metal found
to form unwanted corrosion. 25. Sodium bicarbonate (Baking soda) metalS
and activated charcoal depending upon the in nature is called a mineral.
• Corrosion of iron is called rusting. (NaHCO3): Fire extinguisher, bakery,
source from which it is obtained. Ores: Those minerals from which metal can comPoUnDS of metalS anD reagent. • Zinc Phosphide is used for killing rats.
• It is prevented by the following methods:
be economically and easily extracted are non-metalS anD their USeS 26. Sodium Carbonate (Washing soda): • Wood furnitures are coated with zinc
lamP BlacK or carBon BlacK By electroplating chloride to prevent termites.
called ores. (i) Glass industry, (ii) Paper industry,
• It is the most pure amorphous form of By surface coating 1. Ferrous sulphate (FeSO4). 4H2O: In dye
• Galvanised iron is coated with zinc.
All ores are minerals but all minerals industry, and Mohr’s salt. (iii) Removal of permanent hardness of
carbon (contain about 9899% carbon). By alloying • Rusting of iron is a chemical change which
are not ores. 2. Iodine (I2): (i) As antiseptic, (ii) In making water, (iv) Washing.
• It is used for making printer ink, black paint, By galvanisation of iron 27. Heavy Water (H2O): Nuclear reactor. increases the weight of iron.
Gangue (or matrix): The ore is generally tincture of iodine.
varnishes and carbon papers. associated with earthy impurities like sand, 28. Liquid Hydrogen: Rocket fuel. • In flashbulb, magnesium wire is kept in
alloyS 3. Bromine (Br2): (i) In dye industry (ii) As atmosphere of nitrogen gas.
PetroleUm rocks and limestone known as gangue or • These are mixtures of two metals or a metal a laboratory reagent. elements/compounds and their Uses • Titanium is called strategic metal because
• It is a dark coloured oily liquid with offensive matrix. and a nonmetal. 4. Chlorine (Cl2): In the formation of (i) xenon Highspeed photographic it is lighter than iron.
odour. It is also called rock oil, mineral oil, Flux: A substance added to ore to remove Mustard gas (ii) Bleaching.
S. alloys constituents tubes. Electric valves and • Gun powder contains 75% potassium
crude oil or black gold. impurities is called flux. There are two types 5. Sulphuric acid (H2SO4): (i) As a reagent T.V. tubes
no. nitrate, 10% sulphur and 15% charcoal.
of flux–(i) acidic flux, (ii) basic flux. (ii) In purification of petroleum (iii) In Krypton Incandescent bulb. • Nichrome wire is used in electrical heaters
liQUefieD PetroleUm gaS (lPg) Slag: Combination of gangue with flux in 1. Brass Copper (80%) & Zinc
lead storage battery. Airfield lights because of (Ni, Cr, Fe).
• It is a mixture of n-butane, iso-butane ores forms a fusible material which is called
(20%)
6. Sulphur (S): Antiseptics, vulcanization characteristic red colour. • Zeolite is used to remove hardness of water.
and some propane. slag. 2. Bronze Copper (90%) & Tin (1%) of rubber, gun powder, medicine. Lithium Deoxidizer and to remove • In cytochrome, iron (Fe) is present.
• A strong foul smelling substance called Concentration: The process of removal 3. German Copper (60%), Zinc (20%) 7. Phosphorus (P) : (i) Red Phosphorus unwanted gases during the • Selenium metal is used in photoelectric cell.
ethyl mercaptan is added to LPG to detect of gangue from the ore is known as Silver & Nickel (20%) refrigerant, in match industry, etc. (ii) manufacture of metals. • Gallium metal is liquid at room temperature.
the gas leakage. concentration of ore. White Phosphorus–Rat killing Medicine. Beryllium xray (Transparent) window. • Palladium metal is used in aeroplane.
4. Duralumin Aluminium, Copper,
Calcination: It is the process of heating the Magnesium and Manganese 8. Carbon dioxide (CO2): Soda water, Fire Moderator in nuclear • Radium is extracted from pitchblende.
comPreSSeD natUral gaS (cng) concentrated ore in absence or in limited 5. Alnico Aluminium, Nickel, Cobalt extinguisher. reactions around the core. • World famous Eiffel Tower has steel and
• It consists mainly of methane (95%) which is a supply of air, below its melting point. & Iron 9. Graphite: As electrodes. Neon Neon lights. Cryogenics cement base.
relatively unreactive hydrocarbon and makes • Cadmium rod is used in nuclear reactor to
Roasting: Roasting is a process in which ore
6. Magnalium Aluminium (95%) &
10. A l u m [ K 2S O 4A l 2 ( S O 4) 3. H 2O ] : ( i ) Hopsalite Mixture of oxides of
its nearly complete combustion possible. is heated usually in the presence of air, at Purification of water (ii) Leather industry. manganese, cobalt, copper slow down the speed of neutron.
Magnesium (5%)
temperatures below its melting point. 11. Mercuric Chloride (HgCl2): Calomel, and silverAntipollution • Co60 is used in cancer treatment.
octane nUmBer 7. Babbitt Tin, Antimony, Copper • Onion and garlic odour due to potassium.
Smelting: The reduction of oxide ore with Insecticides (Corrosive sublimate). Ammonia Refrigerant, fertilisers
• It is a measure of quality of petrol (gasoline). Metal & Lead. Used in ball
• Silver and copper are the best conductors
carbon at high temperature is known as 12. Mercuric oxide (HgO): Ointment, Yttrium Used in TVs to produce red
• The higher the octane number, the better is bearings to reduce
of electricity.
the fuel. smelting. friction. poison. colour
• Gold and silver are the most malleable metals. • These form oxides with oxygen which are • By using HF, chlorofluorocarbon com • A candle blows off when covered because it Carbon Dioxide (CO2) ParticUlateS
• Mercury and iron produces more resistance generally acidic. pound and polytetrafluoroethylene can be does not get oxygen which helps in burning. • It is used by plants for photosynthesis. • These are minute solid particles and liquid
in comparison to the other during the flow synthesised. • Phosphorus catches fire if kept in air but is • It turns the lime water milky. droplets dispersed in air, e.g., dust, smoke,
heliUm • It is used to extinguish fire and for artificial
of electricity. • Chlorofluorocarbon is known as Freon and unreactive with water, so it is kept in water. fumes, etc.
• Lithium is the lightest and the most reductant • It is noble gas. is used as refrigerant and aerosol. • Urea was the first organic compound respiration when mixed with oxygen
element. • It is used for filling balloons and other • Nonstick utensils are made up of teflon. synthesised in laboratory. (carbogen). Smog
• In fireworks, crimson red colour is due to lighter aircraft. • It is dangerous to have charcoal fire burning
• Chlorine is used to prepare PVC, insecticides • Ferric chloride is used to stop bleeding. • It is a consequence of particulate pollution
presence of strontium (Sr). • Helium (He), when mixed with O2, is used in a closed room because it produces carbon
herbicides, etc. • Sea weeds contain iodine.
• Green colour is due to the presence of by deepsea divers for breathing and for monoxide gas, which is suffocating.
and is of two types.
• Bromine is used in ethylene bromide • During cooking maximum vitamin is lost.
Barium in fireworks. respiratory patients. • ENO produces effervescence if dissolved in 1. classical Smog
• Osmium is the heaviest metal and the synthesis which is mixed with leaded petrol. • For the preparation of silver mirror, glucose • It is also called London type smog.
water due to evolution of CO2 gas.
platinum is the hardest. neon is used. • It is formed in cool humid climate when
inert gaSeS • Silver nitrate (AgNO3) is used to prepare
• Silver chloride is used in photochromatic • It is used in neon signs. water carbon soot particles combine with gaseous
• They belong to 18th group of Periodic Table.
glass. the ink used during noting. • It contains two elements: hydrogen and oxides of sulphur.
argon For example, He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn.
• Silver iodide is used in artificial rain. • Silver iodide (AgI) is used for artificial rain. oxygen (H2O).
• Except Rn, all inert gases are present in 2. Photochemical Smog
• Silver iodine is used as marker during • It is used to generate inert atmosphere for • Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is used as an • It has boiling point 100°C and freezing point
atmosphere. • It is also called Los Angeles smog.
election. welding and to fill incandescent light bulbs. oxidising agent, bleaching agent, as an 0°C. Its density is maximum at 4°C. • It occurs in warm, dry and sunny climate
• Silver spoon is not used in egg food • Argon is used in Arc. welding and electric
bulbs. insecticide, and for washing old oil paintings. Soft water by the action of sunlight on unsaturated
because it forms black silver sulphide. xenon
• It is called stranger gas. • Helium is light and noninflammable so, • For artificial respiration mixture of oxygen • Soft water easily lathers with soap. hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxide.
• To harden the gold, copper is mixed. Pure
used in balloon, weather indicator, etc. and helium gas cylinder used. hard water
gold is 24 carat. troPoSPheric PollUtion
• Iron Pyrites (FeS2) is known as fool’s gold.
water (h2o) • Neon is used in discharge tube glow light. • Sodium is kept in kerosene oil. • It does not lather with soap.
Hard water–Less froth with soap. • The heaviest element is osmium (Os). • Presence of undesirable solid or gaseous
• Mercury is kept in iron pot because it does heavy water
Soft water–More froth with soap. common factS • The lightest element, least dense and most particles in the air.
not form amalgam with iron. • It is deuterium oxide, D2O.
• In a tubelight, there is the vapour of mercury reductant element is lithium (Li). (Molecular mass is 20). StratoSPheric PollUtion
oxygen
and argon. Some imPortant exPloSiVeS • Stratospheric pollution means depletion
Ozone (O3) is the allotrope of Oxygen.
• Tetraethyl Lead is used as an antiknocking • Dynamite: It was discovered by Alfred air, water anD their PollUtion PollUtantS of ozone layer (ozone hole) by certain
compound. nitrogen Nobel in 1863. It is prepared by absorption • These are the substance that contaminate compounds like chlorofluorocarbons
• Fuse wire is made up of lead and tin. 78% by volume in atmosphere, liquid of raw dust with nitroglycerin. In modern the environment and of two types. (CFCs), oxides.
dynamite, Sodium Nitrate is used in place air 1. Primary Pollutants: These persist in
nitrogen is used for refrigeration.Ammonia • It is homogeneous mixture of different gases.
non-metal is an important compound of N2 which is of Nitroglycerin. the environment in the form they are water PollUtion
• Tri Nitro Phenol (TNP): It is also known as • It has the following composition — 78% formed, for example, sulphur dioxide • It is due to the presence of foreign substances
• In Modern Periodic Table, there are 24
prepared by Haber’s process.
picric acid. nitrogen; 21% oxygen, 0.03-0.05% carbon (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), etc. like sewage, algae, soluble salts, etc. in water.
nonmetals. • R.D.X. is highly explosive known as dioxide (CO2), argon etc. 2. Secondary Pollutants: These are the
ammonia
• Electronegative elements are nonmetals. • As refrigerant, in the manufacture of HNO3. plasticiser in which aluminium powder is Oxygen (O2) products of reaction of primary pollutants, Soil PollUtion
• Nonmetals are bad conductors of heat and • In fertilizer like urea, ammonium sulphate, etc. mixed to increase the temperature and the • It was discovered by K. Scheele. e.g., PAN, ozone (O3), aldehyde, etc. • It is caused by pesticides like insecticides
electricity except graphite, Bi and Ge are • In the manufacture of Na2CO3 and NaHCO3. speed of fire. • It is noncombustible but helps in combustion. (e.g., DDT, BHC, etc.) herbicides (e.g.,
semiconductors. • In preparation of ammonium salt. ozone (o3) greenhoUSe effect sodium chlorate and sodium arsenate),
• Protium is the only one isotope in Periodic • In preparation of explosive. Some imPortant factS • It is an allotrope of oxygen. • It is the heating of earth and its objects fungicides (e.g., organomercury compounds).
Table having zero neutrons. • In preparation of artificial silk. • Age of fossils and archeological excavation • It is used as insecticide, in purification of because of the trapping of IR radiations • Barium sulphate is used in xrays of
• Deuterium oxide is known as heavy water • Nitrogen fixation in leguminous plants. is determined by radioactive carbon (C14). water to preserve food, to synthesis artificial by carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), abdomen as barium meal.
and used in nuclear reactor as moderator. • Diamond has maximum refractive index and silk and camphor and as a bleaching agent. NO, ozone (O 3 ), chlorofluorocarbons • Silver and copper are best conductors of
• Liquid hydrogen is used as rocket fuel. PhoSPhoroUS due to total internal reflection, it has lustre. and water vapours. electricity. Gold and silver are the most
• Hydrogen is known as range element because • An important constituent of animals and nitrogen (n2)
• Cream is a type of milk in which amount malleable metal.
it may kept in group I and group VII A. plants. It is present in bones and DNA. • It was discovered by Rutherford. It is neutral gloBal warming
of fat is increased while amount of water • Zinc oxide (ZnO) is known as flower of zinc
• These may be solid, liquid or gas (bromine and lighter than air. • It is the result of increased concentration of
is decreased. or Chinese white and is used as white paint.
is the only liquid nonmetal). halogenS • It is filled in sealed packets and bulbs to greenhouse gases.
• N2O is known as laughing gas. • Mercury is stored in iron pot.
• These are soft, nonlustrous, brittle, non • Fluorine is used in the preparation of create inert atmosphere.
• Red phosphorus is used in match industry. • Radium is extracted from pitch blends.
sonorous and nonconductor of heat and UF6 and SF6 for energy production and as • Living beings die in an environment of aciD rain (By roBert aUgUSt)
• Urea contains 46% nitrogen. • Artificial perfumes are prepared from ethyl
electricity. dielectric constant, respectively. nitrogen. • It is due to oxides of nitrogen and sulphur. acetate.
• Chlorine is used for the purification of 2. Potash glass or hard glass contains • Antibody: Kinds of substances formed 4. Rodenticides, e.g., aluminium phosphide.
water, for synthesis of bleaching powder, etc. potassium. It is used for making chemical in the blood, tending to inhibit or destroy Chloroform: A sweetish, colourless liquid. It
apparatus: beakers, flasks, funnel, etc. harmful bacteria, etc. is used as a solvent and anaesthetic.
man-maDe SUBStance 3. Crown glass contains potassium oxide, • Antidote: Medicine used against a poison. Saccharin: A white crystalline solid which is
barium oxide, boric oxide, and silica. It
1. Fertilisers: The substances added to the • Antigen: Substance capable of stimulating 550 times sweeter than sugar, but does not
is used for optical apparatus. have any food value. It is used by diabetic
formation of antibodies.
soil to make up the deficiency of essential 4. Flint glass contains lead oxide and
elements are known as fertilisers, these • Antipyretics are used to reduce body tem patients
is used in optical instruments like
are either natural or synthetic (chemical). perature during high fever, e.g., paracetamol, DDT: Dichlorodiphenyltricholoro ethane is a
lenses, prisms.
Among the chemical fertilisers, the two
important categories are:
5. Crook’s glass contains cesium oxide. It is
used for spectacles as it absorbs UV rays.
aspirin, phenacetin, analgin, and novalgin.
• Tranquilizers are used to treat stress, mild,
white powder used as an insecticide.
Propellants
Biology
Phosphate fertilisers: The most 6. Jena glass contains B2O3 and alumina. and severe mental disease. Liquid propellants Liquid hydrogen, liquid • The term ‘Biology’ was coined by Lamarck has both heterotrophic and autotrophic
abundant phosphate is rock phosphate It is used for making laboratory bottles, • Antiseptic: Prevent the growth of micro ammonia, hydrazine, and Treviranus.
for keeping acids and alkalies. modes of nutrition.
[3Ca3 (PO4)2], which is mostly consumed organisms or kill them but are not harmful nitromethane, methyl • Aristotle is known as the Father of Biology.
7. Milky glass is prepared by adding tin 3. fungi
by the fertiliser industry in the man to living tissues, e.g., dettol and savlon. nitrate, hydrogen peroxide He is also known as the Father of Zoology.
oxide, calcium phosphate or cryolite to This kingdom includes nongreen plants,
ufacture of ‘superphosphate of lime’, • Analgesics: Painkillers are called analgesics, Solid propellants Polybutadiene, acrylic • Theophrastus is known as Father of Botany. generally multinucleate organisms with
‘triple superphosphate’ and ‘altrophs’–a the melt glass. e.g., aspirin, paracetamol and morphine.
8. Glass laminates is made by fixing acid, nitroglycerine + 1. Botany eukaryotic nuclei. It has saprophytic
combined phosphatic and nitrogenous • Antimalarials are used to treat malaria, nitrocellulose Study of different aspects of plants. nutrition and growing on dead and decaying
polymer sheets between layers of glass. e.g., chloroquin.
fertiliser. 2. Zoology organic matter.
It is used to make window and screens Hybrid propellants N2O4 + Acrylic rubber
Nitrogenous Fertilizers: Plants need • Sulphadrugs: Alternatives of antibiotics, Study of various aspects of animals. Aristotle Example: Mushroom, Mucor, Albugo, etc.
of cars, trains and aircraft. Specially
nitrogen for rapid growth and increase sulphanilamide, sulphadiazine Dyes 4. Plantae
manufactured glass laminates are used is called Father of Zoology as well as Biology.
in their protein content. For this reason, sulphagunamidine. Nitro dyes Less important as the This kingdom includes all plants except
as bulletproof material.
nitrogenous fertilizers are of some more • It has the following composition: calcium • Antacid: Substances which remove the colours are not fast Biologists and their contributions some algae, diatoms, fungi and ember of
importance. The chief nitrogenous oxide (CaO) = 50–60%, silica (SiO2) = 20– excess acid and raise the pH to appropriate 1. Coined the term ‘cell’ Robert Hooke monera and protista.
fertilizers are ammonium sulphate, level in scotch are called antacids.
Azo dyes Azo (N=N) group is 5. animalia
25%, alumina (Al2O3) = 5–10%; magnesium chromophore 2. Binomial nomenclature Carolus Linnaeus
• Antacids are used as a remedy for acidity. Multicellular eukaryotic organisms with cells
calcium cyanamide, sodium nitrate, oxide (MgO) = 2–3%. 3. One geneone enzyme Beadle & Tatum
• Pesticides are used to destroy the organisms Triphenylmethane Malachite green lacking a rigid cell wall and photosynthetic
ammonium nitrate, urea, and ammonium • It is manufactured from limestone and clay. hypothesis
that harm the crop. dye apparatus. Almost all animals come under
phosphate. Paints: Chemical contains a pigment as a 4. Operon concept Jacob & Monod this kingdom except protozoan.
2. Dyes: Coloured substances used for vehicle and a thinner. These are of the following types. Direct dyes Mautius yellow, Naphthol 5. Jumping genes concept Dr. McClintock
colouring textiles, foodstuffs, silk, wool, White pigment: Zinc oxide, white lead 1. Insecticides, e.g., DDT, aluminium yellow, Congo red, etc.
6. Human blood groups Karl Landsteiner StUDy of cell
etc. are called dyes. and titanium dioxide. The pigment mixed phosphate, gammexane.
3. Cement: It is a complex material with a vehicle, which is an oil like linseed
Mordant dyes Alizarin 7. Fluid Mosaic Model Singer & Nicholson • Cell: The Cell is the basic structural and
2. Fungicide, e.g., Bordeaux mixture. functional unit of all known living organisms.
containing the silicates of calcium and or soyabean oil a polymer. A thinner is a Vat dyes Indigo
3. Herbicides, e.g., benzepam, benzadox. It is the smallest unit of life and is often
aluminium. A paste of sand, cement and solvent such as turpentine oil or kerosene.
Luminous paints: Glow when exposed to
claSSification of organiSmS called the building block of life.
water is called mortar.
• The largest known cells are unfertilized
A mixture of stone chips (gravel), light. Classification means to categorise organisms ostrich egg cells.
cement and water is known as concrete. into different groups. • The smallest cell is of PPLO (Mycoplasma
Concrete with steel bars and wires is SoaPS 1. monera gallisepticum).
called reinforced concrete. It is used for • These are sodium and potassium salts of This kingdom includes all prokaryotic • Human nerve cell is the longest animal cell.
constructing roads, bridges and pillars. higher fatty acids. organisms like bacteria, cynobacteria and • Largest unicellular plant is Acetabularia
archiobacteria. It includes truebacteria (10 cm) and animal is Amoeba, (1mm).
glaSS DetergentS (Eubacteriales), fungus like bacteria • The largest human cell is the female
• These are sodium or potassium salts of long (Actinomycetales) and the bluegreen algae ovum and the smallest human cell is the
• It is an amorphous or transparent solid, also chain alkyl or aryl sulphonates or sulphates. (cyanobacteriae). red blood cell.
called supercooled liquid. • These are also called soapless soap. 2. Protista • Robert Hooke coined the term cell.
• It contains mainly silica (SiO2). • Antibiotic: Medicinal compounds produced This kingdom includes unicellular form • The first living cell was discovered by
1. Soda or soft glass is sodium calcium usually found in parasitic and saprophytic Leeuwenho ek.
by moulds and bacteria, capable of destroying
silicate used for making bottles, forms. It includes Euglenophyta, Pyrrophyta; • The longest cell is Neuron.
or preventing the growth of bacteria in
window panes, etc. Chrysophyta and xarthophytes. Euglena • The biggest cell is egg of Ostrich.
animal systems.
tyPeS of cellS main featUreS of the cell theory Function: Chloroplast provides green Difference between plant and animal cells • These are of two types DNA and RNA.
i. Prokaryotic Cells: These are primitive 1. All organisms are composed of cell. colour to plant and take part photo Plant cell animal cell
cells, lacking a nucleus and most of the ii. Eukaryotic Cells: These have nucleus 2. Each cell arises from pre-existing cell. synthesis.
DeoxyriBonUcleic aciD (Dna)
other cell organelles. and membrane bound cell organelles. 3. Every organism starts its life from single (b) Chromoplast provides various colours
It has cell wall. Cell wall is usually absent. • It is a long polymer made from repeating
cell. Plastids are found. Plastids are usually units called nucleotides.
to the plant. absent.
Difference Between eukaryotic cells and Prokaryotic cells • Each nucleotide consists of a nucleoside
(c) Leucoplast is colourless. It stores
PartS of cell anD their fUnctionS A big vacuole is Vacuole is absent or very
cell organelle eukaryotic Prokaryotic
1. Cell wall: In plant cell there is a rigid the food in the form of starch, lipid or present. small in size. and a phosphate group, joined together
Nucleus Present Absent cell wall which is nonliving and freely protein. by ester bonds.
Lysosomes are not Lysosomes are present.
permeable. It is made up of cellulose Functions: present. • It has four bases, e.g., adenine, guanine,
Number of chromosomes More than one One–but not true chromosome: i. It helps in osmoregulation. It stores
Plasmids and chitin. It provides shape and rigid Centrioles are absent. Centrioles are present. cytosine and thymine.
ity to the cell. toxic metabolic water.
• DNA was discovered by James D Watson
Cell Type Usually multicellular Usually unicellular (some 2. Cell membrane: It is also known as ii. It controls all the activities of a cell. lySoSomeS
cyanobacteria may be multicellular) and Francis Crick, who got Nobel Prize for
plasma membrane which form the outer So, it is also known as the ‘control • These are sometimes called suicidal bags
covering of animal cell. In plant cell it is room’ of a cell. Chromatin transmits of the cell. These are bags of hydrolysing this discovery.
True Membranebound Nucleus Present Absent
found within cell wall. hereditary characters from parents enzymes.
Example Animals and plants Bacteria and archaea Dna SyntheSiSe rna
Function: It regulates movement of to their offspring.
Genetic Recombination Meiosis and fusion of Partial, undirectional transfers, DNA centroSomeS
gametes
molecules inside and outside of the cell.
3. Protoplasm: The whole fluid present
The red colour of tomatoes is due to
the presence of lycopene pigment, i.e.,
• Participate in the formation of spindle during ))
Note: DNA: DNA is mainly found in
cell division and cilia. nucleus in small amount. It is also found in
Lysosomes and peroxisomes Present Absent inside plasmamembrane is protoplasm. chromophore.
(A) Cytoplasm: The fluid found outside VacUoleS mitochondria and chloroplast.
Microtubules Present Absent or rare The colour of carrot is due to carotene.
the nuclear membrane. • These are nonliving reservoirs, bounded by
Endoplasmic reticulum Present Absent a membrane called tonoplast. Gene: Gene is hereditary unit which is
(B) Nucleoplasm: The fluid found riBoSomeS
Mitochondria Present Absent inside the nuclear membrane. It is made up of ribonucleic acid (RNA). • It stores toxic metabolic waste and helps in made by a segment of DNA found on the
Cytoskeleton Present May be absent Functions osmoregulation. chromosome.
mitochonDria i. Take part in protein synthesis. nUcleUS Ribonucleic Acid (RNA): RNA is single
DNA wrapping on proteins Eukaryotes wrap their Multiple proteins act together to fold
• It is a semiautonomous organelle and • It was discovered by Robert Brown. stranded nucleic acid made up to phosphate,
DNA around proteins and condense prokaryotic DNA. Folded ii. Help in intracellular digestion. The
called histones DNA is then organized into a variety
called powerhouse of the cell because in • Nucleus is rich in protein and RNA. Chromatin ribose sugar and nitrogenous base uracil,
enzyme found in lysosome may
of conformations that are supercoiled it stepwise oxidation of fuel occurs which is the controlling centre of a cell.
digest the entire cell. So it is also adenine, guanine and cytosine. It is found
and wound around tetramers of the results in release of chemical energy. This
energy is stored in the form of ATP. known as suicidal bag. nUcleic aciDS in nucleus as well as cytoplasm.
HU protein.
iii. Help in the formation of spindle fibre • These contain the genetic instructions used Function: Synthesis of protein.
Ribosomes Larger Smaller enDoPlaSmic reticUlUm during cell division. in the development and functioning of all
Vesicles Present Present • These are hollow membranous system known living organisms.
having ribosomes (thus called Rough ER) chromoSome comparison between Dna and rna
Golgi apparatus Present Absent
or no ribosomes (thus called Smooth ER). • Chromosome is threadlike structure, found comparison Dna rna
Chloroplasts Present (in plants) Absent; chlorophyll scattered in the in the nucleus. Beadlike structure found
cytoplasm
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum is the Name Deoxyribonucleic acid Ribonucleic acid
site of protein synthesis, while Smooth on chromosome is called genes, which
Flagella Microscopic in size; Submicroscopic in size, composed of Endoplasmic Reticulum is the site of are made up of DNA and are the carrier Function Longterm storage of genetic Used to transfer the genetic code from
membrane bound; only one fiber synthesis of steroids and detoxification. of genetic information from generationto information; transmission of the nucleus to the ribosomes to make
usually arranged as nine generation. In some viruses, RNA is the genetic information to make proteins. RNA is used to transmit genetic
doublets surrounding two golgi aPParatUS genetic material called retrovirus. other cells and new organisms. information in some organisms and may
singlets • Plays important role in secretion, transpor • Eukaryotic cells possess many chromosomes. have been the molecule used to store
Permeability of nuclear Selective Not present tation and acrosome formation. genetic blueprints in primitive organisms.
membrane organism number of pairs of Structural Features B-form double helix. DNA is A-form helix. RNA usually is a single-
Plasma membrane with steroid Yes Usually no PlaStiD chromosomes a doublestranded molecule strand helix consisting of shorter chains
Only found in plant cells. Dog 39 = 78 consisting of a long chain of of nucleotides.
Cell wall Only in plant cells and Usually chemically complexed nucleotides.
fungi (chemically simpler)
(a) Chloroplasts: These are green pigment
Human 23 = 46 Composition of Bases Deoxyribose sugar Ribose sugar
found in green planted involved in
Vacuoles Present Present Monkey 21 = 42 and Sugars Phosphate backbone Phosphate backbone
photosynthesis. So, it is known as
Cell size 10-100 μm 1-10 μm Adenine, guanine, cytosine, Adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil bases
‘Kitchen of the cell’. Onion 8 = 16
thymine bases
Propagation DNA is selfreplicating. RNA is synthesized from DNA on an as • Klinefelter Syndrome: Individuals with insects, birds and bats eyes of octopus
needed basis. this syndrome have masculine development and mammals.
but feminine development is not completely • Vestigial organ: These are organs which
Basepairing AT (adeninethymine) AU (adenineuracil)
GC (guaninecytosine) GC (guaninecytosine)
suppressed and the individual become sterile. appear functionless in an organism but
• Turner’s Syndrome: When female has functional in their ancestor, for example
Reactivity The CH bonds in DNA make The OH bond in the ribose of RNA makes single sex chromosome (Xo) their ovaries vermiform appendix of large intestine and
it fairly stable, plus the body the molecule more reactive, compared
are rudimentary, lack of secondary, sexual nictitating membrane of human.
destroys enzymes that would with DNA. RNA is not stable under
attack DNA. The small grooves alkaline conditions, plus the large grooves character. • Fossils: Fossils are the remains of ancient
• Down’s Syndrome: When an extra chro-
in the helix also serve as
protection, providing minimal
in the molecule make it susceptible
to enzyme attack. RNA is constantly mosome is added to 21st autosomal
chromosomes, this leads to the development
plant or animal which provide evidences
for evolution.
• Archaeopteryx: It is a fossil looks like bird
Botany
space for enzymes to attach. produced, used, degraded, and recycled.
Ultraviolet Damage DNA is susceptible to UV Compared with DNA, RNA is relatively of Down’s syndrome. In this syndrome, a but bear a number of features found in • Theophrastus is called the father of Botany. • They lack true roots, stem and leaves.
damage. resistant to UV damage. person suffers from Mongolism. The person reptiles. So, it is a connecting link between • This community is also called Amphibian
is mentally retarded and eyes get protruded abes and reptile. PlantS category of the plant kingdom.
in an irregular physical structure. • The moss namely Sphagnum is capable of
cell cycle • Pluripotency: It is the potential ability of a • Patau’s Syndrome: There is a cut mark in theorieS of eVolUtion
cell to develop any kind of the cell of animal soaking water 18 times of the own weight.
It is the sequence of events in which cell the lip and person is mentally retarded. Atavism or Reversion cryPtogamUS PlantS
Therefore, garden use it to protect from
duplicates its genetic material, synthesises body. • Sickle Cell Anaemia: In this disorder There is no flower and seed in these types
• Genetically modified organism (GMO): • It is the sudden reappearance of some drying while taking the plants from one
the other constituents of the cell and erythrocytes destroyed more rapidly than ancestral features. Appearance of thick body of plants.
Manipulation of gene by cutting or joining place to another.
ultimately divide into two daughter cells. normal leading to anaemia.
the segment of DNA to get desired varieties hair, large cannes, monstral face, short • The Sphagnum moss is used as fuel.
• Phenylketonuria: It is an inborn error of thaloPhyta
of organism is called genetically modified temporary tails, addition, fairs of nipples, etc. • The Sphagnum moss is also used as antiseptic.
cell DiViSion metabolism which result in mental retardation • This is the largest group of the plant kingdom.
organism. This is also known as genetic are examples of atavism.
The process in which cells increase in their cause due to change in 12th autosomal • There is no conducting tissue. PteriDoPhyta
number is called cell division. engineering. Theories of Evolution—Lamarckism
chromosome. The body of the plant is differentiated into
• Autosomes: Chromosomes found in cell • JeanBaptiste de Lamarck gave the idea that algae
(A) Mitosis: Mitosis cell division occurs • Haemophilia: Gene responsible for this root, stem and leaf.
which are responsible for characters other
in somatic cells which take part in disorder is linked with sex chromosomes. an organism can pass on characteristics that The algae normally have chlorophyll and Examples: Ferns, Azolla, etc.
than sex are called autosomes. it acquired during its lifetime to its offspring autotrophic mode of nutrition.
growth, repair and development. In This disease leads to failure of blood clotting.
• Sex Chromosome: The pair of chromosome
an unicellular organism, asexual • Colour blindness: This disorder lead to (also known as heritability of acquired PhanerogamS or floral Plant
which determines the sex of an organism is characteristics). USefUl algae
reproduction takes place by this type called sex chromosome. failure to distinguish red and green colour.
of cell division. The gene responsible for this disease is Darwinism 1. As food: Porphyra, Ulva, Surgassum, (a) gymnoSPerm
• Genome: All genes present in a haploid cell Laeminaria, Nostoc, etc.
(B) Meiosis: Meiosis cell division occurs in are called genome. situated on sex chromosome. • Darwin’s theory of evolution was Origin of 1.These plants are in the forms of trees
a reproductive cell. This type of division 2. In making iodine: Laeminaria, Fucus, and bushes.
Species by Natural Selection and it was Echlonia, etc.
takes place during the formation of Sex Determination in hUman organic eVolUtion published in 1859. 2.Plants are woody, perennial and tall.
3. As manure: Nostoc, Anabina, Kelp, etc. Plants bear naked seeds.
haploid gamete, i.e, over a sperm. • The theory consists of four propositions,
In human male sex chromosome is ‘XY’, homologoUS organS
4. In making medicines: Chloreloline from The longest plant of the Plant kingdom,
they are:
geneticS whereas in female sex chromosome is XX. • The organs which are similar in basic
chlorella and Tincture iodine is made Sequoia gigantea comes under it. This is also
i. Overproduction or enormous fertility. from Laeminaria.
During gamete formation in male half of structure and origin but dissimilar in called Red Wood of California.
ii. Variations and heredity.
The process of transfer of hereditary
characters from one generation to next
the sperm contain ‘x’ chromosome while
other half contain ‘Y’ chromosome. In
functions are called homologous organs, iii. Survival of the fittest or natural selection. ))
Note: An astronaut can get protein food, • The smallest plant is Zaimia pygmia.
• Ginkgo biloba is also called Maiden hair tree.
e.g., wings of bat, cat’s paws, frontfoot of a iv. Origin of species. water and oxygen by sowing the chlorella
generation is called Genetics. Johan female all gametes contain only one type The pollen grains of Pinus are so much in
horse, human’s hand and wings of a bird. algae in the tank of the aircraft so chlorella
Mendel is known as Father of Genetics. of chromosome that is ‘x’. Thus, when Mutation Theory number that later it turns into sulphur
is known as space algae.
• Chromosomal aberrations: Any changes a male gamete i.e. sperm carrying ‘x’ analogoUS organS • Hugo de Vries proposed the theory of mutation, showers.
in chromosomal structure are known as chromosome fertilises an ova, the zygote • These are developed in widely different working while on Oenothera lacerations
develop into female. When a sperm carrying fUngi importance of gymnosperm
Chromosomal aberrations. organism phylogenetically due to similar plant.
Fungi are chlorophyllless, central carriers, 1. As food: Sago is made by extracting the
• Cloning: It is a process of producing many ‘Y’ chromosome fertilises an egg, zygote habitats and modes of life, e.g., wings of • Mesozoic era is known as Age of Reptiles.
develops into a male. tissueless, thalophytes. juice from the stems of Cycas. Therefore,
identical organisms from a single cell having
In human each cell contains 46 Cycas is called Sagopalm.
the same genetic characters as their mother.
chromosomes. Any addition or removal BryoPhyta 2. Wood: The wood of pine, Sequoia,
• Totipotency: It is the potential ability of a
in the number of sex chromosomes or In bryophyta, there is lack of xylem and Deodar, Spruce, etc. is used for making
plant cell to grow into a complete plant.
autosomes causes genetic disorder. phloem tissues. furniture.
3. Vapour oil: We get Tarpin oil from the There are two methods of pasteurization– and Gynoecium are found. Out of these, i. Conduction of water and minerals, is formed. It is also known as Calvin • Ammonification: Formation of ammonia
trees of Pine, Cedrus oil from Deodar tree (a) Low Temperature Holding method androecium is male sex organ and the and Benson cycle. from organic compound.
and Cadcast oil from Juniperous wood. (LTH): Milk is boiled at 62.8 degree Gynoecium is female sex organ. ii. To provide mechanical consis • Nitrification: A process in which ammonia
4. Tannin: It is useful in tanning and Celsius for 30 minutes. • Pollination: After maturation of Anther, tency. Plant hormoneS is converted into nitrates by Nitro bacteria.
making ink. (b) High Temperature Short Time method the process of reaching of pollen grains to The determination of age of the plant is • Denitrification: It is a microbially
5. Resin: Resin is extracted from some stigma is called pollination. done by counting annual rings of the Following five hormones are found in plants–
(HTST): Milk is boiled at 71.7 degree facilitated process of nitrate reduction
conical plants which are used in making • Fertilization: Pollen tube reaches the egg xylem tissue. 1. Auxins: This is the hormone which
Celsius for 15 seconds. performed by a large group of heterotrophic
varnish, polish, paint, etc. • In leather industry separation of hair and cell after entering into the ovule through Phloem: This is a conducting tissue. controls the growth of plants.
facultative anaerobic bacteria) that may
fat from leather is done by bacteria. This is a pore called micropyle. After that, a male Its main function is to conduct foods 2. Gibberellins
(B) angioSPerm ultimately produce molecular nitrogen (N2)
called tanning of leather. nucleus fuses with an eggcell. This is called prepared by the leaves to different 3. Cytokinins
In the plants of this subgroup seeds are through a series of intermediate gaseous
• Pickles, syrup is kept in salt or in dense liquid fertilization. Fertilized egg is called zygote. parts of the plant. 4. Abscisic Acid or ABA
nitrogen oxide products. This respiratory
found inside the fruits. of sugar so that in case of bacterial attack In angiosperm, the fertilization is triple 5. Ethylene
process reduces oxidized forms of nitrogen
bacteria are plasmolysed and destroyed. fusion whereas in other category of plants PhotoSyntheSiS 6. Florigens: It is formed in leaves but helps
VirUS in response to the oxidation of an electron
Therefore pickles, etc. do not get spoiled it is double fusion. in blooming of the flowers. Therefore, it
• Virus was discovered by Russian scientist In the presence of water, light, chlorophyll, donor such as organic matter. The preferred
soon and can be preserved for long time.
and carbon dioxide, the formation of is also called flowering hormones.
Ivanovsky. • In the cold storage objects are kept at formation of frUitS nitrogen electron acceptors in order of most
• In nature, there are ultramicroscopic low temperature. Fruit is a matured or ripened ovary developed carbohydrates in plant is called photos to least thermodynamically favorable include
ynthesis. Plant DiSeaSeS
particles known as viruses. Viruses are a • Mycoplasma: Smallest known prokaryotic after fertilization. nitrate (NO 3), nitrite (NO 2), nitric oxide
connecting link between living and non Terrestrial plants takes CO2 from atmosphere 1. Viral Diseases (NO), nitrous oxide (N2O) finally resulting in
cell causing pleuropneumonia. It is
living organisms. Plant tiSSUe whereas aquatic plants use carbon dioxide i. Mosaic disease of tobacco: The the production of dinitrogen (N2) completing
also known as PPLO.
mixed in water. factor of this disease is Tobacco
Tissue: The group of cells of similar origin, the nitrogen cycle.
characteriSticS of VirUS Plant morPhology Water enters into cells of the leaves through Mosaic Virus (TMV).
1. They become active inside living cells. structure, and functions in called tissue. osmosis and CO2 through diffusion from
(A) Meristematic tissue: Growing regions
ii. Bunchy top of banana: This disease PoPUlation anD Biotic
2. Nucleic acids replicate themselves and root atmosphere or release during respiration. is caused by banana virus.
they reproduce rapidly. of the plants are Meristem. Meristematic • The green colour of the plants is due to the commUnity
Root is the descending part of the plant 2. Bacterial Diseases
3. They cause disease like bacteria and tissues have capability of cell division. presence of chlorophyll. There are different • Population: Population is a group of indi
which develops from radicle. Root always i. Wilt of Potato: It is also known as
fungi. Apical Meristems: These tissues types of chlorophyll molecules like ‘a’, ‘b’, ‘c’, viduals of same species occupying the same
grows in the soil away from light. rin’s disease because brown sign is
• In man virus cause disease like mumps, are found in the root and stem apex ‘d’, and ‘e’. Chlorophylls ‘a’ and ‘b’ are most
Modification of Tap roots are: formed on the xylem. area at a given time.
chicken pox, hepatitis, polio, AID and Herpes. and the initial growth (especially common and are found in a plant.
1. Conical–like Carrot. ii. Black Arm of cotton: The factor • Population density: Total number of
• Bacteriophages: Bacteriophages are those length) of the plants take place due • There is an atom of magnesium in the centre
2. Napiform–like Turnip, beet, etc. of this disease is Xanthomonas individuals present in per unit area.
viruses which infect the bacteria. Example: to these tissue. of chlorophyll.
Tobacco mosaic virus.
3. Fusiform–like Radish.
• Chlorophyll absorbs the violet, blue, and red Bacteria. In this disease a water • Natality: Increase in the number of indi
Lateral Meristems: Due to the viduals in a given population by birth is
colour of light. body (brown) is formed on the leaves.
))
Note: Those viruses in which RNA Stem
This is the part of a plant which grows
division in these tissues, growth in
the girth of roots and stems takes • The rate of photosynthesis is maximum in iii. Bacterial blight of Rice: This called natality.
substance is found as genetic material are red light and is minimum in violet light. disease is caused by Xanthomonas. • Mortality: Number of individuals removed
called Retrovirus. towards light. It develops from plumule. place. Hence, it increases the width of
• The process of photosynthesis is a reaction iv. Citrus Canker: The factor of from a population due to death under given
the root and stem.
UnDergroUnD Stem of oxidation and reductions. this disease is Xanthomonas citri environmental condition at a given time is
Intercalary Meristems: They are called mortality.
Bacteria 1. Tuber–like Potato. The stages of process of photosynthesis: bacteria.
located at the base of internodes and (i) Photochemical reaction or light reaction. • Biotic potential: It refers the maximum
It was discovered by Antonie van Leeu 2. Corm–like Colocasia, Saffron, etc. v. Tundu disease of wheat: The factors
wenhoek. apex parts are eaten by vegetarian (ii) Dark chemical reaction. capacity of inherent of an organism to
3. Bulb–like Onion, Garlic, etc. of this disease are Corynebacterium
• Leeuwenhoek is called the father of animals. i. Photochemical reaction: This reaction reproduce.
4. Rhizome–like Turmeric, Ginger, etc. titric bacteria and Enzuina titriki
(B) Permanent tissue: Permanent tissues
Bacteriology. is completed in the grand part of the Nematode. • Mutualism: It is a functional association
• Louis Pasteur discovered the vaccine of leaf are made of those mature tissues that chlorophyll. This is called Hill reaction. between two different species in which both
Rabies and pasteurization of milk. Its main function is to make food through have lost their capacity of division and At the end of this process, ATP is formed
attain a definite form of various works.
nitrogen cycle the species are benefited.
• Anabaena and Nostoc cynobacteria fix photosynthesis. from ADP and P. • Commensalism: It is an association
atmospheric nitrogen into soil. These cells can be alive or dead. ii. Dark chemical reaction: This reaction • Nitrogen fixation is a process in which free
between individuals of two different species
flower Xylem: This is usually called wood. atmospheric nitrogen is converted by living
))
Note: To preserve the milk for many days This is the reproductive part of the plant. This is a conducting tissue. Its two
takes place in the stroma of chlorophyll.
In this reaction, reduction of carbon organism into nitrogenous compound that
in which one species is benefited and other
pasteurization is done. one is neither benefited nor affected.
In the flower Calyx, Corolla, Androecium main functions are– dioxide takes place and sugar or starch can be used by plant.
Science 405 406 Science 407
Plant Diseases F. Phylum Annelida I. Phylum echinodermata

fungal Diseases Bacterial Diseases Viral Diseases Main features Main features
i. Body is long, thin, soft and met i. All the animals in this group are
Late blight of Potato Paddy blight Tobacco Mosaic
americally segmented. marine.
Downy Mildew Brown rot of Potato Bunchy top of Banana ii. Locomotion takes place through ii. Water vascular system is present.
Loose smut of Wheat, Karnal bunt Ring rot of Potato Leaf curl Setae made up of Chitin. iii. There are tube feet for locomotion,
Smut of Bajra Tundu disease of wheat Potato leaf roll iii. Alimentary canal is well developed. taking food which works as sen
iv. Nervous system is normal and blood sational organ.
Bunt of rice Citrus canker Carrot red leaf
Coffee rust Crown Gall of fruits Cauliflower mosaic
Potato mosaic
Zoology is red.
v. Excretion by nephridia.
iv. Brain is developed in nervous
system.
v. There is a special capacity of regen
vi. Both unisexual and bisexual.
Black/Brown rust iv. Specialised cnidoblast cells are eration.
claSSification of animal Example: Earthworm.
found which help in catching Examples: Star fish, Sea urchin.
Red rot of sugarcane
Wilt of cotton, yellow rust of wheat
KingDom the food. ))
Note: There are four pairs of heart in J. Phylum Chordata
Example: Hydra, Jelly fish. earthworm. Main features
Ergot of Bajra A. Phylum Protozoa
D. Phylum Platyhelminthes G. Phylum Arthropoda i. Notochord is present in it.
Foot rot of Paddy, Tikka of Main features ii. All the chordates are triploblastic,
groundnut i. Its body is made of only one cell. Main features: Main features coelomate and bilaterally symmet
ii. There are one or more nuclei in its i. Triploblastic and no body cavity. i. Body is divided into three parts– rical.
cytoplasm. ii. Dorsoventrally flattened animal. Head, Thorax and Abdomen. iii. A dorsal hollow tubular nerve cord
iii. These are of both types–commen iii. Alimentary canal with single ii. Body is covered with a thick chitinous and paired pharyngeal gill slits are
salism and parasite. opening, anus absent. exoskeleton. other features of chordates.
iv. All the metabolic activities (eating, iv. Excretion takes place by flame cells. iii. Jointed leg.
digestion, respiration, excretion, v. There is no skeleton, respiratory iv. Circulatory system is of open type. Some main groUPS of PhylUm
reproduction) take place in unicell organ, circulatory system, etc. v. Its body cavities are called hae
vi. These are hermaphrodite animals.
chorData
ular body. mocoels.
v. Respiration and excretion take place Example: Planaria. vi. Trachea, book lungs, body surface PiSceS
by diffusion. e. Phylum Aschelminthes are respiratory parts.
Main features
Example: Amoeba and Euglena. vii. These are mainly unisexual and
Main features i. Aquatic life.
fertilization takes place inside the
B. Phylum Porifera i. Long, cylindrical, unsegmented ii. All these are cold blooded animals.
body.
Main features worm. iii. Heart pumps only impure blood and
Example: Cockroach and Prawn.
All animals of this group are found in water ii. B i l a t e r a l l y s y m m e t r i c a l a n d have two chambers.
i. There are six feet and four wings in
and bear pores in the body. triploblastic. iv. Respiration takes place through gills.
insects.
i. These are multicellular animals but iii. Alimentary canal is complete in Example: Hippopotamus.
ii. There are 13 chambers in a cock
cells do not make regular tissues. which mouth and anus both are
roach’s heart. amPhiBia
ii. Numerous pores known as ostia present.
iv. There is no circulatory system and H. Phylum Mollusca i. These are found both on land and water.
found on body wall.
respiratory system but nervous Main features All these are coldblooded.
iii. Skeleton is made up of minute
calcareos or silicon spicules. system is developed. i. Body is divided into head and mus ii. Respiration takes place through gill,
Examples: Sycon, Sponge, etc. v. Excretion takes place through cular foot. skin and lungs.
Protonephridia. ii. Mantle is always present in it. iii. They have three chambered heart.
C. Phylum Coelenterata
vi. They are unisexual. iii. Alimentary canal is well developed. Example: Frog, Necturus, Toad, Ichthyophis,
Main features Example: Roundworm. iv. Respiration takes place through gills Salamander.
i. Animals are aquatic and diploblastic. or ctenidia.
ii. Around the mouth some thread ))
Note: Enterobius (pinworm/threadworm): v. Blood is colourless.
rePtilia
like structures are found known as It is found mainly in the anus of a child. vi. Excretion takes place through Main features
tentacles. Filarial disease is caused by Wuchereria kidneys. i. Land vertebrate, coldblooded, terrestrial
iii. Body radial symmetry. bancrofti. Example: Pila, Octopus. or aquatic vertebrates.
ii. Respiration takes place through lungs. Birds (Aves) Penguin, flamingo, eagle, • People who live at high altitudes have more Nucleus is present in the White Blood Group AB is called Universal Receptor
iii. Its eggs are covered with shell made up blood than those who live in low regions. Blood Corpuscles. because it does not contain any antibody.
SyStem of the hUman BoDy
turkey, thrush, parrot
of calcium carbonate. This extra blood supplies additional oxy Its main function is to protect the If in the blood of people it is found, their
Mammals Platypus, kangaroo, bat, lion, ePiDermiS
Example: Lizard, snake, tortoise. gen to body cells. body from the disease. The ratio of blood is said to be Rhpositive and if in the
wolf, mouse, seal, antelope, • The top layer of skin made up of epithelial
• During blood clotting fibrinogen changes RBC and WBC is 600 : 1.
))
Note: Mesozoic era is called the era of cow, dolphin, whale, lemur,
monkey, ape, human into fibrin by thrombin which is obtained iii. Blood Platelets or Thrombocytes: It is
blood of people it is not found, their blood
is said to be Rhnegative.
cells and does not contain blood vessels.
reptiles. from thromboplastin in the presence of Ca2+. found only in the blood of human and At the time of blood transfusion, Rhfactor DermiS
Cobra is the only snake which makes nests. animal tiSSUe • Female contains half litre of blood less in other mammals.
There is no nucleus in it.
is also tested. Rhpositive is given to Rh • It gives elasticity to the integument, allowing
Heloderma is the only poisonous lizard. i. Epithelial Tissue: Epithelial tissue comparison to male.
Its formation takes place in Bone
positive blood and Rhnegative is given to stretching and conferring flexibility, while
Sea snake which is called Hydrophis is the cover the external surface of the body Rhnegative blood only. resisting distortions, wrinkling and sagging.
BlooD conSiStS of two PartS marrow.
world’s most poisonous snake. and internal free surface of many Erythroblastosis Fetalis: If the father’s
(A) Plasma; and (B) Blood corpuscles. Its life span is from 3 to 5 days. hyPoDermiS
organs. blood is Rhpositive and the mother’s blood
aVeS (A) Plasma: This is the liquid part of blood. It dies in the Spleen. • It is made up of adipose tissue.
Example: skin, intestine, gland. is Rhnegative, then the child to be born
60% of the blood is plasma. Its 90% Its main function is to help in
Main features ii. Connective Tissue: These tissues dies at pregnancy or short span of time
part is water, 7% protein, 0.9% salt and clotting of blood. teeth
i. The animals of this group are warm connect and bind different tissues and after the birth. (This happens in the case of
0.1% is glucose. • With the help of teeth the food is chewed.
blooded tetrapod vertebrates with flight organs. fUnctionS of BlooD second issue). Teeth are of four types
Example: Adipose tissue found beneath Function of plasma: Transportation
adaptation. i. To control the temperature of the body i. Incisors
the skin. Ligament is made up of fibrous of digested food, hormones, excretory Possible combinations of Blood groups
ii. Their four-feet are modified into wings and to protect the body from diseases. ii. Canines
to fly. connective tissue, cartilage, bone and product, etc. from the body takes ii. Clotting of blood. male female Blood group of children
place through plasma. iii. Premolars
iii. They respire through lungs. blood. iii. Transportation of O2, CO2, digested food, not possible
Serum: When Fibrinogen and iv. Molars
Example: Crow, Peacock, Parrot, etc.
))
Note: Blood is only tissue which is found protein is extracted out of plasma the
conduction of hormones, etc.
iv. To help in establishing coordination
A A B & AB • Hardest part in the body is tooth enamel.
mammalia in the form of fluid. remaining plasma is called serum. among different parts. A B – tongUe
Main features iii. Muscular Tissue: This is also known as (B) Blood corpuscles: This is the remaining • The main reason behind the difference in A AB O • Saliva, secreted by the salivary glands, is
i. These are warmblooded animals. contractile tissue. All the muscles of the 40% part of the blood. blood of human is the glycoprotein which mixed with the chewed food by the tongue.
A O B or AB
ii. There is no nucleus in their red blood body are made up of this tissue. i. Red Blood Corpuscles (RBC): Red is found in Red Blood Corpuscles called • Complete digestion process takes place in
cells (except in camel and lama). (a) Unstriped: This muscle tissue is found Blood Corpuscles (RBC) in mammal is antigens. Antigens are of two types: Antigen B B A, AB following four steps:
iii. Skin of mammals has hair. on the walls of those parts which are biconcave. A and Antigen B. i. Ingestion of Food
B AB O
iv. Mammalia is divided into three sub not controlled by will. There is no nucleus in it. Exception– • On the basis of presence of Antigen or ii. Digestion in Mouth.
Camel and Lama. RBC is formed Glycoprotein, there are four group of blood B O A, AB iii. Digestion in Stomach.
classes: (b) Striped: These muscles are found in the
in Bone marrow. in human: AB AB O iv. Digestion in Intestine.
i. Prototheria: It lays eggs, e.g., parts of the body that move voluntarily.
Echidna. (c) Cardiac: These muscles are found only Its life span is from 20 days to 120 days. (a) T h a t c o n t a i n s A n t i g e n A – B l o o d • The food passes down through the
Group A. AB O O, AB oesophagus into stomach.
ii. Metatheria: It bears the immature on the walls of the heart. Its destruction takes place in liver
child, e.g., Kangaroo. and spleen. Therefore, liver is (b) T h a t c o n t a i n s A n t i g e n B – B l o o d O O A, B, AB • Now food is mixed with gastric juice and
The largest muscle of the human body is Group B.
the grave of RBC. hydrochloric acid which disinfect the food
iii. Eutheria: It bears the well developed Gluteus Maximus. (c) That contains both the Antigens A and
It contains haemoglobin, in which BlooD PreSSUre (BP) and creates acidic medium.
child, e.g., humans. The smallest muscle of the human body is
haeme iron containing compound
B–Blood Group AB. • The pressure created by the blood on the • Pepsin digests proteins and converts
types of Vertebrates Stapedius. (d) That contains neither of the Antigens– walls of the blood vessels due to the repeated them into peptones.
iv. Nervous Tissue: This tissue is also found and due to this the colour
Jawless fishes Hagfish, lamprey Blood Group O. pumping of heart is called blood pressure. • Renin coverts milk into curd.
called sensitive tissue. of blood is red.
(Agnatha) An opposite type of protein is found in blood It is measured by sphygmomanometer. • The digested food now is called chyme.
The main function of RBC is to carry plasma. This is called antibody. This is also • Blood pressure in a normal person 1. Ingestion: Taking the food into the
Cartilaginous Sharks, skates, rays, chimaeras
hUman BlooD oxygen to all cells of the body bring of two types–Antibody ‘a’ and Antibody ‘b’.
fishes is 120/80 mm Hg. mouth is called ingestion.
back the carbon dioxide. Blood Transfusion: Antigen ‘A’ and antibody • If a person has persistent high blood pressure 2. Digestion: Conversion of nonabsorbable
Bony fishes Sturgeon, herring, salmon, • The quantity of blood in the human’s body ii. White Blood Corpuscles (WBC) or ‘a’, Antigen ‘B’ and antibody ‘b’ cannot live then it is called hypertension and persistent food into absorbable form. The digestion
perch, cod, coelacanth is 7% of the total weight. Leucocytes: together. In case of so happened these get high blood pressure is 150/90 mm Hg. of the food is started in the mouth.
Amphibians Frogs and toads, salamanders, • Blood is fluid connective tissue and composed Its formation takes place in Bone • Saliva is secreted by salivary gland in mouth
most sticky, such spoils the blood. This is • Hypotension is condition of low blood
newts, caecilians of blood corpuscles, plasma and platelets. marrow, lymph node and sometimes called agglutination of blood. pressure, i.e., persistent 100/50 mm Hg. in which two types of enzymes are found,
Reptiles Snakes, crocodiles, alligators, • It is slightly alkaline in nature (pH 7.4). in liver and spleen. Blood Group O is called Universal Donor • Electrocardiograph (ECG) is used to check ptyalin and maltase. They convert starch
lizards, turtles, tortoises • Its volume in an adult is 5.8 L. Its life span is from 1 to 2 days. because it does not contain any antigen. proper working of heart. into simple sugar and make it digestible.
• From the mouth the food goes into stomach ejection of UnwanteD fooD iv. It accelerates the bowel movement of • Pulmonary vein carrying the blood from lymPh circUlatory SyStem • In males, it is long and functions as a common
through foodpipe. • Digested food passes into large intestine. intestine by which digestive juices in lungs to left auricle. It has pure blood. • The light yellow fluid found in the inter passage for urine and spermatic fluids.
• No digestion takes place in foodpipe. • Large intestine cannot absorb food, but the food mix well. • The blood vessel carrying the blood from cellular spaces between different tissues and
v. It is helpful in the absorption of vitamin the heart towards the body is called artery. cells is called lymph. Urine
absorbs much of the water.
DigeStion in Stomach K and other vitamins mixed in fats. • In artery there is pure blood i.e. oxygen mixed • The corpuscles found in lymph are called • It is pale yellow coloured fluid due to
• The remaining semisolid waste is called
• The food lies approximately for four hours In case of obstruction in bile duct, liver blood. Its exception is pulmonary artery. lymphocytes. presence of urochrome pigment.
faeces and is passed into rectum. • It is acidic in nature (pH 6.0) and is slightly
in the stomach. cells stop taking bilirubin form. As a result, • Pulmonary artery carries the blood from right • Lymph flows only in one direction from
• Hydrochloric acid secreted from the Oxyntic The main organs participating in dig ventricle to lungs. It contains impure blood. tissue towards heart. heavier than water.
bilirubin spreads throughout the body. This
cells of the stomach kill all the bacteria estion: • The artery carrying blood to the muscles of • Chemical composition of urine: Water is 95
is called jaundice. functions of lymph
Liver: This is the largest gland of the human the heart are called coronary arteries. Any 96%, urea is 2% and some other substances
coming with food and accelerate the reaction Pancreas: This is the second largest gland i. The lymphocytes present in lymph
of enzymes. body. Its weight is approximately 1.5–2 of the human body. It acts simultaneously type of hindrance in it cause heart attack. help prevent the body from disease
like uric acid, creatinine, etc. are 23%.
• Kidney stone is calcium oxalate.
• The enzymes in the gastric juice of stomach kilogram. as endocrine and exocrine type of gland. • A fish has only twochambered heart. by killing the harmful bacteria.
• Bile is secreted through liver only. • In amphibians, heart is threechambered. i. Skin: Oil glands and sweat glands found
are–Pepsin and Renin. Islets of Langerhans: This is a part of the ii. Lymph forms the lymphocytes.
• Liver converts excess of amino acid into • In crocodile, birds and mammals the heart in the skin secrete sebum and sweat.
• Pepsin breaks down the protein into peptones. pancreas.
ii. Liver: Liver cells play the main role in
• Renin breaks down the caseinogen into ammonia by deamination. The ammonia is Insulin: It is secreted by β-Cells of Islets is divided into four chambers. excretory SyStem
Course of circulation: Mammals have excretion by converting and more amino
casein. further converted into urea by ornithine cycle. of Langerhans which is a part of pancreas.
double circulation. It is because blood acids and ammonia of blood into urea.
Urea comes out from body through kidney. It controls the process of making glycogen KiDney iii. Lungs: The lungs excrete two types of
DigeStion in DUoDenUm • Liver converts some quantity of protein into from glucose. have to cross two times from heart before
• It is beanshaped, chocolate brown gaseous substances–carbon dioxide and
As soon as the food reaches the duodenum glucose during defecation of carbohydrate. Diabetes is caused due to the deficiency of circulating throughout body.
structure lying in the abdomen, one on
• To pump out blood, the heart chamber water vapour.
bile juice from liver combines with it. Bile • Liver regulates the quantity of glucose in insulin. each side of the vertebral column just below Hemodialysis: Process of removal of excess
juice is alkaline and it turns the acidic the blood. • Excessive flow of insulin causes Hypoglycemia undergoes alternate contraction called
systole and relaxation called diastole.
the diaphragm. urea from the blood of patient using artificial
medium of food into alkaline. • In case of decrease of fat in food liver converts in which one loses the producing capacity • The left kidney is placed in little higher than kidney.
Here, pancreatic juice from pancreas some of the parts of carbohydrates into fat. and vision deterioration. • Arteries carry pure blood from the heart
the right kidney (but reverse in rabbit).
Glucagon: It reconverts the glycogen into while veins carry impure blood to the heart.
combines with food. It contains three types • The production of fibrinogen protein takes • These form the urine and controls osmotic excretory ProDUctS
glucose. • Human heartbeat is myogenic in nature,
of enzymes: place by liver which helps in clotting of blood. pressure within the organism with respect
i.e., initiated by a patch of modified heart
(a) Trypsin: It converts the protein and • The production of Heparin protein takes to external environment.
circUlatory SyStem muscles itself without requiring an external ammonotelic animalS
peptone into polypeptides and amino place in liver which prevent the clotting of • Nephrons are the functional and structural
stimulation. This patch is called SA node • These animals excrete nitrogen in the form
acid. blood inside the body. The discovery of blood circulation was done unit of kidney. They contain Bowman’s
(sinoauricular node) or pacemaker. of ammonia, e.g., aquatic invertebrates.
(b) Amylase: It converts the starch into • The liver reserves some quantity of iron, by William Harvey. capsule and Henle’s loop.
• The normal rate of heartbeat of a newborn
soluble sugar. copper and vitamin. • The process of filtration of liquids into Ureotelic animalS
baby is about 140 per minute.
(c) Lipase: It converts the emulsified fats • It helps in regulating the body temperature. heart
• When SAnode becomes defective, i.e., it
the cavity of Bowman’s capsule is called • They excrete nitrogen in the form of urea,
It remains safe in the pericardial membrane. ultrafiltration. e.g., mammal (man).
into glycerol and fatty acids. • Liver is an important clue in investigating does not generate cardiac impulse, it can
Heart of the human is made up of four • The main function of the kidneys is
a person’s death that is been due to be cured by surgical grafting of an artificial
Small inteStine chambers. purification of blood plasma, i.e. to excrete Uricotelic animalS
poison in food. • The chamber which receives the blood from pacemaker (an electric device) in the chest the unwanted nitrogenous waste substances • They excrete the nitrogenous wastes in the
Digestion in Intestine Gall Bladder: Gall bladder is a pear shaped of the patient. It stimulates the heart
body tissues is called auricles and the through urination. form of uric acid, e.g., Reptiles, snakes.
Food passes into ileum and mixes with sac, in which the bile coming out of liver is electrically at regular intervals.
chambers of heart which pump blood to body • In the kidneys average 125 ml per minute
intestinal juice, where: stored. tissues are called ventricles. • The blood pressure of a normal human blood is filtered. central nerVoUS SyStem
• Maltase converts into glucose. • Bile is a yellowishgreen coloured alkaline • There is a thin two layered sac around the is 120/80.
• Lactose converts into glucose and galactose. • Blood pressure is measured by sphygmo UreterS • Nervous system is found only in animals and
liquid, whose pH value is 7.7. heart known as pericardium, filled with a
• Sucrose converts into glucose and fructose. manometer. • These bring the urine downwards and open absent in plants.
• The quantity of water is 85% and the watery fluid called pericardial fluid, which
• Part of the nervous system which keeps
• Trypsin digests the peptides into amino acids. quantity of bile pigment is 12% in water. allows frictionless movements of heart and • Thyroxine and adrenaline are the hormones into urinary bladder.
control on the whole body and on nervous
• Food now is called chyle. The main functions of bile are as under: protects it from mechanical shocks. which independently controls the heartbeat.
• The blood vessel: carrying the blood from • The CO2 present in the blood accelerates the Urinary BlaDDer system itself is called Central Nervous
aBSorPtion anD aSSimilation i. It makes the medium of food alkaline so • It temporarily stores the urine. System. The Central Nervous System of
the body towards the heart is called vein. heartbeat by reducing the pH.
of DigeSteD fooD that pancreatic juice can work. • In the vein there is impure blood i.e. human is made up of two parts–Brain
• Ileum’s internal surface has fingerlike ii. It kills the harmful bacteria coming carbon dioxide mixed blood with the caPillarieS Urethra and Spinal Cord.
folds called villi. with food. exception is pulmonary vein, which always • These are the thinnest blood vessels and • In females, this tube is small and serves as • Brain is covered by a membrane called
• It helps in absorption of food. iii. It emulsifies the fats. carry pure blood. connect arteries to the veins. a passage of urine only. meninges. It is situated in a bony box
called cranium which protects it from ii. Parasympathetic nervous system • The largest bone of the body–Femur blood plasma. Example: Pituitary CorticotropinReleasing Hormone
external injury. provides relaxation, comfort, pleasure at (bone of thigh). gland, Thyroid gland. Melatonin Androstenedione Thromboxane
(Crh)
the time of rest. • The smallest bone of the body–Stapes
Brain • Electroencephalogram (EEG) is a test that (bone of ear). PitUitary glanD Serotonin Erythropoietin (Epo) Oestrogen
• Brain lies in the cranium of skull. i. S T H h o r m o n e ( S o m a t o t r o p i c
• The functions of brain parts are as follows:
measures and records the electrical activity
of our brain.
))
Note: The muscles and bones are joined Hormone): It controls the growth of the Thyroxine
FollicleStimulating Hormone
(Fsh)
Estradiol
i. Cerebrum leads to consciousness, together by tendon. The muscle which joins body especially the growth of bones. By
bone to bone is called ligament. the excessiveness of STH gigantism and Triiodothyronine Gastrin Progesterone
storage of memory of information. SKeletal SyStem
ii. Thalamus deals with pain, pressure and acromegaly are caused, in which height Glucagon Progestins
temperature. (i) Axial Skeleton (80 Bones) DiSeaSeS of SKeletal SyStem of the human grows abnormally. Lack of
iii. Hypothalamus deals with water • It includes skull, vertebral column • Hard tissue deposits over articular cartilage STH causes dwarfism in human. GonadotropinReleasing Hormone
Calcitriol
along with higher secretion of synovial (Gnrh)
balance in body, behavioural patterns and bones of chest. ii. TSH hormone (Thyroid Stimulating
of sex, sleep, stress emotions, etc. It • Vertebral column is responsible for fluid causing pain and stiffness lead to Hormone): It stimulates its thyroid Growth HormoneReleasing
(Sterol)
also regulates pituitary hormones and the upright position of the human rheumatoid arthritis. gland to secrete hormone. Hormone (GHRH)
metabolism of fat, carbohydrate and body. • Tearing of articular cartilage and development iii. ACTH hormone (Adrenocorticotropic Insulin
water. of bony lumps at places causing pain, Hormone): It controls its secretion of
(ii) appendicular Skeleton (126 Bones) stiffness and permanent bending lead to Leptin
iv. Midbrain deals with visual analysis, etc. • Their functions are to make loco adrenal cortex.
osteoarthritis. iv. G T H h o r m o n e ( G o n a d o t r o p i n Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
v. Cerebellum controls coordination of motion possible and to protect the • Osteoporosis is loss of bone density due Hormone): It controls the function of Oxytocin
accurate movements and balancing. major organs of locomotion, diges to excessive absorption of calcium and gonads.
vi. Medulla oblongata is long connecting tion, excretion, and reproduction. Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
phosphorus from the bone. (a) FSH Hormone (Folliclestim
part of brain to spinal cord. It deals i. Skull: There are 29 bones in it. • Osteoporosis is a hereditary disease Prolactin (PRL)
with control of heartbeats, blood ulating Hormone): In males, it
ii. Vertebral Column: The vertebral marked by abnormally dense bone, and
vessels, breathing, salivary secretion stimulates Sertoli Cells to genesis thyroiD glanD ParathyroiD glanD
column of the human is made up by the common occurrence of fractures
and most of reflex and involuntary of affected bone.
in the seminiferous tubules of the • The hormones secreted by it are Thyroxine i. Parathyroid hormone: This hormone
of 33 vertebrae. testis. In female, it stimulates the
(uncontrolled) movements. • Tendons join the muscles and bones. and Triiodothyronine. Iodine is secreted is secreted when there is a deficiency of
Graafian follicles of the ovary to
fUnctionS of VerteBral colUmn • The muscles which join bonetobone are in more quantity. calcium in the blood.
SPinal corD called ligaments.
secret the hormone oestrogen. ii. Calcitonin: This hormone is released
i. Holds the head.
The posterior region of the medulla oblongata (b) L H H o r m o n e ( L u t e i n i z i n g fUnctionS of thyroxin when there is excess of calcium in the
ii. It provides the base to the neck,
is the spinal cord. Its main functions are: mUScUlar SyStem Hormone): Also called Interstitial i. It increases the speed of cellular blood.
and body.
(a) Coordination and control of reflex cellstimulating hormone (ICSH). respiration. Hence, hormone secreted by parathyroid
iii. It helps the human in standing, walking, • Human body has about 639 types of muscles.
actions i.e. it works as the centre of the Secretion of testosterone hormone ii. It is necessary for the normal growth of
etc. gland controls the quantity of calcium in
reflex actions. takes place in male and in case of the body particularly for the development
iv. It provides flexibility to the neck and enDocrine SyStem blood.
(b) It carries the waves coming out of the female estrogen hormone secreted. of bones, hair, etc.
body by which a human can move his (a) Exocrine glands: Glands which
brain. v. LTH Hormone (Lactogenic Hormone): iii. The normal function of reproductive PancreaS
neck and body in any direction. have duct are called exocrine glands. Its main function is to stimulate organs depends on the activeness of • It is both an exocrine and endocrine gland.
v. It provides protection to spinal cord. Secretion of enzymes pass through it.
PeriPheral nerVoUS SyStem secretion of milk in breasts for infants. thyroid gland. The islet of Langerhans (endocrine) has three
Example: Lactic gland, Sweat gland. vi. ADH Hormone (Antidiuretic Hormone):
fUnctionS of the SKeletal SyStem iv. It controls the water balance of the body major types of cells:
• Peripheral Nervous System is made up of the (b) Endocrine glands: These are ductless It causes increase in blood pressure. It is
i. To provide a definite shape to the body. in coordination with the hormones of i. alphacells secrete glucagon hormone.
nerves arising from brain and spinal cord. glands. Hormones are secreted by helpful in maintaining the water balance pituitary gland. ii. betacells secrete insulin,
• The unit of nervous tissues is called ii. To provide protection to soft parts of these glands. Hormones are sent to in the body and reducing the volume
the body. iii. deltacells secrete somatostatin.
neuron of nerve cell. the different parts of the body through of urine.
iii. To provide a base to the muscles for DiSeaSeS caUSeD By the Deficiency
aDrenal glanD
aUtonomoUS nerVoUS SyStem (anS) joining. of thyroxin
Classification of Hormones • It is also known as emergency glands.
• It is entirely motor and operates without iv. To help in respiration and nutrition. i. Cretinism
(a) Cortex (b) Medulla
conscious control. Autonomic Nervous v. To form Red Blood Corpuscles. amines Peptide hormones Steroids/sterols lipids ii. Myxedema
System consists of two divisions. • The total number of bones in a human’s Adrenaline Acth Or Corticotropin Cortisol Prostaglandins iii. Hypothyroidism oVarian hormoneS (oeStrogenS)
i. Sympathetic nervous system increases body–206 Dopamine Vasopressin Aldosterone Leukotrienes
iv. Goitre • It helps in the development of primary and
defence system of body against adverse • The total number of bones during Diseases caused by the Excessiveness of secondary sexual characters (oestradiol,
Noradrenaline Calcitonin Testosterone Prostacyclin Thyroxin: Exophthalmic Goitre.
conditions. childhood–300 oestriol and estrone).
teSticUlar hormoneS (anDrogenS) • If sperm is present, the egg will be fertilized takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell. The ii. Ciliary body. • Milk, eggs, meat, fruit, food, vegetables, etc.
• It stimulates growth, maturation and main in the fallopian tube. reSPiratory SyStem pyruvic acid formed, releases energy with the iii. Iris: It controls the amount of light that are the sources of minerals.
tenance of male gonads and development of • After maturity the ovary releases an ovum • Respiration is a catabolic process in which formation of carbon dioxide and water (in enters the eye by changing the size of Nutrition is one of the basic functions
secondary sexual characters, e.g., testos- (egg cell) after every 28 days. the respired oxygen is used in the oxidation Krebs’ cycle which occur in mitochondria). the pupil. of life in which intake of food, digestion,
terone and sterone, etc. • The connection between developing embryo of food resulting in the release of energy. Anaerobic Respiration iv. Lens is a biconvex transparent circular absorption, assimilation are included.
and mother is by placenta. It supplies • The respiration which takes place in the solid part located just behind the iris.
Pineal glanD blood, etc. hUman reSPiratory SyStem carBohyDrateS
absence of oxygen is known as anaerobic
• It is situated in the brain and also known as • The embryo develops for nine months in • Overall passage of air in humans is as follows: 3. Retina Carbohydrates are organic compounds in
respiration. • Light sensitive tissue that lines the back
clockwork gland. uterus. It is called gestation period. Nostrils–Pharynx–Larynx–Trachea–Bronchi– • In this process, the respiratory substances which the ratio of Carbon, Hydrogen and
• It regulates the ovaries and has an effect on Bronchioles – Alveoli–Cells–Blood. of the eye. Oxygen is 1: 2: 1.
are incompletely oxidized to carbon dioxide
the biological rhythm. gonaDS • The image formed on retina is real and inverted. Carbohydrates are classified into three major
and alcohol.
• BCG (Bacillus Calmette Guerin) vaccine is external reSPiration • Rods are highly sensitive to dim light groups:
Ovary: The following hormones are secreted • It involves inspiration and expiration of air. i. Glycolysis: Its study was first done by
given to protect against TB (Tuberculosis). and contain a reddish purple pigment (a) Monosaccharides: These are the
• DPT (diphtheria, Pertussis and Tetanus) by this: • Inspiration is the process of intake of EmbdenMeyerhof Pathway. Therefore,
i. Estrogen: It completes the increase of it is also called EMP path. called rhodopsin. simple sugar made up of single
vaccine is given to babies within first 6 weeks air. During inspiration, muscles of the
oviduct. Glycolysis is present in both types of • Cones are sensitive to bright light, hence polyhydroxy or ketone unit. Most
of their birth. diaphragm contract and diaphragm flatten.
ii. Progesterone: It stimulates the thicken respiration, Aerobic and Anaerobic. differentiate the colours. abundant monosaccharides found in
• Fishes like cat fish, gambusia and aquatic The lower ribs are raised upward and
ing of uterus lining during ovarian cycle. outwards, the chest cavity enlarges, the This process takes place in cytoplasm. • The fovea centralis is the area of sharpest nature are glucose. Triose, tetrose,
birds eat mosquito larvae.
iii. Relaxin: During pregnancy it is found air pressure in the lungs is decreased, air As a result of decomposition of one vision. pentoses, heptoses are the type of
Vaccination in uterus and placenta. This hormone rushes into the lungs. glucose atom in glycolysis two atoms • The blind spot: no image is formed monosaccharides.
• It is the process of artificial introduction of smoothens the pubic symphysis and it • Expiration is breathing out of air. During of pyruvic acid are formed. in this region. (b) Oligosaccharides: When 2 to 10
germs or the germ substance called antigen widens the uterine cervix, so that the expiration, relaxation of muscles of the ribs There is no need of oxygen in glycolysis. monosaccharides join together they
into the body for developing resistance to a child is delivered easily. and diaphragm takes place. Diaphragm ii. Krebs’ Cycle: This is also called Citric Eye Defects form oligosaccharides. Maltose, sucrose,
particular disease. Testes: The hormone secreted by it is again becomes domeshaped. Chest cavity Acid Cycle or Tricarboxylic Cycle. • Nearsightedness (Myopia) lactose are disaccharides made up of
• A vaccine is dead or weakened microbes. called testosterone. It motivates the sexual is reduced and air is forced outward through • Farsightedness (Hypermetropia) two monosaccharides.
This process is completed inside
behaviour and growth of secondary sexual nose and trachea. the mitochondria in the presence of Astigmatism (c) Polysaccharides: These are the com
hormoneS SecreteD By meDUlla Presbyopia
characters. specific enzymes. pounds of sugar which are formed due
i. Epinephrine internal reSPiration • Conjunctivitis
Two atoms of each ADP and ATP are to joining large number of monosac
ii. Nor epinephrine menStrUal cycle (oxiDation of fooD)
charide. Some examples of polysaccha
• The work of both the hormones is similar. • Reproductive period of a human female • It is a complex process in which food is formed.
In our system maximum ATP atoms ear rides are starch, glycogen, cellulose,
These equally increase the relaxation and extends from puberty (10-14 years) to broken down to release energy. It is a
biochemical phase takes place inside the cell. are formed during Krebs’ Cycle. • Human ear can list in the sound of 6080 chitin, etc.
contraction of heart muscles. As a result, menopause (4050 years).
blood pressure increases. • Menopause is stopping of ovulation and • Transportation of oxygen takes place by Carbohydrate, fat and protein are the main decibel. Functions of Carbohydrates
• In case of sudden stop of heartbeat, epinephrine menses. haemoglobin of blood, whereas transportation respiratory substances. At first, oxidation • Defects of ear are: Otalgia earache (Pain 1. Carbohydrate works as fuel during the
is helpful in restarting the heartbeat. • The periodic vaginal bleeding may be sup of only 10-20% carbon dioxide takes place of glucose takes place, then fat. After the in ear); Otitis media (acute infection process of respiration, glucose break
• The hormone secreted by Adrenal gland is pressed during pregnancy, during lactation by haemoglobin of blood. consumption of carbohydrate and fat, of middle ear), labyrinthine disease into CO2 and H2O with the release of
called fight flight, fright fight hormone. and permanently stops at menopause. • Respiration being a catalytic process also oxidation of protein start. (malfunction of inner ear). energy. One gram of glucose gives 4.2
• Menstrual cycle is controlled by FSH, LH, reduces the weight of the body. kilo calories energy.
reProDUctiVe SyStem oestrogen and progesterone. Glucose is oxidised by oxygen reached SenSe organS noSe (olfactory organ) 2. Nucleic acids are polymers of nucleosides
into the cell. This process is called cellular and nucleotides and contain pentose
Olfactory cells
• The process by which new individuals Birth control methoDS or respiration. eye
are produced from their parents is called contracePtion • Dos have an acute olfactory sense. sugar.
It consists of three parts. 3. Lactose of milk is formed from glucose
reproduction. • The prevention of union of sperm and ovum tyPeS of reSPiration
1. Sclerotic Layer nUtrientS and galactose.
• In asexual reproduction, only one parent is is known as contraception. The various Aerobic Respiration
involved and sex cells are not involved. methods used for it are diaphragm, con • The respiration which takes place in the • Cornea 4. Glucose is used for the formation of fat
• Conjunctiva • These are metals, nonmetals and their and amino acid.
• In sexual reproduction, two parents are traceptive pills, tubectomy, vasectomy, presence of oxygen is known as aerobic
copperT, etc. salts other than the four elements–carbon, 5. Carbon skeleton of monosaccharides is
involved and formation and fusion of gametes respiration. 2. Choroid Layer
hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen and used in the formation of fatty acid, chitin,
takes place. Amniocentesis or amniotic fluid test is • In this process, in fact, each glucose molecule It is the middle layer and consists of:
• Males can produce spermatozoa (sperm) technique of finding out sex and disorder is converted into two molecules of pyruvic constitute about 4% of total body weight. cellulose, etc.
i. Pupil: It changes size as the amount of
throughout their life from age of 1314 years. of foetus. acid by the process, called glycolysis. It light changes.
Sources of Carbohydrates • Fatty acids are of two types. Saturated and Vitamin chemical name Solubility Deficiency food Sources namely Entamoeba histolytica which is • Delirium: It is a serious mental disturbance.
Wheat, rice, maize, sweet potato and other Unsaturated. Saturated fatty acids are Disease spread through houseflies. • Hydrophobia: A disease caused by bite of a
plant and animals are the sources of found in coconut oil and palm oil, while ii. Filaria: This disease is caused by mad dog.
Vitamin A Retinol Fat Night blindness Orange, ripe, yellow fruits,
carbohydrate. unsaturated fatty acids are found in fish oil leafy vegetables, carrots, Wuchereia baoncrofti. This is circulated • Leukaemia: There is a great increase in the
and vegetable oil. pumpkin, fish, soymilk, milk by the stings of culex mosquitoes. This number of white blood corpuscles in system.
ProteinS • Excess of saturated fats raises the level disease is also known as Elephantiasis. Swelling of spleen takes place. Death occurs
• This is a complex organic compound made of blood cholesterol and may cause Vitamin B1 Thiamine Water Beriberi Pork, oatmeal, brown rice, within a few days.
vegetables, potatoes, liver,
up of 20 types of amino acids. arteriosclerosis (hardening of arteries). This DiSeaSeS caUSeD By fUngUS • Migraine: An allergic disease in which there
eggs
• Nitrogen is present in protein in addition may lead to heart attack. i. Asthma: This spore of the fungi, namely is a periodic attack of headache. It is an
to C, H and O. Vitamin B2 Riboflavin Water Ariboflavinosis, Dairy product, bananas, Aspergillus fumigate reaches the lungs incurable disease.
Main Functions of Fat
• Twentytwo types of protein is necessary for 1. It provides energy to the body.
Glossitis popcorn, green beans of the human and constitutes a netlike • Obesity: Excessive fatness is called obesity.
human body, out of which 12 are synthesized 2. It remains under the skin and prevents Vitamin B3 Niacin, Nicotinomide Water Pellagra Meat, fish, eggs, mushrooms, formation, thus obstructs the function • Piles: There are various veins in the rectum.
by body itself and remaining 10 are obtained the loss of heat from the body.
seeds, nuts of lungs. This is an infectious disease. Due to extra pressure in the vein, it prevents
by food are called essential amino acid. 3. It makes the food material tasty. Vitamin B5 Pantothenic Water Parestheria Meat, broccoli, avocados ii. Athlete’s foot: This disease is caused the free flow of blood, thus creating problems.
• These are the compounds of carbon (C), by the fungi namely Tenia pedes. • Rheumatism: The symptom of this disease
4. It protects different parts of the Vitamin B6 Pyridoxine Water Anemia Meat, true nuts, bananas
hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), nitrogen (N) body from injury. iii. Scabies: This disease is caused by the is fever with joints pain.
Vitamin B7 Priotin Water Dematitis, Raw egg yolk, liver, peanuts,
and sulphur (S). These form 15% part of • Due to the lack of fat skin gets dried, weight fungi, namely Acarus scably. • Atherosclerosis: Deposition of cholesterol
enteritis leafy green vegetables
human body. of the body decreases and the development iv. Baldness: This is caused by the fungi, particles in the lumen of arteries which
• Their main sources are groundnuts, of the body checked. Vitamin Bg Folic acid Water Megalobastic Leafy vegetables, pasta,
namely Taenia capitis. prevent the flow of blood is called
soyabean, pulses, fish, etc. anemia bread, coreal.
• Due to the excessiveness of fat the body gets v. Ringworm: This disease spreads atherosclerosis.
Functions of Proteins fatty, heart disease takes place and blood Vitamin B12 Cyanocobalamin Water Pernicious Meat, poultry, fish, eggs, through the fungi namely Trycophyton • Arteriosclerosis: Due to deposition of cho
pressure increases. anemia milk lesterol and calcium salt, arteries become stiff
1. It takes part in the formation of cells, lerucosum. This is an infectious disease.
protoplasm and tissues. Vitamin C Ascorbic acid Water Scurvy Many fruits and vegetables and rigid. It loses the property of elasticity
2. These are important for physical growth. roUghage Some other DiSeaSeS due to which the wall of arteries may get
Vitamin D Cholecalciferol Fat Rickets Fish, eggs, liver, mushrooms
Physical growth hampers by their • Roughage is another term for dietary fibre, • Paralysis or Hemiplegia: In this disease, affected.
Vitamin E Tocopherols Fat Sterility in males Many fruits and vegetables,
deficiency. Lack of proteins causes e.g., natural food, dalia, etc. within a few minutes, a part of the body is • Uremia: Presence of excess of urea in blood
• Helps in retaining water in the body. and miscarriage nuts and seeds
Kwashiorkor and Marasmus diseases in females
paralysed. is called uremia. This is caused by malfunc
in children. The reason of this disease is due to high tioning of kidney.
VitaminS Vitamin K Phylloquinone Fat Bleeding Leafy green vegetables, egg • Glycosuria: Presence of excess of glucose in
3. In case of necessity they provide energy blood pressure bursting of any nerve of brain
It was first invented by FG Hopkins. disthesis yolks
to the body. or insufficient supply of blood to brain. urine is known as glycosuria.
However, the term vitamin was coined by
4. They control the development of genetic • Allergy: Itching, pimples, swelling in body, • Arthritis: It is a disease in which infla
C Funk. mineralS • Louis Pasteur discovered the vaccine of
characters. black spot, eczema, etc. are the examples mmation of joints takes place.
• They provide no calories, they only regulate
5. These are helpful in conduction also. These control the metabolism of body. Rabies and pasteurization of milk. of allergy. • Osteoporosis: It is an age dependent disorder
chemical reactions occurring in the
Kwashiorkor: In this disease hands and legs metabolism of the body. water ))
Note: AIDS–Acquired Immunodeficiency • Schizophrenia: This is a mental disease
which usually found in youth. Lectropathy
of bone in which low bones mass and
increased fragility takes place.
of children get slimmed and the stomach i. Vitamin soluble in water: VitaminB Syndrome.
6575% weight of the body is water. is helpful in this disease. • Pneumonia: Acute inflammation of alveoli
comes out. and VitaminC.
Marasmus: In this disease muscles of ii. Vitamin soluble in fat: VitaminA, Main Functions of Water Elisa Test: Test of HIV Virus (AIDS). • Epilepsy: This disease is caused by the of lungs.
children are loosened. VitaminD, VitaminE and VitaminK. 1. Water controls the temperature of our internal disturbance of brain. • Emphysema: It is the abnormal distension
fooD aDUlteration • Diplopia: This disease is caused by the of alveoli which results in the loss of
• Cobalt is found in VitaminB12. body by sweating and vaporizing.
fatS 2. It is the important way of excretion of the • Indian Standards Institute (ISI) Mark and elasticity. Cigarette smoking and chronic
• Synthesis of vitamins cannot be done by the paralysis of muscles of the eyes, in which
• Fat is an ester of glycerol and fatty acid. waste substances from the body. Agmark (Agricultural Marketing) are given double image is formed. bronchitis are two main causes.
cells and it is fulfilled by the vitamin foods.
• Normally fat remains as solid at 20°C • However, synthesis of VitaminD and K takes 3. M o s t o f t h e o r g a n i c c h e m i c a l by the Bureau of Indian Standards after • Bronchitis: It is caused by the inflammation
temperature, but if it is in liquid form at this place in our body. reactions in our body are performed testifying the purity and quality of food. of tubes leading from the windpipe to lungs. Biotechnology
temperature, this is called oil. • Synthesis of VitaminD takes place by the through hydrolysis. • Cold: This is a highly infectious disease and • It is the use of microorganisms, their parts
• 9.3 kilocalorie energy is liberated from ultraviolet rays present in the sunlight DiSeaSeS is caused by a virus, which results in bad or processes for the manufacture of useful
1 gram fat. through cholesterol (ergesterol) of skin. Balance Diet throat, headache and watery nose. or commercial substances. It has two core
• These are also the compounds of carbon (C), • VitaminK is synthesized in our colon by That nutrition, in which all the important DiSeaSeS caUSeD By ProtoZoa: • Colic: Severe pain in the abdomen caused techniques, i.e. genetic engineering and
hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O). the bacteria and from there it is absorbed. nutrients for organism are available in i. Diarrhoea: The reason of this disease by spasm of the internal organs usually technique to facilitate the growth and
sufficient quantity, is called Balance Diet. is the presence of internal protozoa, the intestines. multiplication of only desired microbes.
aPPlicationS of Biotechnology • Biochips can help in identifying precise (Vitamin B1) Thiamine BeriBeri Extreme weakness, swelling, pain in legs, hormones
• A number of transgenic plants, medicines, forms of cancer. loss of appetite, enlarged heart, headache gland hormone effect
acids are produced through genetic • Gene therapy is the treatment of disease and shortness of breath.
Pituitary/ Growth Hormone or Growth of long bones, muscles.
engineering. by replacing, altering or supplementing a (Vitamin B2) Riboflavin Ariboflavinosis Blurred vision, burning of the eye and Hypophysis Anterior Somatotrophic Hormone (STH)
gene that is absent or abnormal and whose tongue, cracking of skin at angle of mouth. Lobe
Bt cotton absence or abnormality is responsible Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
(Vitamin B3) Niacin (Nicotinamide) Pellagra,Glossits Tip and lateral margins of tongue, mouth
• It was developed to reduce the heavy for the disease. (TSH)
and gums become red, swollen and
reliance on pesticides. develop ulcers Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone Influences the production of
Some imPortant factS (ACTH) corticosteroids by adrenal cortex involved
Bt Brinjal (Vitamin B5) Pentothenic Acid Achromotrichia
1.At the time of creation of life there was in defending body against physiological
• It is a transgenic brinjal created by inserting no oxygen. Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6) Abnormal Protein stress.
a crystal protein gene (Cry IAc) from the soil Metabolism
2.The strongest part in the body is the Folliclestimulating Hormone Growth and maturation of follicles in the
bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis into the enamel of teeth. (Vitamin B7) Pantothenic Acid Dermatitis, enteritis (FSH) ovary, production of female sex hormone
genome of various brinjal varieties. Biotin and anaemia estrogen and maturation of spermatozoa
3. The fastest nervous speed is 532 kmph.
(Vitamin B9) Folic and Folinic Acid Megaloblast and in males..
golDen rice 4. The bones are as strong as concrete and
Birth defects Luteinizing Hormone (LH) Stimulates interstitial cells in the testis to
• Golden rice was developed as a fortified food as hard as granite.
(Vitamin B12) Cyanocobalamin Pernicious or Reduction of Haemoglobin due to
5. Inside the body approximately 150 lakh produce testosterone. Causes ovulation.
to be used in areas, where there is a shortage Megaloblastic disturbance in the formation of RBC. Release of estrogen & formulation of
of dietary vitamin A. cells are destroyed every second. Anaemia corpus luteum in female.
• Golden Rice 2 produces up to 23 times 6. The weight of the kidney is approximately
Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid) Scurvy Pain in joints, loss of weight, gums become Prolactin or Luteotrophic Helps to maintain pregnancy. Stimulate
more betacarotene than the original variety 150 gram. spongy and bleed Teeth loose and fragile. Hormone (LH) mammary glands to secrete milk.
of golden rice. 7. The blood circulation inside the body
Vitamin D (Cholecalciferol) Rickets Occurs in Children. Softness and Middle Lobe Melanophorestimulating Associated with melaonophyte which gives
takes approximately 23 seconds. Osteomalacia deformities of bones Bones susceptible to
flaVoUr SaVoUr 8. The antibiotic, namely penicillin is
Hormone (MSH) skin its colour.
fracture.
• By the use of antisense RNA technology, the Posterior Lobe Vasopressin or Antidiuretic Controls water reabsorption in the kidney
obtained from penicillium fungus. Vitamin E (Tocopherol)
enzyme polygalacturonase, which causes Hormone tubule.
9. Albatross is the largest sea bird, whose
damage to pectin is deactivated and the Vitamin K (Phylloquinone)
Oxytocin Causes uterine contractions and active
spread of feather is 1020 ft.
tomato is kept afresh for longer duration. Potassium Hypokalaemia Rise in heart beat rate expulsion of milk during and after birth.
10. In the initial stage of formation of Kidney damage.
canola placenta, H.C.G. hormones flow at a Hypothalamus Releasing Hormone (RH) for each Production of all the anterior pituitary
• It refers to either rapeseed or field mustard. Sodium Hyponatraemia Low blood pressure.
large quantity and excreted through anterior pituitary hormone: GH hormones is controlled by messages from
Its seeds are used to produce edible oil Proteins Kwashiorkor Potbelly due to retention of water by the RH, TSHRH, ACTHRH, FSHRH the hypothalamus via hypophyseal portal
urine. At this time, in the testing of
suitable for consumption by humans cells (Oedema). and likewise vessels.
urine due to presence of this hormone
and livestock. The oil is also suitable for pregnancy test is carried out. Diseases caused by microorganisms Thyroid Thyroxine/Calcitonin BMR influences heat production, Calcium
use as biodiesel. 11. The heartbeat of a child is more than level in blood.
• Yoghurt is a preserved milk product having Virus Bacteria Protozoas fungi worms
that of an adult. Parathyroids Parathormone Raises blood calcium level.
a distinct taste and a thick texture than milk. Small Pox Sore throat Malaria Ringworm Taeniasis
12. A single respiration completes in five Adrenals Aldosterone Regulates sodium and potassium levels in
• Vitamin C was the first vitamin to be Chicken Pox Diphtheria Amoebic dysentery Athlete’s Foot Schistosomiasis
seconds, i.e. two seconds of inspiration the blood to control blood pressure.
produced by a fermentation process using
Acetobacter, a wild bacterium. and three seconds of expiration. Common Cold Pneumonia Trypanosomiasis Madura Foot Bilharziasis Hydrocortisone Plays key role in stress response;
• The fungus, Ashbya gossypii is used for the 13. Everyday blood in the body of the human Influenza/Flu Tuberculosis Oriental Sore Dhobie Itch Ancylostomiasis increases blood glucose levels
microbial production of vitamin B2. carries approximately 350 liters of and mobilises fat stores; reduces
Measles Plague Kala Azar Hookworm inflammation.
• A biochip is a discrete collection of gene oxygen to the cells of the body. Out of this
97% oxygen is carried by haemoglobin Mumps Tetanus Giardiasis Ascariasis Epinephrine or Adrenalin Increases blood pressure, heart and
fragments on a stampsized chip that
can be used to screen for the presence of and remaining 3% is circulated by Encephalitis Typhoid Diarrhoea Enterobiasis metabolic rate, and blood sugar levels;
particular gene variants. blood plasma. dilates blood vessels. Also released during
Poliomyelitis Cholera Vaginitis Pinworm disease
exercise
Deficiency Diseases Rabies Bacillary Dysentery Filariasis
Norepinephrine/Noradrenalin Increases blood pressure and heart rate;
Dengue Whooping Cough Elephantiasis constricts blood vessels.
Deficiency Diseases comments
Herpes Gonorrhoea
Vitamin A (retinol) xeropthalmia Lachrimal glands stop producing tears
Dermatosis leading to blindness. AIDS Leprosy Botulism
426 General Knowledge 2020 429
Thymus Thymosin Development of white blood cells.

Pancreas Insulin Controls blood sugar level.
Glucagon Increase the blood sugar level
Ovaries Estrogen Secondary sexual characteristics.
Progesterone Prepares Endometrium (inner
lining of Uterus) and maintains it
during pregnancy.
)) INDIAN SPACE RESEARCH

ORGANISATION
• The Indian Space Research Organisation is • Development and Educational Com-
the space agency of the Indian government munication Unit (DECU): DECU at
headquartered in the city of Bengaluru. Ahmedabad is involved in the conception,
• Indian Space Research Organisation definition, planning, implementation and
(ISRO), Indian space agency, founded in socio-economic evaluation of innovative
1969 to develop an independent Indian configuration for space applications.
space program. • ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command
• Its chief executive is a chairman, who is Network (ISTRAC): ISTRAC provides
also chairman of the Indian government’s mission support to low-earth orbit satellites
Space Commission and the secretary of the as well as launch vehicle missions.
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Department of Space.
• Master Control Facility: MCF at Hassan in
Karnataka and Bhopal in Madhya Pradesh
OTHER ORGANISATIONS monitors and controls all the geostationary
• ISRO Satellite Centre (ISAC): ISAC at satellites of ISRO.
Bengaluru is the lead centre for developing • Liquid Propulsion System Centre (LPSC):
satellite technology and implementation of LPSC is the lead centre in development of
satellite system for scientific technological liquid and cryogenic propulsion for launch
and application missions. vehicles and satellites.
• ISRO Inertial System Unit (IISU): IISU
• Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC) SHAR:
at Thiruvananthapuram carries out
SDSC SHAR is the main launch centre of
resource and development in inertial
ISRO and has facilities for solid propellant
sensors and systems.
casting, static testing of solid motors, launch • Physical Research Laboratory (PRL): PRL
vehicles integration and launch operations, at Ahmedabad is an autonomous institution
range operation comprising telemetry supported mainly by DOS. It is premier
tracking and command network and mission institute for multi-disciplinary research
control centre. in astronomy and astrophysics, earth
• Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC): sciences, planetary sciences, space sciences
VSSC at Thiruvananthapuram is the head and basic science.
centre for the development of satellite launch • National Atmospheric Research Laboratory
vehicles and associated technology. (NARL): NARL at Gadanki near Tirupati is
• Space Applications Centre (SAC): SAC at an autonomous society supported by DOS. It
Ahmedabad is engaged in the development of is a premier centre for atmospheric research
payloads for communication, meteorological facilities like Mesosphere, Stratosphere,
and remote-sensing satellites. Troposphere, RADAR, LIDAR, etc.
430 General Knowledge 2020 Science and Technology 431 432 General Knowledge 2020
• Regional Remote-sensing Service institution under DOS. The agency is Satellite Launch Date Launch Vehicle Remarks Satellite Launch Date Launch Vehicle Remarks
Centres (RRSSCs): Five RRSSCs have been responsible for satellite data acquisition
Rohini RS-D2 17 April 1983 SLV-3 Identical to RS-D1. Launched by the IRS-1D 29 September PSLV-C1 Earth observation satellite. Same as
established by the DOS at Bengaluru, and processing data dissemination, aerial second developmental launch of SLV-3. 1997 IRS-1C.
Jodhpur, Kharagpur, Dehradun and Nagpur. remote-sensing and decision support for INSAT-1B 30 August 1983 Shuttle [PAM-D] Identical to INSAT-1A. Served for more INSAT-2E 3 April 1999 Ariane-42P Multipurpose communication and
RRSSCs support the various remote-sensing disaster management. than designated life of seven years. H10-3 meteorological satellite.
tasks specific to their regions as well as at • Semi-conductor Laboratory (SCL): SCL Stretched Rohini Satellite 24 March 1987 ASLV Carried payload for launch vehicle Oceansat-1 (IRS-P4) 26 May 1999 PSLV-C2 Earth observation satellite. Carries an
the national level. is entrusted with design and development Series (SROSS-1) performance monitoring and for gamma. Ocean Colour Monitor (OCM) and a
• North-Eastern Space Application Centre of very large-scale integration (VLSI) IRS-1A 17 March 1988 Vostok Earth observation satellite. First
Multifrequency Scanning Microwave
Radiometer (MSMR).
(NESAC): NESAC, located at Shillong, is a devices and development of systems for operational remote-sensing satellite.
joint initiative of DOS and North Eastern telecommunications and space sectors. INSAT-3B 22 March 2000 Ariane-5G Multipurpose communication: business
Stretched Rohini Satellite 13 July 1988 ASLV Carried remote-sensing payload of
communication, developmental
Council to provide development support • Antrix Corporation Limited: The Antrix Series (SROSS-2) German Space Agency in addition to
communication, and mobile
to the North-Eastern region using space Corporation Limited, Bengaluru is the apex Gamma Ray astronomy payload. Did not
communication.
achieve orbit.
science and technology. marketing agency under DOS with access GSAT-1 18 April 2001 GSLV-D1 Experimental satellite for the first
INSAT-1C 21 July 1988 Ariane-3 Same as INSAT-1A. Served for only one-
• National Remote-sensing Agency (NRSA): to resources of DOS as well as Indian and-a-half years.
developmental flight of Geosynchronous
NRSA at Hyderabad is an autonomous space industries. Satellite Launch Vehicle, GSLV-D1.
INSAT-1D 12 June 1990 Delta 4925 Identical to INSAT-1A. Still in service. A
Technology Experiment 22 October PSLV-C3 Experimental satellite to test technologies
third-stage motor landed from its launch,
Satellite (TES) 2001 such as attitude and orbit control
landed in Australia in 2008.
system, high-torque reaction wheels, new
List of Indian satellites IRS-1B 29 August 1991 Vostok Earth observation satellite. Improved reaction control system, etc.
version of IRS-1A.
Satellite Launch Date Launch Vehicle Remarks INSAT-3C 24 January Ariane-42L Designed to augment the existing
Aryabhata 19 April 1975 u-11 Active technological experience in INSAT-2DT 26 February Ariane-44L H10 Launched as Arabsat 1C. Procured in 2002 H10-3 INSAT capacity for communication and
Interkosmos building and operating a satellite system. 1992 orbit from Arabsat in January 1998. broadcasting and provide continuity of
India’s first satellite. the services of INSAT-2C.
Stretched Rohini Satellite 20 May 1992 ASLV Carried gamma ray astronomy and
Series (SROSS-C) aeronomy payload. Kalpana-1 (METSAT) 12 September PSLV-C4 First meteorological satellite built by
Bhaskara-I 7 June 1979 C-1 Interkosmos First experimental remote-sensing
2002 ISRO. Originally named METSAT.
satellite. Carried TV and microwave INSAT-2A 10 July 1992 Ariane-44L H10 First satellite in the second-generation Renamed after Kalpana Chawla who
cameras. Indian-built INSAT-2 series. Has perished in the Space Shuttle Columbia.
enhanced capability over INSAT-1 series.
Rohini Technology Payload 10 August 1979 SLV-3 Intended for measuring in-flight INSAT-3A 10 April 2003 Ariane-5G Multipurpose satellite for communication,
Still in service.
performance of first experimental flight broadcasting, and meteorological services
of SLV-3, the first Indian launch vehicle. INSAT-2B 23 July 1993 Ariane-44L H10+ Second satellite in INSAT-2 series. along with INSAT-2E and Kalpana-1.
Did not achieve orbit. Identical to INSAT-2A. Still in service.
GSAT-2 8 May 2003 GSLV-D2 Experimental satellite for the
Rohini RS-1 18 July 1980 SLV-3 Used for measuring in-flight performance IRS-1E 20 September PSLV-D1 Earth observation satellite. Did not second developmental test flight of
of second experimental launch of SLV-3. 1993 achieve orbit. Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle
India’s first indigenous satellite launch. (GSLV)
Stretched Rohini Satellite 4 May 1994 ASLV Identical to SROSS-C. Still in service.
Rohini RS-D1 31 May 1981 SLV-3 Used for conducting some remote-sensing Series (SROSS-C2) INSAT-3E 28 September Ariane-5G Communication satellite to augment the
technology studies using a landmark IRS-P2 15 October PSLV-D2 Earth observation satellite. Launched 2003 existing INSAT System.
sensor payload. Launched by the first 1994 by second developmental flight of PSLV.
developmental launch of SLV-3. RESOURCESAT-1 (IRS-P6) 17 October PSLV-C5 Earth observation/remote sensing
Mission accomplished after 3 years of 2003 satellite. Intended to supplement and
Ariane Passenger Payload 19 June 1981 Ariane-1 (V-3) First experimental communication service in 1997. replace IRS-1C and IRS-1D.
Experiment satellite. Provided experience in building INSAT-2C 7 December Ariane-44L Has additional capabilities, such
and operating a payload experiment EDUSAT 20 October GSLV-F01 Also designated GSAT-3. India’s first
1995 H10-3 as mobile satellite service, business 2004 exclusive educational satellite.
three-axis stabilised communication communication and television outreach
satellite. beyond Indian boundaries. Still in HAMSAT 5 May 2005 PSLV-C6 Microsatellite (42.5 kilograms) for
Bhaskara-II 20 November C-1 Interkosmos Second experimental remote-sensing service. providing satellite-based amateur radio
1981 satellite; similar to Bhaskara-1. Provided services to the national as well as the
IRS-1C 29 December Molniya Earth observation satellite. Launched international community.
experience in building and operating a 1995 from Baikonur Cosmodrome.
remote-sensing satellite system on an CARTOSAT-1 5 May 2005 PSLV-C6 Earth observation satellite. Provides
end-to-end basis. IRS-P3 21 March 1996 PSLV-D3 Earth observation satellite. Carries stereographic in-orbit images with a
remote-sensing payload and an X-ray 2.5-meter resolution.
INSAT-1A 10 April 1982 Delta 3910 First operational multipurpose astronomy payload. Launched by third
PAM-D communication and meteorology satellite. developmental flight of PSLV. INSAT-4A 22 December Ariane-5GS Advanced satellite for direct-to-home
Procured from USA. Worked for only six 2005 television broadcasting services.
months. INSAT-2D 4 June 1997 Ariane-44L Same as INSAT-2C. Inoperable since
H10-3 1997-10-04 due to power bus anomaly.
Science and Technology 433 434 General Knowledge 2020 Science and Technology 435
Satellite Launch Date Launch Vehicle Remarks Satellite Launch Date Launch Vehicle Remarks Satellite Launch Date Launch Vehicle Remarks
INSAT-4C 10 July 2006 GSLV-F02 Geosynchronous communications StudSat 12 July 2010 PSLV-C15 First Indian pico-satellite (weighing GSAT-10 29 September Ariane-5VA-209 GSAT-10, India’s advanced
satellite. Did not achieve orbit. less than 1 kg). Developed by a team 2012 communication satellite, is a high power
from seven engineering colleges from satellite being inducted into the INSAT
CARTOSAT-2 10 January PSLV-C7 Advanced remote sensing satellite Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. system. Weighing 3400 kg at lift-off.
2007 carrying a panchromatic camera capable
of providing scene-specific spot images. GSAT-5P/ INSAT-4D 25 December GSLV-F06 C-band communication satellite, failed to SARAL 25 February PSLV-C20 SARAL, The Satellite with ARGOS and
2010 reach orbit due to GSLV-F06 failure. 2013 ALTIKA (SARAL) is a joint Indo-French
Space Capsule Recovery 10 January PSLV-C7 Experimental satellite intended to satellite mission for oceanographic
Experiment (SRE-1) 2007 demonstrate the technology of an orbiting RESOURCESAT-2 20 April 2011 PSLV-C16 RESOURCESAT-2, ISRO’s eighteenth
studies.
platform for performing experiments remote-sensing satellite, followed
in microgravity conditions. Launched RESOURCESAT-1. PSLV-C16 placed IRNSS-1A 1 July 2013 PSLV-C22 IRNSS-1A is the first satellite in the
as a co-passenger with CARTOSAT-2. three spacecraft with a total payload Indian Regional Navigation Satellite
SRE-1 was de-orbited and recovered mass of 1404 kg-RESOURCESAT-2 System (IRNSS). It is one of the seven
successfully after 12 days over Bay of weighing 1206 kg, the Indo-Russian spacecraft constituting the IRNSS space
Bengal. YOUTHSAT weighing 92 kg and segment.
Singapore’s X-SAT weighing 106 kg-into
INSAT-4B 12 March 2007 Ariane-5ECA Identical to INSAT-4A. Further augments INSAT-3D 26 July 2013 Ariane-5 INSAT-3D is the meteorological Satellite
an 822 km polar Sun Synchronous Orbit
the INSAT capacity for direct-to-home with advanced weather monitoring
(SSO).
(DTH) television services and other payloads.
communications. On the night of 7 July Youthsat 20 April 2011 PSLV-C16 Indo-Russian stellar and atmospheric
GSAT-7 30 August 2013 Ariane-5 GSAT-7 is the advanced multi-band
INSAT-4B experienced a power supply satellite with the participation of
communication satellite dedicated for
glitch which led to switching ‘off’ of 50 university students. It weighed 92 kg.
military use.
per cent of the transponder capacity (6 GSAT-8/ INSAT-4G 21 May 2011 Ariane-5VA-202 Communications satellite carries 24
Ku and 6 C-Band transponders). Mars Orbiter Mission 5 November PSLV-C25 The Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM),
Ku-band transponders and 2 channel
(MOM) 2013 informally called Mangalyaan is India’s
INSAT-4CR 2 September GSLV-F04 Identical to INSAT-4C. It carried 12 high- GAGAN payload operating in L1 and L5
first Mars orbiter.
2007 power Ku-band transponders designed to band.
provide direct-to-home (DTH) television GSAT-14 5 January 2014 GSLV-D5 GSAT-14 is the twenty third geostationary
GSAT-12 15 July 2011 PSLV-C17 GSAT-12 communication satellite built
services, Digital Satellite News Gathering, communication satellite of India to
by ISRO, weighs about 1410 kg at
augment the In-orbit capacity of
etc. lift-off. GSAT-12 is configured to carry
Extended C and Ku-band transponders.
12 Extended C-band transponders to
CARTOSAT-2A 28 April 2008 PSLV-C9 Earth observation/remote sensing
satellite. Identical to CARTOSAT-2.
meet the country’s growing demand for IRNSS-1B 4 April 2014 PSLV-C24 IRNSS-1B is the second satellite in the
transponders in a short turn-around-time. Indian Regional Navigation Satellite
IMS-1 (Third World 28 April 2008 PSLV-C9 Low-cost microsatellite imaging mission. The 12 Extended C-band transponders of System (IRNSS).
Satellite–TWsat) Launched as co-passenger with GSAT-12 will augment the capacity in the
IRNSS-1C 10 November PSLV-C26 IRNSS-1C is the third satellite in the
CARTOSAT-2A. INSAT system for various communication
services like Tele-education, Telemedicine 2014 Indian Regional Navigation Satellite
Chandrayaan-1 22 October PSLV-C11 Unmanned lunar probe. Carries 11 and for Village Resource Centres (VRC). System (IRNSS).
2008 scientific instruments built in India, USA, Mission life about 8 years. GSAT-16 7 December Ariane-5 GSAT-16 is twenty fourth communication
UK, Germany, Sweden and Bulgaria. 2014 satellite of India configured to carry a
Megha-Tropiques 12 October PSLV-C18 Megha-Tropiques weighs about 1000 kg
RISAT-2 20 April 2009 PSLV-C12 Radar imaging satellite used to monitor 2011 Lift-off Mass, developed jointly by ISRO total of 48 communication transponders.
India’s borders and as part of anti- and the French Centre National d’Études IRNSS-1D 28 March 2015 PSLV-C27 IRNSS-1D is the fourth satellite in the
infiltration and anti-terrorist operations. Spatiales (CNES). PSLV-C18 is configured Indian Regional Navigation Satellite
Launched as a co-passenger with to carry four satellites in which, one System (IRNSS).
ANUSAT. satellite, developed by India and
France, will track the weather, two were GSAT-6 27 August 2015 GSLV-D6 GSAT-6 is a communication satellite.
ANUSAT 20 April 2009 PSLV-C12 Research microsatellite designed at Anna GSAT-6 features an unfurlable antenna,
University. Carries an amateur radio and developed by educational institutions,
and the fourth is from Luxembourg. largest on board any satellite. Launch
technology demonstration experiments. of GSLV-D6 also marks the success
Jugnu 12 October PSLV-C18 Nano-satellite weighing 3 kg developed by of indigenously developed upper stage
Oceansat-2 (IRS-P4) 23 September PSLV-C14 Gathers data for oceanographic, coastal
2011 IIT Kanpur. cryogenic engine.
2009 and atmospheric applications. Continues
mission of Oceansat-1. RISAT-1 26 April 2012 PSLV-C19 RISAT-1, first indigenous all-weather Astrosat 28 September PSLV-C30 ASTROSAT is India’s first dedicated multi
Radar Imaging Satellite (RISAT-1), whose 2015 wavelength space Observatory.
GSAT-4 15 April 2010 GSLV-D3 Communications satellite technology images will facilitate agriculture and
demonstrator. Failed to reach orbit due to disaster management weighs about GSAT-15 11 November Ariane 5 VA-227 Communications satellite, carries
GSLV-D3 failure. 1858 kg. 2015 communication transponders in Ku-
band and a GPS Aided GEO Augmented
CARTOSAT-2B 12 July 2010 PSLV-C15 Earth observation/remote sensing SRMSAT 26 April 2012 PSLV-C18 Nano-satellite weighing 10.9 kg developed Navigation (GAGAN) payload operating in
satellite. Identical to CARTOSAT-2A. by SRM University. L1 and L5 bands. Weight 3164 kg.
Satellite Launch Date Launch Vehicle Remarks Satellite Launch Date Launch Vehicle Remarks ICAR Research Centre Location Year of Estb. Objective
IRNSS-1E 20 January PSLV-C31 IRNSS-1E is the fifth satellite in the GSAT-9 5 May 2017 GSLV-F09 This satellite is being offered by India as National Centre New Delhi 1988 To cater to the emerging plant
2016 Indian Regional Navigation satellite a diplomatic initiative to its neighbouring for Integrated Pest protection needs of different
system. countries (SAARC Region) for Management (NCIPM) agro-ecological zones of the country.
communication, remote sensing resource
IRNSS-1F 10 March 2016 PSLV-C32 IRNSS-1F is the sixth satellite in the National Research Centre Uttar Pradesh 1988 To under take basic and applied
mapping and disaster management
Indian Regional Navigation Satellite
applications. for Agroforestry research for developing and delivering
system.
technologies based on sustainable
IRNSS-1G 28 April 2016 PSLV-C33 IRNSS-1G is the seventh and final GSA-19 5 June 2017 GSLVMK-III-D1 Maiden orbital flight of GSLV MK-III. This
is the heaviest rocket to be launched by agroforestry prctices on farms,
satellite in the Indian Regional Navigation marginal and wastelands for different
System. ISRO from Indian soil.
agroclimatic zones in India, etc.
Cartosat-2C 22 June 2016 PSLV-C34 Earth observation/remote sensing Cartosat-2E 23 June 2017 PSLV-C38 This is the 7th satellite on the carto Sat
satellite. Series of earth observation satellite by National Research Centre West Kemang 1989 To establish a small herd of pure
ISRO from Indian soil. on Yak yaks to carry out observations on
Satyabamasat 22 June 2016 PSLV-34 A micro-satellite designed and built by performances under range and semi-
the students of Sataybhama University NIV Sat 23 June 2017 PSLV-C38 This is a Satellite designed for remote
range systems of management, to
Chennai, India. This satellite will collect sensing application, and built by the
data on green house gases. students of Noorul Islam University, conduct research on improvement of
Kanyakumari. yak and its products though selection
Swayam-1 22 June 2016 PSLV-C34 A-1-U Pico Satellite designed and built and breeding with exotic frozen semen,
by the students of college of Engineering, GSAT-17 29 June 2017 This is India’s heaviest satellite till date. etc.
Pune. This satellite provides Point-
to-Point communication for HAM Research Centres of ICAR National Centre for New Delhi 1991 To strengthen agricultural economics
Community. A second version of the Agricultural Economics research through integration of
satellite in now being planned. ICAR Research Centre Location Year of Estb. Objective and Policy Research economics input in planning,
INSAT-3DR 28 August 2016 GSLV-F05 An advanced metrological satellite of National Research Centre Pune 1977 To undertake the programmes (NCAP) designing, and evaluation of
India configured with an imaging system for Grapes involving basic and strategic research agricultural research programs
and an Atmospheric sounder. and enhancing the competence in
for resolving the major biotic and
Pratham 26 September PSLV-C35 A mini satellite built by students and abiotic constraints affecting the agricultural policy analysis within
2016 researchers at IIT Mumbai to study grapes production, productivity and the National Agricultural Research
electrical characteristics of the earth’s System.
sustain productivity and promote
atmosphere.
diversification to wine production and National Research Centre Tamil Nadu 1993 To undertake basic and strategic
Pl Sat September 26, PSLV-C35 A micro satellite designed and built other value added products. for Banana research for developing technologies to
2016 by the students of PES Institute of
National Camel Research Rajasthan 1984 To carry out basic and applied enhance productivity and utilization of
Technology, Bengaluru at their crucible
of research and innovation Laboratory to Centre research on camel production and Banana.
develop remote sensing applications. health as influenced by different National Research Centre Sikkim 1996 To collect, conserve, characterise
Scat Sat-1 26 September PSLV-C35 Miniature Satellite to provide weather farming practices, etc. on Orchids and evaluate germplasm and develop
2016 forecasting, Cyclone Prediction, and National Research Centre Rajasthan 1985 To improve and conserve Marwari national repository of orchids and
tracking services to India.
on Equines Horses and also to produce French bulbous flowering plants, etc.
GSAT-18 5 October 2016 Ariane-5ECA At 3-4 tones, this was the heaviest male donkeys for improving National Research Centre Hyderabad 1999 To conduct basic and applied research
satellite being owned/operated by India indigenous donkeys and mule on Meat in the frontiner areas of meat science
at the time of its launch. production. and technology and to develop human
Resource Sat-2A 7 December PSLV-C36 Its mission is identical to its predecessors resource for the fast-growing meat
2016 (Resource Sat-1 and Resource Sat-2). National Research Centre Nagpur 1985 To undertake basic and applied
For Citrus research to develop technologies sector.
Carto Sat-2D 15 February PSLV-C37 ISRO holds the world record for launching for improvement and increased
2017 the highest number of satellites by a National Research Centre Ajmer 2000 To conduct basic and strategic
productivity in citrus, etc. on Seed species research to enhance production,
single launch vehicle (104 satellite).
National Research Centre New Delhi 1985 To undertake research, teaching and productivity and quality of seed spices
INSAT-1A 15 February PSLV-C37 This is one of the two nano-satellites
on Plant Biotechnology training personnel in the modern with special reference to export and
2017 designed and manufactured by SAC,
ISRO as part of the constellation of 104 areas of Molecular Biology and domestic demand, etc.
satellites launched in a single go. Biotechnology. National Research Centre Maharashtra 2005 To develop suitable varieties with
INSAT-1B 15 February PSLV-C37 This is one of the two nano-satellites National Research Nagaland 1988 Identifiation, evaluation and on Pomegranate high yield potential and quality fruits
2017 designed and manufactured by SAC, Institute on Mithun characterization of mithun germplasm having resistance to biotic and abiotic
ISRO are part of the constellation of 104 available in the country. stresses.
satellites launched in a single go.
ICAR Research Centre Location Year of Estb. Objective Nuclear Research Centre Location Year of Estb. Objective Nanotechnology Research Year of
Centre Location Estb. Objective
National Research Centre Assam – To bring in excellence in pig High Altitude Research Gulmarg, 1963 To provide the scientific community
on Pig production, health and product Laboratory Kashmir of the country a self contained high Raman Research Institute Bengaluru 1948 To conduct research in Astronomy,
processing through innovative altitude/high-latitude laboratory for Astrophysics, Liquid Crystals,
scientific research. Theoretical Physics, Optics.
research in order to provide technology
backstopping for enhanced pork Electronics Corporation of Hyderabad 1967 To continue services to the country’s Saha Institute of Nuclear Kolkata 1949 Basic research and training in physical
production, employment generation India needs for the peaceful uses of Physics and biophysical sciences.
and poverty reduction among socially Atomic Energy. Special and Strategic
requirements of Defence and Space, National Chemical Pune 1950 To conduct research, development and
and economically weaker sections Laboratories consultancy services in the related field
Electronics Security Systems and
through the medium of pig husbandry. Support for Civil Aviation sector. of science.
Nuclear Research Centres in India Uranium Corporation of Jadugoda 1967 Mining and processing of uranium ore to National Metallurgical Jamshedpur 1950 Progressive enhancement of its re-
India produce uranium concentrate. Laboratory sources, generation and acquisition of
Nuclear Research Centre Location Year of Estb. Objective ‘Intellectual Property Assets’ and strives
Radio Astronomy Centre Tamil Nadu 1968 To provide stimulating environment to maximise the business of R&D meet-
Physical Research Ahmedabad 1947 To provide services such as networking, for the front-line research in radio ing the customer requirements through
Laboratory (PRL) email, printing, back-up and maintaining astronomy and astrophysics. maintenance of sustainable growth.
computational environment for scientific
Nuclear Fuel Complex Hyderabad 1971 To identify strenuous jobs and
and engineering research. Central Electronics Rajasthan 1953 Advanced research and development in
awkward postures during work causing
Research Institute Electronics.
Atomic Minerals Directorate Hyderabad 1948 To carry out geological exploration and musculoskeletal problems in various
for Exploration and discover mineral deposits required for plants and suggest remedial measures. Bhabha Atomic Research Mumbai 1954 To fulfill its mandate of indigenous
Research nuclear power programme of India. Centre nuclear power programme and various
Indira Gandhi Centre for Tamil Nadu 1971 To conduct broad based
multidisciplinary programme of scientific other applications of nuclear energy,
Atomic Energy Commission Mumbai 1948 To continue services to the country’s Atomic Research
etc.
(AEC) needs for the peaceful uses Atomic research and advanced Engineering,
Energy. directed towards the development of Central Scientific Chandigarh 1959 Promotion, guidance and coordination
sodium-cooled Fast Breeder Reactor Instruments Organisation of scientific and industrial research in
Saha Institute of Nuclear Kolkata 1949 To conduct and foster excellent and [FBR] technology. India including other institutions and
Physics interesting interdisciplinary research of
Variable Energy Cyclotron Mumbai 1977 Development around the accelerator financing the specific research activities.
significant utility.
Centre technology and research in the fields of Regional Research Thiruvananthapuram 1961 To undertake externally funded
National Chemical Pune, 1950 To design new solid catalysts for accelerator physics, nuclear physics, Laboratories projects and offers know-how,
Laboratory (NCL) Maharashtra chemical transformations with quark-gluon plasma, theoretical physics, feasibility reports, analysis and testing
high conversion and selectivity for material sciences, chemistry, isotope facilities, consultancy and technical
petrochemicals, selected high value fine production, etc. information services and human
chemicals and organic intermediates,
develop catalysts for pollution Centre of Earth Science’s Trivandrum 1978 To promote and establish modern resource development in its various R&D
abatement, etc. Studies (Kerala) scientific and technological research and Divisions.
development studies of importance to
Solid State Physics Delhi 1962 Research in the field of Solid State
India Rare Earths Limited Alwaye 1950 To become nationally and globally India and to Kerala in particular, in the
Laboratory Materials, Devices and Sub-systems.
(Kerala) competitive player in beach sand field of Earth Sciences, etc.
minerals and to achieve annual Defence Research and Gwalior 1973 Research and development of detection
production of ilmenite with associate Nanotechnology Research Centres in India Development Establishment and protection against toxic chemical
minerals of 8 lakh tons by the year (DRDE) and biological agent.
2012, etc, to improve productivity, Nanotechnology Research Year of
capacity utilisation, and cost Centre Location Estb. Objective Central Glass and Ceramic Kolkata 1977 To provide scientific industrial research
effectiveness, etc. Research Institute and development in the area of glass,
Indian Association for the Kolkata 1876 To foster high-quality fundamental
ceramics and related materials that
Central Mining Research Dhanbad, 1956 To carry out the work of research and Cultivation of Sciences research in frontier disciplines of the
maximizes the economic, environmental
Institution Bihar development in the area of mining and (IACS) basic sciences.
and societal benefit for the people of
allied subjects. National Centre for Karnataka 1892 To conduct fundamental research in the India.
Bhabha Atomic Research Trombay 1957 To fulfill its mandate of indigenous Biological Sciences frontier areas of biology.
S.N. Bose National Centre Kolkata 1986 To foster, encourage and promote the
Centre (Mumbai) nuclear power programme and various Institute of Fundamental Mumbai 1945 To conduct research primarily in natural for Basic Sciences (DST) growth of advanced studies in selected
other applications of nuclear energy, etc. Research sciences, mathematics and theoretical branches of basic sciences, etc.
computer science.
Central Mechanical Durgpur, 1958 To provide assistance to mechanical Centre of Materials for Pune 1990 To establish technology strength in
Engineering Research West Bengal engineering industries in the form of National Physics New Delhi 1947 To maintain standards of SI units Electronics Technology electronics materials for the present and
Institute feasibility studies, research, training, Laboratories in India and calibrates the national future industrial requirement.
consultancy etc. for import substitution standards of weights and measures.
& export.
Health and Medicinal Research Centres In India Health and Medicinal Year of Agricultural Research Year of
Health and Medicinal Year of Research Centre Location Estb. Objective Centre Abbr. Location Estb. Objective
Research Centre Location Estb. Objective National Tuberclosis Institute Bengaluru 1959 To develop a nationally applicable Central Institute for Research CIRG Uttar Pradesh 1929 To plan, undertake, aid,
Indian Veterinary Research Mukteshwar (H.P.), 1889 To conduct research, provide postgraduate tuberculosis control programme on a on Goats promote and co-ordinate
Institute Izzatnagar (U.P.) education and transfer of the technology community basis and to train the key education, research and its
in all areas of animal sciences with personnel to execute this programme in application in agriculture,
emphasis on animal health and the states. agroforestry, animal
production, etc. husbandry, fisheries, home
P.G.I. Medical Education and Chandigarh 1962 To provide high-quality patient care, to
science and allied sciences.
Haffkine Institute Mumbai 1899 To support the Learning Community, Research attain self-sufficiency in postgraduate
medical education and to meet the Central Inland Fisheries CIFRI West Bengal 1947 To conduct investigations
Faculty, Researchers and Scientists in
their day-to-day information needs, to country’s need for highly qualified medical Research Institute for a proper appraisal of
teachers in all medical and surgical fields, inland fisheries resources
collect, process, organize and disseminate
etc. of the country and to evolve
the scientific information in print and
suitable methods for their
other media in the field of Biomedicine National Institute of Delhi 1963 To provide training, service and conservation and optimum
and allied subjects, etc. Communicable Diseases operational research in the field of utilisation.
communicable diseases and their
King Institute of Preventive Guindy (Chennai) 1899 To revive the manufacturing unit National Botanical Research NBRI Uttar Pradesh Found Creation of website on
prevention and control in the country.
Medicine according to GMP norms utilising it as Institute as the ‘Plants and Pollution’ with
a common facility for the production of National Institute of Ahmedabad 1969 Epidemiological and environmental National regional language interface
anti-snake venom, cholera and typhoid Occupational Health monitoring and corollary toxicological Botanic for easy accession of
vaccine, etc. studies in hazardous occupations for Gardens in information, To document
recognition and evaluation of risk factors, 1948 information in the form
Indian Council of Medical New Delhi 1911 To augment the national capability development of tools for early diagnosis
Research strengthening of the institutions involved of database, newsletters,
of health impairment and design of reports, To generate and
in both basic and clinical sciences in the appropriate intervention measures for the
country, etc. disseminate information
prevention of hazards at workplaces, etc. on “Plants and Pollution”,
National Institute of Nutrition Hyderabad 1918 To study the health-related nutrition All India Maleria Research New Delhi 1977 To find short-term as well as long-term To respond to the user
and food hygiene problems and to train Institute solutions to the problems of malaria queries on the subject, To
nutrition and food hygiene specialists. through basic, applied and operational co-ordinate with the focal
School of Tropical Medicine Kolkata 1921 To provide research modules in the feild field research. point for supplying relevant
and adequate information
of medicine in tropical and developing Indian institute of health Jaipur 1984 Organisation and management of health to end-users.
countries. management research system based on primary health care with
particular emphasis on district health Central Institute of CIFA Odisha 1949 To conduct investigations
All India Institute of Hygiene & Kolkata 1932 To deliver integrated occupational health Freshwater Aquaculture for a proper appraisal of
system in urban and rural areas.
Public Health care programme by conducting short- inland fisheries resources
term certificate course in occupational Institute of Ayurvedic Studies Jamnagar (Gujarat) 2006-07 To establish a quality Ayurveda Institute of the country and to evolve
health and safety for the medical/non- and Research for providing value added and globally suitable methods for their
medical personnel attached to different relevant education based on eteral human conservation and optimum
industries, research studies in the field of values. utilisation.
occupational health and safety, etc.
Agricultural Research Centres In India Central Food Technological CFTRI Mysore 1950 Employment generation,
Vallabh Bhai Patel Chest Delhi 1949 To conduct research on basic and clinical Research Institute Food processing, Rural
Institute aspects of chest medicine, to train Agricultural Research Year of Development.
postgraduates in pulmonary medicine and Centre Abbr. Location Estb. Objective
allied subjects, to develop new diagnostic Central Arid Zone Research CAZRI Rajasthan 1952 To find ways to stabilising
Indian Agricultural Research IARI New Delhi 1905 Agriculture research, Institute shifting sand dunes,
technology and disseminate scientific
Institute education, extension and establishing silipastoral
knowledge related to chest medicine.
information. and firewood plantations,
Indian Cancer Research Mumbai 1952 To carry out mission-oriented research Sugarcane Breeding Institute SBI Tamil Nadu 1912 To evolve superior varieties
planting windbreaks to
Center and development on cancers prevalent reduce wind speed and
of sugarcane suitable for
in the Indian subcontinent, and where subsequent erosion,
various agroclimatic zones
there are internationally competitive rehabilitating degraded
in India.
opportunities, will use state-of-the-art forests and starting
technology. National Dairy Research NDRI Haryana 1923 To enhance animal afforestation of barren
Institute productivity and also hill slopes.
Central Leprosy Training and Chingelpet 1955 To provide diagnostic treatment and to develop cost-effective
Research Institute referral services to leprosy patients, Directorate of Wheat Research DWR Haryana 1966 Organise, evolve, coordinate
technologies for the benefit
training aspects of leprosy and its control. and supervise research
of the teeming millions.
to develop and identify
superior and high-yielding
varieties.
Agricultural Research Year of Agricultural Research Year of Agricultural Research Year of

Centre Abbr. Location Estb. Objective Centre Abbr. Location Estb. Objective Centre Abbr. Location Estb. Objective
Central Plantation Crops CPCRI Kerala 1970 To develop appropriate Indian Institute of Forest IIFM Bhopal 1982 To fulfill the growing need National Centre for NCAP New Delhi 1991 Enhance the availability
Research Institute production, protection and Management for managerial human Agricultural Economics and of reliable household,
processing technologies resource in forest and allied Policy Research individual and field specific,
for coconut, arecanut and sectors. IIFM has developed high frequency, time series
cocoa through basic and as an educational, research, data in selected villages and
applied research, etc. training and consultancy meso-level.
organisation and is
Directorate of Maize Research DMR New Delhi 1994 To carry out basic, strategic
Central Institute for Cotton CICR Maharashtra 1976 To characterise the bio- gradually acquiring an
and applied research
Research physical and socio-economic internationally visible name.
aimed at enhancement of
factors under the selected National Bureau of Animal NBAGR Haryana 1984 To conduct systematic production and productivity
area of that Agro Ecological Genetic Resources surveys to characterise, of maize crop in the
sub-region. To identify the evaluate and catalogue country, etc.
agro-economic constraints farm livestock and poultry
in rainfed cotton based genetic resources and to
production system. establish their National Institute of Science and Technology Institution Headquarters
Data Base, etc.
National Academy of NAARM Andra Pradesh 1976 To build the capacity of Institution Headquarters Centre of National Cell Pune
Agricultural Research India’s National Agricultural National Institute of MANAGE Hyderabad 1987 To develop systematic Science
Agricultural Extension linkages between state, Indian Association Kolkata
Management Research System in
Management regional, national for the Cultivation of Centre of National Manesar
Research Management by
and international Science Mental Research
providing online, non-
institutions of outstanding
formal, free and interactive
accomplishments in Indian Institute of Pune National Plant-Genome New Delhi
learning opportunities. Tropical Meteorology Research Centre
the field of Agricultural
Central Institute of CIAE Bhopal 1976 To develop appropriate Extension Management. Indian Astro-physics Bengaluru National Earthquake New Delhi
Agricultural Engineering equipment and processes Central Institute of CIBA Chennai 1987 To conduct research for Institute Science Data Centre
for modernisation of Brackishwater Acquaculture development of techno-
agriculture utilising economically viable and Jawahar Lal Nehru Bengaluru Indian Science Academy Allahabad
animate and mechanical sustainable culture systems Developed Scientific
Survey Training Institute Hyderabad (with the
power sources, To develop for finfish and shellfish in Research Centre
help of U.N.D.P.)
technology for reducing brackishwater.
Indian Institute of Mumbai
post harvest losses and Directorate of Water DWM Bhubaneswar 1988 To develop improved water
Bose Institute Kolkata
Geomagnetism
add value to agro-produce Management management technologies Agarkar Research Pune
through processing. for sustainable agricultural Indian Science Academy Bengaluru
Institute
production and disseminate Indian National Science New Delhi
National Bureau of Plant NBPGR New Delhi 1976 To plan, organize, conduct Sri Chitra Triunal Thiruvananthapuram
it amongst researchers,
Genetic Resources and coordinate exploration Academy
government functionaries, Medical Science and
and collection of indigenous NGOs and farmers. Indian Science Congress Kolkata Technical Institute
and exotic plant genetic
National Institute of NIAM Rajasthan 1988 To undertake and study Association
resources, To undertake Wadia Institute of Dehradun
introduction, exchange and Agricultural Marketing of applied and operational Indian National New Delhi Himalayan Geology
quarantine of plant genetic research in problem
Engineering Academy
resources, etc. areas of agricultural N.N. Bose National Kolkata
marketing. To impart Indian National Oceanic Hyderabad Fundamental Science
National Bureau of Plant NBPGR New Delhi 1976 To serve and promote training, to various Information Service Centre
Genetic Resources the scientific cause and levels of functionaries Centre
advance academic interests involved in agricultural Birbal Sahani Institute Lucknow
in the field of plant genetic marketing activities. To Indian Oceanic Technical Chennai of Paleo-botany
resources, both in India offer consultancy services Institute
to the State and Central Technology Information, New Delhi
and abroad. National Antarctic and Goa
Departments, Public Forecasting and
Indian Agricultural Statistics IASRI New Delhi estb. as To provide statistical Sector Undertakings, Ocean Research Centre Assessment Council
Research Institute full-fledged methodology for national Cooperatives, etc; in
National Biological Bengaluru
formulation of Projects, Science Expansion New Delhi
national agricultural statistics
institute preparing Master Plans for Science Centre (Vigyan Prasar)
system of the country for
of ICAR generating crop statistics States, Export Institutions, National Institute of New Delhi Liquid Crystal Research Bengaluru
in1978 and livestock statistics. Traders and Farmers. Reservation Institute
448 General Knowledge 2020 449 450 General Knowledge 2020
Institution Headquarters Institution Headquarters • Jack Kilby developed the concept of inte- • IBM Watson computer is one example that
grated circuit in 1958. outsmarts Harvard University Students.
Aryabhatta Research Nainital D.N.A. Finger Print and Hyderabad • The advancement in modern technologies
• It was an important invention in the
Observatory Centre
computer field. The first IC was invented will revolutionise the computer in future.
Directorate of Atomic Hyderabad Biotic Resources and Imphal and used in 1961.
Mineral Investigation Continuous Development • The size of an IC is about ¼ square inch. CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS
and Research Centre
A single IC chip may contain thousands
Indian Uranium Jaduguda Life Science Institute Bhubaneshwar Computers are classified into three broad
of transistors.
Corporation Ltd. categories based upon–type, purpose,
• The computer became smaller in size,
Heavy Water Board Mumbai
Physical Research
Laboratory
Ahmedabad
(Gujarat) INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY faster, more reliable and less expensive. The
examples of third generation computers are
capacity.
Nuclear Fuel Campus Hyderabad S.V. National Technical Surat TYPES
Institute • Information is data processed for some FIRST-GENERATION COMPUTERS IBM 370, IBM System/360, UNIVAC 1108 1. Analog Computers: These are measuring
Bhabha Atomic Research Mumbai
Centre Saha Nuclear Physics Kolkata (West purpose. Information can only be considered (1945-55) and UNIVAC AC 9000 etc. devices that work on volatile data, e.g.,
Institute Bengal) to be ‘real’ info if it meets certain criteria i.e. • The first generation of computers started heat, pressure, humidity, speed, etc.
Shri Ram Institute of New Delhi FOURTH-GENERATION COMPUTERS
Chemical Research Cosmic Rays Research Gauribidanow 1. It must be communicated to the recipient. with ENIAC. For example thermometers, barometers,
(1975-PRESENT)
Institute 2. It must be in a language that is • It was then followed by the IBM UNIVAC speedometers. These are sensitive to the
Institute for Plasma Ahmedabad • The fourth-generation computers started slightest changes.
Research (I.P.R.) Shri Ram Chennai New Delhi
understood. I (Universal Automatic Computer) built by
with the invention of Microprocessor. The 2. Digital Computers: Deal with numbers;
Research Institute 3. It must be in a suitable form. Mauchly and Ecken in 1951.
Harish Chand Research Chennai Microprocessor contains thousands of ICs. can be used to manipulate data with
4. It must be relevant for achieving some • This machine could perform business
Institute Tata Institute of Mumbai
purpose. • Ted Hoff produced the first microprocessor great accuracy. Take input and give
data processing.
Fundamental Research in 1971 for Intel.
Physics Institute Bhubaneshwar • The first-generation computers used output. Can store large quantities of
Centre for Marine Living Kocchi COMPUTERS vacuum tubes. Because of vacuum tubes, • It was known as Intel 4004. The technology data, e.g., All electronic computers,
Variable Energy Kolkata
Resources and Ecology the first-generation computers were very of integrated circuits improved rapidly. calculators, quartz watches, etc.
Cyclotron Centre
• A computer is an electronic machine that • The LSI (Large Scale Integration) circuit 3. Hybrid Computers: Mixture of analog
Department of Atomic Mumbai Institute of Mathematical Chennai large, required lot of energy, slow in
Science helps to process data. It is used to solve
input/output, and suffered with heat and and VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration) and digital computers. Input is generally
Energy problems relating to almost all fields such maintenance problems. circuit was designed. in the analog form like heat/pressure,
Institute of Physics Bhubaneshwar
Project Directorate, Chennai as education, home, medicine, science and • Further, the vacuum tubes needed to be • It greatly reduced the size of computer. etc. measured by analog part of computer
Integrated Coastal and National Biology Centre Bengaluru technology, research, designing, publishing, • The size of modern Microprocessors is
Sea Coast Management
replaced often as they had short life-span. and then used by digital part for further
Uranium Corporation of Jaduguda communication, etc. usually one square inch. It can contain operations, e.g., computers used in
Sea-biotic Resources and Cochin India Ltd. (Jharkhand) • Blaise Pascal had developed the first SECOND-GENERATION COMPUTERS millions of electronic circuits. factories for controlling manufacturing
Ecology Centre Vishveshraiya National Nagpur mechanical calculator in 1642 AD, which is (1955-64) • The examples of fourth generation computers processes, launching a rocket, etc.
Hindustan Zinc Limited Udaipur Technical Institute called ‘Pascalene’. • To overcome difficulties faced in the first are Apple Macintosh & IBM PC.
• British scientist Charles Babbage was generation computers due to the use of PURPOSE
the first person to conceive an automatic vacuum tubes, transistors were used in the FIFTH-GENERATION COMPUTERS 1. General-purpose Computers: Capable
Nuclear Power Plants in India
calculator or a computer in 1833. He is second generation computers. (PRESENT AND BEYOND) of handling many kinds of operations.
Powerstation Operator State Type Units Total capacity called the ‘Father of modern computer’. • Transistor is a small component made of • Scientists are working hard on the 5th- Used for both business and scientific
(MW) • The credit of developing first computer semiconductor material. With transistors, generation computers with quite a few applications with equal efficiency. Can
Kaiga NPCIL Karnataka PHWR 220 × 4 880 programme goes to Lady Ada Augusta, a the problem of heat was minimized and breakthroughs. be used at any place like offices, banks,
Kakrapar NPCIL Gujarat PHWR 220 × 2 440 student of Babbage. computers size was reduced. • It is based on the technique of Artificial schools, etc.
• Howard Eskin developed the first Mechanical • The computers now could perform operations Intelligence (AI). 2. Special-purpose Computers: Designed
Madras (Kalpakkam) NPCIL Tamil Nadu PHWR 220 × 2 440
Computer ‘Mark-I’ in ‘ENIAC-I’ in 1946. comparatively faster. • Computers can understand spoken words to perform specific task and cannot be
Narora NPCIL Uttar Pradesh PHWR 220 × 2 440 • The storage capacity was also improved. used for other purposes. e.g., Monitor
and imitate human reasoning. It can
Kota NPCIL Rajasthan PHWR 100 × 1 1180 GENERATIONS OF COMPUTERS BASED Instead of working with machine language respond to its surroundings using different patient’s health in hospitals, in airports
200 × 1 ON HARDWARE now the machine could work with higher level types of sensors. to monitor arrival/departure of flights,
220 × 4 • Computers may be classified into a number languages such as ALGOL and FORTRAN. etc.
• Scientists are constantly working to increase
Tarapur NPCIL Maharashtra BWR PHWR 160 × 2 1440 of generations.
the processing power of computers. They CAPACITY
540 × 2 • The classification may be based on the THIRD-GENERATION COMPUTERS
are trying to create a computer with real 1. Micro Computer: Computers used by
hardware technology used in building (1964-75)
Kudankulam NPCIL Tamil Nadu VVER-1000 1000 × 1 1000 IQ with the help of advanced programming
a computer or based on its application • The third-generation computers used the individuals and hence are also called
Total 21 5780 integrated circuits (IC). and technologies. Personal Computers or PCs.
software used.
2. Mini computer: This type of computers FIRMWARE a ‘0’ or a ‘1’, which means that the flow of • The data width of a computer is also Only Memory) has the option of
are comparatively larger and are also 5 • C-DAC (Centre for Development and • Firmware is the technology which has the current is either inward or outward. called its word size. being programmed.
to 50 times powerful than that of a Micro Advanced Computing) was established in combination of both hardware and software, • Silicon is obtained from sand and is a poor • Computers have data widths ranging from (b) Secondary Memory: It is used to store
Computer. Pune in 1988. e.g., BIOS (Basic Input/Output System). conductor of electricity. But, by chemical 8 to 64 bits. data for a long term. Secondary memory
3. Main Frame Computer: These are large- • National Aeronautics Laboratories, processes it becomes good conductor. The • A higher data width means the CPU is is permanent in nature, so it is also
sized computers. These are generally Bangalore was the first in India to develop a LIVEWARE surface and the interior of a silicon ‘chip’ are capable of processing data faster. A CPU called non-volatile, memory are floppy
used for scientific and research-based Super Computer named FLO SOLVER. • At times, the users working on the system called Integrated Circuits (IC). with a higher data width is more powerful. disks, hard disks, magnetic tapes, etc.
projects. • Laser Printers are the fastest printers. are termed as ‘Liveware’. • By 1971, engineers were able to put a few Address Range: Address range refers to the
• Computer virus is a man-made digital Information is moved from the
4. Super Computer: These are much component switches necessary to build amount of memory that can be directly read/
parasite, which corrupts the file and known HARDWARE secondary memory to the primary
more powerful in terms of their storage a complete computer on a single chip of written by the CPU.
capacity, efficiency and output ratio. as ‘File corrupter’. • A computer has three main units: 1. Input silicon. This silicon chip was called the memory first and then the CPU.
• Modem is a device which connects the Clock Speed: The speed of CPU is known Magnetic tapes are long plastic tapes
These are the most efficient and fastest unit, 2. Processing unit and 3. Output microprocessor.
computers and works based on telephone as Clock Speed. coated with magnetic material.
computers. unit. These are the physical units of a • The computer converts all decimal number
lines. • At any moment several thousand such Magnetic tapes can store far largest
5. Quantum Computer: This stage of computer system. These units constitute into binary numbers of combinations of
• The development of computer started in devices change their state. To synchronize
computers is still in its development phase. the hardware of a computer. bits. Then by acting upon individual bits, amounts of data than the floppy
India since 1955. the change of all these components the CPU
• Vellanad of Thiruvananthapuram district • The computer has its own internal ‘language’. it can perform the required mathematical diskette.
uses an internal clock.
Some Important Facts Related to in Kerala has been declared the first fully • The computer is essentially made of electronic operation addition, subtraction, etc. Another popular storage medium
• With every tick of this clock, all switches
Computers computerised village of India. components. All these components are • The internal circuits that can perform is the compact disk (CD). CDs are
that need to change their position do so in
• First computer (made in India) is capable of generating any one of the two mathematical operations on bits are usually ‘optical’ medium.
perfect harmony.
‘Siddharth’, which was manufactured by states, either a low (or a 0 volt) or a high made of two or more logic gates. Logic gates Conventional CDs are made of a
• Higher the clock-speed, faster the computer.
Electronics Corporation of India. SOFTWARE (say 5 volts). are components that generate a 1 or a 0 special kind of plastic.
• First computer in India was installed in the • It is difficult to talk always in terms of currents depending on the input.
• Software relates to set of programs. MEMORY UNIT (MU) The CD is read using a laser beam.
Main Post Office of Bangaluru on August and voltages to represent information. • The three basic logic gates are AND, OR and
16, 1986.
• Applications programs are programs that
permit the computer to be used as a tool for Therefore, computer scientists use a NOT. The storage device of a computer system is INPUT/OUTPUT
• Bangaluru (now Bengaluru) is also known
some specific tasks. special convention. A high is symbolically • A computer is organized into three basic units: known as memory.
as the Silicon Valley of India.
represented by a ‘1’ and a low is represented i. The Central Processing Unit (CPU). (a) Primary Memory: It is often referred • Devices that permit users to supply
• First Indian Newspaper to be available on • A common term used for special text editors is
by a ‘0’. The 1s and 0s are known as binary ii. The Memory Unit (MU). information to the computer are called ‘input’
Internet is The Hindu. the Data Base Management System (DBMS). to as the working memory of the main
• First Indian magazine to be available on digits, or in short ‘bits’ (the term ‘binary’ iii. The Input/Output Unit. devices.
• The most important system’s programme is memory of a computer system. It is
Internet is India Today. refers to something that has two parts). • The common input devices are keyboard
an operating system. temporary in nature. So it is also called
• First Indian political party which has • Computers always work with bits. They do CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU) and mouse.
• Operating systems help users interact volatile memory. An example of primary
created its website on Internet is ‘Bharatiya not understand any other form. • It is called the brain of the computer. • Physical channel that permits a computer
Janata Party (BJP)’. with the computer. • Because every bit can take one of two possible memory is RAM.
• The CPU can be divided into three main to convey the processed information to the
• First Super Computer of the world is CRAY • Example: Unix, Ms DOS, Linux. values, the total number of combinations Primary memory is directly accessible
components: (a) ALU (b) CU and (c) Registers. outside world. Devices that permit such a
K-1-S, developed by Cray K Company of The computer software is classified into two to the CPU.
possible, using eight bits, the computer can (a) The Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU): function are called ‘output’ devices.
USA. broad categories: The two basic kinds of primary
represent 256 different symbols. ALU performs all the mathematical and • The common output devices are monitor,
• Most popular Operating System in the
(a) Application Software: Also known • This is enough to cover our entire range memory are the Random Access printer and speakers.
world is WINDOWS. logical operations on the information
• First book on Personal Computer was as application packages. This is a set of alphabets, numbers and other special supplied to the CPU. Memory (RAM) and the Read Only • Output devices are indispensable, but are
written by Ted Nelson. of one or more programmes that are characters like $, @, +, etc. Such a (b) Control Unit (CU): It fetches instructions Memory (ROM). not a part of the CPU. They are also called
• The book written by Ted Nelson – ‘Soul of developed or written to do a specific combination of eight bits is called a byte. (Programs) from the memory and The RAM is a read/write memory. peripheral devices.
New Machine’ – won the Pulitzer prize. job, e.g., an application package of a • 1 kilobyte = 1024 bytes. according to the instructions, controls The CPU can change the contents • These devices are also called an interface,
• First home computer is Commodore company to process its sales data and • In computers information is represented the flow of data between the ALU and of the RAM at any time. In addition,
VIC/20. because they translate information for
to generate various sales reports. using multiples of eight (23) bits, since eight other parts of the computer. RAM is volatile.
• First Practical Digital computer is UNIVAC. man and machine.
(b) System Software: Set of one or more bits are the smallest unit of information. (c) Registers: Registers are storage The ROM can be altered. • Another way to input information into a
• FORTRAN is the first programming Therefore, higher units are expressible in
Language. programmes which are developed to locations that hold instructions or date Information is stored on the ROM at computer is to use an Optical Mark Reader
control the operation of the computer multiples of 23. while the CPU is using them.
• PROLOG is the language of the fifth the time of its manufacture. (OMR). Optical Mark Readers are capable
system. These programmes do not • 1 MB = 1000 KB
generation of computer. The ROM is non-volatile and retains of reading specially prepared forms. These
• J.S. Kilby developed the IC chips. • 1 GB = 1000 MB MAIN ATTRIBUTES OF CPU
solve specific problemmes but they are its information even after the power forms have a provision for black marks
• A computer error is known as Bug. • The basic elements of computers that can Data width: It refers to the number of bits
general programs which help the user is turned off. to be made using a pen or a pencil in a
signal a 1 or 0 are called flip-flops. It is a of data that can be manipulated within the
in the use of the computer system. The PROM (Programmable Read specific position.
simple electrical device and can either be CPU at one given time.
454 General Knowledge 2020 Science and Technology 455
• Most competitive examinations that deal • Computer programs are written using special and scientific applications. Syntax is INTERNET
with a large number of students usually languages called programming languages. very rigid in FORTRAN. • Computers in an office are networked using
use this system. (c) P A S C A L : Designed for teaching LAN (Local Area Network).
• Bank use another input device called a TYPES OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES computer science and used on small • Computers in different locations are con-
Magnetic Ink Character Reader (MICR). • Machine language and the assembly language computers and is better structured nected by WAN (Wide Area Network).
• Bar codes are often imprinted on products are examples of low-level languages. than BASIC. • Both these network systems are not for
in merchandise stores. A bar code consists • A special programme called Assembler (d) COBOL: Common Business-oriented public use and have limited usage.
of several parallel vertical lines of different converts all instructions into the binary format. • The Internet is a network of thousands of
Language is the most popular business
thickness that represent the binary digits. • Because all such instructions must finally networks.
language for data processing. We use
• The bits form a code that can be used to be converted to the binary form, all high- • Millions of computer networks are connected
identify the object on which the bar code this language even today for developing
level languages have their own translation programmes. to the Internet network and are available
is imprinted. Bar code reader is used to to the public.
programs called compilers or interpreters. (e) C: It is a middle-level general-purpose
read the bar codes by detecting the bars • Internet was invented by American Depart-
• Examples of popular high-level languages language. It is used both with UNIX and
by using light. ment of Defence in 1969.
• The mouse is a pointing device. It can be are–C, C++, JAVA, Pascal, Fortran, etc. DOS. Developed in Bell Laboratories in
gripped in the palm of the hand moved early 1970s. C++ is C’s object-oriented SEARCH ENGINES
over a horizontal surface. The motion of the COMPUTER LANGUAGES version. • These are websites available on the
mouse can be monitored by the computer • Computer processes information under Internet that provide information on any
in different ways. instructions from the user which are given THE WORLD WIDE WEB topic that you want.
• The movement is measured and transmitted to the computer by way of input. • The web is organised like a library. • Search engines contain a programme that
to the computer. This generates a • These instructions can be written in one of • It has websites and each website has a title collects information from other websites.
corresponding movement of on-screen mark various languages evolved over years. and a number to identify it. • This information is then stored according
called a cursor from one option to another. • The title of a website is called a URL (Uniform to the category it belongs to, e.g., websites
There are two major types of programming
• Another, input device is a digital camera. Resource Locator).
languages. These are Low-level Languages about music will be stored in a category
A digital camera has a circuit that is
and High-level Languages. Low-level
• It is easy to remember the URL of the website named Fine Arts. Examples of popular search WORLD PANORAMA
sensitive to light. than its number. engines are Yahoo, Alta Vista and Google.
• The two most common devices are the Visual Languages are further divided into Machine
• The URL of a website is also called its
Display Unit (VDU) and the printer. language and Assembly language. address. ))
• A Visual Display Unit (VDU) uses a cathode Low-level languages: The term ‘low level’
ray tube to display information. means closeness to the way in which the
• To represent any character, VDU illuminates machine has been built. Low-level languages
a particular pattern of these dots. These dots are machine-oriented and require extensive
are also known as pixels, a short form for knowledge of computer hardware and its
picture elements. configuration.
• Printers come in three popular versions: High-level Languages: Assembly language
dot matrix printers, ink-jet printers and and machine language require extensive
laser printers. knowledge of computer hardware. To
• Dot matrix printers print character in the overcome this limitation, a user writes the
form of combinations of very tiny dots. instructions in English, like sentences to
• Ink-jet printers spray jets of ink on the paper perform the logic of the problem irrespective
to print any character.
of the type of computer you are using. The
• Laser printer uses a laser beam to actually
language used for this is referred to as high-
‘burn’ the characters on the paper.
• We need to issue the computer a detailed level language.
sequence of instructions that it needs to Some high-level languages are:
follow to operate upon any data. Such a (a) BASIC: Beginners’ All Purpose Symbolic
sequence is called a programme. Instruction Code. Easy to learn.
• A programme may directly be written to (b) FORTRAN: Formula Translation was
the RAM or may be stored in some form of the first computer language developed
secondary memory. by IBM in 1957. Used in engineering
459 460 General Knowledge 2020 World Panorama 461
• The Secretary General is appointed by the • The Secretary General of the UN is elected 19. 2010 International Year of the 25. 2009 International Year of
General Assembly upon the recommendation for five years and eligible for re-election. Seafarer Astronomy
of the Security Council. 26. 2009 International Year of the
20. 2010 International Year of
Biodiversity Gorilla
United Nations, Specialised Agencies and Related Bodies
27. 2008 International Year of Planet
21. 2010 International Year for the
United Nations, specialised agencies and Abbreviation Headquarters Member since Earth
Rapprochement of Cultures
related bodies (f. = formerly) 28. 2008 International Year of
United Nations UN New York 1946 Languages
UNITED NATIONS • Security Council comprises five permanent Reconciliation
members, namely China, UK, Russia, Food and Agriculture Organization FAO Rome 1945
23. 2009 International Year of Sanitation
• The UNO was formed on 24 October 1945. France and USA and 10 non-permanent International Atomic Energy Authority IAEA Vienna 1957 Natural Fibres
• At present, 192 countries are members 30. 2008 International Year of the
members, elected for a term of 2 years by a International Civil Aviation Organization ICAO Montreal 1944
of the UN. Monte Negro is the latest 24. 2009 International Year of Potato
two-third majority of the General Assembly, International Labour Organization ILO Geneva 1945 Human Rights Learning
(192nd) member. five non-permanent members retire every
31. 2007 International Polar Year
• The UN Charter came into force on October year. Retiring members cannot be re- International Maritime Organization IMO (f. IMCO) London 1960
24, 1945, when the Governments of China, elected immediately. International Seabed Authority ISA Kingston 1994 World Bank and Related Bodies
France, the UK, the Soviet Union, and
• The headquarter of Security Council is International Telecommunications Union ITU Geneva 1949 Abbreviation Member
the USA and a majority of other counties
at New York (US). 1996
World Bank and related bodies (f. = formerly) Headquarters since
had ratified it. International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea ITLOS Hamburg
• The Headquarter of the UN is situated in International Bank for Reconstruction and IBRD Washington 1945
3. ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COUNCIL United Nations Educational, Scientific and UNESCO Paris 1964 Development
New York (USA). (ECOSOC) Cultural Organization
International Centre for the Settlement of ICSID Washington 1966
LANGUAGES OF THE UN • Its main aim is to promote social progress Universal Postal Union UPU Berne 1874 Investment Disputes
The official languages of the UN are: (a) and better standards of life. World Health Organization WHO 1948
Geneva International Development Association IDA Washington 1961
• ECOSOC comprises 54 members.
English, (b) French, (c) Chinese, (d) Russian, World Intellectual Property Organization WIPO Geneva 1986 International Finance Corporation IFC Washington 1956
• The headquarter of ECOSOC is at New
(e) Arabic and (f) Spanish. But the working Washington 1945
York (US). International Monetary Fund IMF
languages are English and French only. UNITED NATIONS INTERNATIONAL Washington 1998
8. 2014 International Year of Small Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency MIGA
4. THE TRUSTEESHIP COUNCIL YEARS Island Developing States
MAJOR ORGANS OF THE UN Other International Organizations and Bodies
• The United Nations Trusteeship Council was Since 1959 the UN has designated Inter-
1. General Assembly (GA), 9. 2014 International Year of Family
established to ensure that trust territories national Years in order to draw attention to Other international organizations Abbreviation
2. Security Council (SC), Farming
were administered in the best interest of major issues and to encourage international and bodies (f. = formerly) Headquarters Member since
3. Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC), 10. 2014 International Year of
their inhabitants and an international peace action to address concerns which have Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty
4. Trusteeship Council (TC), Crystallography CTBTO Vienna 2000
5. International Court of Justice,
and security. global importance and ramifications. Organization (Preparatory Commission)
11. 2013 International Year of Water
6. The Secretariat. 5. THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF S.No. Year Designated by UN as Cooperation
International Council for the Exploration of
ICES Copenhagen 1938
the Sea
JUSTICE (ICJ) 1. 2019 International Year of 12. 2013 International Year of
1. GENERAL ASSEMBLY International Criminal Police Organization INTERPOL Lyon 1971
• Its main functions are to settle legal Indigenous Languages
• It is also called as the town meeting of the world. Quinoa
International Exhibitions Bureau (Bureau
disputes submitted to it by states and to 2. 2018 1999
• The presidency of the Assembly rotates each – 13. 2012 International Year of International d’Expositions)
BIE Paris
provide advisory opinions on legal questions
year among the five geographical groups 3. 2017 International Year of Cooperatives
submitted to it by only authorised inter- International Hydrographic Organization IHO Monte Carlo 1970
of the countries, viz. Asia, African, Latin Sustainable Tourism for
national organs, agencies and the UN International Maritime Satellite
America, East European and West European Development
Sustainable Energy for All INMARSAT London 1991
General Assembly. Organization
and other states. 4. 2016 International Year of Pulses
• The headquarter of ICJ is at Hague 15. 2011 International Year for International Telecommunications Satellite ITSO
• Consist of all member states of the UN. 2015 Washington 1975
(Netherlands). 5. International Year of People of African Descent Organization (f. INTELSAT)
• The headquarter of General Assembly is Light and Light-based
at New York (US). 6. THE SECRETARIAT 16. 2011 International Year of International Customs Tariffs Bureau BITD Brussels 1891
Technologies
• The United Nations Secretariat is one of the Chemistry Organisation for the Prohibition of
2. SECURITY COUNCIL 6. 2015 International Year of Soils OPCW Haag 1997
principle organs of the United Nations, an 17. 2011 International Year of Chemical Weapons
• The main aim of Security Council is the inter governmental organisation charged with
7. 2014 International Year of Forests Permanent Court of Arbitration PCA Haag 1955
maintenance of the international peace Solidarity with the
the promotion of aiding states to collectively Palestinian People 18. 2011 International Year of Youth World Customs Organization WCO Brussels 1950
and security. maintain international peace and security.
462 General Knowledge 2020 World Panorama 463 464 General Knowledge 2020
First in World (Male Personalities) The First Batsman Mohd. Azharruddin First Man to Fly an Wright Brothers First Woman To Colonel Eileen List of Countries, Capitals, Currencies, and Languages
Role Male Personality to Score Three Test Aeroplane Command A Space Collins (USA) Countries Capitals Currencies Languages
Centuries In Three First Person to Sail Ferdin and Magellan Mission
The First US President Richard Nixon Afghanistan Kabul Afghani Dari Persian; Pashto
Successive Test Debut around the World
to Resign Presidency Matches The First Muslim Irine Zubeida Khan
First President of the Dr. Sun Yat-sen Albania Tirane Lek Albanian
The First Chinese Fahien Woman to Become the
Republic of China Algeria Algiers Algerian Dinar Arabic; Tamazight; French
Traveller to Visit India The First Man to Have Nawang Gombu Secretary General of
First Russian (Soviet) V.I. Bulganin Amnesty International
First Man to Walk in Alexie Leonov Climbed Mt. Everest Andorra Andorra la Vella Euro Catalan
Prime Minister to Visit
Space Twice Angola Luanda Kwanza Portuguese
India The First Woman Prime Ms Chang Sang
The First Residents of Bill Shepherd (USA), Minister of South Korea
First Man to Set Foot Neil Armstrong (U.S.A) Antigua and Saint John’s East Caribbean Dollar English
International Space Yuri Gidzanko and The First Adventurer Felix Baumgartner
on the Moon Barbuda
Stations Sergie Krikalev (Russia) Flying Successfully (July 2003) The First Mislim Woman Shirin Ebadi (Nobel
Across the English First man to win AE Wonn Behring Peace Prize 2003) Argentina Buenos Aires Argentine Peso Spanish
The First Blind Man to Eric Weihenmayer to Recieve Nobel Prize
Channel Without Nobel Prize Medicine (Germany)
Scale Mt. Everest (USA, May 25, 2001) Armenia Yerevan Dram Armenian
Aircraft (Medical Science) The Woman With the Kiran Baloch
The First Space Jerry Ross (USA) Highest Individual Test Australia Canberra Australian Dollar English
First Man to Win Nobel Ranger Fish (Norway)
Astronaut to go into Score making a new
China’s First Man in Yang Liwei Prize Economics and John Tinbergen Austria Vienna Euro German
Space Seven Times Till world record
Space (Holland)
Date Azerbaijan Baku Manat Azerbaijani
The First Aircaft Pilot Steve Fossett (March First Space Tourist Dennis Tito The First Woman in Lakpa Sherpa
The First South Mark Shuttleworth The Bahamas Nassau Bahamian Dollar English
to Round the Entire 2005) (Male) the world to climb Mt. (Nepali)
African to Become The
World non-stop by his Chairman of People’s Mao-Tse-Tung Everest four times Bahrain Manama Bahraini Dinar Arabic
Second Space Tourist
The First Grandmaster Sergey Karjakin 2-engine aircraft in 67 Republic of China The First Woman Prime Margaret Thatcher Bangladesh Dhaka Taka Bangla
of the World in Chess (Ukraine) hours Minister of England
First in World (Woman) Barbados Bridgetown Barbadian Dollar English
The First European to Alexander, The Great The First Hindu Chief Rana Bhagwan First Woman Prime Benazir Bhutto
Role Female Personalities Minister of (Pakistan) Belarus Minsk Belarusian Ruble Belarusian; Russian
Attack India Justice of Pakistani Das Took over on
The First European to Marco Polo Supreme Court Justice September 2, 2005 as Athelete to Touch 5.0 Ms. Yelena The First Woman Kiran Bedi Belgium Brussels Euro Dutch; French; German
Reach China Acting Chief Justice Metres mark in Pole Isinbayeva Civilian Advisor of the Belize Belmopan Belize Dollar English
The First Person To Magellan The First Double Mark Englis (May 15, Vault U.N.
Benin Porto-Novo West African CFA French
Sail Around The World Amputee to Scale Mt. 2006) Foreign secretary of Margaret Backett The First Woman Bishop Rev Barbara C. Franc
The First man to go Major Yuri Gagarin Everest England Harris (USA)
Bhutan Thimphu Ngultrum Dzongkha
into space (USSR, now Russia) The First Hindu Chief Justice Rana Bhagwan The First Woman to Bula Chaudhury
Prime Minister of Portia Simpson Miller Bolivia La Paz; Sucre Boliviano Spanish; Quechua; Aymara
The First European Alexander, The Great Justice of Pakistani Das Cross Seven Important (India)
Jamaica (Feb. 2006)
Invader of Indian soil Supreme Court Seas of the World by Bosnia and Sarajevo Convertible Mark Bosnian; Croatian; Serbian
The First man to Aspheosis (Athens) President of Chile Dr. Michelle Bachelet Swimming Herzegovina
First Man to Climb Mt. Sherpa Tenzing Norgay The Woman to be Habiba Sorabhi
compile Encyclopaedia Chancellor of Germany Angela Markel (Since Botswana Gaborone Pula English; Tswana
Everest & Sir Edmund Hillary Appointed as Governor
The First eldest man Richard Wass (29th May, 1953) November. 2005) Brazil Brasilia Real Portuguese
to climb Mt. Event of the Province in
Governor of the State Shanshad Akhtar Afghanistan Brunei Bandar Seri Begawan Brunei Dollar Malay
The First Asian to win Arthur Ashe (USA) First Man to reach Robert Peary Bank of Pakistan (Dec. 2005) The First Woman of the
Wimbledon Trophy North Pole Bula Chaudhury Bulgaria Sofia Lev Bulgarian
The First Duly Elected Allen Johnson Sirleaf World to Swim Accross (India)
The First man to win Rene FA and Suilt Burkina Faso Ouagadougou West African CFA French
First Man to reach Ronald Amundsen Woman President of an Five Continents
Nobel Prize for Literature Pradhom (France) Franc
South Pole African Country The First Space Tourist Mrs. Anousheh Ansari
The First man to win Jin F Dunant First President of George Washington The First Lady to Climb Junko Taibei Burundi Bujumbura Burundi Franc Kirundi; French
Nobel Prize for Peace (Switzerland) and United States of The First Woman to Caroline Michaelson
Mt. Everest Cambodia Phnom Penh Riel Khmer
Frederic Peiry (France) America Reach Antarctica
The First Woman Valentina Tereshkova Cameroon Yaounde Central African CFA French; English
The First man to win WK Roentgen First Prime Minister of Robert Walpole Cosmonaut in Space The First Woman Smt. Vijayalakshmi Franc
Nobel prize for Physics (Germany) Great Britain President of UN General Pandit (1953)
The First Woman Prime Mrs. Srimavo Canada Ottawa Canadian Dollar English; French
First Secretary General Trigve Li Assembly
The First man to JH Wenthoff (Howlland) Minister of a Country Bhandarnaike
of United Nations Cape Verde Praia Cape Verdean Escudo Portuguese
win Nobel prize for First Woman President Maria Estela Peron The First Woman Anne Warburton
Pakistan’s Fist Mohammed Ali Jinnah Ambassador of Britain Central African Bangui Central African CFA Sango; French
Chemistry of a Country
Governor General Republic Franc
World Panorama 465 466 General Knowledge 2020 World Panorama 467
Chad N’Djamena Central African CFA French; Arabic Greece Athens Euro Greek Macedonia Skopje Macedonian Denar Macedonian
Franc Grenada St. George’s East Caribbean Dollar English; Patois Madagascar Antananarivo Malagasy Ariary Malagasy; French; English
Chile Santiago Chilean Peso Spanish
Guatemala Guatemala City Quetzal Spanish Malawi Lilongwe Malawi Kwacha English
China Beijing Chinese Yuan Mandarin
Guinea Conakry Guinean Franc French Malaysia Kuala Lumpur Ringgit Malay
Colombia Bogota Colombian Peso Spanish
Guinea-Bissau Bissau West African CFA Portuguese Maldives Male Maldivian Rufiyaa Dhivehi
Comoros Moroni Comorian Franc Comorian; Arabic; French Franc Mali Bamako West African CFA French
Democratic Republic Kinshasa Congolese Franc French Guyana Georgetown Guyanese Dollar English Franc
of the Congo
Haiti Port-au-Prince Gourde Haitian Creole; French Malta Valletta Euro Maltese; English
Republic of the Brazzaville Central African CFA French
Honduras Tegucigalpa Lempira Spanish Marshall Islands Majuro United States Dollar Marshallese; English
Congo Franc
Hungary Budapest Forint Hungarian Mauritania Nouakchott Ouguiya Arabic
Costa Rica San Jose Colon Spanish
Iceland Reykjavik Icelandic Krona Icelandic Mauritius Port Louis Mauritian Rupee English
Cote d’Ivoire (Ivory Yamoussoukro; West African CFA French
Coast) Abidjan Franc India New Delhi Indian Rupee Hindi; English Mexico Mexico City Mexican Peso Spanish
Croatia Zagreb Croatian Kuna Indonesia Jakarta Rupiah Indonesian Federal States of Palikir United States Dollar English
Cuba Havana Cuban Peso Spanish Iran Tehran Rial Persian Micronesia
Cyprus Nicosia Euro Greek; Turkish Iraq Baghdad Iraqi Dinar Arabic; Kurdish Moldova Chisinau Moldovan Leu Moldovan (Romanian)
Czech Republic Prague Czech Koruna Czech; Slovak Republic of Ireland Dublin Euro English; Irish Monaco Monaco Euro French; Italian; English
Denmark Copenhagen Danish Krone Danish Israel Jerusalem Shekel Hebrew; Arabic Mongolia Ulaanbaatar Togrog Mongolian
Djibouti Djibouti Djiboutian Franc Arabic; French Italy Rome Euro Italian Montenegro Podgorica Euro Montenegrin
Dominica Rosesau East Caribbean Dollar English; French; Antillean Jamaica Kingston Jamaican Dollar English Morocco Rabat Moroccan Dirham Arabic
Creole Mozambique Maputo Mozambican Metical Portuguese
Japan Tokyo Yen Japanese
Dominican Republic Santo Domingo Dominican Peso Spanish
Jordan Amman Jordanian Dinar Arabic Myanmar (Burma) Nypyidaw Kyat Burmese
East Timor (Timor- Dilli United States Dollar Tetum; Portuguese; Namibia Windhoek Namibian Dollar English; Afrikaans; German
Kazakhstan Astana Tenge Kazakh; Russian
Leste) Iindonesian
Kenya Nairobi Kenyan Shilling Swahili; English Nauru Yaren Australian Dollar English; Nauran
Ecuador Quito United States Dollar Spanish
Kiribati Tarawa Atoll Kiribati Dollar English; Gilbertese Nepal Kathmandu Nepalese Rupee Nepali
Egypt Cairo Egyptian Pound Arabic
North Korea Pyongyang North Korean Won Korean Netherlands Amsterdam; The Euro Dutch
El Salvador San Salvador United States Dollar Spanish Hague
Equitorial Guinea Malabo Central African CFA Spanish; French; Portuguese South Korea Seoul South Korean Won Korean
New Zealand Wellington New Zealand Dollar English
Franc Kosovo Pristina Euro Albanian; Serbian
Nicaragua Managua Cordoba Spanish
Eritrea Asmara Nakfa Arabic; Tigrinya; English Kuwait Kuwait City Kuwaiti Dollar Arabic; English
Niger Niamey West African CFA French
Estonia Tallinn Estonian Kroon; Euro Estonian Kyrgyzstan Bishkek Som Kyrgyz; Russian Franc
Ethiopia Addis Ababa Birr Amharic Laos Vientiane Kip Lao (Laotian) Nigeria Abuja Naira English
Fiji Suva Fijian Dollar English; Bau Fijian; Hindi Latvia Riga Lats Latvian Norway Oslo Norwegian Krone Norwegian
Finland Helsinki Euro Finnish; Swedish Lebanon Beirut Lebanese Pound Arabic; French Oman Muscat Omani Rial Arabic
France Paris Euro; CFP Franc French Lesotho Maseru Loti Sesotho; English Pakistan Islamabad Pakistani Rupee Urdu; English
Gabon Libreville Central African CFA French Liberia Monrovia Liberian Dollar English Palau Melekeok United States Dollar English; Palauan
Franc
Libya Tripoli Libyan Dinar Arabic Panama Panama City Balboa Spanish
The Gambia Banjul Dalasi English
Liechtenstein Vaduz Swiss Franc German Papa New Guinea Port Moresby Papa New Guinean English; Tok Pisin; Hiri Motu
Georgia Tbilisi Lari Georgian Kina
Lithuania Vilnius Lithuanian Litas Lithuanian
Germany Berlin Euro German
Luxembourg Luxembourg Euro German; French; Paraguay Asuncion Guarani Spanish; Guarani
Ghana Accra Ghanaian Cedi English Luxembourgish Peru Lima Nuevo Sol Spanish
Phillipines Manila Phillipine Peso Filipino; English Taiwan Taipei New Taiwan Dollar Mandarin Bahrain Consultative Council Guyana National Assembly
Poland Warsaw Zloty Polish Tajikistan Dushanbe Somoni Tajik; Russian Bangladesh Jatiya Sansad Greece Chamber of Deputies
Portugal Lisbon Euro Portuguese Tanzania Dar es Salaam; Tanzanian Schilling Swahili Belize National Assembly Hungry National Assembly
Qatar Doha Qatari Riyal Arabic Dodoma Bhutan Tshogdu Iceland Althing
Romania Bucharest Romanian Rupee Romanian Thailand Bangkok Thai Baht Thai Bolivia National Congress India Parliament
Russia Moscow Ruble Russian Togo Lome West African CFA French Brazil National Congress Indonesia People’s Consultative
Franc Assembly
Rwanda Kigali Rwandan Franc Kinyarwanda; French; Brunei National Assembly
English Tonga Nuku’alofa Pa’anga Tongan; English Iran Majlis
Botswana National Assembly
Saint Kitts and Basseterre East Caribbean Dollar English Trinidad and Tobago Port-of-Spain Trinidad and Tobago English Iraq National Assembly
Britain Parliment (House of
Nevis Dollar Commons and House of Israel Knesset
Saint Lucia Castries East Caribbean Dollar English; French Tunisia Tunis Tunisian Dinar Tunisian; French Lords) Italy Chamber of Deputies and
Saint Vincent and Kingstown East Caribbean Dollar English Bulgaria Narodno Subranie Senate
Turkey Ankara Turkish Lira Turkish
The Grenadines Cambodia National Assembly Japan Diet
Turkmenistan Ashgabat Turkmen New Manat Turkmen; Russian
Samoa Apia Tala Samoan; English Congo Democratic Rep. of National Jordan National Assembly
Tuvalu Vaiaku Tuvaluan Dollar Tuvaluan; English
San Marino San Marino Euro Italian Legislative Council Korea (North) Supreme People’s Assembly
Uganda Kampala Ugandan Shilling Swahili; English
Sao Tome and Sao Tome Dobra Portuguese Colombia Congress Korea (South) National Assembly
Principe Ukraine Kiev Hryvnia Ukranian; Russian Canada Parliament Kuwait National Assembly
Saudi Arabia Riyadh Saudi Riyal Arabic United Arab Abu Dhabi Dirham Arabic China National People’s Assembly Kenya National Assembly
Senegal Dakar West African CFA French Emirates
Chile Chamber of Deputies and Laos People’s Supreme Assembly
Franc United Kingdom London Pound Sterling English Senate Labanon National Assembly
Serbia Belgrade Serbian Dinar Serbian United States of Washington D.C. United States Dollar English; Spanish Comoros Legislative Council and Lesotho National Assembly and
Seychelles Victoria Seychoellois Rupee Seychellois Creole; French; America Senate Senate
English Uruguay Montevideo Uruguayan Peso Spanish Costa Rice Legislative Council and Lithuania Seimas
Sierra Leone Freetown Leone Krio; English Senate
Uzbekistan Tashkent Uzbekistan Som Uzbek; Russian Luxembourg Chamber of Deputies
Singapore Singapore Singapore Dollar English; Malay; Mandarin Crotia Sabor
Chinese Vanuatu Port-Vila Vanuatu Vatu Bislama; English; French Liberia National Assembly
Cuba National Assembly of People’s
Slovakia Bratislava Euro Slovak Power Libya General People’s Congress
Vatican City Vatican City Euro Latin; Italian
Slovenia Ljubljana Euro Slovene Czech Republic Chamber of Deputies and Malaysia Dewan Rakyat and Dewan
Venezuela Caracas Bolivar Fuerte Spanish Negara
Solomon Islands Honiara Solomon Islands Dollar Solomons Pijin Senate
Vietnam Hanoi Dong Vietnamese Denmark Folketing Maldives Majlis
Somalia Mogadishu Somali Shilling Somali; Arabic
Yemen Sanaa Yemeni Rial Arabic Ecuador Natinal Congress Madagascar National People’s Assembly
South Africa Pretoria; Cape Town; Rand Zulu; Xhosa; Afrikaans
Bloemfontein Zambia Lusaka Zambian Kwacha English El Salvador Legislative Assembly Mongolia Great People’s Khural
Spain Madrid Euro Spanish East Timor Constituent Assembly Montenegro Federal Assembly
Zimbabwe Harare United States Dollar English
Sri Lanka Colombo Sri Lankan Rupee Sinhala; Tamil Ethiopia Federal Council and House of Mozambique People’s Assembly
Representative Myanmar Pyithu Hluttaw
Sudan Khartoum Sudanese Pound Arabic; English
Parliaments of Different Countries Algeria National People’s Assembly Egypt People’s Assembly
Suriname Paramaribo Surinamese Dollar Dutch Nepal Rashtriya Panchayat
Country Parliament Angola National People’s Assembly Fiji Islands Senate and House of
Swaziland Mbabane Lilangeni English; SiSwati Netherlands The State General
Afghanistan Shoora Argentina National Congress Representative
Sweden Stockholm Swedish Krona Swedish Norway Storting
Andorra General Council Australia Federal Parliament France National Assembly
New Zealand Parliament (House of
Switzerland Berne Swiss Franc German; French; Italian Albania People’s Assembly Finland Eduskusta (Parliament)
Austria National Assembly Representative)
Syria Damascus Syrian Pound Arabic Azerbaijan Melli Majlis Bahamas General Assembly Germany Bundestag (Lower House) and
Oman Monarchy
Bundesrat (Upper House)
MacMahon Line was drawn up by Sir Henry 37th Parallel north formed the southern Central External Liaison China Hong Kong Bauhinia
Pakistan National Assembly & Senate The first Governor-General of Mohammad Ali
MacMahon, demarcating the frontier of boundary of the historic and extralegal Pakistan Jinnah Department
Paraguay Senate & Chamber of Iran Rose
India and China. China did not recognise Territory of Jefferson.
Deputies Military Counterintelligence Germany
the MacMahon line and crossed it in 1962. 38th Parallel is the parallel of latitude which The last king of France Louis Philippe Service
Israel Candelabrum
Philippines The Congress Medicine Line is the border between Canada Turkey Crescent and
separates North Korea and South Korea. The first ever woman Prime Mrs S. Sazamane Etelaat va Amniate Iran
Papua New National Parliament and the United States. Star
39th Parallel north is an imaginary circle of Minister of a country in the Bandaranaike Kechvar (SAVAK)
Guinea Order-Neisse Line is the border between Poland (Sri Lanka)
and Germany, running along the Order latitude that is 39 degrees north of Earth’s world Etterretningstjenesten Norway News Agencies of Some Countries
Poland Sejm equatorial plane.
and Neisse rivers, adopted at the Poland The first woman to become Mrs S. Naicho Japan Country Agency
Romania Great National Assembly
Conference (Aug 1945) after World War II. 40th Parallel north formed the original the Prime Minster of a country Bandaranaike Bureau of State Security South Africa USA Associated Press (AP),
Russia Duma & Federal Council Radcliffe Line was drawn up by Sir Cyril northern boundary of the British Colony twice (BOSS) United Press International
Serbia Federal Assembly Radcliffe, demarcating the boudary between of Maryland. (UP)
First Visitors, Invaders Canadian Security Intelligence Canada
India and Pakistan. Siegfried Line is the line 41st Parallel north forms the northern Service UK Reuters
Senegal National Assembly The first European invader on
of fortification drawn up by Germany on its boundary of the State of Colorado with Alexander, the
Russia Telegraph Agency of the
Seychelles People’s Assembly Indian Soil Great Al Mukbharat Iraq
border with France. Nebraska and Wyoming and the southern Sovereign States (TASS),
Somalia People’s Assembly 17th Parallel defined the boundary between boundary of the State of Wyoming with The first European to visit Marco Polo Direction General de Securite France Novosti
North Vietnam and South Vietnam before China Exterieur (DGSE)
South Africa Rep. House of Assembly Colorado and Utah. Malaysia Malaysian National News
two were united. Secret Intelligence Service United Agency (MNNA)
Spain Cortes 42nd Parallel north forms most of the New The first Chinese pilgrim who Fa-hien
24th Parallel is the line which Pakistan Kingdom
came to India Italy Agenzia Nazionale Stampa
Sweden Riksdag claims for demarcation between India and York-Pennsylvania Border.
The first British Prime Minister Harold
General Intelligence Presidency Saudi Arabia Associate (ANSA)
Saudi Arabia Majlis Al Shura Pakistan. This, however, is not recognised 43rd Parallel north forms most of the
to visit India Macmillan Security and Intelligence Singapore Israel Associated Israel Press (AIP)
by India. boundary between the State of Nebraska Division
Sudan National Assembly The first President of the USA D Eisenhower France Agence France Presse (AFP)
26th Parallel south is a circle of latitude and the State of South Dakota and also
Switzerland Federal Assembly which crosses through Africa, Australia formed the northern border of the historic to visit India National Emblems of Important Countries India Press Trust of India (PTI),
United News of India (UNI),
Syria People’s Council and South America. and extralegal Territory of Jefferson. The first Soviet Prime Minister VI Bulganin Country Emblem
Samachar Bharti
Turkey Grand National Assembly 30th Parallel north is a line of latitude that The Parallel 44o north is an imaginary circle to visit India India Lion Capital of China Hin Hua
stands one-third of the way between the of latitude that is 44 degrees north of the Ashoka
Tunisia National Assembly Intelligence Agencies of the World Japan Kyodo
equator and the North Pole. Earth’s equatorial plane. Pakistan Crescent and
USA Congress 33rd Parallel north is a circle of latitude which Intelligence Agencies Country Indonesia Antara
45th Parallel north is often the halfway point Star
Vietnam National Assembly cuts through the southern United States, Inter-services Intelligence (ISI) Pakistan Iran Islamic Republic News
between the Equator and the North Pole. Bangladesh Water Lilly
parts of North Africa, parts of the Middle Agency (IRNA)
Venezuela National Congress The 45th parallel makes up most of the Central Intelligence Agencies United States
East, and China. Netherlands Lion Germany Deutsche Presse Agentur
Zaire National Legislative Council boundary between Montana and Wyoming. (CIA) and Federal Bureau of of America
35th Parallel north forms the boundary Investigation (FBI) UK Rose (DPA)
Zambia National Assembly between the State of North Carolina and 49th Parallel is the boundary between USA USA Golden Rod Palestine WAFA
and Canada. Komitet Gosudarstvennoy Russia
the State of Georgia and the boundary
Bezopasnosti (KGB)/Glavnoje Italy White Lilly Australia Australian Associated Press
IMPORTANT LINES AND BOUNDARIES between the State of Tennessee arid the First Heads of States (World) Razvedyvatel’noje Upravlenije Australia Kangaroo Pakistan Pakistan Press International
Durand Line is the line demarcating the boun- State of Georgia, the State of Albama, and (GRU) (PPI), Associated Press of
The first President of the USA George New Zealand Kiwi
daries of Pakistan and Afghanistan. It was the State of Misissippi. Pakistan (APP)
Washington MOSSAD Israel
drawn up in 1896 by Sir Mortimer Durand. 36th Parallel forms the southermost boundary Germany Corn Flower Egypt Middle East News Agency
of the State of Missouri with the State of The first Prime Minister of Walpole Militärischer Switzerland
Hindenburg Line is the boundary dividing Norway Lion (MENA)
Great Britain Nachrichtendienst
Germany and Poland. The Germans Arkansas.
The first President of the Sun Yat-sen France Lily Signs and Symbols
retreated to this line in 1917 during World 36°30’ Parallel north forms the boundary Australian Security and Australia
Chinese Republic (1912) Intelligence Organization Iran Rose
War I. between the Tenessee and the Common- Signs and Symbols Meaning
Mason-Dixon Line is a line of demarcation wealth of Kentucky between the Tenessee The first Chairman of the Mao Tse-tung Centro Intelligence Interforze Italy Spain Eagle Pen Symbol of Culture and
between four states in the United States. River and the Misissippi River, the boundary Central Government of the (CII) Japan Chrysanthemum Civilization
Marginal Line was the 320 km line of People’s Republic of China,
between Missouri and Arkansas west of the Royal Intelligence Corps Malaysia Canada Maple Leaf, Lily Red Cross Medical Aid and
formally established in Peking
fortification on the Russia Finland border. White River, and the northermost boundary Hospital
in October, 1949 Mukhbarat Egypt Sri Lanka Lion
Drawn up by General Mannerheim. between the Texas and the Oklahoma.
Red Flag Revolution and Also a Brown Revolution Cocoa Big Ben London Faisal Mosque Islamabad, Pakistan Russia Communist Party, Liberal Largest Country Russia
Sign of Danger Burj al Arab Hotel Dubai The Empire State New York Democratic Party, Russia’s Choice (in area)
Rainbow Revolution Amalgamation
Black Flag Symbol of Protest of all the above Tower of Pisa Italy Building France Socialist Party, National Front Largest Coral The Great Barrier Reef
Yellow Flag Flown on Ships or revolutions Newgrange Tomb Ireland Union for France Democracy Formation (Australia)
Christ the Redeemer Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Vehicles Carrying Tilcho Lake Nepal South African National Congress, Largest Dam Grand Coulee-Concrete Dam
Important Festivals in the World Lascaux Cave Paintings France
Patients Suffering from Pompeii Italy Africa National Party, Inkatha Freedom (USA)
Infectious Diseases Alba White Truffle Alba, Italy Loch Ness Scotland Party
The Wailing Wall Jerusalem Longest Day June 21
Festival Mont St Michel France
Flag flown upside Symbol of Distress Australia Liberal Party, Labour Party (in Northern Hemisphere)
Abu Simbel Egypt
down Baltic Herring Festival Helsinki, Finland Bran Castle Transylvania, Shortest Day Dec. 22 (in Northern
Middle of the Earth or Ecuador Israel Labour Party, Likud Party, Hamas
Flag flown at half mast Symbol of National Chinchilla Melon Festival Australia Romania Hemisphere)
The Ciudad Mitad del Party, Shes Party
Mourning (Watermelon) Agia Sophia Istanbul, Turkey Mundo Largest Delta Sundarbans, India
Iraq Bath Party
White Flag Symbol of Truce Chocolate Festival London, UK Branderburg Gate Berlin, Germany Potala Palace Llasa, Tibet (8000 sq. miles)
Acropolis Athens, Greece
Superlatives Of World
Red Triangle Sign of Family International Mango New Delhi, India Angel Falls Venezuela Longest Desert Sahara, Africa
Planning Festival Sagrada Familia Barcelona, Spain Tallest Animal on Giraffe (World) (84, 00,000 sq. km)
Ephesus Turkey
(land) Largest Diamond The Cullinan (over 1 ½ 1b.)
Pegion or Dove Symbol of Peace Ivrea Orange Festival Ivrea, Italy Uluru Sandstone Australia Twelve Apostles Australia
Red Light Stop or Danger or Mount Fuji Japan The National Chiang Kai- China Biggest Bell Great Bell at Moscow Biggest Dome Gol Gumbaz (Bijapur),
Maine Lobster Festival Rockland USA
Emergency shek Memorial Hall (Old Archi) 144 ft. diameter.
Mount Eden Crater New Zealand Fastest Bird Swift
Maslenitsa Festival Moscow, Russia Biggest Dome Astrodome, Sports
Wheel Symbol of Progress (Pancake Festival) Al Aqsa Mosque Jerusalem The Sultan Ahmed Turkey
Largest Bird Ostrich
Mosque (New Archi)
Olive Branch Symbol of Peace Melbourne Food & Wine Melbourne, Angkor Wat Cambodia
Smallest Bird Humming Bird Longest Epic The Mahabharata
Union Jack National Flag of UK Festival Australia St Peter’s Cathedral Vatican City Official Books of Various Countries
Longest Bridge Lower Zambeji (Africa) Largest Island Greenland (renamed
Stars and Stripes National Flag of the Mistura Food Festival Lima, Peru Mount Rushmore South Dakota Name of Book Country
(Railway) Kalaatdlit Nunaat)
USA Victoria Falls Between Zambia and Blue Book Any official of British
Monkey Buffet Festival Lopburi Province, Tallest Building Burj Khalifa, Dubai (U.A.E) Largest Lake Lake Mead (Bouler)
Zimbabwe Government.
Different Revolutions Thailand (Artificial)
The Great Canyon Arizona Green Book Official publication of Italy and Tallest Office Patronas Twin Towers,
Name of the Revolution Associated Field Oktoberfest Munich, Germany Deepest Lake Baikal (Siberia); average
Iran. Building Kuala Lampur (Malaysia)
Petra Rock cut Jordan depth 2300 ft.
Yellow Revolution Oilseeds Onion Eating Festival Spain Grey Book Official reports of the Japanese
Architecture Longest Big Ship Seuz Canal (Linkin Red Sea
and Belgian governments. Highest Lake Titicaca (Bolivia) 12645 ft.
White Revolution Milk Orange Festival Poland Cape of Good Hope South Africa Canal & Mediterranean) above sea level.
Orange Book Official reports of the
Black Revolution Petroleum Pancake Festival Moscow, Russia Chichen Itza Mexico Busiest Canal Baltic White Sea Canal Largest Lake Lake Superior, USA
Netherlands.
Production San Francisco Street Food San Francisco, USA Inukshuk Canada (Ship) (152 miles) (Fresh Water)
White Book Official publication of
Red Revolution Meat and Tomato Festival Table Mountain Cape Town, South Germany, China and Portugal. Biggest Cinema Roxy (New York) Largest Lake Caspian Sea
Products Potato Festival Sweden Africa Yellow Book Official book of the French. House (Salt Water) (3, 71,000 sq. km)
Round Revolution Potato Tomato Festival Spain Golden Gate Bridge San Francisco, White Paper Short pamphlet giving Highest City Wen Chuan (Tibet, China) Largest Mosque Jama Masjid, Delhi,
California authoritative account of (16,732 ft). (area 10,000 sq. ft.)
Silver Fiber Revolution Cotton Vegetarian Festival Thailand
Kilimanjaro Tanzania facts issued by the Indian Largest City Tokyo [ (3,42,00000), Est. Biggest Library National Kiev Library,
Blue Revolution Fish Government stating its view Moscow & Library of the
Famous Monuments around the World Forbidden City Beijing (in population) population in 2006]
Pink Revolution Shrimp on a particular issue for the Congress, Washington
Name of the Monument Country Iguazu Falls On the border of knowledge of general public Biggest City Mount Isa, Queensland,
Grey Revolution Wool Brazil and Argentina (in area) Australia (41225 sq. km) Highest Mountain Himalayas
Statue of Liberty New York, USA Peak (World)
Evergreen Revolution Overall Development The Colosseum Rome, Italy Largest Continent Asia
The Eiffel Tower Paris, France Major Political Parties of Different Longest Andes (S. America) 5,500
of Agriculture Twyfelfontein–Ancient Namibia Countries
St Basil’s Cathedral Moscow, Russia Smallest Australia Mountain Range miles in length
Green Revolution Food Grains Rock Engravings Continent
Blue Domed Church Santorini, Greece United Conservative Party, Labour Party, Biggest Museum British Museum (London)
The Blue Mosque Istanbul
Golden Revolution Horticulture The Great Sphinx Giza, Egypt Kingdom Liberal Party, Democratic Party Largest Country China Tallest Minaret Qutub Minar, Delhi (238 ft.)
Millau Bridge France (in population)
Silver Revolution Egg and Poultry Machu Pichu Peru USA Republican Party, Democratic (Free Standing)
Luxor Temple Egypt Party
Tallest Minaret Great Hassan Mosque, Tallest Statue Spring Temple Budha, Largest Gorge Grand Canyon, on the Longest Verazano-Narrows, New Gate of Tears Strait of Bab-El- Granary of South India Tanjore
Casablanca, Morocco China (128m) Colorado River, U.S.A. Thoroughfare York City Harbour Mandeb
Great Britain of the Japan
Deepest & The Pacific Tallest Statue Bronze Statue of Lord Lightest Gas Hydrogen Largest Neck Giraffe
Golden City Johannesburg Pacific
Biggest Ocean (Bronze) Buddha, Tokyo (Japan). Lightest Metal Lithium Animal
Imperial Palace (Gugong), Largest Animal of Lion Gift of Nile Egypt Great White Way Broadway, New York
Largest Palace Longest English Channel Highest Melting Tungsten, 3,410°C
Beijing (China) Swimming Point the Cat Family Granite City Aberdeen Horn of Africa Somalia
Largest Park Yellow Stone National Park Course Hardest Diamond Most Intelligent Chimpanzee
Animal Hanging Valleys Valley of Switzerland Key to Mediterranean Gibraltar
(USA). Tallest Tower Skytree, Tokyo, Japan Substance
(634m) Bird, that never Cuckoo Hermit Kingdom Korea Land of Contrasts Colombia
Largest Peninsula Arabic (32,50,000 sq. km.) Longest Animal Blue Whale, (recorded length
106 ft., weight-195 tons) makes its nests
Coldest Place or Verkhoyansk (Syberia), Longest Train Flying Scoutsman Herring Pond Atlantic Ocean Land of Fertile Fields Algeria
(nonstop) Longest Life Span 190 to 200 years, (Giant Wingless Bird Kiwi
Region Temperature –85° C Holy Land Palestine Land of Five Rivers Punjab, India
Longest Tunnel Seikan Rail Tunnel (Japan), of an Animal tortoise) Reptile which Chameleon
Driest Place Death Valley (California); changes its colors
(Railway) (53.85 km) Largest Land African Bush Elephant Human Equator of the Himalayas Land of Five Seas South West Asia
rainfall 1 ½ inch. Earth
Longest & Le Rove Tunnel Animal Largest Mammal Whale Land of Golden Fiber Bangladesh.
Hottest Place Al-Aziziyah (Libya, Africa)
(World) 136°F Largest Canal (South of France) Fastest Animal Cheetah (Leopard) 70 mph Island Continent Australia
Geographical Epithets—World Land of Golden Fleece Australia
Tunnel Longest Jump Kangaroo
Largest Planet Jupiter America Motor City Detroit Island of Cloves Zanzibar
Longest Tunnel Laerdal, Norway Animal Land of Golden Pagoda Myanmar
Brightest and Venus (Road) Britain of the South New Zealand Island of Pearls Bahrain (Persian Gulf)
Hottest Planet Longest Wing Albatross Land of Kangaroo Australia
Highest Volcano Ojos Del Salado, Andes Spread Bird China’s Sorrow River Hwang Ho Islands of Sunshine West Indies
(also nearest to Land of Lakes Scotland
Earth) Argentine, Chile (6,885 m) Slowest Animal Snail
City of Dreaming Spires Oxford (England) Kashmir of Europe Switzerland
Largest Volcano Mauna Lao (Hawaii) Land of Lilies Canada
Farthest Planet Neptune Domestic Dog Irish Wolf Hound Bengal’s Sorrow Damodar River
(from the Sun) Longest Wall Great Wall of China City of Eternal Springs Quito (S. America) Land of Maple Canada
Fastest Dog Persian Grey Hound
(1500 miles) Cape Town (S. Africa) Big Apple New York
Nearest Planet (to Mercury (speed 43 m.p.h) City of Flowers Land of Midnight Sun Norway
the Sun) Highest Waterfall Salto Angel Falls (Venezuela) Blue Mountains Nilgiri Hills
Longest King Cobra City of Golden Gate San Francisco (USA) Land of Mighty Rivers Nigeria
Smallest Planet Mercury Longest Strait Tartar Strait (Sakhalin Poisonous Snake Buffer State of Asia Afghanistan
Island & the Russian City of Magnificent Washington (USA) Land of Milk and Honey Lebanon
Highest Plateau Pamir (Tibet) Biggest Flower Rafflesia (Java) Buildings
Mainland) City of angels Bangkok
Longest Platform Kharagpur, W.B., India Largest Stadium Strahov Stadium in Prague, Land of Morning Calm Korea
Broadest Strait Davis Straits (Greenland & City of Quiet Venice City of Bazaars Cairo
(Railway) (833m) (the Czech Republic)
Baffin Island, Canada) thoroughfares Land of Mountain Nepal
Largest Platform Grand Central Terminal, Largest Church Basilica of St. Peter, Vatican City of Conference Geneva
Narrowest Strait Chaliks-45 yards (Between City of Seven Hills Rome (Italy) Land of Prophets Palestine
(Railway) New York (USA) City, Rome, Italy
the Greek Mainland the City of Cosmonauts Moscow
Largest Sea Port Ningbo-zhoushan, China. Island of Euboea in the Largest Temple Angkor Vat (Combodia) City of Skyscrapers New York (USA) Land of Rising Sun Japan
City of Magnificent Washington, DC, USA
Busiest Shangai, China. Aegean Sea) Largest Diamond Kimbarley (S. Africa) Cockpit of Europe Belgium Land of Setting Sun United Kingdom
Distance
Container Port Largest Bay Hudson Bay, Canada Mine
Dark Continent Africa City of Palaces Kolkata Land of Thousand Laos
Longest Railway Trans-Siberian Railway (Shoreline 7623 miles) Largest River in Amazon, Brazil Elephants
(6,000 miles Long) Largest Gulf Gulf of Mexico, Volume Emerald Isle Ireland City of Parks Kiev
(shoreline 2100 miles) Land of Thousand Finland
Longest River Nile (6690 km), Amazon Longest Corridor Rameshwaram Temple’s Empire City New York City of Peace Baghdad Lakes
(6570 km) Largest Indonesia Corridor (5000 ft.)
Eternal City of Hopes Rome, Italy City of Space Flights Cape Kennedy
Longest River Hirakund Dam (Orissa), Archipelago (over 3,000 Islands) Highest Straight Bhakhra Dam Land of Thunderbolt Bhutan
Dam India (15.8 miles.) Tallest Active Giant (Geyser) Yellowstone Dam Forbidden City Lhasa (Tibet) Gateway of India Mumbai Land of White Elephant Thailand
Largest Sea-bird Albatross Geyser Park, USA 200 ft. high Highest Capital La Paz (Bolivia) Garden City Chicago Gateway to the East Beirut Manchester of Japan Osaka
Largest River Amazon Basin City
Largest Sea Mediterranean Garden in the Desert Ethiopia
Basin (27, 20,000 sq. mile) Largest Asian Gobi, Mongolia Gateway to the Gulf Abu Dhabi Mosquito Coast Nicaragua
(inland)
World Rainiest Cherrapunji (Mawsynram), Desert Garden of England Kent (England) Gibraltar of Indian Aden Never Never Land Prairies of N.
Brightest Star Sirius (also called Dog star)
Spot India Largest India Ocean Australia
Democracy
480 General Knowledge 2020 World Panorama 481
POPULAR QUOTATIONS 24. Just as I would not like to be a slave, 31. Man is not the creature of circumstance.
Pearl of East Penang
1.Swaraj is my Birthright. so I would not like to be a master. Circumstances are the creature of men.
Pearl of the Antilles Cuba — Bal Gangadhar Tilak — Abraham Lincoln — Disraeli
2. Take care to get what you like or you will 25. Brevity is the soul of wit. 32. Excellent things are rare. — Plato
Pearl of the Pacific Guayaquil Port of
Ecuador be forced to like what you get. — Shakespear 33. Well done is better than well said.
— GB Shaw 26. East is east and west is west and never — Benjamin Franklin
Pillars of Hercules Straits of Gibraltar 3. A thing of beauty is a joy forever. the twin shall meet. — Kipling 34. Ambition is like love: Impatient both of
Pink City Jaipur — John Keats 27. Knowledge is Power. — Hobbes delays as well as rivals. — Buddha
4. To be and not to be that is the question. 28. Man is by nature a political animal. 35. The child is father of the man.
Playground of Europe Switzerland — Shakespeare — Aristotle —William Wordsworth
5. Dilli Chalo. 29. Temptation usually comes in through 36. Faith is the bird that feels the light when
Playground of India Kashmir
— Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose a door that has deliberately been left the dawn is still dark.
Pyramid City Cairo 6. Superstition is the religion of feeble open. — Arnold Glasow —Rabindra Nath Tagore
minds. — Edmund Burke 30. I therefore want freedom immediately 37. Patriotism is religion and religion is love
Quaker City Philadelphia, USA
7. Let a hundred flowers bloom and let a this very night, before dawn if it can be for India. —Bankim Chandra Chatterjee
Queen of Arabian Sea Kochi thousand school of thought contend. had? — Gandhiji ))
Queen of the Adriatic Venice, Italy — Mao-Ste-Tunng
8. Aram Haram Hai.— Jawahar Lal Nehru
Remnant of Mighty Austria 9. Where wealth accumulates, men decay.
Empire — Goldsmith
River in the Sea Gulf Stream 10. Beauty is truth, truth is beauty, that is
all. — John Keats
Roof of the World The Pamirs (Tibet) 11. I came, I saw, I conquered.
Saint of the Gutters Mother Teresa — Shakespeare
Sickman of Europe Turkey

12. Good Government is no substitute for INDIAN PANORAMA
self government. — Alfred Tennyson
Site of Ancient Iraq 13. A democratic Government is of the
Civilization people, for the people and by the people.
14. — Abraham Lincoln
Spice Garden of India Kerala
15. Jay Hind. — Netaji
Sugar Bowl of the World Cuba 16. Law grinds the poor and rich men rule
the men. — Gold Smith
Switzerland of Africa Swaziland
17. The human soul needs actual beauty
Venice of the East Bangkok more than bread. — D.H. Lawrence
18. War is the greatest crime man perpetrates
Venice of the North Stockholm, Sweden
against man. — Zarathustra
White City Belgrade, Yugoslavia 19. There never was a good war or a bad
peace. — Benjamin Franklin
Whiteman’s Grave Guinea Coast
20. The only man who never makes mistakes
Windy City Chicago, USA is the man who never does anything.
Workshop of Europe Belgium
— Theodore Roosevelt
21. Truth and Non-violence is my God.
World’s Loneliest Island Tristan Da Cunha — M.K. Gandhi
World’s Bread Basket Prairies of N. America
22. Jai Jawan, Jai Kisan.
— Lal Bahadur Shastri
Worlds Chocolate Hershey Pennsylvania 23. Eureka Eureka. — Archimedes
Capital
485 486 General Knowledge 2020 Indian Panorama 487
RIVER Role Male Personalities Role Male Personalities Role Male Personalities
• The Ganga (Ganges) is the National River
The First Ethnic Indian Mahendra The First Prime Atal Behari The First European to Alexander
of India. Prime Minister of Fiji Chaudhury Minister to Win a Vajpayee Invade India
First in India (Male Personalities) The First Indian Cricketer Mohd. Azharuddin PopularEntertainment The First Fighter Pilot to Flying Officer
to Score Three Centuries Award Win the Param Vir Chakra Nirmaljeet
Role Male Personalities
in Three Matches The First Secretary Dr. Manmohan Singh Sekhon
The First Foreigner to Khan Abdul
Successive on Debut General of South-South Singh (Posthumous)
Receive Bharat Ratna Ghaffar Khan
Commission The First Foreign KPS Menon
SONG The First Surveyor Sir George Everest
The First Person to Amartya Sen
NATIONAL INSIGNIA • The song Vande Mataram, composed in Receive Nobel Prize in
General of India The First Indian to Cross Bula Chaudhury Secretary of Free India
Seven Important Seas by The First Indian to be Khuda Dad Khan
Sanskrit by Bankim Chandra Chatterji, is Economics The First Indian Johann Ustad Ali Akbar
Swimming Awarded with the ‘Victoria
EMBLEM our National Song. The First Chief Justice of Justice Hiralal J
Sebastian Bach Khan
• The National Emblem of India is an adaptation • It was adopted by the Constituent Assembly Supreme Court Kania India’s First Longest Jyoti Basu
The First Sikh Prime Dr. Manmohan Cross’
of the Buddhist Lion Capital of Ashoka at Minister of India Singh
on 24 January 1950, along with National The First Governor of Lord Clive
Serving Chief Minister The First Indian to be Dadabhai Naoroji
Sarnath, near Varanasi in Uttar Pradesh. Anthem. It has an equal status with ‘Jana- The First Indian Cricketer Rahul Dravid Elected a Member of
Bengal The Only Army Chief to Late Gen. AS
• The words Satyameva Jayate are inscribed gana-mana’. It was first sung at the 1896 be Awarded with Mahavir Vaidya
to Make Double Centuries British Parliament
below the base plate of the Emblem in the The First Governor Warren Hastings Five Times
Session of the Indian National Congress. Chakra Twice The First Indian to be Dilip Singh Saund
Devanagari script. The words Satyameva General of Bengal
• The National Song is taken from Bankim The First Sportsman Abhinav Bindra
The First Indian Cricketer Virendra Sehwag Elected to the US House of
Jayate are taken from the Mundakka Chandra Chatterji’s novel Anandmath, The First Indian To Pass Surendra Nath to Score Triple Century in Representatives
Ever to Win Gold Medal
Upanishad, meaning ‘Truth alone triumphs’. published in 1882. I.C.S. Bannerjee Test
in Shooting in the World The First Indian to Hoist Squadron Leader
The First Indian Sqn. Ldr. Rakesh Shooting Championship The First Indian Judge Dr. Nagendra National Flag over the Sanjay Thapar
FLAG ANIMAL Cosmonaut Sharma of International Court of Singh North Pole
• The National Flag is a horizontal tricolour The First Indian to Ski to Ajeet Bajaj
• The Tiger is the National Animal of India. The First Temporary Dr. Sachchida Justice
of deep saffron (Kesaria) at the top, White the North Pole First Indian to Record a Sashi Mukhi
It is the symbol of India’s wealth of wildlife. President of Constituent Nand Sinha The First Indian Member SP Sinha Song on a Gramophone
in the middle and dark green at the bottom. The First Wonder Child
• Lion was the National Animal of India till Assembly Budhia
of Viceroy’s Executive Disc
• The National Flag of India was adopted by the of Odisha Only about 4
1972. Later on, it was replaced by tiger. Council
Constituent Assembly on 22nd July, 1947. The First Indian to Get G Shankar Kurup Years and a half of Age The First Vice President of Dr. Radhakrishnan
• Saffron (Kesaria) stands for courage, BIRD
Jnanpeeth Award Completes a Race of 65 The First Indian to Reach PS Rao India
sacrifice and renunciation. White stands for km. Deep Sea Floor in the Mid
• The Peacock Pavo cristatus (Linnaeus) is The First Indian Pilot JRD Tata
Atlantic The First Education Abul Kalam Azad
truth and purity; truth in words and actions the National Bird of India. It is symbolic of The First Chairman of Nikhil Chakravorty The first Indian to Set Vijaypath Minister
and purifying thoughts. Green is the symbol qualities like beauty and grace. Prasar Bharti a World Record of Ever Singhania The First person to reach Sherpa Arga Dorji
The First Home Minister Sardar Vallabh
of life, abundance and prosperity. Having Reached the Mount Everest without
The First Judge To Face Justice V of India Bhai Patel
• Chakra is the symbol of progress and of FRUIT Highest of Heights Yet in a Oxygen
Impeachment in Lok Ramaswami
movement. • The Mango is the National Fruit. Sabha
Hot Balloon The First British Prime Harold Macmillan The First Indian Air Chief S. Mukherjee
Minister to Visit India Marshal
ANTHEM TREE The First Indian to Win An Khashaba Jadhav
The First Field Marshall Arjan Singh
Olympic Bronze The First Chairman of SS Bhatnagar The First Indian Naval Vice Admiral RD
• Jana-Gana-Mana: The song was composed • The National Tree of India is The Banyan The First Indian Test KS Ranjit Singh the University Grants Chief Katari
originally in Bengali by Rabindranath Tree (Bargad). Cricketer The First Indian to Win Pullela Gopi Chand
the All England Open Commission The First Judge of Dr. Nagendra
Tagore, adopted in its Hindi version is our
SPORT The First Bar-at-law JM Tagore Badminton Tournament The First Chief Election Sukumar Sen International Court of Singh
National Anthem.
• Its Hindi version was adopted by the • Hockey is considered the National Game The First Indian Member Lord SP Sinha The First Indian to Win Wison Jones Commissioner of India Justice
Constituent Assembly as the National of India. of House of Lords (British) the World Billiards The First Chief Minister BG Kher The First Person to Major Somnath
Anthem of India on 24 January 1950. CALENDAR The First Indian to Lt. Col. KS Rao Championship of the Tri-Lingual Bombay Recieve Paramveer Chakra Sharma
• The playing time of the full version of the • The National Calendar based on the Saka Circumnavigate The Globe The First Minister Without N. Gopalswami Presidency The First Person to Reach Sherpa Anga
National Anthem is approximately 52 seconds. Era with Chaitra as its first month and The First Chairman of SV Krishnamurthy Portfolio Ayengar The First Commander-in- Gen. Sir Roy Mt. Everest Without Dorjee
• The song ‘jana-gana-mana’ was first published a normal year of 365 days was adopted Rajya Sabha Chief Bucher Oxygen
The First Photographer in Raja Deendayal
in January 1912, under the title ‘Bharat
from 22 March 1957. The First Dalit President KR Narayanan India The First Dalit Lok Sabha GMC Balayogi The First Chief Election Sukumar Sen
Vidhata’ in the Tatva Bodhini Patrika edited of India Speaker Commissioner
by Tagore himself. The song was translated FLOWER The First President of Rabindranath
into English by Tagore in 1919, under The First Deputy Prime Vallabh Bhai Patel the Indian Union of Civil Tagore The First Director General BP Pal The First Person to Acharya Vinoba
• Lotus scientifically known as Nelumbo
Minister Liberties of ICAR Receive Magasasay Award Bhave
the title ‘Morning Song of India’. nucifera is the National Flower of India.
488 General Knowledge 2020 Indian Panorama 489 490 General Knowledge 2020
Role Male Personalities Role Female Personality Role Female Personality Role Female Personality State/Union Capital Year Newspaper/Journal Name Founder
Territory (capital was New India (Weekly) Bipin Chandra Pal
The First Person of Indian Hargovind Khurana The Fastest Asian to Anita Sood The First Indian Nita Ghose The First woman to head Bader Sayeed
established)
Origin to Receive Nobel Swim Across the English Paratrooper of Indian Air any Wakf Board in India Statesman Robert Knight
Prize In Medicine Channel Force Jammu and Srinagar (Summer) 1947
The First Indian Woman PT Usha
Kashmir Jammu (Winter) Hindu Vir Raghavacharya
The First Chinese Traveller Fa-Hien The First All-women Flight Cadets Cheryl The First Indian Woman Kadambini Ganguli to Reach the Final of an
and GS Aiyar
Olympic event Jharkhand Ranchi 2000
to Visit India Crew to Fly an Air Force Dutta and Simran to Complete Her MBBS Bose in 1888
1940 Sandhya BB Upadhyaya
The First Person to Saifuddin Kitchlu Chetak Helicopter Sodhi of IAF The First Indian Woman Cornotia Sorabji The First Indian Woman Karnam Malleshwari Karnataka Bengaluru
to Win a Medal in an Thiruvanan- 1956 Vichar Lahiri Krishnashastri
Receive Stalin Prize The First Indian Woman Kantha Talwar Barrister Kerala
Olympic event thapuram Chiplunkar
The First Person to Resign Shyama Prasad Magistrate Appointed in The First Woman Dr. Prema
United Kingdom The First Indian MC Merykom Lakshadweep Kavaratti 1956 Hindu Patriot Girish Chandra
from the Central Cabinet Mukherjee Surgeon Mukherjee
Woman Boxer to Win an Ghosh (later Harish
The First Woman Cheif P.K. Tresia Nanguli The First Woman to Get N. Lumsden (1961) Madhya Bhopal 1956
International event Chandra Mukherji)
First in India (Female Personalities) Engineer Pradesh
Arjun Award The First Indian Woman Arati Saha Som Prakesh Ishwar Chandra
Role Female Personality The First Indian Woman Meher Moos in 1976 Maharashtra Mumbai 1818, 1960
The First Woman Tarzani Vakil to Swim Across the Vidyasagar
at Antarctica English Channel Manipur Imphal 1947
The First Woman Jayanti Patnayak Chairman of Bank Yugantar Bhupendranath
Chairperson of National The First Woman Foreign Lakshmi N. Menon First Miss Universe of the Lara Dutta Meghalaya Shillong 1970
The First woman Vijay Lakshmi Data and Barinder
Woman Commission Minister Ambassador from India Pandit New Millennium Mizoram Aizawl 1972 Kumar Ghosh
The First Indian Woman Kamalji Sandhu The First Woman Prem Mathur of The First Woman Central Rajkumari Amrit Indian States/Union Territories and their Nagaland Kohima 1963 Bombay Chronicle Firoze Shah Mehta
to Receive Asiad Gold Commercial Pilot Deccan Airways Minister Kaur Capitals Odisha Bhubaneswar 1948 Hindustan MM Malviya
Medal The First Woman Sahitya Amrita Pritam The First Woman Film Nargis Dutt State/Union Capital Year Puducherry Puducherry 1954 Mooknayak BR Ambedkar
The First Woman Speaker Shano Devi Award Winner Star to be a Member of Territory (capital was
of State Assembly Punjab Chandigarh 1960 Comrade Mohammad Ali
The First Woman Dr. Ashima Rajya Sabha established)
The First Actress in the Devika Rani President of Indian Chatterjee Rajasthan Jaipur 1950 Tahzib-ul-Akhlaq Sir Syyed Ahmed
The First Woman Justice M. Fatima Andaman Port Blair 1956
Indian Cinema Science Congress Sikkim Gangtok 1890 Khan
Governor of Tamil Nadu Beevi and Nicobar
The First Woman Finger Sita Varthambal and The First Woman to Win Sania Mirza Islands Tamil Nadu Chennai 1956 Al-Hilal Abul Kalam Azad
The First Woman Judicial Anna Chandy
Prints Expert in India Bhrangathambal WTA Tennis Tournament Officer Andhra Hyderabad 1956 Telangana Hyderabad 2014 Al-Balagh Abul Kalam Azad
The First Woman Pratima Puri The First Chief Justice Of Justice Sujaata B. Pradesh Tripura Agartala 1956 Independent Motilal Nehru
The First Woman Vijay Lakshmi
Doordarshan News Mumbai High Court Manohar Minister of an Indian Pandit Arunachal Itanagar 1987 Uttar Pradesh Lucknow 1938 Punjabi Lala Lajpat Rai
Reader The First Indian Woman Regina Guha state Pradesh Uttarakhand Dehradun 2000
New India (Daily) Annie Besant
The First Indian Woman Sini Abrahim Advocate Assam Dispur 1975 West Bengal Kolkata 1947
The First Woman Speaker Shano Devi
to Reach in Olympic Commonweal Annie Besant
India’s First Woman Surekha Shankar of an Indian state Bihar Patna 1912 Newspapers’ and Journals’ Founders in
Games Railway Driver Yadav Pratap Ganesh Shankar
Grandma Madonna from Asha Bhonsle Chandigarh Chandigarh 1966 India
The First Indian Woman Dr. Amrita Patel Vidyarthi
India’s First Woman Dr. Aban Mistry India Chhattisgarh Raipur 2000
to Receive Norman Newspaper/Journal Name Founder Essays in Indian MG Ranade
Tabla Maestro India’s First Test Tube Kruti Parekh
Borlaug Award Dadra and Silvassa 1945 Bengal Gazette (1780) JK Hikki Economics
India’s First Recognized Astha Baby Nagar Haveli (India’s First Newspaper)
The First Indian Woman Anna George Billionth Citizen Samvad Kaumudi Ram Mohan Roy
IAS Officer The First India Woman Lata Patel Daman and Daman 1987 Kesari BG Tilak (Bengali)
India’s First Woman Durba Banerjee Mayor in United Kingdom Diu Maharatta BG Tilak
The First Woman Anju Sachdeva of Airbus Pilot Mirat-ul-Akbhar Ram Mohan Roy
President of Student’s Delhi University The First Indian Woman Sarojini Naidu National New Delhi 1931 Sudharak GK Gokhale (first Persian
Union The First Woman V.S. Rama Devi President of Indian Capital Amrita Bazar Patrika Sisir Kumar Ghosh Newspaper)
Secretary General of National Congress Territory of and Motilal Ghosh
The First Woman Violet Alva in 1962 Delhi Indian Mirror Devendra Nath
Rajya Sabha The First Indian Woman Fatima Begum Vande Mataram Aurobindo Ghosh
Chairperson of Rajya Tagore
The First Indian Woman Kiran Bedi Producer and Director Goa Panaji 1961 Native Opinion VN Mandalik
Sabha Nav Jeevan MK Ghandhi
to Win Magsasay Award The First Indian Woman Sushmita Sen Gujarat Gandhinagar 1960 Kavivachan Sudha Bhartendu
Delhi’s First Mayor Aruna Asaf Ali Young India MK Ghandhi
The First Indian Woman Diana Eduljee to Become Miss Universe Haryana Chandigarh 1966 Harishchandra
Delhi’s First Woman Shailja Chandra Cricketer to Get 100 Rast Goftar (first Dadabhai Naoroji Harijan MK Ghandhi
The First Indian Woman Kalpana Chawla Himachal Shimla 1971
Chief Secretary Wickets to Go in Space newspaper in Gujarati) Prabudha Bharat Swami Vivekananda
Pradesh
Indian Panorama 491 492 General Knowledge 2020 Indian Panorama 493
Newspaper/Journal Name Founder Nickname Person Railway Zones in India Year

Udbodhana Swami Vivekananda Chacha Jawaharlal Nehru Name Code Year H.Q. Division Name Abbr. Established Location Main products
Indian Socialist Shyamji Krishna Rajaji/C.R. Chakravarti Eastern Railway ER 1952 Kolkata Howrah, Sealdah, Asansol, Jamalpur Locomotive JLW 1862 Jamalpur Diesel/Electric Loco
Verma Rajagopalachari Malda Workshop maintenance
Talwar (in Berlin) Birendra Nath Sparrow Major General Rajinder North Central Railway NCR 2003 Allahabad Allahabad, Agra, Jhansi Golden Rock Railway GOC 1928 Trichy Diesel-electric Locomotives
Chattopadhyaya Singh Workshop
North Eastern Railway NER 1952 Gorakhpur Izzatnagar, Lucknow, Varanasi
Free Hindustan (in Tarak Nath Das Young Turk Chandra Shekhar Chittaranjan Locomotive CLW 1947 Chittaranjan, Electric Locomotives
North Western Railway NWR 2002 Jaipur Jaipur, Ajmer, Bikaner, Jodhpur Works Asansol
Vancouver) Tau Chaudhury Devi Lal
Central Railway CR 1951 Mumbai Mumbai, Bhusawal, Pune, Diesel Locomotive Works DLW 1961 Varanasi Diesel Locomotives
Hindustan Times KM Pannikar Sahid-e-Azam Bhagat Singh Solapur, Nagpur
Kranti Mirajkar, Joglekar, Diesel-Loco Modernisation DMW 1981 Patiala Diesel-electric Locomotives
Nightingale of India Sarojini Naidu
Ghate East Central Railway ECR 2001 Hajipur Danapur, Dhanbad, Works
Lady with the lamp Florence Nightnigale Mughalsarai, Samastipur, Integral Coach Factory ICF 1952 Chennai Passenger Coaches
Famous Nicknames of Eminent Persons Swar Kokila Lata Mangeshkar Sonpur
Rail Coach Factory RCF 2012 Raebareli Passenger Coaches
Nickname Person Udanpari P.T. Usha East Coast Railway ECoR 2001 Bhubaneswar Khurda Road, Sambalpur,
Mother Mother Teresa Visakhapatnam Airports in India
Father of the Nation Mahatma Gandhi
Vishwa Kavi Rabindranath Tagore Northeast Frontier Railway NFR 1958 Guwahati Alipurduar, Katihar, Rangia, State City Airport
Bapu Mahatma Gandhi
Lumding, Tinsukia Andhra Pradesh Hyderabad Rajiv Gandhi International Airport
Frontier Gandhi, Khan Abdul Ghaffar Kaviguru Rabindranath Tagore
Northern Railway NR 1952 Delhi Delhi, Ambala, Firozpur, Assam Guwahati Lokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi International
Badshah Khan Khan Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel
Lucknow, Moradabad Airport
Grand Old man of Dadabhai Naoroji Tota-e-Hind Amir Khushro
South Central Railway SCR 1966 Secunderabad Secunderabad, Hyderabad, Bihar Gaya Gaya Airport
India Lal, Bal, Pal Lala Lajpat Rai, Bal Guntakal, Guntur, Nanded,
Strong (Iron) Man of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Gangadhar Tilak and Vijayawada Delhi New Delhi Indira Gandhi International Airport
India Bipin Chandra Pal Gujarat Ahmedabad Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International
South East Central Railway SECR 2003 Bilaspur Bilaspur, Raipur, Nagpur
Man of Peace Lal Bahadur Shastri Bihar Vibhuti Dr. Anugrah Narayan Airport
Singh South Eastern Railway SER 1955 Kolkata Adra, Chakradharpur,
Punjab Kesari Lala Lajpat Rai Kharagpur, Ranchi Karnataka Bengaluru Bengaluru International Airport
Babuji Jagjeevan Ram Karnataka Mangalore Mangalore Airport
Bengal Kesari Ashutosh Mukherji South Western Railway SWR 2003 Hubli Hubli, Bengaluru, Mysore
Napoleon of India Samudra Gupta Kerala Kochi Cochin International Airport
Bihar Kesari Dr. Srikrishna Singh Southern Railway SR 1951 Chennai Chennai, Trichy, Madurai,
Shakespeare of Mahakavi Kalidas Palakkad, Salem, Kerala Kozhikode Calicut International Airport
Andhra Kesari T. Prakasam India Thiruvananthapuram Kerala Thiruvananthapuram Trivandrum International Airport
Sher-e-Kashmir Sheikh Abdullah Machiavelli of India Chanakya
West Central Railway WCR 2003 Jabalpur Jabalpur, Bhopal,Kota Madhya Pradesh Bhopal Raja Bhoj Airport
Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibut Rahman Akbar of Kashmir Jainul Abdin
Western Railway WR 1951 Mumbai Mumbai Central, Ratlam, Madhya Pradesh Indore Devi Ahilyabai Holkar Airport
Deshbandhu Chitta Ranjan Das Father of Gujarat Ravi Shankar Maharaj Ahmedabad, Rajkot,
Deenbandhu CF Andrews Bhavnagar,Vadodara Maharashtra Mumbai Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport
Grandfather of Dhundiraj Govind Phalke
Lokmanya Bal Gangadhar Tilak Indian Films Kolkata Metro Railway KNR 2009 Kolkata Kolkata Maharashtra Nagpur Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar International
Morning Star of Raja Ram Mohan Roy Airport
Loknayak Jayaprakash Narayan
India Renaissance Railway Manufacturing Units Maharashtra Pune Pune Airport
Jana Nayak Karpuri Thakur
King Maker of Sayyed Bandhu Year Meghalaya Shillong Zaruki International Airport
Rajarshee Purushottam Das Tandon Indian History Name Abbr. Established Location Main products Rajasthan Jaipur Jaipur International Airport
Gurudev Rabindranath Tagore Anna CN Annadurai
Rail Coach Factory RCF 1986 Kapurthala Passenger coaches Tamil Nadu Chennai Chennai International Airport
Guruji MS Golvalkar Haryana Hurricane Kapil Dev
Rail Spring Karkhana RSK 1988 Gwalior Passenger coach springs Tamil Nadu Coimbatore Civil Aerodrome
Desh Ratna Dr. Rajendra Prasad Little Master Sunil Gavaskar
Rail Wheel Factory RWF 1984 Bangaluru Railway wheels and axles Tamil Nadu Tiruchirappalli Tiruchirapalli International Airport
Ajatshatru Dr. Rajendra Prasad Magician of Hockey Dhyanchand
Rail Wheel Factory RWF 2012 Chhapra Railway wheels Uttar Pradesh Lucknow Amausi Airport
Mahamana Pt. Madan Mohan Deshpriya Yatindra Mohan
Malaviya Bharat Wagon and BWEL 1978 Muzaffarpur Passenger Coaches West Bengal Kolkata Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose International
Sengupta
Engineering (manufacturing + maintenance) Airport
Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose Kuvempu KV Puttappa
National Highways in India NH-91 Ghaziabad-Kanpur 405 Indian Tourism and Gwalior
in Madras for research and development of 4. South-western Jodhpur
Travel Management
DEFENCE RESEARCH IN INDIA fast breeder technology. command
National Distance NH-150 Aizawl-Kohima 700
Highway Route (km) Institute Atomic Mineral Directorate (AMD): It is 5. Training Bengaluru
NH-200 Raipur-Chandikhal 740 DEFENCE RESEARCH AND located in Hyderabad.
NH-1 Jalandhar-Uri 663 National Water Goa command
NH-205 Ananthapur-Chennai 442 DEVELOPMENT ORGANISATION (DRDO) Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre (VECC):
NH-1A New Delhi-Ambala- 456 Sporting Institute • It is an agency of the Republic of India, 6. Maintenance Nagpur
NH-209 Dindigul-Bengaluru 456 It was setup in 1977, at Kolkata as a national command
Jalandhar-Amritsar responsible for the development of technology
NH-211 Solapur-Dhule 400 DEFENCE OF INDIA centre.
NH-2 Delhi-Mathura-Agra- 1465 for use by the military, headquartered in 7. Southern Thiruvananthapuram
• The defence policy of India aims at promoting
Kanpur-Allahabad- NH-217 Raipur-Gopalpur 508 New Delhi, India. INDIA’S NUCLEAR TEST command
and sustaining durable peace in the sub- • On 18 May 1974, India conducted her
Varanasi-Kolkata NH-220 Kollam (Quilon)-Teui 265 • It was formed in 1958, by the merger of Indian Navy Command
continent and equipping the defence forces first underground nuclear explosion at
NH-3 Agra-Gwalior-Nasik- 1161 Technical Development Establishment and
Important units/institutes adequately. Pokhran (Rajasthan) in the Thar Desert at S.No. Command Headquarter
Mumbai the Directorate of Technical Development
• The supreme commander of the Indian a depth of 100 metres. The code name was 1. Eastern command Vishakhapatnam
NH-4 Thane and Chennai 1235 Institution Headquarters and Production with the Defence Science
Armed Forces is the President of India. The ‘Buddha is smiling’.
via Pune and Belgaun Diesel Locomotive Varanasi Organisation. 2. Southern command Kochi
responsibility for national defence, however, • For the second time, India conducted on
NH-5 Kolkata-Chennai 1533 Works rests with the union cabinet. The Defence 3. Western command Mumbai
INTEGRATED GUIDED MISSILE 11 May 1998 three underground nuclear
NH-6 Kolkata-Dhule 1949 Chitranjan Locomotive Chitranjan Minister is responsible to the Parliament DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME (IGMDP) explosions at the same place i.e., Pokhran Indian Army Command
Works for all matters concerning the defence of
NH-7 Varanasi- 2369 • The IGMDP was launched in 1983, for the in the Thar desert of Rajasthan at a depth
Rail Coach Factory Kapurthala the country. Administrative and operational S.No. Command Headquarter
Kanyakumari development of a comprehensive range of of 100 metres. The tests were code named
control of the armed force is exercise by the missiles including the intermediate range ‘Operation Shakti’. 1. Western command Chandigarh
NH-8 Delhi-Mumbai (vai 1428 Integral Coach Factory Perambur, Kapurthala
Ministry of Defence and the three Service Agni Missile (surface to surface) and short 2. Eastern command Kolkata
Jaipur, Baroda and Rail Wheel Factory Bengaluru Headquarters. Indian Air Force Command
Ahmedabad) range missiles such as the Prithvi Ballistic 3. Northern command 56 APO
Marine Engineering Kolkata • In 2002, the Defence Ministry given a new Missile (surface to surface), Akash Missile S. No. Command Headquarter
NH-9 Mumbai-Vijaywada 841 and Research Institute name ‘Integrated Headquarters of Ministry 4. Southern command Pune
(surface to air), Astra Missile (air to air), 1. Western New Delhi
NH-10 Delhi-Fazilka 403 Marine Engineering Mumbai of Defence’. Trishul Missile (surface to air), and Nag command 5. Central command Lucknow
NH-11 Agra-Bikaner 582 and Research Institute • In the contemporary world India has the Missile (anti tank). 2. Central Allahabad 6. Army Training Shimla
fourth largest army in the world, the fifth command command
NH-12 Jabalpur-Jaipur 890 Lal Bahadur Shastri Mumbai
Coastal Research and largest air force and the seventh largest INDIA’S ATOMIC RESEARCH 7. South-western Jaipur
NH-13 Sholapur-Mangalore 691 3. Eastern Shillong
Higher Study Institute navy. • India’s atomic energy research started command command
NH-15 Pathankot-Samakhiali 1526 with the establishment of the Atomic
Indian Inland Noida INDIAN DEFENCE
NH-17 Panvel-Edapally 1269 Waterways Authority Energy Commission on 10 August 1948.
• The Ministry of Defence comprises four Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) was
NH-22 Ambala-Shipkitr 459 Maritime Training Mumbai departments: Defence Production Units
established in 1954, for implementation of
NH-28 Lucknow-Barauni 570 Institute Powai i. Department of Defence. Unit Established Total Factories Places
atomic energy programmes.
NH-31 Barhi-Guwahati 1125 Hindustan Shipyard Visakhapatnam ii. Department of Defence Production. Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC): Goa Shipyard Limited (GSL) 1957 1 Goa
Limited iii. Department of Defence Research and
NH-37 Panchratna (near 680 It was set up in 1957. At present, BARC Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL) 1959 9 Bengaluru, Ghaziabad,
Goalpara)-Saiknoaghat Central Inland Water Kolkata Development (DRDO). house have three research reactors: Pune, Machilipatnam, Taloja
Transport Corporation iv. Department of Ex-Serviceman Welfare. i. Apsara, a one MW Swimming pool type (Maharashtra), Panchula
NH-44 Shillong-Sabroom 630
Civil Aviation Security Delhi reactor. (Haryana), Kotadwara,
NH-49 Cochin-Dhanshkodi 440 THE INDIAN ARMY
Bureau ii. Cirus, a 40 MW reactor. Hyderabad, Chennai.
NH-52 Baihata-Junction NH- 850 • It is headed by the “Chief of the Army Staff”
National Aviation Delhi iii. Dhruva, a 100 MW high power nuclear Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) 1964 12 Bengaluru, Koraput, Nasik,
47 (near Saikhoaghat) and its headquarters are in New Delhi.
Management and research reactor. Karwa, Kanpur, Lucknow,
NH-58 Delhi-Mana 538 Research Institute Earlier, there were two more research Barrackpur, Hyderabad
INDIAN NAVY
NH-65 Ambala-Pali 690 reactors at BARC: Bharat Earth Movers Limited (BEML) 1964
Fire Training Centre New Delhi • It is headed by the Chief of Naval Staff and 3 Bengaluru, Mysore, Kolar
NH-75 Gwalior-Ranchi 955 (i) Zerliana and (ii) Purnima I-III Gold Fields
Fire Service Training Narainpur (Kolkata) its headquarters are in New Delhi.
Centre for Advance Technology (CAT): It
NH-76 Pindwara-Allahabad 1007 School Bharat Dynamics Limited 1970 1 Hyderabad
INDIAN AIR FORCE was established in 1984, at Indore.
NH-78 Katni-Gumla 559 Indira Gandhi National Furshatganj (U.P.) Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research Mishra Dhadu Nigam Limited 1973 1 Hyderabad
• Headed by Chief of the Air Staff, and its (MIDHANI)
NH-86 Kanpur-Dewas 674 Flying Academy (IGCAR): It was set up in 1971, at Kalpakkam
headquarters are in New Delhi.
Paramilitary and Reserved Forces Indo-Tibetan • It was established in 1962 Air Force Training Centers Military Training Centers Army/Air Transport Agra (U.P.) MAITRI
Assam Rifles • It was established in 1835 Border Police after the Chinese attack. Air Force Training Military Training Center Place Support School • The Maitri missile project is a next-generation
and is the oldest paramilitary (ITBP) • It is basically employed in Center Place quick-reaction surface-to-air missile
National Defence Khadakvasla Army Clerk Training Aurangabad
force in the country. the Northern borders for (Maharashtra) (QRSAM) with a lethal near-hundred per cent
Air Force Coimbatore Academy (West Bengal) School
• Its main objective is to keep monitoring the bordersand kill probability (according to manufacturer’s
Administrative (Tamil Nadu) Indian Military Academy Dehra Dun Army School of Bengaluru
vigilance of international also to stop smuggling and
College claim) under development by India’s Defence
borders in North-east and illegal immigration. (Uttaranchal) Mechanical Transport (Karnataka)
Research and Development Organisation.
countering insurgency Air Force Academy Hyderabad
• It was established in 1962
Rashtriya Indian Military Dehra Dun Counter Insurgency and Vairengte • It is a short-range (15 km, 9.3 mi) surface-
operations in Arunachal Home Guards (Andhra Pradesh) (Uttaranchal) Jungle Warfare School
Pradesh. Manipur, Mizoram to assist the police in
College to-air point defense missile system.
Air Force Technical Jalahalli
and Nagaland. maintaining security, to help National Defence College New Delhi Institution of Nation Pune (Maharashtra)
College PRITHVI
Intelligence • It was set up in 1920. defence forces and to help Defence Services Staff Welliington Integration
local authorities in case of Air Force School Sambre, Belgaum • Prithvi is a tactical surface-to-surface short-
Bureau (IB) • Its objective is to collect College
secret information relating to any eventuality. Flying Instructors’ Tambaram (Tamil Nadu) range ballistic missile (SRBM) developed by
Armed Forces Medical Pune (Maharashtra)
country’s security School
College
INDIA’S MISSILE PROGRAMME DRDO of India under the Integrated Guided
• It was originally set up as Border • It was established in 1965. Missile Development Program.
Elementrary Flying Bidar (Karnataka)
Central Special Branch (CSB) Security Force • It keeps vigil over the Officer’s Training School Chennai • It is deployed by India’s Strategic Forces
School ASTRA
in 1987 and renamed IB in (BSF) international borers against (Tamil Nadu)
the intrusion in the country. Fighter Training and Hakimpur and • Astra is an Air to Air missile. Command.
1920. College of Combat, Mhow Deolali • Prithvi I (SS-150): Army Version [150 km (93
Transport Yelahanka (Karnataka) • The Astra missile programme is headed by
Central • It was set up in 1939. (Army War College) mi) range with a payload of 1,000 kg]
Central • It was set up in 1969 after Training Wings of the Bangluru (Karnataka) the Defence Research and Development
Reserve Police • Its main objective is to assist Armoured Corps Centre • Prithvi II (SS-250): Air Force Version [250
Industrial the recommendations of Air Force Institute of Organisation (DRDO).
Force (CRPF) the State/Union Territory and School
Security Force Justice B Mukherji. Aviation Medicine • Warhead: 15 kg pre-fragmented directional. km (160 mi) range with a payload of 500 kg]
Police in maintenance of law Kirkee (Pune)
(CISF) • Its objective is to monitor College of Military
• Launch Weight: 154 kg • Prithvi III (SS-350): Naval Version [350 km
and order.
the industrial complexes of Paratroopers Training Agra (Uttar Pradesh) Engineering (Maharashtra)
• The 88th Battalion of CPRF, School • Body Diameter: 178 mm (220 mi) range with a payload of 1000 kg]
Central Government. Military College of Secunderabad
known as ‘Mahila Battalion’
Navigation and Signal Hyderabad • Length: 3570 mm
Telecommunications (Andhra Pradesh) AKASH
(commissioned on March
Coast Guard • It was setup in 1978. School (Andhra Pradesh) • Range: 80 km head on, 15 km tail chase.
30, 1986) is the world’s first Engineering • The Akash (Sky) is a medium-range, theatre
• It main objective is to protect • Fuze: Radar Proximity (laser proximity to
paramilitary force comprising College of Air Warfare Secunderabad (Andhra Army Cadet College Dehra Dun defence, surface-to-air missile.
the maritime and other Pradesh) follow).
entirely of women. (Uttaranchal) • It operates in conjunction with the Rajendra
national interests in the • Guidance: Inertial midcourse with data-
National • It was established in 1948. maritime zones of India. Ground Training Vadodara (Gujarat) and surveillance and engagement radar.
• Its main objective is to
College of Material Jabalpur linked updates, active-radar terminal homing.
Cadet Corps Institutes Barrackpur Management (Madhya Pradesh) • This system will replace the SA-6/Straight
(NCC) stimulate interest among the National • It was established in 1984. (West Bengal) • Propulsion: Solid rocket motor.
High Altitude Warfare Gulmarg (J and K)
Flush in Indian service and is also expected
youth in the defence of the Security • It has been established to
Guard (NSG) counter the surge of militancy Naval Training Centers School TRISHUL to be integrated with the S-300V (SA-10
country in order to build up a
reserve man power to expand in the country. • Trishul (Trident) is a short range, quick Grumble) low-to-high altitude SAM in an
Naval Training Army Service Corps Bareilly (U.P.)
armed forces. • It is highly trained force Center Place School reaction, all weather surface-to-air missile integrated air defence system to counter
which deals with militants designed to counter a low-level attack. SRBM/IRBM threats along the Pakistani
Territorial • It was established in 1948. INS Cilka Bhubaneshwar (Orrisa) EME School Secunderabad
effectively. • It has been flight tested in the sea-skimming and Chinese borders.
Army (TA) • It is a voluntary, part-time (Andhra Pradesh)
INS Circars Visakhapattanam (A.P.)
force (between 18 and 35 National • It was established in 1986. role and also against moving targets.
years), not professional INS Hamla Malad, Mumbai Millitary College Merrut (U.P.) • It has a range of 9 km and is fitted with a
SHAURYA
Crime • Its objective is to collect crime
soldiers, but civilans, who (Maharashtra) of Electronics and • The Shaurya missile is a canister launched
Records statistics at the national level, 5.5 kg HE-fragmented warhead.
wish to assist in defence of Bureau information of inter-state and INS Mandovi Goa
Mechnical Engineering, hypersonic surface-to-surface tactical
the country. Remount and veterinary missile developed by the Indian Defence
(NCRB) international criminals to NAG
INS Shivaji Lonawala (Maharashtra) Corps Centre and School
Central • It was established in 1953. help investigation agencies. • The Nag (Cobra) is a third generation, all Research and Development Organisation
• Its objective is to investigate INS Valsura Jamnagar (Gujarat) Army Educational Corps Pune (Maharashtra) (DRDO) for use by the Indian Armed Forces.
Bureau of
Rapid Action • It was established in 1992
weather, top-attack, fire-and-forget anti-
Intelligence cases of misconduct by public INS Venduruthy Kochi (Kerala) Training School and
tank guided missile. • It has a range of between 750 to 1,900 km
(CBI) servants, cases of cheating, Force (RAF) • Under the operational Depot
command of CPRF Naval Academy Kochi • It is one of five missile systems developed (470 to 1,180 mi) and is capable of carr-
embezzlement and fraud.
• 10 battalions of the CPRF Navy Shipwright Viskhapattanam (A.P.) Corpse of Military Police Bengaluru by the Defence Research & Development ying a payload of one ton conventional or
• CBI is also entrusted with the
have been reoriented for School Centre and School (Karnataka) Organization (DRDO) under the Integrated nuclear warhead.
investigation of international
crime cases in collaboration tackling communal riots in Sailor’s Training Dabolim (Goa) Army School of Physical Pune (Maharashtra) Guided Missile Development Program • It gives the potential to strike in the short-
with INTERPOL. the country. Establishment Training (IGMDP). intermediate range against any adversary.
DHANUSH • It is capable of being launched from College of Military Pune First Complete Palakkad, Kerala Highest Mawsynram, Meghalaya Largest Fresh Kolleru in Andhra Pradesh
• Dhanush is reportedly a naval version of multiple platforms on land, sea and air Engineering Banking District Precipitation Water Lake
Prithvi which can be launched from ships. and shall be inducted into Indian Navy,
Defence Management Sikandrabad First District with Malappuram, Kerala Highest Road Road at Khardung in the Largest Golden Temple, Amritsar,
• Some sources claim that Dhanush is a Army, and Air Force. In particular, Nirbhay
Institute 100% e-literacy Leh-Manali Sector Gurudwara Punjab
system consisting of stabilisation platform is being adapted for the Indo/Russian
Su-30MKI. The missile is capable of carrying Defence Services Staff Wellington First District with Ernakulam, Kerala Highest Tower Qutub Minar, Delhi Largest Lake Wular Lake, Jammu &
and missiles, which has the capability to
nuclear warheads. College 100% literacy (Minaret) Kashmir
launch both Prithvi II and Prithvi III from
ships while others report that Dhanush is a Directorate General N.C.C. New Delhi First IT district Palakkad, Kerala Highest Waterfall Jog Waterfalls, Largest Library National Library, Kolkata
variant of Prithvi-II ballistic missile. BRAHMOS (on Sharavathi river,292 Largest Manmade Govind Sagar, Bhakra,
Electrical and Mechanical Baroda First Inter-linked Ken-Betwa (UP-MP)
• The BrahMos is a short-range ramjet Engineering School
metres) Karnataka Lake Haryana
Rivers
AGNI supersonic cruise missile that can be Largest Auditorium Sri Shanmukhananda hall,
Hindustan Aeronatic Bengaluru First Wireless Largest Mosque Jama Masjid, Delhi (built
• The Agni missile is a family of medium to launched from submarines, ships, aircraft Mysore, Karnataka Mumbai by Shahjahan in 1644-58)
Limited Internet
intercontinental range ballistic missiles or land.
Connectivity City Largest Animal Sonepur Mela, Patna, Bihar
developed by India, named after one of the • It is a joint venture between the Russian Indian Air Force Training Chennai
Fair
Largest Museum Indian Museum, Kolkata
five elements of nature. Federation’s NPO Mashinostroeyenia and Centre Highest Airport Kushok Bakula Rimpochhe Largest Ocean Middle Andaman
Largest Botanical National Botanical Garden,
• Agni Missiles are long-range, nuclear India’s Defence Research and Development Indian Military Academy Dehradun Airport, Leh Airport in Island
Ladakh (3256m/16080ft Garden Kolkata
weapons capable surface-to-surface ballistic Organisation (DRDO) who have together Institute of Armament Pune Largest Birla Planetarium, Kolkata
missile. The first missile of the series, formed BrahMos Aerospace Private Limited. high) Largest Cave Amarnath (about 44 km
Technology Planetarium
Agni-I was developed under the Integrated • It is based on the Russian P-800 Oniks cruise Highest Battle Siachen Glacier from Pahalgam in Jammu
Military College of Sikanderabad and Kashmir) Largest Plateau Deccan Plateau
Guided Missile Development Program and missile and other similar sea-skimming Field
Electrical and Mechanical Largest Prison Tihar Jail, Delhi
tested in 1991. Russian cruise missile technology. Engineering Highest Civilian Bharat Ratna Largest Cave Ellora Temples,
• The name BrahMos is a portmanteau Award Temple Aurangabad, Maharashtra Largest Public State Bank of India
Name Type Range Directorate of National New Delhi
formed from the names of two rivers, the Largest Church St. Cathedral at Old Goa, Sector Bank
Agni-I MRBM 700-1,250 km (Operational) Brahmaputra of India and the Moskva of Cadet Core Highest Dam Tehri Dam on Bhagirathi
River, near Tehri, 10 km from Panaji Largest Public Indian Railways
Agni-II IRBM 2,000-3,000 km (Operational) Russia. National Defence Academy Kharagwasala Sector Employer
Uttarakhand. Largest Cinema Thangam (Madurai)
Agni-III IRBM 3,500-5,000 km (Operational) Submarines of Indian Navy Naval College of Lonavala Height: 260.5 m (855 ft); Hall Largest Residence Rashtrapati Bhavan, New
Agni-IV IRBM 3,000-4,000 km (Operational)
Engineering Length: 575 m (1,886 ft) Delhi
INS Savitri India’s first warship. Largest city Kolkata
Agni-V ICBM 5,000-8,000 km (Testing) Officers Training Academy Chennai Highest Female Jain (90.6%) (Area Wise) Largest River Farakka Barrage, Kolkata
INS Shalki India’s first indigenously built
Literacy Rate Bridge (7,363.6ft)
Agni-VI ICBM 8,000-10,000 km submarine. Superlatives (India) Largest Madhya Pradesh
(Underdevelopment) Highest Gallantry Param Vir Chakra Concentration of Largest River Majuli, Brahmaputra river,
INS Delhi India’s largest, most sophistiated,
Superlative Location Award Scheduled Tribes Island Assam
indigenously built warship.
SURYA Biggest Cantilever Rabindra Sethu (also Highest Gateway Buland Darwaza at Largest Uttar Pradesh has the Largest Scheduled Chamar
INS Country’s first indigenously built
• The Surya missile is an intercontinental Vibhuti missile boat.
Bridge & Busiest called Howrah Bridge on Fatehpur Sikri near Agra, Concentration largest Scheduled Caste Caste Community
ballistic missile speculated to be in deve- Bridge Hooghly River in Kolkata Built by Akbar of Scheduled population
Largest State in Rajasthan (3,42,239 sq.km)
lopment by India. INS India’s first nuclear powered (457m/1499ft long) (53.5 m/175ft high) Caste Population
Chakra submarine. It has now been Area
Biggest Fort Red Fort, Delhi Highest Hydel Rongton Hydel Project Largest Delta Sunderbans (75,000
NIRBHAY decommissioned and returned to Largest Tribe (ST) Gond
Russia. Biggest Stadium Salt Lake Stadium, in Power Station in Kinnaur District of sq. km) formed by the
• Nirbhay is a long range, subsonic cruise Himachal Pradesh Ganga and Brahmaputra Largest Andaman and Nicobar
Bengali called Yuva Bharati
missile developed in India by the Defence INS Vipul Second indigenously built missile rivers in West Bengal and Union Territory in islands (8,249 sq.km)
(Kolkata, West Bengal); Highest Literacy Jain (94.1%)
Research and Development Organisation. boat. Bangladesh. Area
capacity: 120,000 Rate Religion
• Nirbhay is an all-weather low-cost long- INS Third indigenously built missile Largest Desert Thar or Great Indian Largest Zoo Zoological Gardens, Alipore,
boat joined the Navy in 1994. Busiest Airport Indira Gandhi International Highest Mountain Kanchenjunga (Sikkim)
range cruise missile with stealth and Nashak Desert, Rajasthan Kolkata
Airport Delhi Peak (8598 m) (Initially K2 was
high accuracy. The missile has a range of Least Densely Arunachal Pradesh
Defence Institutes Coldest Place Dras, Jammu & Kashmir the highest mountain peak Largest District Ladakh, Jammu & Kashmir
more than 1,000 km. Populated State
in India. But now it is in Medinipur (West Bengal)
• It weighs about one tonne and has a length Institution Headquarters Fastest Train Shatabdi Express between Largest District
POK) (Population) Least Populated Sikkim (607,688: 2011
of 6 metres. Air Force Academy Hyderabad New Delhi and Bhopal
Muslim (29.3%) State census)
• It carries a ring laser gyroscope for high- (it runs 150 kmph from Highest Largest dome Gol Gumbaz, Bijapur,
Air Force Technical College Bengaluru Population Growth
accuracy navigation and a radio altimeter Delhi to Agra; next Agra to Karnataka, Diameter: Least Populated Lakshadweep (64,429)
for the height determination. Bhopal runs at 140 kmph) Rate Religion 44.0 m Union Territory
Longest Beach Marina Beach, Chennai Lowest Female Muslim The Largest Hindu Akshardham, Delhi Ooty Udhagamandalam • The Architectural Work of Le Corbusier, an India has the largest chain of interlocking
(13km) Literacy Rate Temple Area Outstanding Contribution to the Modern canals, rivers and lakes forming the
Panjim Panaji
Movement (2016) beautiful stretch of the backwaters.
Longest Canal Indira Gandhi Canal or Lowest Literacy Muslim Union Territory Lakshadweep
Rajasthan Canal (959 km Rate Religion having highest
Poona Pune • The Jantar Mantar, Jaipur (2010) Jaipur– The Pink City of India and the
long) literacy rate Quilon Kollam capital of Rajasthan, Jaipur is popular
Lowest Population Sikh NATURAL (7) for its majestic Mughal and Rajput era
Longest Corridor Corridor in Growth Rate Simla Shimla
Longest Tributary Yamuna • Great Himalayan National Park Conservation monuments, havelis and forts. The Hawa
Ramanathaswamy Temple at Religion River of India Tanjore Thanjavur Area (2014) Mahal, Amer Fort, Amber Palace, Jal Mahal
Rameswaram, Tamil Nadu Maximum Forest Madhya Pradesh Largest Lake Chilka Lake, Orrisa Trichur Thrissur • Kaziranga National Park (1985) and the Nahargarh Fort stand reminiscent
(1220m/4002 ft) Area (Saline Water) • Keoladeo National Park (1985) to the city’s glorious past.
Longest Dam Hirakud Dam on Sutlej Trivandrum Thiruvananthapuram
Maximum Forest Mizoram Largest Fresh Kolleru Lake • Manas Wildlife Sanctuary (1985) Munnar– Acres of tea plantations, beautiful
River in Orissa (24.4 km United Provinces Uttar Pradesh
Area in % Water Lake (Andhra Pradesh) • Nanda Devi and Valley of Flowers National valleys and the serenity of the hills make
long and 2.8 km wide)
Most Densely West Bengal (904sq.km) Highest Lake Devtal Lake, Gadhwal
Vizagapatnam Vishakhapatnam Parks (1988, 2005) this place a tourist hot spot. Munnar is the
Longest Delta Sunderbans (75000 sq. km) Populated State • Sundarbans National Park (1987) only hill station of Kerala with opportunities
(Uttarakhand)
formed by the Ganga and
Most Populated Uttar Pradesh (199,281,477: • Western Ghats (2012) for paragliding and trekking to Anaimudi.
Brahmaputra in West Highest Peak Karakoram-2 or K-2 UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE SITES Udaipur– Known as the Lake City of India,
Bengal and Bangladesh. State 2011 census) (8,611 m)
OF INDIA MIXED (1) Udaipur is a historical city in Rajasthan. A
Most Populated Delhi (16,753,235)
Longest Glacier Siachen Glacier on the Highest Peak in Mount Everest in Nepal • Khangchendzonga National Park (2016) number of lakes, the Aravalli Hills, islands
Indo-Pak border (75.6 km Union Territory the world
CULTURAL (28) of Fateh Sagar Lake and the beautiful
long and 2.8 km wide) Most Populous Mumbai (nearly 183 lakhs ) Highest Waterfall Lake Palace are among the top tourist
Nohkalikai Falls (335 • Agra Fort (1983) FAMOUS TOURIST PLACES IN INDIA
Longest National NH-7 (Varanasi to City meters, 1100 ft high) attractions.
• Ajanta Caves (1983)
Highway Kanyakumari) Oldest Refinery Digboi (Assam). It was in Shora Taj Mahal– This mausoleum built in Agra by Jaisalmer– The Golden Fort, camel safari
• Archaeological Site of Nalanda Mahavihara
Jammu Tawi-Kanyakumari discovered in 1835. Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan is one of the and Rajputana havelis make this city a
Longest Passenger Largest River Narmada and Tapti (Nalanda University) at Nalanda, Bihar (2016)
(3730km) Seven Wonders of the World and a UNESCO prominent place of visit in Rajasthan.
Train Route Oldest Church St. Thomas Church at without Delta • Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi (1989)
Palayar in Trichur District listed World Heritage Site. You cannot miss Leh and Ladakh– A prominent Buddhist
Longest Railway Dehri-on-Sone Railway Longest Cantilever Howrah Bridge • Champaner-Pavagadh Archaeological Park
in Kerala built in 52 AD. this magnificent work of marble during pilgrimage place, known for its century old
Bridge bridge over the Sone river Span Bridge (2004)
near Sasaram on Kolkata- your travel to India. monasteries and gompas, Leh and Ladakh
Oldest Monastery Buddhist Monastery
Longest River Mahatma Gandhi Setu, • Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus (formerly
Delhi main line Ajanta and Ellora Caves– Situated in the is also a haven for adventure tourists.
situated at an altitude of
Bridge Patna Victoria Terminus) (2004)
3048m/10000 ft at Tawang Aurangabad district of Maharashtra, Ellora Kullu and Manali– Manali is a small hill
Longest Railway Kharagpur in West Bengal • Churches and Convents of Goa (1986)
(833m/2733ft) also world’s in Arunachal Pradesh. Longest Road Grand Trunk Road has around 34 caves and Ajanta 29. They station around 53 km from the town of
Platform • Elephanta Caves (1987)
depict extraordinary work of sculpture, Kullu in Himachal Pradesh. Apart from
longest Oldest Observatory Jantar Mantar, Delhi Highest Road Road at Khardungla, • Ellora Caves (1983)
(in Leh-Manali Sector) painting and architecture. the breathtaking view, the Manikaran
Longest River The Ganga 2640 km long Oldest University University of Calcutta • Fatehpur Sikri (1986) Gurudwara and Hadimba Devi Temple are
(it runs 2525 km long in (1857) • Great Living Chola Temples (1987, 2004) Khajuraho Temples– The 20 temples at
Renamed Indian Cities Khajuraho built of sandstone depict erotic popular attractions.
India) Oldest Zoo Trivandrum • Group of Monuments at Hampi (1986)
Old Name New Name sculptures and wall frescoes. This is also Shimla– Shimla is the capital city of Himachal
Longest River Bandra–Worli Sea Link Zoological Gardens, Kerala • Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram (1984) Pradesh. The sight of the snow capped
Bridge (5,600m/18,400 ft.), Mahim (1859) Aurangabad Sambhaji Nagar • Group of Monuments at Pattadakal (1987) among the World Heritage Sites in India
and a popular tourist destination. It is Himalayas, the Victorian era buildings and
Bay, Mumbai. Smallest District Mahe, Puducherry Banaras Varanasi • Hill Forts of Rajasthan (2013) churches and the Shimla Mall are worth
Previously it was • Historic City of Ahmedabad (2017) situated in Madhya Pradesh.
Smallest State in Goa (3,702sq.km) Baroda Vadodara Kashmir– Popular as the paradise of India, visiting.
Mahatma Gandhi Setu • Humayun’s Tomb, Delhi (1993)
over the Ganga at Patna Area Kashmir Valley is one of the beautiful places Gangtok– Capital of Sikkim and home to a
Bombay Mumbai • Khajuraho Group of Monuments (1986)
(5575m/18286ft) Smallest Union Lakshadweep (32 sq.km) number of monasteries, Gangtok is a major
Calicut Kozhikode • Mahabodhi Temple Complex at Bodh Gaya to visit in the world that is surrounded by
Territory in Area gateway to the Nathula Pass.
Longest Road Grand Trunk Road from (2002) the Pir Panjal and the Himalayan range.
Cawnpore Kanpur Darjeeling– Well known as the Queen of Hills,
Kolkata to Amritsar State having Kerala • Mountain Railways of India (1999, 2005, 2008) Goa– This small state in India has plenty to
Central Provinces Madhya Pradesh Darjeeling is located in West Bengal. Tea
highest literacy offer to tourists such as the beaches, cruise
Longest Road Nehru Sethu on Son river, • Qutub Minar and its Monuments, Delhi (1993) estates, parks, zoos, and the view of Mount
Bihar (10,044 ft) rate Cochin Kochi on the Mandovi River, a vibrant nightlife,
Bridge • Rani-ki-Vav (the Queen’s Stepwell) at Everest are things to enjoy here.
Longest Sea Anna-Indira Gandhi State with highest Uttar Pradesh Gauhati Guwahati Patan, Gujarat (2014) tour of churches and monuments and the Kovalam Beach– Kovalam is a beach town
Bridge Bridge, connecting the cattle population • Red Fort Complex (2007) glimpse of the erstwhile Portuguese culture. in Thirivananthapuram, Kerala drawing
Jubbulpore Jabalpur
island of Rameswaram with Tallest Statue Statue of Gomateswara • Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka (2003) Kerala Backwaters– The beauty of the Malabar a large crowd of international tourists
Mandapam in Tamil Nadu Jullundur Jalandhar Coast is best experienced with a tour of the
at Sravanabelagola, • Sun Temple, Konârak (1984) throughout the year. There are three
(2.34km long) Karnataka Madras Chennai • Taj Mahal (1983) Kerala backwaters. This southern state of beaches, resorts and a light house here.
Ooty– The Nilgiri Hills or the Blue Mountains, Mahabalipuram– The port city dating to the Tirupati– Another Hindu pilgrimage site in • May 4 : Coal Miners’ Day SEPTEMBER
Ooty is worth a visit during the winters in 7th century, Mahabalipuram has rock Andhra Pradesh and the Sri Venkateshwara IMPORTANT NATIONAL AND • May 8 : World Red Cross Day • September 2 : Coconut Day
India. Places to visit include Government cut monuments reflecting the Dravidian Temple here is dedicated to Lord Balaji. INTERNATIONAL DAYS • May 9 : World Thalassaemia Day • September 5 : Teachers’ Day; Sanskrit
Rose Garden, Ooty Botanical Gardens and architecture. Thirukadalmallai Temple Kodaikanal– Known as the Princess of the Hill AND DATES Day
• May 11 : National Technology Day
the lake. and the Pancha Rathas are important Stations, Kodaikanal is situated in Tamil • September 8 : International Literacy
Kanyakumari– Kanyakumari is the confluence structures here. • May 12 : World Hypertension Day;
Nadu. The Kodaikanal Lake, Bryant Park Day
point of the Indian Ocean, Bay of Bengal Chennai– The metropolitan of Chennai has JANUARY International Nurses Day
and the Bear Shola Falls are top places of • September 15 : Engineers’ Day
and the Arabian Sea. The ferry ride to the beaches such as the Marina Beach and • January
9 NRI Day
: • May 15 : International Day of the Family
interest. • September 16 : World Ozone Day
Cavelong Beach among its main attractions. • January
12 National Youth Day
: • May 17 World Telecommunication
Vivekananda Rock will be a memorable Kolkata– The capital of West Bengal, Kolkata :
• September 21 : Alzheimer’s Day; Day for
journey. You can also visit the Guindy National Park • January
15 Army day
:
is truly the City of Joy with several Day
Haridwar– The Hindu pilgrimage site that and the Parthasarathy Temple. • January
25 National Voters day
: Peace & Non-violence (UN)
avenues of entertainment, multi cuisine • May 24 : Commonwealth Day
brings in thousands of tourists and Hyderabad– The capital of Andhra Pradesh, • January
26 India’s Republic Day,
: • September 22 : Rose Day (Welfare of
restaurants, the Victoria Memorial, Alipore • May 31 : Anti-tobacco Day
devotees during the Kumbh Mela held Hyderabad is a tourist hot spot for its trade International Customs Day cancer patients)
Zoo and the Kali Ghat Temple.
once in every 12 years. They also visit the in pearls, the authentic Mughal and Arabic • January 30 : Martyrs’ Day; World Leprosy • September 26 : Day of the Deaf
Varanasi– On the banks of River Ganga is the JUNE
temples, Har Ki Pauri and the Brahma cuisine, Char Minar, Chowmalla Palace and
city of Varanasi where the popular classical
Eradication Day • September 27 : World Tourism Day
Kund. the Golconda Fort.
form of Benaras Gharana had evolved. It • June 4 : International Day of
Andaman and Nicobar Islands– these two FEBRUARY OCTOBER
Nainital– Situated in the foothills of the Kumaon is home to the Vishwanath Temple and Innocent Children
groups of islands has around 300 smaller • February
4 : World Cancer Day • October 1 : International Day
range, it is among the top tourist places in several other places of worship and culture. Victims of Aggression
islands part of its territory. With world- • February
14 : Valentine Day for the Elderly
India for its serenity and attractions such Mantheran– The ideal place for a weekend • February
24 : Central Excise Day • June 5 : World Environment Day
as the Naina Devi Temple, Naina Peak and class resorts and adventure spots, these • October 2 : Gandhi Jayanthi
islands are ultimate place for honeymoon getaway, Mantheran is a drive of around 90 • February
28 : National Science Day • June (3rd Sunday) : Father’s Day
the Bhimtal Lake. • October (first monday): World Habitat Day
couples. km from Mumbai. You can opt for trekking • June 14 : World Blood Donor Day
Dehradun– The beauty of the Doon Valley is MARCH • October 4 : World Animal Welfare Day
Havelock Islands– Part of the Nicobar Islands, and mountaineering here. • June 21 : International Day of Yoga
what makes Dehradun a popular place Mahabaleshwar– A drive of 125 km from • March 8 : International Women’s Day • October 8 : Indian Air Force Day
of visit in Uttarakhand. You can tour the
Havelock is a popular spot for adventure • June 26 : International Day against • October 9 : World Post Office Day
tourists who indulge in snorkeling and Pune, Mahabaleshwar is a beautiful • March 15 : World Disabled Day; World
Malsi Deer Park, Kalanga Monument and Drug Abuse and Illicit • October 10 : National Post Day
scuba diving. plateau. A popular honeymoon spot, Consumer Rights Day
the Tapkeshwar Temple. Trafficking • October (2nd Thursday): World Sight Day
Lakshadweep Islands– Water sports is integral the Mahabaleshwar Temple is the prime • March 18 : Ordnance Factories Day (India)
Hampi– Hampi is a historical place and the • March 21 : World Forestry Day • October 13 : UN International Day for
to the tourism of Lakshadweep. There are attraction here.
erstwhile capital of the Vijayanagar. The JULY Natural Disaster Reduction
small tourist huts on the islands of Kalpeni, Bodh Gaya– A pilgrimage site for the Buddhist, • March 22 : World Day for Water
14th century ruins features around 500 • July 1 • October 14 : World Standards Day
Kavaratti, Minicoy and Kadmat. Bodh Gaya is a World Heritage Site famous • March 23 : World Meteorological Day : Doctor’s Day
monuments, their planning, public baths • October 15 : W o r l d W h i t e C a n e D a y
Assam– A major gateway to northeast India, for the Bodh Gaya Temple complex. • March 24 : World TB Day • July 6 : World Zoonoses Day
and other advancements of the era. Assam features beautiful landscape, hills, (guiding the blind)
Fatehpur Sikri– The 16th century capital of
Jim Corbett National Park– The oldest park of • July 11 : World Population Day
the Brahmaputra River and the Kamakhya its kind in the country, Jim Corbett is the APRIL • October 16 : World Food Day
the Mughal Empire, Fatehpur Sikri today • April 5
Temple. ultimate place for wildlife and safari lovers. : International Day for Mine AUGUST • October 24 : UN Day; World Development
is known for its royal palaces, courts and Meghalaya– A hilly strip in north east India, Awareness; National Maritime
It has a protected area for the endangered Information Day
the Jama Masjid. It is a World Heritage Meghalaya tour is incomplete without Day • August (1st Sunday) : International
Site as well.
species of Royal Bengal Tiger. • October 30 : World Thrift Day
touring Shillong. • April 7 : World Health Day Friendship Day
Golden Temple of Amritsar– The Holy shrine Dilwara Temples, Mount Abu– Dedicated to
Coorg– Called the Scotland of India for the the Jain tirtanthankaras, Dilwara Temples • April 17 : World Haemophilia Day • August 6 : Hiroshima Day
of the Sikhs, the Golden Temple complex NOVEMBER
large sandalwood forests and tea and coffee (five in number) are magnificent work of • April 18 : World Heritage Day • August 8 : World Senior Citizen’s Day
includes the Hari Mandir, the Amrit • November 5 : World tsunami day
plantations, Coorg is a picture-perfect marble architecture. Each of the temples • April 21 : Secretaries’ Day • August 9 : Quit India Day, Nagasaki
Sarovar, the large dining hall and the place for holiday. The Iruppu Falls and • November 9 : Legal Services Day
Central Sikh Museum. is unique work of art. • April 22 : Earth Day Day • November 14 : Children’s
the Brahmagiri Hill are two other places • : World Book and Copyright Day
Mysore– You have quite a number of reasons to Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh– The Bhedaghat- April 23 • August 15 : Indian Day; Diabetes Day
of interest.
visit this place. The Mysore Palace, Mysore Marble Rocks is the prime attraction of this ndependence Day • November 17 : National Epilepsy Day
Visakhapatnam– The largest city in Andhra MAY
paintings, Mysore Pak (sweet) and the silk city. The Duandhar Falls and the marble • August 18 : IntI. Day of the World’s
Pradesh, Visakhapatnam is popular for its • May 1 : Workers’ Day • November 20 : Africa Industrialization Day
sarees draw tourists to this city. gorge offer extraordinary sight. Indigenous Peoples
virgin beaches, small hills and the Araku (International Labour Day) • November 29 : International Day
Bangaluru– Though a prominent commercial valley tour. Madurai– A city in the state of Tamil Nadu, • August 19 : Photography Day
• May 3 : Press Freedom Day of Solidarity with
and educational hub, Bangaluru is also Kedarnath and Badrinath– Visit to Kedarnath Madurai has temples that feature the
• May (1st Sunday) : World Laughter Day • August 29 : National Sports Day Palestinian People
home to the Bannerghata National Park, and Badrinath can be part of the Do Dham Dravidian style of architecture. The most
famous one is the Meenakshi-Sundareswar • May (1st Tuesday) : World Asthma Day
Lal Bagh Garden, Bangaluru Palace and yatra or pilgrimage in India. These two
the Tipu Sultan Summer Palace. Temple. • May (2nd Sunday) : Mother’s Day
towns have two Hindu shrines.
Indian Panorama 509 513
DECEMBER • December 10 : Human Rights Day;

• December 1 : World AIDS Day IntI. Children’s Day
• December 3 : World Day of of Broadcasting
the Handicapped • December 18 : Minorities Rights Day (India)
• December 22 : National Mathematics Day
• December 4 : Indian Navy Day
• December 23 : Kisan Divas
• December 7 : Indian Armed (Farmer’s Day) (India)
Forces Flag Day • December 25 : Christmas Day
)) A Midsummer Night’s Dream: William
ALPHABETICAL LISTING OF BOOKS Shakespeare
A Million Mutinies Now: V.S. Naipaul
A A New World: Amit Chaudhuri
A Backward Place: Ruth Prawer Jhabwala A Pair of Blue Eyes: Thomas Hardy
A Bend in the Ganges: Manohar Malgonkar A Passage to England: Nirad C. Chaudhuri
A Bend in the River: V.S. Naipaul A Passage to India: E.M. Forster
A Billion is Enough: Ashok Gupta A Peep into the Past: Vasant Navrekar
A Bride for the Sahib and Other Stories: A Personal Adventure: Theodore H. White
Khushwant Singh A Possible India: Partha Chatterjee
A Brief History of Time: Stephen Hawking A Prisoner’s Scrapbook: L.K. Advani
A Brush with Life: Satish Gujral A Revolutionary Life: Laxmi Sehgal
A Bunch of Old Letters: Jawaharlal Nehru A Ridge Too Far: Captain Amarinder Singh
A Cabinet Secretary Looks Back: B.G. A River Sutra: Gita Mehta
Deshmukh A Royal Duty: Paul Burrel
A Call To Honour-In Service of Emergent A Search for Home: Sasthi Brata
India: Jaswant Singh A Secular Agenda: Arun Shourie
BOOKS AND AUTHORS A Captain’s Diary: Alec Stewart A Sense of Time: S.H. Vatsyayan
A China Passage: John Kenneth Galbraith A Simple Path: Lucinda Vardey
A Conceptual Encyclopaedia of Guru Gtanth A Sin of Colour: Sunetra Gupta
Sahib: S.S. Kohli A Spaniard in the Works: John Lennon
A Contribution to the Critique of Political A Speaker’s Diary: Manohar Joshi
Economy: Karl Marx A Stream of Windows–Unsettling Reflections
A Critique of Pure Reason: Immanuel Kant on Trade, Imigration and Democracy:
Jagdish Bhagwati
A Dangerous Place: Daniel Patrick Moynihan
A Study of History: Arnold Toynbee
A Doctor’s Story of Life and Death:
A Sudden Change of Hearts: Barbara Taylor
Dr. Kakkana Subbarao and Arun K. Tiwari
A Suitable Boy: Vikram Seth
A Doll’s House: Henrik Ibsen
A Tale of a Tub: Jonathan Swift
A Dream in Hawaii: Bhabani Bhattacharya
A Tale of Two Cities: Charles Dickens
A Farewell to Arms: Ernest Hemingway A Tale of Two Gardens: Octavio Paz
A Fine Balance: Rohinton Mistry A Thousand Days: Arthur M. Schlesinger
A Foreign Policy for India: I.K. Gujral A Thousand Suns: Dominique Lapierre
A Gift of Wings: Shanthi Gopalan A Time of Coalitions: Paranjoy Guha
A Handful of Dust: Evelyn Waugh Thakurta and Shankar Raghuraman
A Himalayan Love Story: Namita Gokhale A Tribute to People’s Princess Diana: Peter
A House Divided: Pearl S. Buck Donelli
A Judge’s Miscellany: M. Hidayatullah A Tryst With Destiny: Stanley Wolfer
A Last Leap South: Vladimir Zhirinovsky A TunnelofTime-AnAutobiography:
A Long Way: P.V. Narasimha Rao R.K. Laxman
A Man for All Seasons: Robert Bolt A View from Delhi: Chester Bowles
514 General Knowledge 2019 Books and Authors 515 516 General Knowledge 2019
A View from Outside: Why Good Economics An Area of Darkness: V.S. Naipaul Bang-i-Dara: Mohammad Iqbal Bliss was it in that Dawn: Minoo Masani Chikaveera Rajendra: Masci Venkatesh Conquest of Self: M.K. Gandhi
Works for Everybody: An Autobiography: Jawaharlal Nehru Beach Boy: Ardesher Vakil Blood Brothers: M.J. Akbar Iyengar Considerations on Representative Govern-
A Village by the Sea: Anita Desai An Enquiry Concerning Human Under- Bearders–My Life in Cricket: Bill Frindall Blood Sport: James Stewart Child and Law in India: K. Chandru, ment: John Stuart Mill
A Voice of Freedom: Nayantara Sehgal standing: David Hume Beast and Man: Murry NIidgley Blue Bird: Maurice Macterlink Geeta Ramaseshan and Chandra Continent of Circe: Nirad C. Chaudhuri
A Week with Gandhi: Louis Fischer An Equal Music: Vikram Seth Beginning of the Beginning: Acharya Rajneesh Bofors The Ambassador’s Evidence: B.M. Oza Thanikachalam Corporate Governance, Economic Reforms
A Woman’s Life: Guy de Maupassant An Eye to China: David Selbourne Being Digital: Nicholas Negroponte Book of the Sword: Sir Richard Burton Child Who Never Grew: Pearl S. Buck & Development: Darryl Reed and
Aasman Aur Bhi Hain: Mridula Halan An Idealist View of Life: Dr. S. Radhakrishnan Being Freddie: Andrew Flintoff Borders & Boundaries; Women in India’s Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage: George Byron Sanjoy Mukherjee
Abhigyana Shakuntalam: Kalidasa An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of Being Indian: Pawan Varma Partition: Ritu Menon & Kamla Bhasin Childhood: Maxim Gorky Count Your Chickens Before They Hatch:
Adam Bede: George Eliot the Wealth of Nations: Adam Smith Believe-Achieve: Paul Hanna Born Free: Joy Adamson Children and Human Rights: S.K. Pachuri Arindam Chaudhuri
Adventures of Huckleberry Finn: Mark Twain An Unfinished Dream: Dr. Verghese Kurien Beloved: Toni Morrison Branded by Law: Dilip D’Souza Children in Globalising India–Challenging Court Dancer: Rabindranath Tagore
Adventures of Robinson Crusoe: Daniel Defoe Anandmath: Bankim Chandra Chatterjee Ben Hur: Lewis Wallace Bread, Beauty and Revolution: Khwaja Our Conscience: Enkashi Ganguly Courts and Their Judgements: Arun Shourie
Adventures of Sherlock Holmes: Sir Arthur And Quiet Flows the Don: Mikbail A. Sholokhov Bermuda Triangle: Charles Berlitz Ahmed Abbas Thukral Coverly Papers: Joseph Addison
Conan Doyle And Through the Looking Glass: Lewis Carroll Betrayal of Pearl Harbour: James Rusbridger Breaking the Silence: Anees Jung Children of Gebelawi: Naquib Mahfouz Creation: Gore Vidal
Adversary in the House: Irving Stone Angry Letters: Willem Doevenduin and Eric Nave Breakthrough: Gen. Moshe Dayan Children of the Sun: Maxim Gorky Crescent Moon: Rabindranath Tagore
Advice and Consent: Allen Drury Anguish of Deprived: Lakshmidhar Mishra Between Hope and History: Bill Clinton Brick Lane: Monica Ali China, the World and India: Mira Sinha Crescent Over Kashmir: Anil Maheshwari
Afghanistan and Asian Stability: V.D. Chopra Anna Karenina: Leo Tolstoy Between the Lines: Kuldip Nayar Brideless in Wembley: Sanjay Suri Bhattacharjee Cricket on the Hearth: Charles Dickens
After All These Years: Susan Issacs Another Life: Derek Walcott Bewildered lndia–Identity, Pluralism, Bishbriksha: Bankim Chandra Chatterji China’s Watergate: Leo Goodstadt Crime & Money Laundering: Jyoti Trehan
After the Dark Night: S.M. Ali Answer to History: Mohammad Reza Pahlavi Discord: Rasheeduddin Khan Britain’s True History: Prem Bhatia China–Past and Present: Pearl S. Buck Crime and Punishment: Fyodor M. Dostoevsky
Against the Grain: Boris Yeltsin Antic Hay: Aldous Huxley Beyond Autonomy–Roots of India’s Foreign Broken Wings: Sarojini Naidu Chinese Betrayal: B.N. Mullick Crisis into Chaos: E.M.S. Narnboodiripad
Age of Reason: Jean Paul Sartre Antony and Cleopatra: William Shakespeare Policy: A.K. Damodaran Buddha Charitam: Ashvaghosha Chithirappaavai: P.V. Akilandam Critical Mass: William E. Burrows
Ageless Body; Timeless Mind: Deepak Chopra Ape and Essence: Aldous Huxley Beyond Belief: V.S. Naipaul Buddha’s Warriors: Mikel Dunham Chithrangada: R.N. Tagore Crossing the River: Caryl Phillips
Agni Pariksha: Acharya Tulsi Apple Cart: George Bernard Shaw Beyond Boundaries-A Memoire: Swraj Paul Bureaucrazy: M.K. Kaw Chitra: Rabindranath Tagore Crossing the Rubicon: C. Raja Mohan
Agni Veena: Kazi Nazrul Islam Arabian Nights: Sir Richard Burton Beyond Good and Evil: Friedrich Nietzsche Burial At Sea: Khushwant Singh Choma’s Drum: K. Shivaram Karanth Crossing the Threshold of Hope: Pope
Ain-i-Akbari: Abul Fazal Arion and the Dolphin: Vikram Seth Beyond Modernisation, Beyond Self: Business at the Speed of Thought: Bill Gates Christabel: Samuel Taylor Coleridge John Paul II
Airport: Arthur Hailey Arms and the Man: George Bernard Shaw Sisir Kumar Ghose Business Legends: Gita Piramal Christmas Tales: Charles Dickens Cry, My Beloved Country: Alan Paton
Ajatshatru: Jai Shankar Prasad Around the World in Eighty Days: Jules Verne Beyond Peace: Richard Nixon By God’s Decree: Kapil Dev Chronicle of a Death Foretold: Gabriel Garcia Cuckold: Kiran Nagar Kar
Akbarnama: Abul Fazal Arrival and Departure: Arthur Koestler Beyond the Horizons: Eugene O’Neill Marquez Culture and Anarchy: Matthew Arnold
Alexander the Great: John Gunther Arrow in the Blue: Arthur Koestler Beyond the Veil, Indian Women in the C Circle of Reason: Amitav Ghosh Culture in the Vanity Bag: Nirad C. Chaudhuri
Algebra of Infinite Justice: Arundhati Roy Arrow of Gold: Joseph Conrad Raj: Pran Nevile Caesar and Cleopatra: George Bernard Shaw City of Joy: Dominique Lapierre Curtain Raisers: K. Natwar Singh
Alice in Wonderland: Lewis Carroll Arthashastra: Kautilya Beyond the Walls of Silence: Lalini Rajasuriya Can India Grow Without Bharat: Shankar City of Saints: Sir Richard Burton
All for Love: John Dryden As I See: Kiran Bedi Bhagvad Gita: S. Radhakrishnan Acharya City of the Yellow Devil: Maxim Gorky D
All Is Well That Ends Well: William Shakespeare As You Like It: William Shakespeare Bharat aur Europe: Nirmal Verma Cancer Ward: Alexander Solzhenitsyn Clear Light of Day: Anita Desai Damsel in Distress: P.G. Wodehouse
All Quiet on the Western Front: Erich Maria Ascent of the Everest: Sir John Hunt Bharat Bharati: Maithili Sharan Gupta Candida: George Bernard Shaw Climate of Treason: Andrew Boyle Dancing with the Devil: Rod Barker
Remarque Ashtadhyayi: Panini Bharatiya Parampara Ke Mool Swar: Candide: Voltaire Clockwork Orange: Anthony Burgess Dangling Man: Saul Bellow
All the King’s Men: Robert Penn Warren Asia and Western Dominance: K.M. Panikkar Govind Chandra Pande Candle in the Wind: Alexander Solzhenitsyn Cold Street: Paul Carson Daniel Deronda: George Eliot
All the President’s Men: Carl Bernstein Asian Drama: Gunnar Myrdal Big Money: P.G. Wodehouse Canvas of Life: Sheila Gujral Colonel Sun: Kingsley Amis Dark Debts: Karen Hall
and Bob Woodward Aspects of the Novel: E.M. Forster Bin Laden–The Man Who Declared War on Caravans: James A. Michener Comedy of Errors: William Shakespeare Dark Home Coming: Eric Lustbader
All the Prime Minister’s Men: Janardhan Assassination of a Prime Minister: S. Anandram America: Yossef Bodansky Carnage By Angels: Y.P. Singh Common Sense: Thomas Paine Dark Side of Camelot: Seymour Hersh
Thakur Assignment Colombo: J.N. Dixit Birds and Beasts: Mark Twain CBK: Graeme Wilson Communalism–Handled with a Difference: Darkness at Noon: Arthur Koestler
All Things Bright and Beautiful: James Herrit Athenian Constitution: Aristotle Birth and Death of the Sun: George Gamow Cell: Stephen King Daniel Steel Das Kapital: Karl Marx
All Under Heaven: Pearl S. Buck Atoms of Hope: Mohan Sundara Rajan Birth and Evolution of the Soul: Annie Besant Centennial: James lvIichener Communist Manifesto: Karl Marx Dashkumar Charitam: Dandi
Along the Road: Aldous Huxley August 1914: Alexander Solzhenitsyn Bisarjan: Rabindranath Tagore Chaitali: R.N. Tagore Comus: John Milton Dateline Kargil: Gaurav C. Samant
Ambassador’s Journal: J.K. Galbraith Author’s Farce: Henry Fielding Black Holes and Baby Universes: Stephen Chakori: Chandrasekhar Kamba Confessions: J.J. Rousseau Daughter of the East: Benazir Bhutto
Ambassador’s Report: Chester Bowles Autumn Leaves: O. Pulla Reddi Hawking Chance: Joseph Conrad Confessions of a Lover: Mulk Raj Anand David Copperfield: Charles Dickens
Amelia: Henry Fielding Ayodhya–6 December 1992: P.V. Narasimha Black Sheep: Honore de Balzac Chandalika: Rabindranath Tagore Confessions of an Inquiring Spirit: Samuel Days of Grace: Arthur Ashe & Arnold
American Capitalism: J.K. Galbraith Rao Bleak House: Charles Dickens Charisma and Cannon–Essays on the Taylor Coleridge Rampersad
An Admiral’s Fall: Wilson John Blind Ambitions: John Dean Religious History of Subcontinent: Confessions of a Swadeshi Reformer–My Years Days of His Grace: Eyvind Johnson
An American Dilemma: Gunnar Myrdal B Blind Beauty: Boris Pasternak Vasudha Dalmia, Angelika Malinar as Finance Minister: Yashwant Sinha Days of My Years: H.P. Nanda
An American in Khadi: Asha Sharma Back to Methuselah: George Bernard Shaw Blind Men of Hindoostan–Indo-Pak Nuclear and Marcin Christ Confrontation with Pakistan: Gen. B.M. Kaul De Profundis: Oscar Wilde
An American Tragedy: Theodore Dreiser Bandicoot Run: Manohar Malgonkar War: Gen. Krishnaswamy Sundarji Chemmeen: Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai Conquest of Happiness: Bertrand Russell Dean’s December: Saul Bellow
Books and Authors 517 518 General Knowledge 2019 Books and Authors 519
Death and Mter: Annie Besant Dilemma of Our Time: Harold Joseph La ski Edwina and Nehru: Catherine Clement Failing Slowly: Anita Brookner Free Man’s Worship: Bertrand Russell God as Political Philosopher–Buddha’s
Death Be Not Proud: John Gunther Diplomacy: Henry Kissinger Egmont: J.W. Von Goethe Faith & Compassion: Navin Chawla Freedom at Midnight: Larry Collins and Challenge to Brahminism: Dr.
Death in the Casde: Pearl S. Buck Diplomacy and Disillusion: George Urbans Eight Lives: Rajmohan Gandhi Faith & Fire: A Way Within: Dominique Lapierre Kanchan Illaiah
Death in Venice: Thomas Maim Diplomacy for the Next Century: Abba Eban Elegy Written in a Country Falling Leaves Return to Their Roots: Freedom Behind Bars: Tarsem Kumar God’s Bankers–Gerald Posner
Death of a City: Amrita Pritam Diplomacy in Peace and War: J.N. Kaul Churchyard: Thomas Gray Adeline Yen Man Freedom from Fear: Atmg San Suu Kyi God’s Little Soldier: Kiran Nagarkar
Death of a Patriot: R.E. Harrington Disappearing Acts: Terry McMillan Emile: J.J. Rousseau False Witness: Dexter Dias Freedom in Exile: Dalai Lama Godaan: Munshi Prem Chand
Death of a President: William Manchester Discovery of India: Jawahadal Nehru Eminent Churchillians: Andrew Roberts Family Matters: Rohinton: Freedom Song: Amit Chaudhuri Godrej–A Hundred Years: B.K. Karanjia
Death on the Nile: Agatha Christie Disgrace: J.M. Coetzee Eminent Victorians: Lytton Strachey Family Moskat: Issac Bashevis Singer French Leave: P.G. Wodehouse Golden Threshold: Sarojini Naidu
Death Under Sail: C.P. Snow Distant Drums: Manohar Malgonkar Emma: Jane Austen Far From the Madding Crowd: Thomas Hardy French Revolution: Thomas Carlyle Gone with the Wind: Margaret Mitchell
Death–The Supreme Friend: Kakasaheb Distant Neighbours: Kuldip Nayar Empire of the Soul–Some Journeys in India: Farewell the Trumpets: James Morris Friends and Foes: Sheikh Mujibur Rehman Good Earth: Pearl S. Buck
Kalelkar Divine Comedy: A. Dante Paul William Roberts Farewell to a Ghost: Manoj Das Friends, Not Masters: Ayub Khan Goodbye, Mr. Chips: James Hilton
Debacle: Emile Zola Divine Life: Swami Sivananda End of an Era: C. S. Pandit Farm House: George Orwell From Here to Eternity: James Jones Gora: Rabindranath Tagore
Decameron: Giovanni Boccaccio Doctor Faustus: Christopher Marlowe End of the Chapter: John Forsyte Fasting, Feasting: Anita Desai From India to America: S. Chandrashekhar Governance and the Sclerosis that has set
Decline and Fall of Indira Gandhi: D. R. Doctor’s Dilemma: George Bernard Shaw End of the Line: Neelesh IvIishra Father and Sons.: Ivan Turgenev From Raj to Rajiv: Mark Tully and Zaheer in: Arun Shourie
Mankekar and Kamala Mankekar Dolly–The Birth of a Clone: Jina Kolata Ends and Means: Aldous Huxley Faust: J.W. Von Goethe Masani Government@net: New Governance, New
Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire: Don Juan: George Byrqn Enemies: Maxim Gorky Fidelio: L. Beethoven From Raj to the Republic–A Political History Opportunities for India
Edward Gibbon Don Quixote: Saavedra Miguel de Cervantes Engaging India–Diplomacy, Democracy & Faces and Places: Prof. Deepak Nayyar of India: Jean Alphonse Bernard Grace Notes: Bernard Mac Lavarto
Decline of the West: O’ Spengler Don’t Laugh–We are Police: Bishan Lal Vohra the Bomb: Strobe Talbott Food for All–International organisation and From Rajpath to Lokpath: Vijaya Raje Scindia Grammar of Politics: Harold Joseph Laski
Democracy Means Bread and Freedom: Double Betrayal: Paula R. Newburg Environmental Economics–An Indian Pers- the Transformation of Agriculture: Frozen Assets: PG Wodehouse Granny Dan: Danielle Steel
Piloo Mody Double Tongue: William Golding pective: Rabindra N. Bhattacharya Uma Lala Fun Moon: PG Wodehouse Grapes of Wrath: John Steinbeck
Democracy Redeemed: V.K. Narsimhan Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde: Robert Louis Envoy to Nehru: Escott Reid Fiesta: Ernest Hemingway Fury: Salman Rushdie Great Expectations: Charles Dickens
Democratic Governance in India–Challenges Stevenson Erewhon: Samuel Butler Fifth Column: Ernest Hemingway Future of NPT: Savita Pande Great Gatsby: F Scott Fitzgerald
of Poverty, Development & Identity: Dr. Zhivago: Boris Pasternak Escape: John Forsyte Fifth Elephant: Terry Pratchett Great Illusion: Norman Angell
Nirja Gopal Jayal and Sudha Pai Dragon’s Teeth: U.B. Sinclair Escape the Night: Richard North Patterson Fifty Years of Indian Management–An G Great One-Day Internationals: Gulu Ezekiel
Descent of Man: Charles Darwin Dream of Fair to Middling Women: Samuel Essay on Life: Samuel Butler Insider’s View: Arabinda Roy Ganadevata: Tara Shankar Bandopadhyaya Great Tragedy: ZA Bhutto
Deserted Village: Oliver Goldsmith Beckett Essays for Poor to the Rich: John Kenneth Fights Into Fear: Captain Devi Sharan Gandhi and Stalin: Louis Fisher Grey Eminence: Aldous Huxley
Detective: Arthur Hailey Dreams,Roses and Fire: Eyvind Johnson Galbraith Final Passage: Caryl Phillips Gandhi–A Sublime Failure: SS Gill Ground Beneath Her Feet: Salman Rushdie
Devdas: Sharat Chandra Chatterjee Drogon’s Seed: Pearl S. Buck Essays in Criticism: Matthew Arnold Finding a Voice–Asian Women in Ganganvani: Ram Karan Sharma Growing Old In India–Voices Reveal,
Development and Nationhood–Essays Drunkard: Emile Zola Essays of Elia: Charles Lamb Britain: Amrit Wilson Gardener: Rabindranath Tagore Statistics Speak: Ashish Bose & Mala
in the Political Economy of South Dude, Where’s My Country?: Michael Moore Essays on Gita: Aurobindo Ghosh Fire in the East–The Rise in Asian Military Garrick Year: Margaret Drabble Kapur Shanker Dass
Asia: Meghnad Desai Durgesh Nandini: Bankim Chandra Chatterjee Estranged Democracies: Dennis Kux Power and the Second Nuclear Gathering Storm: Winston Churchill Growing up in Anglo-India: Eric Stracey
Development As Freedom: Amartya Sen Dust to Dust: Tami Hoag Eternal Himalayas: Major H.P.S. Ahluwalia Age: Paul Bracker Geet Govinda: Jaya Dev Grub Street: Henry Fielding
Development Banks-Infrastructure and Dynamics of Social Change: Chandra Shekhar Eternity: Anwar Shaikh Firefly–A Fairytale: Ritu Beri Guide for the Perplexed: EF Schumacher
General Theory of Employment, Interest
Industrial Output: Prakash Salvi Dynasties of India and Beyond–Pakistan, Sri Ethics: Aristotle First Circle: Alexander Solzhenitsyn Guiding Souls-Dialogues on the Purpose
& Money: Keynes
Development with Dignity-A Case for Full Lanka and Bangladesh: lnder Malhotra Ethics for New Millennium: Dalai Lama Flags in the Dust: William Faulkner of Life.: Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam and
Ghosts in the Machine: Arthur Koestler
Employment: Amit Bhaduri Ethics Incorporated: Dipankar Gupta Flames from the Ashes: P.D. Tandon Arun K. Tiwari
E Girl in Blue: PG Wodehouse
Devi–The Great Goddess: Vidya Dahejia Eugenie Grandet: Honore de Balzac Flash Point: Mainank Dhar Gulag Archipelago: Alexander Solzhenitsyn
Girl On the Boat: PG Wodehouse
Dharamashastra: Manu Earth in the Balance–Forging a New Common Europa: Time Parks Flight into Fear: Captain Devi Sharan & Gul-e-N aghma: Raghupati Sahai ‘Firaq’
Dialogue With Death: Arthur Koestler Purpose: Al Gore Everest Hotel: Allan Sealey Srijoy Chowdhury Gita Govinda: Jaydev Gorakhpuri
Dialogue With Pakistan: S.G. Kashika East West: Salman Rushdie Every Man a Tiger: Tom Clancy Flight to Parliament: Rajesh Pilot Gita Rahasya: Bal Gangadhar Tilak Gulistan Bostan: Sheikh Saadi
Diana Versus Charles: James Whitaker East Wind: Pearl S. Buck Executioner’s Song: Norman Mailer Follywood Flashback: Bwmy Reuben Gitanjali: Rabindranath Tagore Gulliver’s Travels: Jonathan Swift
Diana–Her Time Story in Her Own Words: Echoes from Old Calcutta: H.E. Busteed Exile and the Kingdom: Albert Camus Food, Nutrition and Poverty in India: Gladiators: Arthur Koestler Gulzari Lal Nanda: A Peep in the Service of the
Andrew Martin Economic Planning of India: Ashok Mehta Expanding Universe: Arthur Stanley V.K.R.V. Rao Glass Palace: Amitabha Ghosh People: Guns & Yellow Roses–Essays
Diana–Princess of Wales: A Tribute Economics of Peace and Laughter: John Eddington For the Love of India: Russi M. Lala Glimpses of Indian Ocean: ZA Quasim on Kargil War: Pamela Constable
Diana–The Story So Far: Julia Donelli K. Galbraith Eyeless in Gaza: Aldous Huxley For the President’s Eyes Only: Christopher Glimpses of Some Great Indians: M.L. Ahuja Gurusagaram: OV Vijayan
Diana–The True Story: Andrew Morton Economics of Public Purpose: John Andrew Glimpses of World History: Jawaharlal Nehru
Die Blendung: Elias Canetti K. Galbraith F For Whom the Bell Tolls: Ernest Hemingway Global Crises–Global Solutions: Bjorn H
Differentiate or Die: Jack Trout and Steve Economics of the Third World: S.K. Ray Faces of Everest: Maj. H.P.S. Ahluwalia Fortynine Days: Amrita Pritam Lombarg 100 Best Parliamentary Speeches–1947-97:
Rivkin Educational Reforms in India–For the 21st Facing Up: Bear Grylls Franklin’s Tale: Geoffrey Chaucer Go Down Moses: William Faulkner Dr. Subhash C. Kashyap
Difficult Daughters: Manju Kapoor Century: J. C. Aggarwal Facts are Facts: Khan Abdul Wali Khan Fraternity: John Forsyte God and the Bible: Matthew Arnold Hacks And Headlines: Raslune Sehgal
Half a Life: V.S. Naipaul How India Votes–Election Laws, Practice In the Stream of History–Shaping Foreign India–A Million Mutinies Now: V.S. Naipaul Is Paris Burning?: Larry Collins and Kargil War–Past, Present & Future: Colonel
Halfway to Freedom: Margaret Bourke-White and Procedure: Rama Devi and Policy f or a N ew E ra: W arre n India–A Wounded Civilisation: V.S. Naipaul Dominique Lapierre (Rtd.) Bhaskar Sarkar
Hamlet: William Shakespeare S.K. Mendirata Christopher India–Facing the Twenty–First Century: Isabella: John Keats Islamic Bomb: Kargil–Cross Border Terrorism: M.K. Akbar
Hamsters: C.P. Snow How Late It Was, How Late: James Kelman Inconceivable: Ben Elton Barbara Crossette Islamic Seal on India’s Independence: Kargil–From Surprise to Victory: Gen.
Hannibal: Thomas Harris How to Win Friends and Influence People: India Mter Gandhi–The History of World’s India–From Curzon to Nehru and Mter: Abul Kalam Azad V.P. Malik
Happy Death: Albert Camus Dale Carnegie Largest Democracy: Ram Chandra Durga Dass Island in Chains: Indres Naidoo Kashmir Diary–Psychology of Militancy:
Hard Times: Charles Dickens Human Factor: Graham Greene Guha India–From Midnight to the Millennium: Islands in the Streams: Ernest Hemingway Gen. Arjun Ray
Harlot High and Low: Honore de Balzac Human Knowledge: Bertrand Russell India Betrayed: The Role of Nehru Shashi Tharoor It’s Always Possible: Kiran Bedi Kashmir in the Crossfire: Victoria Shaffield
Harry Potter and the Deathly Hollows: J.K. Humour: Ben Johnson India Changes: Taya Zinkin India–Independence Festival (19471997): Ivanhoe: Sir Walter Scott Kashmir Underground: Sati Sahni
Rowling Hungry Stones: Rabindranath Tagore India Discovered: John Keay Raghu Rai Ivanov: Anton Chekhov Kashmir, the Untold Story: Humra Qureshi
Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire: J.K. Husband of a Fanatic: Amitava Kumar India Divided: Rajendra Prasad Indian Arms Bazaar: Maj-Gen. Pratap Narain Kashmir–A Tale of Shame: Hari Jaisingh
Rowling India First: K.R. Malkani Indian Economy–Essay on Money and J Kashmir–A Tragedy of Errors: Tavleen Singh
Harry Potter and the Half Blood Prince: J.K. I India in Mind: Pankaj Mishra Finance: Dr. C. Rangarajan JK Biography of JK Rowling: Seen Smith Kashmir–Behind the Vale: M.J. Akbar
Rowling Indian at Risk–Jaswant Singh India in Slow Motion: Sir Mark Tully Indian Home Rule: M.K. Gandhi Jack and Jackie–Portrait of an American Kashmir–The Wounded Valley: Ajit
Harsha Charita: Bana Bhatt I am Malala–Malala Yousufzai and Christina India in Transition–Freeing the Economy: Indian Judiciary–A Tribute: Poornima Advani. Marriage: Christopher Anderson Bhattacharjee
Harvest: Manjula Padmanabhan Prof. Jagdish Bhagwati Indian Mansions: Sarah Tillotson Jaguar Smile: Salman Rushdie Kasturba–A Life: Amn Gandhi
Lamb
Havana Bay: Martin Cruz Smith India is for Sale: Chitra Subramaniam Indian Philosophy: Dr. S. Radhakrishnan Jai Somnath: KM Munshi Katghare Main: Ram Sharan Joshi
I am Not an Island: KA Abbas
Hayavadana: Girish Karnad India of Our Dreams: M.V. Kamath Indian Summer–The Secret History of the Jane Eyre: Charlotte Bronte Kayakalp: Munshi Prem Chand
I Dare: Parmesh Dangwal
Headlong: Michael Frayen India Remembered: Percival & Margaret Spear end of an Empire: Alex Von Jankijeevanam: Prof. Rajendra Mishra Kenilworth: Sir Walter Scott
I Follow the Mahatma: KM Munshi
Heart of Darkness: Joseph Conrad India Remembered–A Personal Account of Indi a- Paki stan –Hi sto ry of Uns ol ve d Japan–South Asia Security and Economic Khak-i-Dil: Jan Nissar Akhtar
I Muse; Therefore I Am: VN Narayanan
Heat and Dust: Ruth Prawer Jhabwala the Mountbattens During the Transfer Conflicts: Lars Blinkenberg Perspectives: KV Kesvan Khushwant Singh–In the Name of the
I Too Had A Dream: Dr. Verghese Kurien Jawaharlal Nehru, Rebel and Statesman:
Heaven Has No Favourites: Eric Maria I Will Lie Down in Peace: Usha Jesudasan of Power: Pamela Mountbatten and India–The Critical Years: Kuldip Nayar Father: Rahul Singh
Remarque India Hicks Indica: Megasthenes B.R: Nanda Khushwant Singh–An Icon of Our Age:
IC 814 Hijacked: Anil Jaggia & Saurabh Shukla Jawaharlal Nehru–A Communicator &
Heavy Weather: P.G. Wodehouse India Today: Rajni Palme Dutt Indira Gandhi’s Emergence and Style: Kaamna Prasad
Ideology and Social Science: Andre Beteille Democratic Leader: AK Damodran
Heir Apparent: Dr. Karan Singh India Unbound: Gurcharan Das Nayantara Sehgal Kidnapped: Robert Louis Stevenson
Identity and Violence–The Illusion of Jazz: Toni Morrison
Henderson the Rain King: Saul Bellow India We Left: Hymphry Trevelyan Indira Gandhi–The ‘Emergency’ and Indian Kim: Rudyard Kipling
Destiny: Prof. Amartya Sen Jean Christopher: Romain Rolland
Henry Esmond: William M. Thackeray India Wins Freedom: Maulana Abul Democracy: PN Dhar King Lear: Wilham Shakespeare
Idols: Sunil Gavaskar Jewel: Danielle Steel
Heritage: Anthony West Kalam Azad Indira’s India: S Nihal Singh King of Dark Chamber: Rabindranath Tagore
Idylls of the King: Lord Alfred Tennyson JFK–An Unfinished Life: Robert Dallek
Hero of Our Times: Richard Hough India’s China Perspective: Subramanian Indira–The Life of Indira Nehru Gandhi: Kipps: H.G. Wells
If I Am Assassinated: ZA Bhutto Jobs for Millions: V.V. Giri
Heroes and tIero Worship: Thomas Carlyle Swamy Katherine Frank Kiran Bedi–The Kindly Baton: Meenakshi
Hidden Iran–Paradox and Power in the Imperial Woman: Pearl S Buck India’s China War: Neville Maxwell Indomitable Spirit: Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam Julius Caesar: William Shakespeare Saxena
Islamic Republic: Ray Takeyh Importance of Being Earnest: Oscar Wilde India’s Culture, the State, the Arts & Inferno: Alighieri Dante Jungle Book: Rildyard Kipling Kiss of God: Marshall Stewart Bell
Higher than Hope: Fatima Meer Impossible Allies: C. Raja Mohan Beyond: B.P. Singh Ink: John Preston Jungle Girl: Ginu Karnani Kohima to Kashmir–On Terrorist Trail:
Himalayan Blunder: J.P. Dalvi In Mghanistan’s Shadow: Salig S. Harrison India’s Development As Knowledge Society: Inside Asia (also Inside Europe and Inside Jurassic Park: Michael Crichton Prakash Singh
Hind Swaraj: M.K. Gandhi In Confidence: Anatolyu Dobrynin K. Venkatasubramanian Mrica): John Gunther Joseph Anton: Sulman Rushdie Koraner Nari: Taslima Nasreen
Hindi Sahitya Aur Samvedna Ka Vikas: In Defence of Globalisation: Jagdish Bhagwaci India’s Economic Crisis: Dr. Bimal Jalan Inside the CBI: Joginder Singh Kore Kagaz: Amrita Pritam
In Evil Hour: Gabriel Garcia Marquez K
R.S. Chaturvedi India’s Economic Reforms and Development Inside the Olympics: Dick Pound Kshuditta Pashan (Hungry Stone):
In Light of India: Octavio Paz Kabeer Aur Eesaayee Chintan: M.D. Thomas
Hindu Civilisation: J.M. Barrie Essays for Manmohan Singh: I.J. Inside the Third Reich: Albert Spencer Rabindranath Tagore
Hinduism: Nirad C. Choudhuri In Memoriam: Lord Alfred Tennyson Ahluwalia & I.M.D. Little Insulted and the Injured: Fyodor M. Dostoevsky Kadambari: Bana Bhatt Kubla Khan: Samuel Taylor Coleridge
Hindu-Muslim Unity: Ian Bryant Wells In Retrospect–The Tragedy and Lessons of India’s March to Freedom; The Nehru Epoch; Intelligence Services: Dr. Bhashyam Kasturi Kagaz Te Kanwas: Amrita Pritam Kulliyat: Ghalib
His Excellency: Emile Zola Vietnam: Robert S. McNamara The Post Nehru Era: D.P. Mishra Internet–The Rough Guide: Angus J. Kennedy Kailasb Mansarovar: Lt. Col. A.S. Berar (Retd.) Kumar Sambhava: Kalidas
Hold Back the Night: Adam Baran In Search of Gandhi: Richard Attenborough India’s Neighbours–Problems And Prospects: Intimacy: Jean Paul Sartre Kaleidoscope of India: Tomoji Muto
Home Comings: C.P. Snow In Search of Identity: Anwar el-Sadat Ayanjit Sen Intruder in the Dust: William Faulkner Kali Aandhi: Kamleshwar L
Honest Thief and Other Stories: Pyodor In the Mternqon of Time: Dr. Rupert Snell India’s Politics–A View From the Backbench: Iran Awakening–A Memoir of Revolution and Kamadhenu: Kubernath Ray L’Allegro: John Milton
Dostoevsky In the Bluest Eye: Toni Morrison Bimal Jalan Hope: Shirin Ebadi Kamasutra: S.H. Vatsyayan La Divine Comedia: A. Dante
Horizons–The Tata India Century: Aman In the City by the Sea: Kamilla Shamsie India’s Priceless Heritage: N.A. Palkhivala Iron Harvest: CP Surendran Kamayani: Jai Shankar Prasad La Peste: Albert Camus
Nath, Jay Vithalani, Tulsi Vatsal In the Company of Women: Khushwant Singh India’s Rise to Power in the Twentieth Iron in the Soul: Jean Paul Sartre Kanyadaan: Vijay Tendulkar Lady Chatterley’s Lover: D.H. Lawrence
Hornet’s Nest: Patricia Cornwell In the Light of the Black Sun: Rohit Century & Beyond: Sandy Gordon Ironhand: J.W. Von Goethe Kanya–Exploitation of Little Angels: Lady of the Lake: Sir Walter Scott
Hot Water: P.G. Wodehouse Manchanda India’s Unending Journey–How its Future Is New York Burning?: Dominique Lapierre Ms. V. Mohini Giri Lady with the Lapdog: Anton Chekhov
House of the Dead: Fyodor Dostoevsky In the Shadow of Pines: Mandeep Rai will Affect Us All: Mark Tully & Larry Collins Kapal Kundala: Bankim Chandra Chatterjee Lajja: Taslima Nasreen
Lal Bahadur Shastri: C.P. Srivastava Long Shadow–Inside Stalin’s Family: Mandela–The Authorised Biography: Anthony Modernity, Morality And The Mahatma: My Truth: Indira Gandhi Notes from a Small Island: Bill Bryson
Last Analysis: Saru Bellow Svetlana Allilyuyeva Sampson MadhuriSanthanam Sondhi Mysterious Universe: James Jeans Nothing Like The Sun: Anthony Bugess
Last Burden: Upamanyu Chatterjee Long Walk to Freedom: Nelson Mandela Maneaters of Kumaon: Jim Corbett Mohandas: A True Story of a Man, His Myth of Sisyphus: Albert Camus Nuclear Deterrence in Southern Asia–China,
Last Days of Pompeii: Edward George Lytton Look Back in Anger: John Osborne Mangal Pandey: Brave Martyr or Accidental People and an Empire: My country My life: L.K. Advani India & Pakistan: Arpit Rajan
Last Orders: Graham Swift Lord Jim: Joseph Conrad Hero? Mondays on Dark Night of Moon: Kirin Narayan My unforgettable Memories: Mamta Banerjee Nuclear India: G.G. Mirchandani and
Last Things: C.P. Snow Lord of the Flies: William Golding Mankind and Mother Earth: Arnold Toynbee Monsoon: Wilbur Smith P.K.S. Namboodari
Law, Lawyers & Judges: H.R. Bhardwaj Lost Child: Mulk Raj Anand Mansfield Park: Jane Austen Mookhajjiva Kanasugalu: K. Shivram Karanth N Numbered Account: Christopher Reich
Laws Versus Justice: V.R. Krishna lyer Lost Honour: John Dean Manviya Sanskriti Ke Rachnatmak Aayam: Moon and Six Pence: W. Somerset Maugham 9-11: Noam Chomsky Nursery Alice: Lewis Carroll
Laws, Ideas and Ideology in Politics– Prof. Raghuvansh Moonlight Sonata: L. Beethoven Naari: Humavun Azad Nurturing Development: Ismail Serageldin
Lost Illusion: Honore de Balzac
Perspective of an Activist: Ashwani Many Worlds: K.P.S. Menon Moonwalk: Michael Jackson Nai Duniya Ko Salam & Path or Ki Dewar:.
Lotus Eaters: A. Tennvson
Kumar Mao, the Unknown Story: Jung Chang & Mother: Maxim Gorky Ali Sardar Jafri O
Love and Longing in Bombay: Vikram Chandra
Le Contract Social (The Social Contract): Jon Halliday Mother India: Katherine Mayo Naivedyam (The Offering): N. Balamai Amma 173 Hours in Captivity: Neelesh Mishra
Love in a Blue Time: Hanif Khureshi
J.J. Rousseau Marriage and Morals: Bertrand Russell Mountbatten and Independent India: Larry Naked Came the Stranger: Penelope Ashe O is for Outlaw: Sue Grafion
Love in a Dead Language: Lee Seigel
Collirs and Dominique Lapierre Naku Thanthi: D.R. Bendre O’Jerusalem: Larry Collins and Dominique
Lead Kindly Light: Cardinal Newman Love Story: Eric Segal Mars & Venus–A Match In Heaven?: John Gray
Mountbatten and tne Partition of India: Nana: Emile Zola Lapierre
Leaders: Richard Nixon Love, Truth and a Little Malice: Khushwant Mass Media in Contemporary Society:
Larry Collins and Dominique Lapierre Natya Shastra: Bharat Muni Occasion for Loving: Nadine Gordimer
Learning to Forget–The AntiMemoirs of Singh P.B. Sawant
Mrichchhakatikam: Shudraka Neela Chand: Shiv Prasad Singh Oddakkuzal: G. Shankara Kurup
Modernity: Dipankar Gupta Lycidas: John Milton Mati Matal: Gopinath Mohanty
Nehru and the Language Politics of India: Odyssey: Homer
Leaves of Grass: Walt Whitman Maurice: E.M. Forster Mrinalini: Bankim Chandra Chatterjee
M Robert D. King Of Human Bondage: W Somerset Maugham
Legacy of a Divided Nation: Mushirul Hasan Maximum City: Suketu Mehta Mrityunjaya: Shivaji Sawant
Nehru Family and Sikhs: Harbans Singh Of Some Consequence–A Soldier Remembers:
Les Miserables: Victor Hugo M.A. Jinnah: Ayesha Jalal Meditations on First Philosophy: Rene Mrs. De Winter: Susan Hill
Nehru–A Political Life: Prof. Judith Brown General K. Sundarji
Lest We Forget: Amarinder Singh Macbeth: William Shakespeare Descrates Mrs. Gandhi’s Second Reign: Arun Shourie
Neither Here Nor There: Bill Bryson Old Curiosity Shop: Charles Dickens
Letter from Peking: Pearl S. Buck Madame Secretary–A Memoir: Madeleine Meghdoot: Kalidas Much Ado About Nothing: William
Nelson Mandela–A Biography: Martin Old Goriot: Honore de Balzac
Letters Between a Father and Son: V.S. Albright Mein Kampf: Adolf Hitler Shakespeare
Meredith Old Path–White Clouds: Thich Nht Hanh
Naipaul Magic Mountain: Maharishi Ved Vyas Memoirs of a Bystander–Life in Diplomacy: Mudrarakshasa: Vishakhadatta
Netaji Subhash–Ideology & Doctrine: Oliver Twist: Charles Dickens
Letters From the Field: Margaret Mead Magic Seeds: V.S. Naipaul Iqbal Akhund Mughal Maharajas and the Mahatma:
Amlendu Guha Oliver’s Story: Erich Segal
Leviathan: Thomas Hobbes Mahabhashya: Patanjali Memories of Hope: Charles de Gaulle K.R.N. Swami
Netaji–Dead or Alive: Samar Guha Omeros: Derek Walcott
Liberty & Death: Patrick French Mahatma Gandhi: Romain Rolland Memory and Identity–Conversations Murder in the Cathedral: T.S. Eliot
Never At Home: Dom Moraes On History: Eric Hobsbawm
Life and Death of Mr. Badman: John Bunyan Main Street: Sinclair Lewis Spanning Murder on the Orient Express: Agatha Christie
New Dimensions of India’s Foreign Policy: On the Edge of a Century: Amlan Datta
Life and Times of Michael K: J.M. Coetzee Main Waqt Ke Hoon Samane: Girija Kumar Millenniums: Pope John Paul II Murky Business: Honore de Balzac
Atal Bihari Vajpayee One Day Cricket–The Indian Challenge:
Life Divine: Aurobindo Ghosh Mathur Men from Stone Age to Clone Age: Bob Beale Muslim Law and the Constitution: A.M. Nice Guys Finish Second: B.K. Nehru Ashis Roy
Life is Elsewhere: Milan Kundera Major Barbara: George Bernard Shaw Men Who Kept the Secrets: Thomas Powers Bhattacharjea Nicholas Nickelby: Charles Dickens Once was Bombay: Pinki Virani One Day in
Life Isn’t All Ha Ha Hee Hee: Meera Syal Making Peace With Pakistan: Radha Kumar Meri Rahen Meri Manzil: Krishna Puri My Days: R.K. Narayan Nile Basin: Sir Richard Burton the Life of Ivan Denisovich
Life of Pi: Yann Martel Making Sense of Chindia–Reflections on Metaphysics: Aristotle My Early Life: M.K. Gandhi Nine Days’ Wonder: John Mansfield One Hundred Years of Solitude: Gabriel
Light That Failed: Rudyard Kipling China & India: Jairam Ramesh Middle March: George Eliot My Experiments with Truth: M.K. Gandhi Nineteen Eighty-Four (1984): George Marquez
Lighting: Danielie Steel Malavikagnimitra: Kalidas Midnight Diaries: Boris Yeltsin My Father, Deng Xiaoping: Xiao Rong Orwell 1999–Victory Without War: One World: Wendell Wilkie
Like Water for Chocolate: Laura Esquivel Malgudi Days: R.K. Narayan Midnight in the Garden of Good and My God Died Young: Sasthi Brata Richard Nixon One World and India: Arnold Toynbee
Line of Control: Tom Clancy & Steve Pieceznik Malti Madhav: Bhavabhuti Evil: John Berendt My India: S. Nihal Singh Nirbashita Narir Kabita: Taslima Nasreen One World to Share: Sridath Ramphal
Lines of Fate: Mark Kharitonov Mama: Terry McMillan Miguel Street: V.S. Naipaul My Life: Bill Clinton Nirmala: Prem Chand One-eyed Uncle: Laxmikant Mahapatra
Lipika: Rabindranath Tagore Man and Superman: George Bernard Shaw Mill on the Floss: George Eliot My Life and Times: V.V. Giri Nisheeth: Uma Shankar Joshi Open Secrets–Indian Intelligence Unveiled:
Listening Now: Anjana Apachana Man for Moscow: G. Wynne MirrorImage: Danielle Steel My Music, My Love: Ravi Shankar Niti-Sataka: Bhartrihari M.K. Dhar
Little Angels: V. Mohini Giri Man of Destiny: George Bernard Mirror of the Sea: Joseph Conrad My Own Boswell: M. Hidayatullah Nixon and Kissinger–Partners in Power: Operation Black Thunder: Sarbjit Singh
Living History–An Autobiography of Hillary Shaw Man of Property: John Galsworthy Missed Opportunities: Indo-Pak War 1965 My Own Witness: Mrinal Pande Robert Dallek Operation Bluestar–The True Story:
Rodham Clinton: Simon & Schuster Man Who Changed China: Pearl S. Buck Mistaken Identity: Nayantara Sehgal My Presidential Years: Ramaswamy No Full Stops in India: Mark Tully Lt. Gen. K.S. Brar
Living Room: Graham Greene Man, Beast and Virtue: Luigi Pirandello Moby Dick: Herman Melville Venkataraman Non-Violence in Peace and War: M.K. Gandhi Operation Parakaram–The War Unfinished:
Lolita: V. Nabokov Man, The Unknown: Lewis Carroll Mod Classics: Joseph Conrad My Several Worlds: Pearl S. Buck North: Seamus Heaney Lt. Gen. V.K. Sood and Pravin Sawhney
Loneliness of the Long Distance Runner: Management and Cultural Values: Henry Modern Jihad: Loretta Napuleoni My Side: David Beckham Northanger Abbey: Jane Austen Operation Shylock: Philip Roth
Allan Sillitoe S.R. Kao Modern Painters: John Ruskin My Son’s Father: Dom Moraes Nostromo: Joseph Conrad Origin of Species: Charles Darwin
Long Day’s Journey into Night: Eugene O’Neill Managing for Results: Peter F. Drucker Modern South Asia–History, Culture, Political My South Block Years: J.N. Dixit Notebook of a Foot Soldier: Randhir Khare Oru Desathinte Katha: S.K. Pottekkatt
Long Road Home: Danielle Steel Managing for the Future: Peter F. Drucker Economy: Sugata Bose & Ayesha Jalal My Struggles: E.K. Nayanar Notes from a Big Country: Bill Bryson Oscar and Lucinda: Peter Carey
Othello: William Shakespeare Pickwick Papers: Charles Dickens R Return of the Aryans: Bhagwan S. Gidwani Scenes from a Writer’s Life: Ruskin Bond Something Barely Remembered: Susan
Other People’s Children: Joanna Trollope Pillow Problems and the Tangled Tale: Lewis Rabbit, Run: John Updika Returning to the Source: Acharya Rajneesh Sceptred Flute: Sarojini Naidu Visvanathan
Our Fathers: Andrew O’Hagan Carroll Radharani: Bankim Chandra Chatterjee Revenge and Reconciliation–Understanding Schindler’s List: Thomas Keneally Song of Solomon: Toni Morrison
Our Films, Their Films: Satyajit Ray Pinjar: Amrita Pritam Raga Mala–Autobiography of Ravi Shankar: South Asian History: Rajmohan Gandhi Scholar Extraordinary: Nirad C. Chaudhuri Sons and Lovers: D.H. Lawrence
One life on not enough: Natwar Singh Plans for Departure: Nayantata Sehgal George Harrison Reverse Sweep–Confessions of a Cricket Second Wind: Dick Francis Soul And Structure of Governance in
Out of My Comfort Zone: Steve Waugh Platform: Michael Houellebecq Rage of Angels: Sydney Sheldon Junkie: Gautam Bhimani Secret Agent: Joseph Conrad India: Jagmohan
Platform No. Chaar: Dr. Himanshi Shelat Raghuvamsa: Kalidas Revolutionary Wealth: Alvin and Heidi Toffler Sense and Sensibility: Jane Austen Soul Mountain: Gao Xingjian Mabel Lee
P Rags to Riches: M.G. Muthu Rich Like Us: Nayantara Sehgal Sesame and Lilies: John Ruskin South Asia on a Nuclear Fuse: Praful
Pleading Guilty: Scott Turow
Paddy Clarke Ha, Ha, Ha: Roddy Doyle Riding the Nuclear Tiger: N. Ram Seshan–An Intimate Story: K. Govindan Kutty Bidwai & Achin Vanaik
PMO Diary-I, Prelude Emergency: B.N. Tandon Ragtime: E.L. Doctorow
Painted Veil: W Somerset Maugham Rahul Dravid–A Biography: Vedam Riding the Storm: Harold MacMillan Seven Lamps of Architecture: John Ruskin South from the Limpopo; Travels Through
Point of Origin: Patricia Cornwell
Painter of Signs: R.K. Narayan Jaishankar Rights of Man: Thomas Paine Seven Summers: Mulk Raj Anand South Africa: Dervla Murphy
Poison Belt: Sir Arthur Conan Doyle
Pak Proxy War: Vijay Karan Rains Came: Louis Bromefieid Rise and Fall of the Great Powers: Paul Kennedy Sex, Art and American Culture: Camille Paglia South-East Asia on a Shoestring: Hugh Finlay
Politics: Aristotle
Pakistan Between Mosque and Military: Raj Kapoor Speaks: Ritu Nanda Ritu Ka Pehla Phool: Vijendra Shadow from Ladakh: Bhabani Bhattacharya Soz-i-Watan: Munshi Prem Chand
Portrait of India: Ved Mehta Special Tests–The Memoirs of an Unwanted
Hussain Haqqani Rajtarangini: Kalhana Ritu Samhara: Kalidas Shadow Line: Joseph Conrad
Post Office: Rabindranath Tagore Witness–A Soviet Spymaster: Pavel
Pakistan Crisis: David Loshak Raj–The Making & Unmaking of British Road to Folly: Leslie Ford Shadow of a Princess: Patrick Jephson
Pakistan Cut to Size: D.R. Mankekar Power and Glory: Graham Greene Anatolievich Sudoplatov
Power of Movement in Plants: Charles Darwin India: Lawrence James Road to Freedom: K.K. Khullar Shahnama: Firdausi
Pakistan in the 20th Century–A Political Ram Charita Manas: Twsidas Romantics: Pankaj Mishra Shakuntala: Kalidas Speed Post: Shobhaa De
History: Lawrence Ziring Power That Be: David Halberstan Spirit of the Age: William Hazlitt
Ramanujar: Dr. Indira Parthasarathy Romeo and Juliet: William Shakespeare Shalimar: Manohar Malgonkar
Pakistan Leadership Challenge: Lt. Gen. Prateeksha: Harivansh Rai Bachchan Spouse: Shobhaa De
Ramayana: Maharishi Valmiki Room at the Top: John Braine Roots Shalimar The Clown: Salman Rushdie
(Rtd.) Jahan Dad Khan Pratham Pratishruti: Ashapurna Devi Spy Catcher: Peter Wright
Rangbhoomi: Munshi Prem Chand Routine Violence: Gyanendra Pandey Shall We Tell the President?: Jeffrey Archer
Pakistan Papers: Mani Shankar Aiyer Prelude: William Wordsworth St. Cyril Road: Amit Chaudhuri
Prem Pachisi: Munshi Prem Chand Rang-e-Shairi: Raghupati Sahai ‘Firaq’ Rubaiyat: Omar Khayyam Shame: Salman Rushdie
St. Joan: George Bernard Shaw
Pakistan’s Failed Gamble: Col. Gorakhpuri Rubaiyat-i-Omar Khayyam: Edward Shape of Things to Come: H.G. Wells
(Retd.) Anil Shourie Premonitions: P.N. Haksar Stability in South Asia: Ashley J. Tellis
Rape of Bangladesh: Anthony Mascarenhas Fitzgerald She Stoops to Conquer: Oliver Goldsmith
Preparing for the Twentieth Century: Paul Stalin: Edvard Radzinsky
Pakistan–The Gathering Storm: Benazir Bhutto Rape of Nanking (Nanjing)–An Undeniable Rukh Te Rishi: Harbhajan Singh Sher-e-Shor Angez: Shamsur Rahman Faruqi
Panchatantra: Vishnu Sharma Kennedy Starry Nights: Shobhaa De
History of Photographs: SIll Young Runaway Jury: John Grisham Ship of Fools: Katherine Anne Porter Stars of New Curfew: Ben Okri
Paradise: Alighieri Dante Press Freedom–The Indian Story: K.G. Joglekar Shivaji, The Great Patriot: Lala Lajpat Rai
Ratnavali: Harsha Vardhan Stolen Harvest: Vandana Shiva
Paradise Lost: John Milton Price of Partition: Rafiq Zakaria S
Ravi Paar (Across the Ravi): Gulzar Shivaji–Hindu King of Islamic India: Stopping by Woods: Robert Frost
Paradise Regained: John Milton Price of Power–Kissingerin the Nixon White Saaket: Maithili Sharan Gupt
Razor’s Edge: W Somerset Maugham James Laine S torm i n the S ea Wind–Ambani V s
Param Vir–Our Heroes in Battle: Major House: Seymour M. Hersh Sacked or Sunk? Admiral Vishnu Bhagwat: Siddharta: Hermann Hesse
Real Time: Amit Chaudhuri Ambani: Alam Srinivas
Gen. Ian Cardozo Pride and Prejudice: Jane Austen Rebirth: Leonid Brezhnev Brigadier R.P. Singh & Comdre Silas Marner: George Eliot Story of My Life: Moshe Dayan
Past and Present: Thomas Carlyle Princess in Love: Ann Pasternak Red and Black: Stendhal Ranjit B. Rao Silent Spring: Rachel Carson Story of Real Man: Nikolayev Polevoi
Past Forward: G.R. Narayanan Principia: Isaac Newton Red Star Over China: Edgar Snow Sacred Games: Vikram Chandra Single & Single: John Le Carre Straight From Heart: Kapil Dev
Path to Power: Margaret Thatcher Prison and Chocolate Cake: Nayantara Sehgal Rediscovering Asia: Prakash Nanda Sadar-i-Riyasat: Karan Singh Single in the City–The Independent Woman’s Strangers and Brothers Omnibus: C.P. Snow
Pavilion of Women: Pearl S. Buck Prison Diary: Jayaprakash Narayan Rediscovering Dharavi: Kalpana Sharma Saddam’s Bomb: Shyam Bhatia and Daniel Handbook: Sunny Singh Street Lawyer: John Grisham
Pay the Devil: Jack Higgins Prithviraj Raso: Chandra Bardai Rediscovering Gandhi: Yogesh Chadha McGrory Six Characters in Search of an Author: Strife: John Galsworthy
Peculiar Music: Emily Bronte Profiles & Letters: K. Natwar Singh Reflections on the French Revolution: Saket: Maithili Sharan Gupt Luigi Pirandello Stripped Steel: N.K. Singh
People Like Us: Pawan Kumar Verma Promises to Keep: Chester Bowels’ Edmund Burke Sakharam Binder: Vijay Tendulkar Slaughter House Five: Kurt Vanuegut Struggles of Indian Federalism: Bonica Aleaz
Perceptions, Emotions Sensibilities: Prospects for Democracy in Asia: Tatu Regional Security in South Asia–The Ethno- Samler’s Planet: Saul Bellow Slumming India: Gita Dewan Verma Studies in the Psychology of Sex: Havelock Ellis
Tapan Raychaudhuri Vanhanen Sectarian Dimensions: Muchkund Sanctuary: William Faulkner Small Island: Andrea Levy Subsidies–A Bottomless Bucket: K.S.
Perfect Hostage–A Life of Aung San Suu Pulsating Presence of a Painful Past: Taisha Dubey & Nancy Jetly Sands of Time: Sidney Sheldon Small Land: Leonid Brezhnev Ramachandran
Kyi: Justin Wintle Abraham Remembering Babylon: David Malouf Santa Evita: Tomas Eloymartinez Small Remedies: Shashi Deshpande Sula: Toni Morrison
Perils of Democracy: P.C. Alexander Punjab, The Knights of Falsehood: K.P.S. Gill Reminiscences: Thomas Carlyle Sardar Patel and Indian Muslims: Rafiq Zakaria Smell: Radhika Jha Sultry Days: Shobhaa De
Personal Injuries: Scot Turow Purgatory: Alighieri Dante Reminiscences of the Nehru Age: M.O. Mathai Satanic Verses: Salman Rushdie Snakes & Ladders–A View of Modern India: Summa Theologica: Thomas Aquinas
Perspectives on Indian National Movement; Pygmalion: George Bernard Shaw Remorseful Day: Colin Dexter Satyartha Prakash: Swami Dayanand Gita Mehta Summer Sisters: Judy Bloom
Selected Correspondence of Lala Pyramids of Sacrifice: Peter L. Berger Rendezvous with Rama: Arthur C. Clark Saving Capitalism From The Capitalists: Snow Country: Yasunari Kawabata Sun Stone: Octavio Paz
Lajpat Rai: Dr. Joginder Singh Dhanki Reprieve: Jean Paul Sartre Raghuram G. Rajan and Luigi Zingales Social Justice & the Constitution: Sunny Days: Sunil Gavaskar
Persuasion: Jane Austen Q Republic: Plato Saving Faith: David Baldacci Ajit Bhattacharjea Surrender at Dacca: Lt. Gen. J.F.R. Jacob
Peter Pan: J.M. Barrie QSA: Vikas Swarup Resurrection: Leo Tolstoy Savitri: Aurobindo Ghosh Socialite Evenings: Shobhaa De Surviving Men: Shobhaa De
Philosophical Investigations: Ludwig Quarantene: Jim Crass Rethinking Early Modern India: Richard Scarred–Experiments with Violence in Sohrab and Rustam: Matthew Arnold Surviving Women: Jerry Pinto
Wittgenstein Quest for Conscience: Madhu Dandvate B. Barnett (Ed.) Gujarat: Dionne Bunsha Sole Survivor: Derek Hansen Swapnavasvadatta: Bhasa
T The Big Idea: Robert Jones The Cutting Edge: Javed Miandad The Science of Bharat Natyam: Saroja Voice of Conscience: V.V. Giri Witness to History: Prem Bhatia
2003 World Cup Cricket–Action Replay 1983: The Birth of Europe: Robert S. Lopez The Dangerous Summer: Ernest Hemingway Vaidyanathan Voice of Freedom: Nayantara Sehgal Without Fear or Favour: Neelam Sanjiva Reddy
Rahul Sehgal The Black Arrow: Robert Louis Stevenson The Dark Room: R.K. Narayan The Sense of an Ending: Julian Barnes Voice of the Voiceless: Rutsh Harring Witness to an Era: Frank Moraes
Tahqiq-i-Hind: Alberuni The Black Economy in India: Arun Kumar The Dark Side of Camelot: Seymore Hersh The Silent Cry: Kenjaburo Ue Woman’s Life: Guy de Maupassant
Tales from Shakespeare: Charles Lamb The Black Pharaoh: Christian Jacq The Day in Shadow: Nayantara Sehgal The Spirit of Islam: Syyed Amir Ali W Women and Men in My Life: Khushwant Singh
The Blackwater Lightship: Colm Toibin The Day of the Jackal: Frederick Forsyth The Village By the Sea: Anita Desai Waiting for Godot: Samuel Becket Wonder That Was India: A.L. Basham
Tales of Sherlock Holmes: Sir Arthur
The Blessing: Jude Deveraux The Discovery of India: The White Tiger: Aravind Adiga Waiting for the Mahatma: R.K. Narayan World According to Garp: John Irving
Conan Doyle
The Blind Assasin: Margaret Atwood Theory of Relativity: Alexander Doma Waiting to Exhale: Terry McMillan World Within Words: Stephen Spender
Taliban-Islam–Oil and the New Great Game The God of Small Things: Arundhuti Roy
The Blue Bedspread: Raj Kamal Jha The Harry Potter Series: J.K. Rowling Three Marketiars: Einstein Wake up India: Annie Besant Worthy It is: Odysseus Elytis
in Central Asia: Ahmed Rashid
The Book I Won’t Be Writing and Other To all fighters of freedom, Why Socialism?: Walls of Glass: KA Abbas Worshipping False Gods: Arun Shourie
Talisman: Sir Walter Scott The Indian Struggle: Subash Chandra Bose
Essays: H.Y. Sharda Prasad The Indian War of Independence: J.P. Narayan War and Peace: Tolstoy Wreck: Rabindra Nath Tagore
Tar Baby: Toni Morrison
The Book of Shadows: Namita Gokhale V.D. Savarkar Truth, Love and a Little Malice: Khushwant War and No Peace Over Kashmir: Maroof Raza Wuthering Heights: Emily Bronte
Tarkash: Javed Akhtar
The Brethren: John Grisham The Inheritance of Loss: Kiran Desai Singh War Minus the Shooting: Mike Marquesee
Tarzan of the Apes: Edgar Rice Burroughs
The Bride’s Book of Beauty: Mulk Raj Anand Two Leaves and a Bud: Mulkraj Anand War of Indian Independence: Vir Savarkar Y
Tears of Renewal: Henry Kissinger The Judgement: Kuldip Nayar
The British Conquest and Dominion of Two Lives: Vikram Seth War of the Worlds: H.G. Wells Yajnaseni: Dr. Pratibha Roy
Tehriq-e-Mujahideen: Dr. Sadiq Hussain The Masque of Africa: V.S. Naipaul
Waste Land: T.S. Eliot Yama: Mahadevi Verma
Temple Tiger: Jim Corbett India: Penderal Moon The Miracle of Democracy: India’s Amazing
The Bubble: Mulk Raj Anand U Way of the World: William Congreve Yashodhara: Maithili Sharan Gupta
Temptations of the West–How to be Modern Journey
Unbreakable: Mary Kom We, Indians: Khushwant Singh Yayati: V.S. Khandekar
in India, Pakistan and Beyond: The Buddha & The Terrorist: Satish Kumar The Nadars of Tamil Nadu: DN Dhanagre
The Butcher of Amritsar; Nigel Collett Ulysses: James Joyce We, the People: Year of the Upheaval: Henry Kissinger
Pankaj Mishra The Nehrus; Motilal and Jawaharlal: BR Nanda
The Calcutta Chromosome: Amitav Ghosh Uncle Tom’s Cabin: Mrs.Hariet Stowe Wealth of Nations: Adam Smith Year of the Vulture: Amita Malik
Tess of D’Urbervilles: Thomas Hardy The Prince: Machiavali
The Canterbury Tales: Geoffery Chaucer Unconsoled: Kazuo Ishiguro Week with Gandhi: Louis Fischer Years of Pilgrimage: Dr. Raja Ramanna
Thank You, Jeeves: P.G. Wodehouse The Rediscovery of India: Meghnad Desai
Under Western Eye: Joseph Conrad West Wind: Pearl S. Buck Yesterday and Today: KPS Menon
The Cardinal: Henry Morton Robinson
The 21st Century Ambassador: Kishan S. Rana The Satanic Verse: Salman Rushdi Unhappy India: Lala Lajpat Rai Westward Ho: Charles Kingsley
The Career & Legend of Vasco de Gama: The Science of Bharat Natyam: Saroja
The Adventures of Tom Sawyer: Mark Twain Universe Around Us: James Jeans Where the Grass is Greener: David M. Smith Z
Sanjay Submmanyam Vaidyanathan
The Affairs: C.P. Snow Until Darkness: Parvin Ghaffari While England Sleeps: David Leavitt Zool: The Final Odyssey
The Castle: Franz Kafka
The Affluent Society: J. K. Galbraith The Sense of an Ending: Julian Barnes Utouchable: Mulk Raj Anand Whispers of the Desert: Fatima Bhutto Zhivago, Dr: Boris Pasternak
The Changing Global Order: World Leaders The Silent Cry: Kenjaburo Ue
The Afghan Turmoil–Changing Equations: Upturned Soil: Mikhail Sholokov White House Years: Henry Kissinger Zlata’s Diary–A Child’s: Zlata Filipovic
Reflect
Sreedhar & Mahendra Dev The Spirit of Islam: Syyed Amir Ali Urvashi: Ramdhari Singh ‘Dinkar’ Widening Divide: Rafiq Zakaria Life in Sarajero
The Changing World of the Executive:
The Age of Extremes: Eric Hobsbawm Peter Drucker
The Village by the Sea: Anita Desai Uttar Ramcharita: Bhava Bhuti Wild Ass’s Skin: Honore de Balzac Zulfi, My Friend: Piloo Mody
The Agenda–Inside the Clinton White The White Tiger: Aravind Adiga Utopia: Thomas More Wings of fire, an Autobiography: Dr. A.P.J. Zulfikar Ali Bhutto & Pakistan: Rafi Raza
The Cinemas of India: Yves Thoraval
House: Bob Woodward The Clash of Civilisations and the Remaking
Theory of Relativity: Alexander Doma Unto This Last: John Ruskin Abdul Kalam & A. Tiwari
The Agony and the Ecstasy: Irving Stone Three Marketiars: Einstein Untold Story: Gen. BM Kaul Winston Churchill: Clive Ponting ))
of World Order: Samuel Huntington
The Alchemy of Desire: Tarun J. Tejpal To all Fighters of Freedom, Why Socialism?:
The Class: Erich Segal
The Animal Farm: George Orwell JP Narayan V
The Clown: Heinrich Boll
The Argumentative Indian: Dr. Amartya Sen Truth, Love and A Little Malice: Khushwant Valley of Dolls: Jacqueline Susanne
The Cocktail Party: T.S. Eliot
The Asian Elephant–A Natural History: Singh Vanity Fair: Thackeray
The Commitments: Roddy Doyle
J.C. Daniel Two Leaves and a Bud: Mulkraj Anand Vendor of Sweets: R.K. Narayan
The Company of Women: Khushwant Singh
The Assassination: K. Mohandas The Confessions of an English Opium Eater: Two Lives: Vikram Seth Venisamhara: Narayana Bhatt
The August Coup: Mikhail S. Gorbachev Thomas De Quincy The Discovery of India: Jawahar Lal Nehru Very Old Bones: William Kennedy
The Autobiography of an Unknown Indian: The Confidential Clerk: T.S. Eliot The God of Small Things: Arundhuti Roy Victim: Saul Bellow
Nirad C. Chaudhuri The Conservationist: Nadine Gordimer The Harry Potter Series: J.K. Rowling Victory: Joseph Conrad
The A-Z of Bradman: Alan Eason The Contemporary Conservative: Dhiren The Indian Struggle: Subash Chandra Bose Video Nights in Kathmandu: Pico Lyer
The Banyan Tree: Hugh Tinker Bhagat The Judgement: Kuldip Nayar View from DelhiChester Bowles
The Beach Tree: Pearl S. Buck The Corrupt Society: Chandan Mitra The Masque of Africa: V.S. Naipaul View from the UN: U Thant
The Beauty of These Present Things: The Count of Monte Cristo: Alexander Dumas The Nadars of Tamil Nadu: D.N. Dhanagre Village by the Sea: Anita Desai
Avtar Singh. The Coup: John Updike The Nehrus; Motilal and Jawaharlal: Village: Mulk Raj Anand
The Believers: Abdul Sultan P.P. The Crisis in India: Ronald Segal B.R. Nanda Vinay Patrika: Tulsidas
The Betrayal of East Pakistan: Lt. General The Critique of Pure Reason: Immanuel Kant The Prince: Maciavaly Virangana: Maithili Sharan Gupta
A.A.K. Niazi The Crown and the Loincloth: Chaman Nahal The Rediscovery of India: Meghnad Desai Virginians: William Thackeray
The Big Fisherman: Lloyd C. Douglas The Crown of Wild Olive: John Ruskin The Satanic Verse: Salman Rushdi Vish Vriksha: Bankim Chandra Chatterjee
• Unlike the annual Man Booker Prize for UNESCO PEACE PRIZE
Fiction, the Man Booker International Prize, • The UNESCO Prize for Peace Education has
which is awarded once in two years, is in been awarded annually since 1981.
recognition of a writer’s body of work and • The prize is endowed up to 60,000 US dollars
overall contribution to fiction rather than and honors extraordinary activities in the
to a single novel. spirit of the UNESCO constitution.
• The introduction of the International Prize
was announced in June 2004. WORLD FOOD PRIZE
• The awards ceremony was first televised • The World Food Prize is an international
INTERNATIONAL AWARDS in 1953 and is now seen live in more TEMPLETON PRIZE (AFFIRMING LIFE’S award recognizing the achievements of
than 200 countries. SPIRITUAL DIMENSION) individuals who have advanced human
NOBEL PRIZE • Mahboob Khan’s Mother India was the first • The Templeton Prize is an annual award development by improving the quality,
• The Nobel Prizes are given under the will of Indian film to be nominated in the best presented by the Templeton Foundation, quantity, or availability of food in the
Alfred Bernhard Nobel, who died in 1896. foreign film category in 1958. established in 1972 world.
• Nobel Prizes are given each year in the six • The first Indian to share the Oscar was • It is awarded to a living person who, in • It is notably sponsored by agricultural
fields. The Nobel Prizes for Peace, Physics, Bhanu Athaiya for the film ‘Gandhi’. the estimation of the judges, ‘has made biotechnology companies. Prof. M.S.
Chemistry, Medicine, and Literature • Satyajeet Ray was the first Indian who was an exceptional contribution to affirming Swaminathan was the first recipient of
were started in 1901. The Nobel Prize for awarded Oscar for lifetime achievement in life’s spiritual dimension, whether through the Prize which was started by Norman
Economics was started in 1968. cinema in the 1992. insight, discovery, or practical works’. Borlaug.
• The prize awarding bodies are the Swedish • The inaugural winner of the prize, in 1973,
Academy of literature awards the prize PULITZER PRIZE was Mother Teresa. FIELDS MEDAL (MATHEMATICS)
in Literature. • This prize was instituted in 1917 and named • The Fields Medal, officially known as
• The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences after the U.S. Publisher, Joseph Pulitzer. RAMON MAGSAYSAY AWARD International Medal for Outstanding Dis-
awards the prize in Physics and Chemistry. • Is conferred annually in the United States • The Ramon Magsaysay Award is an annual coveries in Mathematics, is a prize awarded
• The Nobel Assembly of Karolinska for accomplishments in journalism, award established to perpetuate former to two, three, or four mathematicians not
AWARDS AND HONOURS Chirurgical (Sweden) awards the prize in
Medicine (Physiology).
literature and music
• Prizes are awarded yearly in twenty-one
Philippine President Ramon Magsaysay’s
example of integrity in government, courageous
over 40 years of age at each International
Congress of the International Mathematical
• The Bank of Sweden awards the prize in categories. In twenty of the categories, each service to the people, and pragmatic idealism Union (IMU), a meeting that takes place
Economics. winner receives a certificate and a US$ within a democratic society. every four years.
• The Committee of the Norwegian Parliament 10,000 cash award. • The Ramon Magsaysay Award is often • The Fields Medal is often viewed as the
awards the prize for Peace. • The winner in the public service category considered to be Asia’s Nobel Prize. greatest honour a mathematician can receive.
of the journalism competition is awarded • The prize was established in April 1957 by • The Fields Medal and the Abel Prize have
Indian Nobel Laureates
a gold medal. the trustees of the Rockefeller Brothers Fund often been described as the ‘mathematician’s
Rabindranath Tagore Literature 1913 based in New York City with the concurrence
MAN BOOKER PRIZE Nobel Prize’.
C.V. Raman Physics 1930 of the Philippines government. • The medal was first awarded in 1936 to
• The Man Booker Prize for Fiction is a literary
Hargobind Khorana Medicine 1968 prize awarded each year for the best novel Finnish mathematician Lars Ahlfors and
ORANGE PRIZE
originally written in English and published American mathematician Jesse Douglas,
Mother Teresa Peace 1979 • The Baileys Women’s Prize for Fiction
in the UK in the year of the prize, regardless and it has been awarded every four years
(previously called Women’s Prize for
S. Chandrasekhar Physics 1983 of the nationality of their author. since 1950.
Fiction (2013), Orange Prize for Fiction
• The novel must be an original work in
Amartya Sen Economics 1998 (1996-2006 and 2009-12) and Orange ABEL PRIZE (MATHEMATICS)
English (not a translation) and must not be
2001 Broadband Prize for Fiction (2007-2008) • The Abel Prize is an international prize
V.S. Naipaul Literature self-published.
is one of the United Kingdom’s most presented by the King of Norway to one or
Ramakrishnan Chemistry 2009 • Prior to 2014, eligibility for the award was
prestigious literary prizes. more outstanding mathematicians.
restricted to citizens of the Commonwealth
Kailash Satyarthi Peace 2014 • It is awarded annually to a female author • Named after Norwegian mathematician Niels
of Nations, Ireland, or Zimbabwe.
of any nationality for the best original Henrik Abel (1802-1829), the award was
OSCAR AWARD MAN BOOKER INTERNATIONAL PRIZE full-length novel written in English and established in 2001 by the Government of
• Oscar Award was instituted in 1929 and • The literary prize is awarded to a living author published in the United Kingdom in the Norway. Jean-Pierre Serre of France first
is conferred annually by the Academy of of any nationality who has published fiction preceding year. received it in 2003.
Motion Pictures in the United States. either in English or in English translation.
Awards and Honours 537 538 General Knowledge 2020 Awards and Honours 539
• Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan was the first MAHAVIR CHAKRA LALIT KALA AKADEMI RATNA established in 1954 and it is administered, • The award was instituted in the year 1991-
INTERNATIONAL BEAUTY CONTEST foreigner to be honoured with this award Mahavir Chakra is the second highest Instituted in 1955 by the Government of along with the international film festival 92 and was awarded by Government of India.
in 1987. decoration and is awarded for acts of India, is an honour for the fine arts given to of India and the Indian Panorama, by the
ARJUNA AWARD
MISS UNIVERSE
• It is an annual international beauty contest ))
Note: Lal Bahadur Shastri was the first
conspicuous gallantry in the presence of
enemy, whether on land, at sea or in the air.
eminent artists for their time achievements
in the field of arts.
Indian Government’s Directorate of Film
Festivals since 1973. • The Arjuna Awards were instituted in 1961
person to be honoured with Bharat Ratna by the Government of India to recognize
that is run by the Miss Universe Organisation.
posthumously and Indira Gandhi was the DADA SAHEB PHALKE AWARD outstanding achievement in National
• The Pegeant was founded in 1952 by the VIR CHAKRA SARASWATI SAMMAN
first woman recipient of Bharat Ratna. Vir Chakra is third in the order of awards The Saraswati Samman is an annual award The Dada Saheb Phalke Award is India’s Sports.
California Clothing Company Pacific Mills.
• Sushmita Sen is the first Indian woman to given for act of gallantry in the presence of for outstanding prose or poetry literacy highest award in cinema given annually
PADMA VIBHUSHAN DRONACHARYA AWARD
win the Miss Universe contest in 1994. the enemy, whether on land, at sea or in works in any Indian Language listed in by the Government of India for lifetime
• Dronacharya Award is an award presented
• The award is given for exceptional and the air. Scheduled VII of the Constitution of India. contribution to Indian Cinema. It was
distinguished services in any field including by the Government of India for excellence in
MISS WORLD The Saraswati Samman was instituted in instituted in 1969. sports coaching.
• The Miss World pageant is the oldest service rendered by government servants. ASHOK CHAKRA 1991 by the K.K. Birla foundation.
surviving international beauty pageant.
PADMA BHUSHAN
Ashok Chakra is the country’s highest SPORTS AWARDS DHYANCHAND AWARD
• Reita Faria Powell (born in Bombay) peacetime gallantry award equivalent to TANSEN AWARD • Dhyanchand Award is India’s highest award
• The award is given for distinguished service These awards are given by the Government
became the first Indian to win the Miss Param Vir Chakra. RAJIV GANDHI KHEL RATNA AWARD for lifetime achievement in sports and
of a high order in any field, including service
World title in 1966. of Madhya Pradesh for the outstanding • The Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award is games, given by the Government of India.
rendered by government servants. KIRTI CHAKRA contribution in the field of music. India’s highest honour given for achiev-
MISS EARTH The decoration is awarded for conspicuous ))
PADMA SHRI ement in sports.
• Miss Earth is an annual international gallantry. VYAS SAMMAN
• The award is given for distinguished service
beauty pageant promoting environmental The Vyas Samman is a literary award in
in any field including service rendered by SHAURYA CHAKRA
awareness.
government servants. India, first awarded in 1991.
The decoration is awarded for an act of
INDIA’S INTERNATIONAL AWARDS OTHER NATIONAL AWARDS gallantry. SCIENCE AWARDS
MAHATMA GANDHI PEACE PRIZE APPAN MENON MEMORIAL AWARD LITERARY AND CULTURAL JAMNALAL BAJAJ AWARD
• It was instituted in 1995 and awarded by The award which carries a cash prices of `1 AWARDS IN INDIA It is a prestigious Indian award, for promoting
Government of India to encourage and lakh aims at providing financial assistance Gandhian values, social work and social
promote Gandhian values worldwide. to journalists interested in undertaking development.
SAHITYA AKADEMI AWARD
• This is an annual award given to individual
projects related to international affairs and It is a literary honour in India instituted in
and institution for their contribution. SHANTI SWARUP BHATNAGAR AWARD
development issues relevant to India and 1954, by which Sahitya Akademi, India’s This prize for science and technology
INDIRA GANDHI PRIZE South Asia. National Academy of Letters, Annually is awarded annually by the Council of
• It was instituted in 1986 and awarded by ADITYA VIKRAM BIRLA KALASHIKHAR confers on writers of outstanding works in Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) for
Indira Memorial Trust. PURASKAR twenty-four major Indian languages. notable and outstanding research, applied
• It is awarded for peace, disarmament
The award is conferred on in artiste in the or fundamental, in biology chemistry,
and development. JNANPITH AWARD
field of visual and performing arts for lifetime environmental science, engineering,
The Jnanpith Award is a literary award in
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU AWARD achievement carries `1.5 lakh is cash, a mathematics, medicine and physics under
India. The award was instituted in 1961.
• It was instituted in 1965 at awarded memento and scroll of honour. the age of 45 years.
by Government of India’s international SANGEET NATAK AKADEMI It is the highest award for science in India.
understanding of goodwill and friendship. GALLANTRY AWARDS PURASKAR (AKADEMI AWARD) It was first awarded in 1958.
PARAM VIR CHAKRA Awarded by the Sangeet Natak Akademi, BORLAUG AWARD
NATIONAL AWARDS India’s National Academy of Music and
The highest decoration for valour is the Instituted in 1971 and given for Agricultural
Param Vir Chakra which is awarded for the Dance and Drama. It is the highest Indian field.
BHARAT RATNA recognition given to practising dance, theatre
• The highest civilian award is given for most conspicuous bravery or some daring or
pre-eminent act of valour or self-sacrifice in other additional/folk/tribal/dance/music/ NATIONAL FILM AWARDS
exceptional service the advancement of art,
the presence of the enemy, whether on land, theatre and puppetry and contribution/ The National Film Awards are the most
literature and science, and in recognition of
public service of the highest order. at sea or in the air. scholarship in performing arts. prominent film award ceremony in India,
• The maximum gold medal winner male 2016–Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

player in an Olympic is Michael Phelps of 2020–Tokyo, Japan
USA. He won eight gold medals in swimming
in the Beijing Olympics 2008. PARALYMPICS AND WINTER OLYMPICS
• London Paralympics 2012 (Aug. 29-
SUMMER OLYMPIC GAMES SITES Sept. 09, 2012): London, the host city
1896–Athens, Greece welcomed the 14th Paralympic Games with
1900–Paris, France a spectacular Opening Ceremony, held in
1904–St. Louis, United States the Olympic Stadium.
the first time at the Antwerp Games (Belgium)
OLYMPIC GAMES 1908–London, United Kingdom • In London, Paralympic 2012: Girisha H.
in 1920.
Nagarajegowda (Karnataka) clinched the
The Games were first held in honour of the 1912–Stockholm, Sweden
OLYMPIC FLAME only medal after bagging the Silver in the
Greek God, Zeus in 776 BC in the plain 1916–Scheduled for Berlin, Germany
It was at the Amsterdam Games in 1928 Men’s High Jump F42 event.
of the kingdom of Elis, nestled in a lush 1920–Antwerp, Belgium • First Ever Gold for India: India’s Devendra
valley between the Alpheus River and Mount that for the first time an Olympic flame was 1924–Paris, France
ceremonially lighted and burned in a giant created history by winning the first ever gold
Kronion, 15 km from the Ionian Sea. The 1928–Amsterdam, Netherlands
torch at the entrance of the stadium. The for the country in Athens Paralympics 2004.
Olympiad celebrated that year was considered 1932–Los Angeles, United States He claimed gold in Javelin throw.
as the first and was used to date subsequent modern version of the flame was adopted in 1936–Berlin, Germany • Olympic style Games for athletic with
historic events. 1936 at the Berlin Games. On July 15, 1976,
1940–Scheduled for Tokyo, Japan disability were organized for the first time
The old Olympiads were held after every space age technology was used to transport the
1944–Scheduled for London, United Kingdom in Rome in 1960, immediately after the
four years and the Greeks measured time in flame from one continent to another.
1948–London, United Kingdom Olympic Games. They are considered the
terms of Games started on the first new moon
OLYMPIC MOTTO 1952–Helsinki, Finland first Paralympic Games.
after the summer solstice, around mid-July.
The Games came to a sudden end when The Olympic motto is “Citius Altius Fortius” 1956–Melbourne, Australia
the Roman Emperor Theodosius banned the (faster, higher, stronger). 1960–Rome, Italy COMMONWEALTH GAMES
competitions and their attendant sacrificial • Olympic Games were started in 776 B.C. 1964–Tokyo, Japan After Olympics, Commonwealth Games is the
on Mount Olympus in the honour of Greek 1968–Mexico City, Mexico
GAMES AND SPORTS offerings as pagan manifestations.
God ‘Zeus’. 1972–Munich, West Germany (now Germany)
second largest sports festival in the world. The
Games are held once in four years but only in
MODERN OLYMPIC GAMES • The modern Olympic Games started in 1976–Montreal, Canada between the Olympic years.
The revival work of the Games was under- Athens, the capital of Greece on 6 April 1980–Moscow, U.S.S.R. (now Russia) • The 1st Commonwealth Games were held in
1896 with great efforts made by Pierre de 1984–Los Angeles, United States
taken by Baron Pierre de Coubertin nearly 1930 at Hamilton, Canada.
Coubertin of France. 1988–Seoul, South Korea
1,500 years after the last of the ancient Games. • India, for the first time, participated in
• The Olympic Games are organised after 1992–Barcelona, Spain
Athena was, therefore, the venue for the the second Commonwealth games held in
every four years. 1996–Atlanta, United States
1896 Games. Since then Games are held every London in 1934.
• The Head Office of International Olympic 2000–Sydney, Australia
four years. • The Commonwealth Games are a festival
Committee is in Lausanne (Switzerland).
2004–Athens, Greece of sports of the Commonwealth countries.
• Participation of women in the Olympic Games
OLYMPIC SYMBOL 2008–Beijing, China • Since 1930, the games have been conducted
started in the second Olympic Games in 1900.
It comprises five rings or circles, linked 2012–London, United Kingdom every four years except for 1940 and 1946.
• The first Indian player who participated in
together to represent the sporting friendship the Olympic Games was an Anglo-Indian
of all people. The rings also symbolise the ‘Norman Pritchard’, who took part in the Commonwealth Games
continents–Europe, Africa, Australia, and Second Olympic Games in 1900 and won Edition Year Host City Host Nation
America. Each ring is of a different colour, two Silver medals in Athletics.
i.e. blue(Europe), yellow(Asia), black(Africa), • Married Lila Ro is 1st Indian woman Inter-Empire Games 1911 London England
red(America) and green(Occania). participant in the Olympic Games. I 1930 Hamilton Canada
• International Olympic Committee was
OLYMPIC FLAG II 1934 London England
founded in 1894 at ‘Chakhon’.
The Olympic flag, created in 1913 at the • The maximum gold medal winning III 1938 Sydney Australia
suggestion of Baron Pierre de Coubertin, was sportswoman is Christina Otty. She got
IV 1950 Auckland New Zealand
solemnly inaugurated in Paris in June 1914 six gold medals in swimming in Seoul
but it was raised over an Olympic stadium for Olympic of 1986. V 1954 Vancouver Canada
Games and Sports 545 546 General Knowledge 2020 Games and Sports 547
VI 1958 Cardiff Wales • The first SAF Games were held in 1996 Sri Lanka Australia Pakistan and Football Association’ (FIFA), which was • Durand Cup tournament, the oldest football
Kathmandu in 1984. India formed by seven countries on May 21, 1904. tournament of India and the second oldest
VII 1962 Perth Australia The headquarters of FIFA is in Paris (France). tournament of the world was started in 1888.
Flag and Motto of the SAF Games: The 1999 Australia Pakistan England
VIII 1966 Kingston Jamaica SAF Games flag includes a dove suggesting the • Football was included as a competitive game • Durand Cup tournament was first organised
2003 Australia India South Africa in Olympic Games officially in 1908.
IX 1970 Edinburgh Scotland desire for peace in the area. The motto of the at Shimla and is being held in Delhi since
2007 Australia Sri Lanka West Indies • India took part in the World Olympic Football 1940.
X 1974 Christchurch New Zealand SAF Games is ‘Peace, Prosperity, and Progress’.
New Name for SAF Games: The SAF Games 2011 India Sri Lanka India and Competition in 1948 in London. • A new chapter was added to the annals
XI 1978 Edmonton Canada Bangladesh • The first World Cup was organised at Monte of the country’ (India’s) soccer with
have been rechristened as South Asian Games,
XII 1982 Brisbane Australia
according to a decision taken by the South 2015 Australia New Zealand Australia and Video (Uruguay) in 1930. the launch of the Football Players’
1986 New Zealand • In India Indian Football Association (IFA) Association (FPA) of India in Kolkata on
XIII Edinburgh Scotland Asian Sports Federation at its 32nd meeting
2019 – – England organises National Football Championship. August 13, 2006.
XIV 1990 Auckland New Zealand held in Islamabad (Pakistan) on April 2, 2004.
2023 – – India • The trophy awarded in their competition is • FIFA World Cup is played after every four
XV 1994 Victoria Canada called Santosh Trophy. years.
CRICKET
XVI 1998 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
• The first official cricket test match was Football World Cup
XVII 2002 Manchester England WOMEN’S CRICKET WORLD CUP
played in the year 1877 between Australia Year Host Winner Runner-up
XVIII 2006 Melbourne Australia • The event is organised by the sport’s governing
and England in Melbourne. 1930 Uruguay Uruguay Argentina
XIX 2010 Delhi India • When some other countries started playing body, the International Cricket Council (ICC).
1934 Italy Italy Czechoslovakia
XX 2014 Glasgow Scotland cricket, Imperial Cricket Conference was
XXI 2018 Gold Coast Australia formed in 1909, which gave birth to ICC TWENTY-20 CRICKET WORLD 1938 France Italy Hungary
International Cricket Conference in 1956. CUP 1950 Brazil Uruguay Brazil
• The First One Day International cricket 1954 Switzerland West Germany Hungary
match was played in the year 1971 between • The first ICC Twenty-20 (T-20) World Cup
ASIAN GAMES 1970 Bangkok Thailand Cricket held in South Africa in September 1958 Sweden Brazil Sweden
England and Australia in Melbourne.
• The first World Cup of one day matches was 11-24, 2007. Inaugural match was played 1962 Chile Brazil Czechoslovakia
• The Asian Games, also called the Asiad, are 1974 Tehran Iran
played in 1975 in London. West Indies won between the host S. Africa and West Indies.
a multi-sport event held every four years 1978 Bangkok Thailand • The fifth (ICC T-20 World Cup) was hosted
1966 England England West Germany
among athletes from all over Asia. the World Cup beating Australia by 17 runs. 1970 Mexico Brazil Italy
1982 New Delhi India • The apex institution of world cricket is the by Bangladesh in 2014, while India hosted
• The first Asian Games began on March 4,
‘International Cricket Council’ (ICC) and its its sixth edition in 2016. 1974 West Germany West Germany Netherlands
1951 in New Delhi. 1986 Seoul South Korea
• The AGF (Asian Games Federation) adopted headquarters are now in Dubai from August 1978 Argentina Argentina Netherlands
1990 Beijing China
‘Ever onward’, given by Pt. Jawaharlal 1, 2005. Earlier it was in Lords (England). ICC TWENTY-20 WOMEN’S CRICKET 1982 Spain Italy West Germany
1994 Hiroshima Japan • In India cricket was introduced by British WORLD CUP
Nehru, as the motto of the Asian Games. 1986 Mexico Argentina West Germany
• The emblem of Asian Games is a ‘bright full 1998 Bangkok Thailand royalty. Parsee community of India was the
• Australia won ICC Women’s World Twenty-20 1990 Italy West Germany Argentina
rising sun’ with interlocking rings. 2002 Busan South Korea first to take part in Cricket in 1848.
Championship, defeating England by 4
• 16th (2010) Asian Games were held in • The ICC was founded in 1909. 1994 United States Brazil Italy
2006 Doha Qatar runs, in the final at Colombo (Sri Lanka) on
Guangzhou, China. • The Board of Control for Cricket in India 1998 France France Brazil
October. 7, 2012.
• In the 16th Asian Games, Twenty-20 Cricket 2010 Guangzhou China (BCCI) was formed in 1927.
• Australia cruised to an eight wicket victory 2002 South Korea and Brazil Germany
was one of the debut sports. 2014 Incheon South Korea Cricket World Cup Winners over england in the final at antigua on Japan
• 17th Asian Games held in Incheon, 2018 Jakarta Indonesia November 24, 2018 2006 Germany Italy France
Year Winners Runners-up Venue
South Korea in 2014.
1975 West Indies Australia England 2010 South Africa Spain Netherlands
Asian Games
1979 West Indies Australia England
FOOTBALL 2014 Brazil Germany Argentina
Year Venue Country SAF GAMES • It is believed that Football is also of British
1983 India West Indies England 2018 Russia – –
1951 New Delhi India The South Asian Federation Games (SAF origin. The first football club of the world
1987 Australia England India and ‘Sheffield Football Club’ was founded in
1954 Manila Philippines Games) is a sports festival of South Asian Pakistan the year 1857 in England. Football was HOCKEY • Hockey was introduced in the Olympic
1958 Tokyo Japan Sports Federation comprising India, Pakistan, 1992 Pakistan England Australia and introduced in India by the Britishers in
Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan and New Zealand 1848 as the first Football club in India • ‘Blackheath Rugby and Hockey Club’ is the Games for the first in 1908 in London.
1962 Jakarta Indonesia • Indian Hockey Federation (IHF) was formed
Maldives. It was formed in New Delhi on was ‘Dalhousie Club’. The apex institution first hockey club in the world which was set
1966 Bangkok Thailand November 26, 1982. of football is ‘Federation of International up in the year 1861 in England. on the 7 November, 1925 at Gwalior.
548 General Knowledge 2020 Games and Sports 549 550 General Knowledge 2020
• India took part in Olympics for the first time • The headquarters of FIH is located in National Sports and Their Countries SPORTS TERMS stroke, pushin, Cut, Dribble, Scoop, Centre • King’s Cup: Air Races
in 1928 (in Amsterdam Olympics). Lausanne, Switzerland. Country Sport forward, Half back, Astroturf, Left in, Left • Merdeka Cup: Football
• In Olympics, India has won the hockey title • The first Hockey World Cup was organised Atheletics: Relay, Photofinish, Track, Lane, out, Off-side, Tie breaker, Carried, Stick, • Rydet Cup: Golf
Colombia Tejo Hurdles, Shotput, Discus Throw, Hammer
a maximum of eight times. in Barcelona (Spain) in 1971 and winner Striking circle, Undercutting, etc. • Essande Champions Cup: Hockey
was Pakistan. Iran Varzesh-e Bastani, Throw, Triple Jump, High Jump, Cross Swimming: Freestyle, Breast stroke, Back • Rene Frank Trophy: Hockey
HOCKEY WORLD CUP Wrestling Country, etc. stroke, Butterfly, Lane, Pool, Crawl, etc. • Grand Prix: Table Tennis
• The Hockey World cup is organised by Mexico Charrería Badminton: Shuttle Cock, Service Court, Fore Polo: Polo-Bunker, Chukker, Mallet, etc. • Edgbaston Cup: Lawn Tennis
the International Hockey Federation (FIH) Philippines Arnis Hand, Back Hand, Smash, Hit, Drop, Net, Tennis: Service, Grandslam, Advantage, • Grand Prix: Lawn Tennis
once in four years. Love, Double Fault, etc. Deuce, Game Point, Breakpoint; Smash, • World Cup: Weightlifting
Sri Lanka Volleyball Baseball: Pinching, Home Run, Base Runner,
Hockey World Cup Shot, Grass Court. Break, Drop shot,
Afghanistan Buzkashi Throw, Perfect Game, Strike, Putout, etc. Netplay, Baseline, etc. NATIONAL
Year Host Winner Runner-up
Australia Australian Football Basketball: Free Throw, Technical Foul, Shooting: Rapidfire Pistol, Standard rifle, Air • Lady Rattan Tata Trophy: Hockey
1971 Barcelona, Spain Pakistan Spain Common Foul, Under Head, Overhead, etc. • MCC Trophy: Hockey
Barbados Cricket rifle, Free pistol, Range, Bull’s eye, etc.
1973 Amstelveen, Netherlands Netherlands India Bridge: Master Point, Perfect Deals, Gland Slam, Table Tennis: Volley, Late service, Half volley, • Moinuddaula Gold Cup: Cricket
Bermuda Cricket
1975 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia India Pakistan
Dummy, Trump, etc. Back hand, Drive spin, Chop, etc. • Murugappa Gold Cup: Hockey
Bhutan Archery Billiards & Snooker: Pull, Cue, Hit, Object Ball, Weightlifting: Snatch, Jerk, etc. • Modi Gold Cup: Hockey
1978 Buenos Aires, Argentina Pakistan Netherlands Cuba Baseball Break Shot, Scoring, Cushion Billiards, etc. Volleyball: Deuce, Spikers, Booster, Smash, • Narang Cup: Badminton
1982 Mumbai (Bombay), India Pakistan West Germany Dominican Republic Baseball Boxing: Knockout, Round, Ring Stoppage, Sidearm, Penetration, etc. • Nehru Trophy: Hockey
1986 London, England Australia England Punch, Upper-cut, Kidney Punch, Timing, Wrestling: Free style, Hal Nelson, Point, Heave, • Nixan Gold Cup: Football
Argentina Pato
Foot Work, etc. etc. • Obaid Ullah Gold Cup: Hockey
1990 Lahore, Pakistan Netherlands Pakistan Bahamas Sloop sailing Chess: E.L.O. rating, international Master, • Charminar Trophy: Athletics
1994 Sydney, Australia Pakistan Netherlands Bangladesh Kabaddi Grand Master, Gambit, Kings Indian • Chadha Cup: Badminton
CUPS AND TROPHIES
1998 Utrecht, Netherlands Netherlands Spain Brazil Capoeira Defence, etc. • C.K. Naydu Trophy: Cricket
Cycling: Sprint, Time Trial, Point Race, ASSOCIATED WITH SPORTS
2002 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Germany Australia Canada Lacrosse (summer), Ice • Chakoia Gold Trophy: Football
Trackrace, etc. • Divan Cup: Badminton
2006 Mönchengladbach, Germany hockey (winter)
Germany Australia Cricket: Toss, Run, Wicket, Pitch, Stump, INTERNATIONAL • Deodhar Trophy: Cricket
2010 New Delhi, India Australia Germany Chile Chilean rodeo Bails, Crease, Pavalion, Gloves, Wicket • Swaythling Cup: Table Tennis (Men) • Agarwal Cup: Badminton
2014 The Hague, Netherlands Australia Netherlands Finland Pesäpallo Keeper, Over, Maiden Over, Follow-on, • Thomas Cup: Badminton • Agha Khan Cup: Hockey
Grenada Cricket Rubber, Ashes, Catch, Bowled, Stump Out, • U. Thant Cup: Tennis • All-India Women’s Guru Nanak
2018 Bhubaneswar, India – – Run Out, L.B.W. Hit Wicket, Not out, No
Guyana Cricket • Uber Cup: Badminton (Women) Championship: Hockey
ball, Wide ball, Dead ball, Overthrow, Bye, • Walker Cup: Golf
India Field hockey • Bandodkar Trophy: Football
Leg bye, Cover drive, Late cut, Hook, Glance, • Westchester Cup: Polo
VOLLEYBALL BADMINTON • Bangaluru Blues Challenge Cup: Basketball
Israel Football Stroke, Spot, Pull, Sixer, Followthrough, • Wightman Cup: Lawn Tennis • Barna-Bellack Cup: Table Tennis
• ‘International Volleyball Association’ was • The International Badminton Federation Ireland Gaelic games Turn, Googley, Spin, Yorker, Bouncer, Hat • World Cup: Cricket • Beighton Cup: Hockey
formed in 1947 with its headquarters in (IBF) was established in 1934. trick, Round the wicket, Over the wicket, • World Cup: Hockey
Jamaica Cricket • Bombay Gold Cup: Hockey
Paris (France). • Badminton Association of India was formed Seamer, Boundry line, Slip, Square leg, • Reliance Cup: Cricket
Japan Sumo • Burdwan Trophy: Weight-lifting
• The Volleyball Federation of India was in 1934. Runner. Cover, Gully, Long on, Silly point, • Rothman’s Trophy: Cricket
• The trophy for the international matches was • Kuppuswamy Naidu Trophy: Hockey
formed in 1950. Madagascar Rugby union Midwicket, Mid on, Forward short leg, • William’s Cup: Basketball
named Thomas Cup after the name of the Deep/mid-wicket, etc. • Duleep Trophy: Cricket
New Zealand Rugby union • European Champions Cup: Football • D.C.M. Cup: Football
TABLE TENNIS first president of the IBF Sir George Thomas. Norway Cross-country skiing
Horseriding: Three day Event, Show jumping,
• Eisenhower Cup: Golf
Thomas Cup competition (for men) started Presses, Faults, etc. • Durand Cup: Football
• The first match of The Table Tennis World Papua New Guinea Rugby league • American Cup: Yacht Racing • Jaswant Singh Trophy: Best Services
Championship was played in 1927. in 1948-1949. Uber Cup Championship (for Football: Goal, Kick, Head, Penalty kick,
• Ashes: Cricket
women) was started in 1956. Peru Paleta Frontón Dribble, Off side, Hat trick, Foul, Left Sportsman
• Table Tennis Association of India was formed • Benson and Hedges: Cricket • Prithi Singh Cup: Polo
Russia Bandy out, Right out, Stopper, Defender, Move,
in 1938. • Canada Cup: Golf •
LAWN TENNIS Sideback, Pass, Baseline, Rebound, Comer Rani Jhansi Trophy: Cricket
Scotland Golf
bick, etc. • Colombo Cup: Football • Ranjit Trophy: Cricket
BASKETBALL • All England Championship (popularly known Slovenia Alpine skiing • Corbitton Cup: Table Tennis (Women) • Rangaswami Cup: Hockey
Gymnastics: Parellel bar, Horizontal bar, Floor
• International Basketball Federation was as Wimbledon Championship) started in Turkey Wrestling and Cirit exercise, Uneven bar, Push up, Sit up. etc. • Davis Cup: Lawn Tennis • Ranjit Singh Gold Cup: Hockey
set up in 1932. 1877 for man only. Tennis competitions for Judo: Cocoa, Blue, white, Green belt, etc. • Derby: Horse Race • Rajendra Prasad Cup: Tennis
women (in Wimbledon Championship) were United States Baseball
• Basketball Federation of India was formed Hockey: Bully Sudden death, Short corner, • Grand National: Horse Streple Chase Race • Ramanujan Trophy: Table Tennis
introduced in 1884. Wales Rugby union • Jules Rimet Trophy: World Soccer Cup
in 1950. Hat trick, Goal, Penalty Corner, Penalty • Rene Frank Trophy: Hockey
Games and Sports 551 552 General Knowledge 2020
• Dhyan Chand Trophy: Hockey Indraprastha Delhi Indoor games Hockey 1. Dhyan Chand Stadium Golf Sanday Lodge (Scotland)
• Dr. B.C. Roy Trophy: Football (Junior) Stadium (Lucknow)
• Ezra Cup: Polo Jawaharlal Delhi Athletics 2. Lal Bahadur Shastri Greyhound White City (England)
• F.A. Cup: Football Nehru Stadium Stadium (Hyderabad) Race
• G.D. Birla Trophy: Cricket Firoz Shah Kotla Delhi Cricket 3. Merdeka Stadium Polo Hurlingham (England)
• Ghulam Ahmed Trophy: Cricket (Kuala Lumpur)
Ambedkar Delhi Football Shooting Bisley (England)
• Gurmeet Trophy: Hockey 4. National Stadium (Delhi)
Stadium
• Gura Nanak Cup: Hockey 5. Nehru Stadium (Delhi) Skiing Florence (Chadwick)
Talkatora Delhi Swimming 6. Sawai Man Singh Stadium
• Gyanuati Devi Trophy: Hockey Stadium (Jaipur) Snooker Blackpool (England)
• Holkar Trophy: Bridge Headingly, Britain Cricket 7. Shivaji Stadium (New Delhi)
• lrani Trophy: Cricket Manchester Swimming 1. Cape Gris Nez
• I.F.A. Shield: Football Baseball Brooklyn (U.S.A.) and Rowing (Cross-channel swimming)
Lords, Oval, Britain Cricket
• lndira Gold Cup: Hockey Boxing 1. Madison Square Garden 2. Putney-Mort-Lake (England)
Leeds
• Jawaharlal Challenge: Air Racing (U.S.A.) 1. Wimbledon (England)
Wimbledon Britain Lawn Tennis Tennis
• Radha Mohan Cup: Polo 2. Yankee Stadium, New Delhi 2. Forest Hill (U.S.)
Roland Garros France Lawn Tennis
• Raghbir Singh Memorial: Football Horseracing 1. Aintree (England): Grand
Flushing U.S. Lawn Tennis
• Rohinton Baria Trophy: Cricket National Race ))
Meadow 2. Doncaster (England): Derby
• Rovers Cup: Football
Brookland Britain Football Race
• Sanjay Gold Cup: Football
• Santosh Trophy: Football Timbukhum Britain Rugby 3. Epsom (England): Derby
Wembley Britain Football Race
• Sir Ashutosh Mukherjee: Football
• Subroto Cup: Football Places Associated with Sports
•
•
Scindia Gold Cup: Hockey
Sahni Trophy: Hockey
Sport Associated Places
ABBREVIATIONS
• Sheesh Mahal Trophy: Cricket Cricket 1. Aden Park (Aukland)
2. Brabourne Stadium
• Todd Memorial Trophy: Football
(Mumbai)
• Tommy Eman Gold Cup: Hockey 3. Chepauk Ground (Chennai)
• Vittal Trophy: Football 4. Eden Gardens (Kolkata)
• Vizzy Trophy: Cricket 5. Ferozeshah Kotla Ground
• Vijay Merchant Trophy: Cricket (Delhi)
• Wellington Trophy: Rowing 6. Green Park (Kanpur)
• Wills Trophy: Cricket 7. Leeds (London, England)
8. Lord’s (London, England)
Famous Stadiums, Venues and 9. Nehru Stadiums (Chennai
Related Sports and New Delhi)
10. Melbourne (Australia)
Stadium Venue Sports
11. Old Trafford (Manchester,
Eden Gardens Kolkata Cricket England)
Ranjit Stadium Kolkata Football 12. Oval (London, England)
13. Wankhede Stadium
Green Park Kanpur Cricket
(Mumbai)
Keenan Stadium Jamshedpur Cricket
Football 1. Brookland (England)
Chepauk Chennai Cricket 2. Wembley (London)
Stadium 3. Blackheath (London)
Epsom Britain Derby 4. Twickenham (London)
Black heath London Rugby Football 5. Corporation Stadium
(Kolkata)
National Mumbai Hockey and 6. Ambedkar Stadium
Stadium others (New Delhi)
Brabourne Mumbai Cricket 7. Nehru Stadium (New Delhi)
Stadium 8. Yuba Bharati Stadium
(Kolkata)
555 556 General Knowledge 2020 Abbreviations 557
YMCA Young Men’s Christians Extension and RPSs Rubber Producers’ FAMA Fellow of the American
Association Development Societies Medical Association
YWCA Young Women’s ICSI Indian Company RRII Rubber Research Institute FIGO Federation of International
Christians Association Secretaries Institute of India of Gynecologists and
ICTA Indian Coffee Trade SCIL Shipping Corporation of Obstetricians
INDUSTRIES AND COMPANIES Association India Ltd. HCFA Health Care Financing
ABBREVIATIONS IFCI Industrial Finance SOTL Sterlite Optical Administration
Corporation of India Technologies Limited HIPAA Health Insurance
IRDA Insurance Regulatory and ALMCI Artificial Limbs Portability and
ABBREVIATIONS OF ASSOCIATIONS IISCO Indian Iron and Steel SSI Small Scale Industry
Development Authority Manufacturing Accountability Act
Company TCSL Tata Consultancy Services
AMRA Automatic Meter Reading ISCA Indian Science Congress Corporation of India HMO Health Maintenance
IOF Indian Ordnance Limited
Association Association ASSOCHAM Associated Chambers of Organization
Factories TDA Trade Development
ISNA Indian Science News Commerce and Industry International
AAOU Asian Association of Open IRCON Indian Railway Authority ICD
Association of India Classification of Diseases
University Construction Company TFAI Trade Fair Authority of
BEML Bharat Earth Movers
AIBTMF All India Brick and Tiles NARUC National Association IRCTC Indian Railway Catering India of the World Health
of Regulatory Utility Limited
Manufacturers’ Federation and Tourism Corporation UIICL United India Insurance ICDS Integrated Child
Commissioners BIFR Board for Industrial and
AIDSF All India Dance Sport ITDC India Tourism Company Limited Development Services
NASDAQ National Association Financial Reconstruction
Federation Development Corporation IFMSA International Federation
of Security Dealer’s CCI Container Corporation of
AIFWL All India Federation of KAPS Kakrapar Atomic Power HEALTH AND MEDICAL of Medical Students’
Active Quotation India
Women Lawyers Station ABBREVIATIONS Associations
NASSCOM National Association of CII Confederation of Indian
AIRF All India Railwaymen’s KNPP Kaiga Nuclear Power Plant IMS Indian Medical Service
Software and Service Industry
Federation KNPP Kudankulam Nuclear AAIP Association of American MBBS Bachelor of Medicine and
Companies COSIDICI Council of State Industrial
AIYF All India Youth Federation Power Plant Indian Physicians Bachelor of Surgery
NASUCA National Association Development and
APEDA Agricultural and KVIC Khadi and Village AAHH Australian Academy of NHS National Health Service
of Utility Consumer Investment Corporations
Processed Food Products Industries Commission Herbs and Health NICE National Institute for
Advocates Of India
Export Development MAPS Madras Atomic Power ABMS American Board of Health and Clinical
NGSA Natural Gas Supply CSIR Council of Scientific and
Authority Station Medical Specialties Excellence
Association Industrial Research
ASEAN Association of South East MMTCI Minerals and Metals ACGME Accreditation Council NIH National Institutes of
NICMAR National Institute of DIL Dabur India Limited
Asian Nations Trading Corporation of for Graduate Medical Health
Construction Management EIL Engineers India Limited
FICA Federation of India Education OSHA Occupational Safety and
and Research EPIPs Export Promotion
International Cricketer’s NAPS Narora Atomic Power AMA American Medical Health Administration
NID National Institute of Industrial Parks
Association Station Association RCP Royal College of
Design FICCI Federation of Indian
IAS Indian Administrative Chambers of Commerce NHDC National Handloom AMSA American Medical Student Physicians (England)
NIFT National Institute of RSBY Rashtriya Swasthya Bima
Association and Industry Development Corporation Association
Fashion Technology Yojana
IFA Indian Football FPSBI Financial Planning Limited BAAPS British Association of
NRECA National Rural Electric SMN Statement of Medical
Association Standards Board of India NPCIL Nuclear Power Aesthetic Plastic Surgeons
Cooperative Association Necessity
IACS Indian Association for SAARC South Asian Association GAPS Gorakhpur Atomic Power Corporation of India CAEP Canadian Association of
Cultivation of Science Station Limited Emergency Physicians SMS Senior Medical Student
for Regional Cooperation SOMA Student Osteopathic
IDA International Development SASMIRA Synthetic and Art HAL Hindustan Aeronautics NRDC National Research CAMTS Commission on Accredita-
Association Ltd. Development Corporation tion of Medical Transport Medical Association
Silk Mills’ Research USPHS United States Public
IFA Indian Football Association HCC Hindustan Construction NSDC National Skill Systems
Association Company Development Corporation CCOHS Canadian Centre for Health Service
SEIA Sustainable Energy WHO World Health Organization
IIFT Indian Institute of Foreign Industry Association HCL Hindustan Copper Limited PFC Power Finance Occupational Health and
Trade IAPTA India Afghanistan Corporation WMA World Medical Association
SEWA Self-Employed Women’s Safety
ILD Institute for Labour Association Preferential Trade RECL Rural Electrification CGHS Central Government
Development Agreement Corporation Limited Health Scheme
FOREIGN BASE ABBREVIATIONS
TRA Tea Research Association
INSA Indian National Science WITT Waterfalls Institute of ICNRED International Conference RLICL Reliance Life Insurance EMT Emergency Medical AAA Australian Acupuncture
Academy Technology Transfer on Natural Rubber Company Limited Technician Association
558 General Knowledge 2020 Abbreviations 559 560 General Knowledge 2020
AACA Australian Association of CCF Cooperative NIIDS National and International UNRWA United Nations Relief ADB Agricultural Development CCIRS Cross Currency Interest
Consulting Archaeologists Commonwealth Institutional Delivery and Works Agency for Bank Rate Swap
AACA Asian American Civic Federation (of Canada) System Palestine Refugees in the ADB Asian Development Bank CD Certificate of Deposit
Association CSCE Conference on Security NRL National Rugby League Near East AfDBG African Development CDBS Committee of Direction on
AACA Australasian Association and Cooperation in Limited UNTSO United Nations Truce Bank Group Banking Statistics
of Campus Activities Europe OAPEC Organization of Arab Supervision Organization AL Agreement to Lease CDL Credit Discretionary Limit
AACB Australasian Association DSI Development Services Petroleum Exporting WCL World Confederation of AMEX American Stock Exchange CDM Cash Deposit Machine
of Clinical Biochemists International of Canada Countries Labour ANBC Adjusted Net Bank Credit CDRC Corporate Debt
AAUN American Association of EBRD European Bank for OEEC Organization for European WEU Western European Union ATS Automatic Transfer Restructuring Committee
the United Nations Reconstruction and Economic Cooperation WFC World Food Council Service CDS Central Depository
AAUW American Association of Development OPANAL Agency for the Prohibition WFP World Food Program B2B Business to Business System
University Women EBRDEC European Bank for of Nuclear Weapons in WFTU World Federation of Trade B2C Business to Consumer CIB Corporate and
ABC American Broadcasting Reconstruction and Latin America and the Unions BAFIA Banking and Financial Institutional Banking
Company Development European Caribbean WMO World Meteorological Institutions Act 1989 CIB Corporate and Investment
ABEDA Arab Bank for Economic Community OPEC Organization of Petroleum Organization BAFT Bankers’ Association for Banking
Development in Africa ECAFE Economic Commission for Exporting Countries WTO World Tourism Finance and Trade CIF Customer Information File
AFESD Arab Fund for Economic Asia and the Far East SAARC South Asian Association Organization BBB Better Business Bureau CIP Customer Identification
and Social Development ECWA Economic Commission for for Regional Cooperation ZACCI Zambia Association of BC Banker’s Cheque Program
AFGE American Federation of Western Asia SADCC Southern African Chambers of Commerce BCBS Basel Committee on CPSS Committee on Payment
Government Employees EFTA European Free Trade Development Coordination and Industry Banking Supervision and Settlement Systems
AFL-CIO American Federation of Association Conference ZAMWA Zambia Media Women’s BCSBI Banking Codes and CTR Currency Transaction
Labour and Congress of ESA European Space Agency UAW United Auto, Aircraft, and Association Standards Board of India Report
Industrial Organizations ESCAP Economic and Social Agricultural Implements ZANLA Zimbabwe African BDS Branch Delivery System DBEP/AP Domestic Bills Exchange
AFSCME American Federation Commission for Asia and Workers of America National Liberation Army BFSI Banking Financial
of State, County, and UNCHS United National Center for ZANU Zimbabwe African Purchased/Authority to
the Pacific Services and Insurance
Municipal Employees Human Settlements National Union Purchase
FAWEZA Forum for African Women BGB Bank Guaranteed Bonds
AFT American Federation of UNCTAD United Nations ZARD Zambia Association DBEP Domestic Bills Exchange
Educationalists of Zambia BHC Bank Holding Company
Teachers Conference on Trade and for Research and Purchased
FEBS Federation of European BIA Basic Indicator Approach
AIHCA American Indian Health Development Development DBOD Department of Banking
Biochemical Societies BIA Business Impact Analysis
Care Association UNESCO United Nations ZIMFEP Zimbabwe Foundation Operations and
FRCP Fellow of the Royal College BIC Bank Identifier Code
AMCOS Australasian Mechanical Educational, Scientific, for Education with Development
of Physicians, London BIMST-EC Bangladesh India
Copyright Owners Society and Cultural Organization Production DCCB District Central
FRCS Fellow of the Royal College Myanmar Sri Lanka
AMFAR American Foundation for UNFPA United Nations Fund for ZNLWVA Zimbabwe National Cooperative Bank
of Surgeons, London Thailand–Economic
AIDS Research Population Activities Liberation War Veterans DEIO Department of External
IAEA International Atomic Council
ANZUS Australia-New Zealand- UNHCR United Nations Office of Association BIS Bank for International Investments and
Energy Agency Operations
United States Security the High Commissioner ZPCO Zimbabwe Producers Settlements
Treaty IASTMP International Association for Refugees Cooperative Organization DFI Development Financial
of Scientific Technical and BRBNMPL Bharatiya Reserve Bank
APEC Asia Pacific Economic UNICEF United Nations ZPTF Zambia Privatisation Note Mudran Private Institutions
Cooperation Medical Publishers International Children’s Trust Fund DGBA Department of
ICEM Intergovernmental Limited
AUSFTA Australia-United States Emergency Fund CAG Comptroller and Auditor Government and Bank
Free Trade Agreement Committee for European UNIDO United Nations Industrial BANKING AND BUSINESS Accounts
Migration General of India
CAEU Council of Arab Economic Development Organization ABBREVIATIONS CAS Capital Adequacy DOBI Department of Banking
Unity NEA Nuclear Energy Agency UNIFIL United Nations Interim and Insurance
NEJM New England Journal of AAV Account-holder Standard
CARICOM Caribbean Community Force in Lebanon CASA Current Account and EACB European Association of
and Common Market Medicine UNIIMOG United Nations Iran-Iraq Authentication Value Cooperative Banks
NERPRC New England Regional ABA American Bankers Savings Account
CBC Canadian Broadcasting Military Observer Group CBL Common Business ECBS European Committee for
Corporation Primate Research Center UNMOGIP United Nations Military Association Banking Standards
NFSAA National Film and Sound ABF Asset Based Financing Language
CCCB Canadian Conference of Observer Group in India CBS Consolidated Banking ESCB European System of
Catholic Bishops Archive of Australia and Pakistan ACF Account Credit Facility
Statistics Central Banks
Abbreviations 561 562 General Knowledge 2020 Abbreviations 563
EXIM Bank Export Import Bank of IRBI Industrial Reconstruction NID Naval Intelligence CDC Curriculum Development IFLA International Federation
India Bank of India ABBREVIATIONS OF DEFENCE Directorate Committee of Library Associations
FBEP/AP Foreign Bills Exchange ISDA International Swaps and ADFA Australian Defence Force NIDS National Institute of CDRI Central Drug Research and Institutions
Purchased/Authority to Derivative Association Academy Defence Studies Institute IGNOU Indira Gandhi National
Purchase MECD Ministry of Entrepreneur ADMM ASEAN Defence Ministers NWACH North Western Area CEP Continuing Education Open University
FBEP Foreign Bills Exchange and Coorperative Meeting Combined Headquarters Programme ILA Indian Library Association
Purchased Development AFC Air Force Cross RANC Royal Australian Naval CFTRI Central Food Technology INFLIBNET Information and Library
FCA Foreign Currency NABARD National Bank for AMC Armed Merchant Cruiser College Research Institute Network Centre
Accounts Agriculture and Rural AMSI Admiralty Merchant RANR Royal Australian Navy CGCRI Central Glass and LCSH Library of Congress
FCNR (B) Foreign Currency Development Shipping Instruction Reserve Ceramic Research Subject Heading
Non-Banking Financial Air Officer Commanding Institute LIS Library and Information
Non-resident (Banks) NBFC AOC RANVR Royal Australian Navy
Companies AVM Air Vice Marshall Volunteer Reserve CIMAP Central Institute of Science
FDD Foreign Currency Demand
Australian Women’s Army Medicinal and Aromatic M.Phil Master of Philosophy
Drafts NHB National Housing Bank AWAS SNOWA Senior Naval Officer
Plants MCI Medical Council of India
FFIEC Federal Financial OSCB Other Indian Scheduled Service Western Australia
Confidential Admiralty CLISc Certificate Course in MIT Massachusetts Institute of
Institutions Examination Commercial Bank CAMSI SWACH South Western Area
Principal Bank for Library and Information Technology
Council PBDAC Merchant Shipping Combined Headquarters
Science MLA Modern Library
FICPS Financial Institutions Development and Instruction W/A Western Area CLS Certificate in Library Association
Corporate Profile System Agricultural Credit CCAS Commodore Commanding Headquarters (Army) Science MLISc Master of Library and
FIMAS Financial Institution PCARDB Primary Cooperative the Australian Squadron WADA World Anti Doping DEC Distance Education Information Science
Message Authentication Agriculture and Rural CCS Combined Chiefs of Staff Authority Council NAAC National Assessment and
Development Bank CDF Chief of the Defence WRANS Women’s Royal Australian
Standard DESIDOC Defence Scientific Accreditation Council
FIMMDA Fixed Income Money PSIA Profit Sharing Investment Force, Australia Naval Service Information and NASSDOC National Social Science
Market and Derivatives Account C-in-C Commander-in-Chief WRENS Women’s Reserve Documentation Center Documentation Center
RIDF Rural Infrastructure CNO Chief of Naval Operations; Emergency Naval Service Department of Library National Board of
Association of India DLIS NBA
Development Fund Commonwealth Naval and Information Science Accreditation
FOS Financial Origination
SBU Strategic Business Unit Order EDUCATIONAL ABBREVIATIONS DLSc Diploma in Library NBT National Book Trust
System
SCARDB State Cooperative CNS Chief of Naval Staff Science NCTE National Council for
IBA Indian Banks’ Association AICTE All India Council for
Agriculture and Rural CO Commanding Officer DRTC Documentation Research Teachers Education
IBF International Banking Technical Education
Development Bank CTF Commander Task Force and Training Center NISCAIR National Institute for
Facility AIU Association of Indian
SCB Scheduled Commercial CWR Central War Room FIST Fund for Improvement of Science Communication
IBRD International Bank for CZM Commander-in-Chief Universities
Bank S&T and Information
Reconstruction and Netherlands East Indies ALISE Association for Library
SEC Securities and Exchange Resources
Development Naval Forces and Information Science
Commission INFRASTRUCTURE IN UNIVERSITIES NPE National Policy on
IBS International Banking DCNS Deputy Chief of Naval Education
SEPP Secure Electronic AND HIGHER EDUCATIONAL Education
Statistics Payment Protocol Staff APA American Psychological ODL Open and Distance
ICBA Independent Community SIDBI Small Industries DIISD Defence, Intelligence Association INSTITUTIONS ABBREVIATIONS Learning
Bankers of America Development Bank of and Information Sharing ARTI Appropriate Rural PGDIT Post Graduate Diploma in
IAS Indian Academy of
ICICI Industrial Credit and India Division Technology Institute Information Technology
Sciences
Investment Corporation of SOBO Small Office Business DIISISSPF Defence Intelligence ASTEC Assam Science Technology PGDLAN Post Graduate Diploma in
IASLIC Indian Association of
India Office Information Sharing and Environment Council Library Automation and
Special Libraries and
IDBI Industrial Development SSSBEs Small Scale Service and and Strategic Policy ATSE Australian Academy of Information Centers Networking
Bank of India Business Enterprises Framework Technological Sciences IATLIS Indian Association of Ph.D Doctorate in Philosophy
IDRBT Institute for Development TAFCUBs Task Force Cooperative DSTO Defence Science and and Engineering Teachers in Library and RRRLF Raja Rammohan Roy
and Research in Banking Urban Banks Technology Organisation BCI Bar Council of India Information Science Library Foundation
Technology UNICO Umbrella Organisation for FOCAS Flag Officer Commanding BLISc Bachelor of Library and ICSSR Indian Council of Social
IIBI Industrial Investment Large Cooperative Banks the Australian Squadron Information Science Science Research GENERAL ABBREVIATIONS
Bank of India in Europe IWM Imperial War Museum CAETS Council of Academies ICT Information and
of Engineering and 3GPP Third Generation
IIBM Indian Institute of Bank Visa Visa International Service NEACH North Eastern Area Communication
Technological Sciences Partnership Project
Management Association Combined Headquarters Technology 4CC Four-Character Code
A&M Agricultural and AIR All India Radio; Annual CADA Command Area GST Goods and Service Tax LTTE Liberation Tigers of Tamil TADA Terrorist and Disruptive
Mechanical Information Report Development Agency HDI Human Development Eelam Activities Act
AAA Automatic Artwork AIR Area Information Retrieval CRAC Cyber Regulation Advisory Index MFN Most Favoured Nation TIN Tax Information Network
Alignment AITUC All India Trade Union Council HDTV High Definition Television MIP Moon Impact Probe UNEF United Nations Emergency
AACTS APS Automated Client Congress CRDI Common Rail Direct HTML Hyper Text Markup MMS Multimedia Messaging Force
Tracking System AJT Advanced Jet Trainer Injection Language Service UNEP United Nations
AAF Advanced Authoring ALT Application Load Table CRPF Central Reserve Police HTTP Hype Text Transfer MODEM Modulator and Environment Programme
Format AM Ante Meridiem Force Protocol Demodulator UNHCR United Nations High
AB Application Bulletin APA Arithmetic Processing CRR Cash Reserve Ratio HUDCO Housing and Urban MRI Magnetic Resonance Commissioner for
ABC Abstract Base Class Accelerator CTBT Comprehensive Test Ban Development Corporation Imaging Refugees
ABI Acquired Brain Injury ARP Air Raid Precaution Treaty IAS Indian Administrative MVC Maha Vir Chakra UNI United News of India
ABM Anti Ballistic Missiles ASSOCHAM Associated Chambers of DAVP Directorate of Advertising Service NABARD National Bank for USA United States of America
AC Ante Christum, Commerce and Industry and Visual Publicity IBPS Institute of Banking Agricultural and Rural USSR Union of Soviet Socialist
Alternating Current ATR Action Taken Report DDT Dichloro Diphenyl Personnel Selection Development Republic
ACDP Automated CD Data AV Authorized Version Trichloroethane ICAS Indian Civil Accounts NCERT National Council of VDIS Voluntary Disclosure of
Processing av Average DNA Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid Service Educational Research and Income Scheme
ACDS Active Control Data Set Av Avestan DTH Direct to Home ICDS Integrated Child Training VLSI Very Large Scale
ACE Advanced Collaborative AWACS Airborne Warning and ECS Electronic Cleaning Development Scheme NHRC National Human Rights Integration
Environment Control System Service IDES Indian Defence Estate Commission VOIP Voice Over Internet
ACF Advanced Communication B.Ed. Bachelor of Education EMI Equated Monthly Service NPR National Population Protocol
Facility B8ZS Binary Eight Zero Instalment IFAD International Fund for Register VPN Virtual Private Network
ACM Association for Computing Substitution ESMA Essential Services Agricultural Development NSE National Stock Exchange VRS Voluntary Retirement
Machinery BA Bachelor of Arts Maintenance Act IFC International Finance OGL Open General License Scheme
ACP Administration Control BARC Bhabha Atomic Research EVM Electronic Voting Machine Corporation OHG Old High German VSAT Very Small Aperture
Panel Centre FAO Food and Agriculture IFS Indian Foreign Service PAN Permanent Account Terminals
ACP Association of Computer BBC British Broadcasting Organisation IIS Indian Information Service Number WIPO World Intellectual Property
Professionals Corporation FDI Foreign Direct Investment ILO International Labour POTA Prevention of Terrorism Organisation
ACPI Advanced Configuration BC Before Christ; Board of FDR Flight Data Recorder; Organization Act WLL Wireless in Local Loop
and Power Interface Control Fixed Deposit Receipt INTERPOL International Criminal PVC Param Vir Chakra WMD Weapon of Mass
ACR Animated Computer BC Binary Counter FEMA Foreign Exchange Police Organization PVSM Param Vishisht Sewa Destruction
Rendering BCG Bacillus Calmette-Guerin Management Act IRDP Integrated Rural Medal XML Extensible Markup
AD Anno Domini BICC Binary Image Cross FERA Foreign Exchange Development Programme RAF Rapid Action Force Language
ADC Advanced Disk Catalog Correlation Regulations Act IRPS Indian Railway Personnel RBI Reserve Bank of India ZSI Zoological Survey of India
ADD Apple Data Detectors BIFR Board of Industrial and FII Foreign Institutional Service RCC Reinforced Concrete
ADI Accessibility and Distri- Indian Revenue Service Cement
bution of Information
Financial Reconstruction Investors IRS OFFICIAL ABBREVIATIONS
BIO Basic Input Output FIPB Foreign Investment IST Indian Standard Time RLV Reusable Launch Vehicle
ADMD Administrative Domain Promotion Board ISV International Scientific RSV Revised Standard Version AAQMG Assistant Adjutant and
BIOS Basic Input Output
Management Domain FLAG Fiber Optic Link Around Vocabulary SARS Severe Acute Respiratory Quarter Master General
System
ADTS Audio Data Transport the Globe ITU International ACG Assistant Commissary
BMDS Ballistic Missile Defence Syndrome
Stream File Transfer Protocol Telecommunication Union General
System FTP SATNAV Satellite Navigation
AF Anglo-French GAIL Gas Authority of India JPC Joint Parliamentary ACRE Assistant Commander
BRD Business Requirements SDR Special Drawing Rights
AFB Air Force Base Committee Royal Engineers
Document Limited SEBI Securities and Exchange
AG Accountant General Joint Photographic ADMS Assistant Director of
BSA Business Software Alliance GATT General Agreement on JPEG Board of India
AGA Advanced Graphics Medical Services
BSF Border Security Force Tariff and Trade Experts Group SWAPO South West African
Architecture AG Accountant General;
BSS Business Support System GIST Graphics and Intelligence- KPO Knowledge Process Peoples Organization
AIDS Acquired Immune Adjutant General
Deficiency Syndrome BTAC Branch Target Address based Script Technology Outsourcing SWIFT Society for Worldwide
GPRS General Packet Radio LCA Light Combat Aircraft AGG Agent to Governor General
AIMD Additive Increase, Cache Interbank Financial
System LOAC Line of Actual Control AQMG Assistant Quarter Master
Multiplicative Decrease Bulg Bulgarian, Bulgaria Telecommunication
GPS Global Positioning System LTA Light Transport Aircraft General
ASC Army Stores Committee OASH Office of the Assistant PSA Program Support DSCC Democratic Senatorial PJ Partido Justicialista ILC Inland Letter Card
ACWA Administrative Careers Secretary for Health, PHS Assistants Campaign Committee PP Partido Popular IMO Instant Money Order
with America OBA Office of Biotechnology PWS Performance Work EC European Community PRI Partido Revolucionario IFSMO International Financial
ADLCP Additional Commissioner Activities (NIH OD) Statement ECB European Central Bank Institucional System Money Order
of Police or OBSSR Office of Behavioural and SAC Special Agreement Check EMU European Monetary Union RNC Republican National IMT International Money
DIG Deputy Inspector General Social Sciences Research SAC Standard Administrative EU European Union Committee Transfer
of Police (NIH OD) Code FAA Federal Aviation SR Senate Resolution KVP Kisan Vikas Patra
ARAC Administrative OC Office of Communications SAT Senior Assessment Team Administration SDP Social Democratic Party MSY Mahila Samridhi Yojana
Restructuring Advisory OCPL Office of Communications SES Senior Executive Service FDP Freie Demokratische SEC Securities and Exchange MO Money Order
Committee and Public Liaison SI Sub-Inspector of Police Partei Commission MDG Mukhya Dak Ghar
ASDC Administrative Skills SPC Senior Police Constable FRC Family Research Council SNP Scottish National Party NSC National Savings
OD Office of the Director
Development Curriculum TAIMS Time and Attendance GAO General Accounting Office UCC Uniform Commercial Code Certificate
ODEO Office of the Director
ASI Assistant Sub-Inspector of Information Management GDP Gross Domestic Product USDA United States Department PRSS Pay Roll Savings Scheme
Executive Office (NIH OD)
Police System GLAAD Gay and Lesbian Alliance of Agriculture PIN Postal Index Number
OEODM Office of Equal Opportunity Against Defamation PLI Postal Life Insurance
ASPER Assistant Secretary for TARGET Technology Accessible VAT Value Added Tax
and Diversity Management
Personnel Administration, Resources Give GOP Gallant Old Party WMD Weapons of Mass PSD Postal Stores Depot
(NIH OD) GOP God’s Own Party PTC Postal Training Centre
DHHS Employment Today Destruction
OF Optional Form TASC Technical Assistance and GOP Grand Old Party YAF Young Americans for PMG Postmaster General
CP or DGP Commissioner of Police Office of Federal Advisory
(State) or Director General
OFACP Support Center HR House Resolution Freedom PCO Public Call Office
Committee Policy (NIH OD) USOPM United States Office of IMF International Monetary PPF Public Provident Fund
of Police OFM Office of Financial Personnel Management Fund POSTAL TELEGRAPHIC RMS Railway Mail Service
DCP or SSP Deputy Commissioner
Management (NIH OD) VA Visiting Associate IRA Irish Republican Army RO Regional Office
of Police or Senior
Office of Human Resource
ABBREVIATIONS
OHRM LDP Liberal Democratic Party RL Registered Letter
Superintendent of Police
Management POLITICAL ABBREVIATIONS MEP Member of European 56 APO 1st CBPO RLO Returned Letter Office
DG Director General
OHSR Office of Human Subjects Parliament 99 APO 2nd CBPO RPLI Rural Postal Life
DIB Director of Intelligence ACLU American Civil Liberties MNC Multinational Corporation APPU Asian Pacific Postal Union Insurance
Research
Bureau Union
OIPA Office of International MSI Movimiento Social Italiano AMPC Automatic Mail Processing SBCO Savings Bank Control
ERA Electronic Research ACU American Conservative NAACP National Association Centre Organisation
Program Activities
Administration Union for the Advancement of Centrally Based Post office Speed Post Article
OIT Office of Information CBPO SPA
GSA General Services ALP Australian Labour Party Coloured People CPMG Chief Postmaster General SRO Sub Record Office/Sub
Technology
Administration ANC African National Congress NAS National Association of CO Circle Office Record Officer
HPC Police Head Constable OJT On-The-Job Training
BJP Bharatiya Janata Party Scholars CSD Circle Stamps Depot TMO Telegraphic Money Order
IMS/ADB Information Management OM Office of Management
BNP British National Party NDP New Democratic Party CRC Computerized Registration UPU Universal Postal Union
System/Administrative OMA Office of Management
CCRI California Civil Rights NEA National Education Centre VPL Value Payable Letter
Data Base System Assessment
Initiative Association ECS Electronic Clearance VPP Value Payable Parcel
(DELPRO) OPDIV Operating Divisions
CDU Christian Democratic NEA National Endowment for Service V-SAT Very-Small Aperture
INS Inspector of Police OPPA Office of Program Planning Union the Arts EFT Electronic Fund Transfer Terminal
JCP or IGP Joint Commissioner and Analysis CDUSA College Democrats USA NRA National Rifle Association eMO Electronic Money Order
of Police or Inspector OSMP Office of Strategic CEI Competitive Enterprise NRCC National Republican ePOST Electronic Post SCIENTIFIC ABBREVIATIONS
General of Police Management and Institute Congressional Committee ESMO Electronic Satellite Money
Office of Administration Planning Natural Resources Order AAO Anglo-Australian
OA CRNC College Republican NRDC
(NIH OD) PC Police Constable Defence Council Electronic Value Payable Observatory
National Committee eVPP
Office of the Associate PCG Privacy Coordinator Group National Right to Life Parcel AI Artificial Intelligence
OAD HIV CRS Congressional Research NRLC
Portable Document Format AIIMS All India Institute of
Director for HIV/AIDS PDF Services Committee EMS Express Mail Service
PEBS Policy, Employee Benefits, Medical Sciences
OAMP Office of Acquisition CSU Christian Social Union NRSC National Republican EPP Express Parcel Post
and Staffing Unit, PMB, DCCC Democratic Congressional Senatorial Committee GPO General Post Office AINSTRAF All India Network of ST
Management and Policy
NCI Head Post Office Radar Facilities
(NIH OD) Campaign Committee NTU National Taxpayers Union HPO
PMB Personnel Management Democratic Progressive Political Action Committee India Security Press AIR All India Radio
OAR Office of AIDS Research DPP PAC ISP
AMCHS Achutha Menon Centre for
(NIH OD) Branch, NCI Party PIRG Public Interest Research (Nasik)
PR Public Relations Group IVP Indira Vikas Patra Health Studies
AMOS Advanced Mechanical and CEESAT Center for Energy and EDC Entrepreneurship GSLV Geo-Synchronous Launch IIASA International Institute for ISRO Indian Space Research
Optical Systems Environment Science and Development Cell Vehicle Applied Systems Analysis Organisation
ANN Artificial Neural Network Technology EDP Entrepreneurship GTRE Gas Turbine Research IIBAT International Institute IS-STAC Inter-Sectoral Science
APLAC Asia Pacific Laboratory CFCT Centre for Fuel Cell Development Programme Establishment of Biotechnology and and Technology Advisory
Accreditation Cooperation Technology EGRL Equatorial Geophysical GTS Gavilgarh-Tan Shear Toxicology Committee
APRO Assam Police Radio CGRF Core Group Research Research Laboratory HAGAR High Altitude Gamma Ray IICT Indian Institute of ITPAR India-Trento Programme
Organization Facility EMF Electro-Magnetic Forming HBCSE Homi Bhabha Centre for Chemical Technology for Advanced Research
ARCI International Advanced CLCR Centre for Liquid Crystal EPB Equatorial Plasma Bubble Science Education IIG Indian Institute of ITRC Indian Toxicology
Research Centre for Research EPMA Electron-Probe Micro HCT Himalayan Chandra Geomagnetism Research Centre
Powder Metallurgy and CMRI Central Mining Research Analyzer Telescope IIIT Indian Institute of IUCEE Indo-US Centre for
New Materials Institute EPR Electron Paramagnetic HESP Hanle Echelle Spectro- Information Technology Engineering Education
ARF Auxin Response Factor CNG Compressed Natural Gas Resonance Polarimeter IIP Indian Institute of IUSSTF Indo-US Science and
ARI Agharkar Research CNT Carbon Nanotube ESF Equatorial Spread F HHCP Hartmann-Hahn Petroleum Technology Forum
Institute CONTIFUR Continuous Induction ETP Effluent Treatment Plant Cross-Polarization IISc Indian Institute of Science JNCASR Jawaharlal Nehru Centre
ARIES Aryabhatta Research Furnace EVLP Extended Visitor and IAO Indian Astronomical IIT Indian Institute of for Advanced Scientific
Institute of Observational CORE Centres of Relevance and Linkage Programme Observatory Technology Research
Sciences Excellence EYGIPLAD Empowering Youth IAP Inter Academy Panel IJHS Indian Journal of History JNU Jawaharlal Nehru
BBIL Bharat Biotech CSIO Central Scientific through Geo-Informatics IARI Indian Agricultural of Science University
International Limited Instruments Organization and Participation for Local Research Institute IJPAM Indian Journal of Pure JNV Jawahar Navodaya
BDP Bengal Delta Plain CTCZ Continental Tropical Area Development ICAR Indian Council of and Applied Mathematics Vidyalaya
BGF Basic Growth Factor Convergence Zone FAD Fish Aggregation Device Agricultural Research IJSC India-Japan Science JSPS Japan Society for
BHU Banaras Hindu University CVS Chemical Vapour FDP Faculty Development ICGEB International Centre for Council Promotion of Science
BI Bose Institute Synthesis Programme Genetic Engineering and ILAC International Laboratory KRVP Karnataka Rajya Vijnan
BIOFARM Biological Integration DAE Department of Atomic FESEM Field Emission Scanning Biotechnology Accreditation Cooperation Parishat
of Farming Activities & ICMR Indian Council of Medical
Energy Electron Microscopy ILTP Integrated Long-Term KSKGRL K.S. Krishnan
Resource Management Research
DCM Digital Cartographic FET Field Effect Transistor Programme Geomagnetic Research
BMT Biomedical Technology ICP Inductively Coupled
Model FIST Fund for improvement of IMF Interplanetary Magnetic Laboratory
BOYSCAST Better Opportunities Plasma
DIMM Differential Image Motion S and T Infrastructure in Field KVPY Kishore Vaigyanik
for Young Scientists in ICRISAT International Corps
Monitoring Universities and Higher IMS Ion Mass Spectrometer Protsahan Yojana
Chosen Areas of Science Research Institute for the
DIT Department of Educational Institutions INAE Indian National Academy LCFA Low Cost Flexible
and Technology Semi-Arid Tropic
Information Technology FRED Front End Application of Engineering Automation
BSIP Birbal Sahni Institute of ICRP Indian Climate Research
DLM Digital Landscape Model Developer INSDOC Indian National Scientific LED Light Emitting Diode
Palaeobotany Programme
CAD Computer-Aided Design DMS Digital Mapping Section FSSW Friction Stir Spot Welding ICSU International Council of Documentation Centre LGM Last Glacial Maximum
CAL Composite Applications DPRP Drugs and GAGAN GPS Aided Geo Scientific Unions INST Institute of Nano Science LPG Liquified Petroleum Gas
Laboratory Pharmaceuticals Research Augmented Navigation IDP Instrumentation and Technology LVAD Left Ventricular Assist
CAN Concerned Action Now Programme GBPIHED GB Pant Institute of Development Programme IPR Institute of Plasma Device
CCD Charge Coupled Devices DRDO Defence Research and Himalayan Environment IEH Indian Engineering Research/Intellectual MAO Micro Arc Oxidation
CCMB Centre for Cellular and Development Organisation and Development Heritage Property Rights MAS Magic-Angle Spinning
Molecular Biology DSC Detonation Spray Coating GCM General Circulation Model IFCPAR Indo-French Centre IRC Indian Road Congress MCLOUMM Mixed phase Cloud
CCSTDS Centre for Cooperation in DSIR Department of Scientific GCP Ground Control Points for the Promotion of IRHPA Intensification of Research Microphysical Model
Science and Technology and Industrial Research GDL Gas Diffusion Layer Advanced Research in High Priority Areas MEA Ministry of External
among Developing DSM Defence Series Maps GIS Geographic Information IHBT Institute of Himalayan IRIS Initiative for Research and Affairs
Societies DST Department of Science System Bioresource Technology Innovation in Science MF Medium Frequency
C-DAC Centre for the and Technology GLP Good Laboratory Practice IHY International ISCOS Indian Science MFIC Multi Frequency
Development of Advanced DVD Digital Vector Data GML Geography Mark-up Heliophysical Year Communication Society Impedance Cardiograph
Computing EAC Entrepreneurship Language IIA Indian Institute of ISO International Standards MIS Management Information
CDC Centre for Disease Control Awareness Camp GPCR G-Protein Coupled Astrophysics Organisation System
and Prevention EC European Commission Receptor
GSI Geological Survey of India
MJV Mutual Joint Visit NEIST North East Institute of NRRDA National Rural Road PAC-AS Programme Advisory SCF Science Communicators STAWS Science and Technology
MMOS Mixed Metal Oxide Science and Technology Development Agency Committee on Forum Application for the Weaker
Semiconductors NEO Non-Edible Oil NAS National Academy of Atmospheric Sciences SCOPE Scientific Committee on Sections
MoEF Ministry of Environment NER North Eastern Region Sciences PCGIAP Permanent Committee on Problems of Environment STED Science and Technology
and Forests NFMTC Nano Functional Materials NSAG Nano Science Advisory GIS and Infrastructure for SCSP Scheduled Castes Entrepreneurship
MONTCLIM Monsoon and Tropical Technology Centre Group Asia Pacific Sub-Plan Development
Climate NGO Non-Governmental NSCC National Science PCR Project Completion Report SCTIMST Sree Chitra Tirunal STEP Science and Technology
MOT Magneto-Optic Trap Organization Communication Congress PDT Photodynamic Therapy Institute for Medical Entrepreneurs Park
MOU Memorandum of NGRI National Geophysical NSD National Science Day PEMFC Polymer Electrolyte Sciences and Technology STI Survey Training Institute
Understanding Research Institute NSF National Science Membrane Fuel Cell SDI Spatial Data STIC Sophisticated Test and
MRA Mutual Recognition NIC National Informatics Foundation PERC Project Evaluation and Infrastructure Instrumentation Centre
Arrangement Centre NSL National Science Library Review Committee SEAEP Socio-Economic STIO Scientists and
MS Microwave Sintering NIH National Institute of NSTEDB National Science PFC Patent Facilitating Centre Awareness and Technologists of Indian
MSW Municipal Solid Waste Health/National Institute and Technology PHC Primary Health Care Environment Protection Origin
MWP Microwave Plasma of Hydrology Entrepreneurship PLI Point Load Index SEM Scanning Electron STORM Severe Thunderstorms:
NABL National Accreditation NIO National Institute of Development Board PMF Proton-Motive Force Microscope Observations and
Board for Testing and Oceanography NSTMIS National Science and POC Program of Cooperation SERC Science and Engineering Regional Modelling
Calibration Laboratories NIPER National Institute of Technology Management POP Plaster of Paris Research Council STST Skill Development
NAM Non-Aligned Movement Pharmaceutical Education Information System PPM Proton Precession SERS Surface Enhanced Raman Training through Science
NARL National Atmospheric and Research NTDB National Topographic Magnetometer Scattering and Technology
Research Laboratory NISCAIR National Institute of Databases PPP Public Private Partnership SHG Self-Help Groups SVO Straight Vegetable Oil
NAT North Almora Thrust Science Communication NTSC National Teachers’ Science SIATI Society of Indian SWNT Single Wall Carbon
RDCIS Research and Development
NATAG Nano Applications and and Information Conference Aerospace Technologies Nanotube
Centre for Iron and Steel
Technology Advisory Resources NUIS National Urban and Industries TBI Technology Business
Group NISTADS National Institute of Information System SINP Saha Institute of Nuclear Incubator
RESOURCE MANAGEMENT TDB Technology Development
NCARDMATH National Centre for Science, Technology and NYKS Nehru Yuva Kendra Physics
Advanced Research in Development Studies Sangathan ABBREVIATIONS SKILLS Skills and Knowledge for Board
NIT National Institute of OECD Organization for Economic TEC Total Electron Content
Discrete Mathematics ROP Ring-Opening Improved Livelihoods and
Technology Cooperation and Living Standards TECC Taiwan Economic and
NCD Nanocrystalline Diamond Polymerization
NLST National Large Solar Development SME Small and Medium Cultural Centre
NCDMA National Clean RRI Raman Research Institute
Telescope OGC Open Geospatial Enterprises TEDP Technology Based
Development Mechanism RSY Rashtriya Sadbhavana
NML National Metallurgical Consortium SMITA Smart and Innovative Entrepreneurship
Authority Yojna
Laboratory OGT Oxford Gene Technology Textile Materials Development Programme
NCE New Chemical Entities RTF-DCS Research Training
NMO National Member OIM Orientation Imaging SNBNCBS S.N. Bose National Centre TEM Transmission Electron
NCL National Chemical Fellowships for Developing
Organization Microscopy for Basic Sciences Microscope
Laboratory Country Scientists
NMR Nuclear Magnetic OISE Office of International SOI Survey of India TePP Technopreneur Promotion
NCSC National Children’s RVPSP Rashtriya Vigyan Evam Programme
Science Congress Resonance Science and Engineering Prodyogiki Sanchar SPM Scanning Probe
NMSI National Mathematical OLR Outgoing Longwave Microscopy THEP Theoretical High Energy
NCSM National Council of Parishad Physics
Science Museums Sciences Initiative Radiation SAC-PM Scientific Advisory SSAG Standing Scientific
NOIDA New Okhla Industrial ONGC Oil and Natural Gas Advisory Group TIDE Technology Informatics
NCSTC National Council for Committee to the Prime Design Endeavour
Science and Technology Development Authority Corporation
Minister SSRC Standing Scientific
NPCS National Program on OSCARD Organization for Social TIE Technology Intervention
Communication SAIF Sophisticated Analytical Research Committee
Carbon Sequestration Change and Rural for Elderly
NEERI National Environmental Instrument Facilities SSTP State Science and
NPL National Physical Development TIFAC Technology Information
Engineering Research SAIL Steel Authority of India Technology Programme
Laboratory OSM Open Series Map Forecasting and
Institute STAC Science and Technology
Limited Assessment Council
NEHU North Eastern Hill NRDMS Natural Resources Data PAC Programme Advisory Advisory Committee
SASE Snow and Avalanche TIFR Tata Institute of
University Management System Committee STARD Science and Technology
Study Establishment Fundamental Research
Application for Rural
SBU Secondary Building Units TIME Technology Intervention in
Development
Mountain Ecosystem
TIME-IS Technology Innovation VIT Vellore Institute of CSM Continuous Tamping MC Machines AAU Amateur Athletic Union DAV Deutscher Aerobic
and Management Technology Machine MCI Malleable Cast Iron ABA Australian Basketball Verband
Entrepreneurship VLF Very Long Frequency CSP Concrete Sleeper Plant MPT Multipurpose Tamper Association DBB Deutscher Basketball-
Information Service VP Vigyan Prasar CSTE Chief Signal & OEM Original Equipment ACC Atlantic Coast Conference Bund
TPPM Two-Pulse Phase VPF Vascular Permeability Telecommunication Manufacturer AFC American Football DEL Deutsche Eishockey Liga
Modulation Factor Engineer OHE Overhead Equipments Conference DH Designated Hitter
TPSC Theoretical Physics VSBK Vertical Shaft Brick Kiln CTE Chief Track Engineer P Way Permanent Way AFL Australian Football DISC Discuss throw
Seminar Circuit VSM Vibrating Sample CTR Composite Track Record PCB Printed Circuit Board League DISQ Disqualified
TSD Technology Systems Magnetometer CWR Continuous Welded Rail POH Periodical Overhauling AGTOA American Greyhound DLO Deutsche Leichtathletik
Development VSSC Vikram Sarabhai Space DEN Divisional Engineer PQRS Plasser’s Quick Relaying Track Operators Ordnung
TSP Tribal Sub-Plan Centre DOT Department of System Association DMM Deutsche Mehrkampf
TSPM Total Suspended WDC World Data Center Telecommunication PRC Prestressed Reinforced AIBA Association Internationale Meisterschaft
Particulate Matter WFS Web Feature Service DSK Depot Store Keeper Concrete de Boxe Amateur DNC Did Not Compete
TWAS Third World Academy of WIHG Wadia Institute of DTS Dynamic Track Stabilizer PSC Prestressed Concrete AIBA International Boxing DNF Did Not Finish
Sciences Himalayan Geology DUO Duomatic Machine RGM Rail Grinding Machine Association (amateur) DOM Dominican Republic
UCOST Uttarakhand Council for WMS Web Map Service Dy.CE/TT Deputy Chief Engineer/ RPM Revolutions Per Minute AIOWF Association of DSM Deutsches Sport
Science and Technology WOLEDS White Organic Light Tie Tamping S&D Supply & Disposal International Olympic Marketing
UCS Uniaxial Compressive Emitting Diodes
ETKM Equated Track Kilometer S&T Signal & Winter Sports Federation DTM Deutsche Tourenwagen
Strength FP Fish Plate Telecommunication AL American League Meisterschaft
WP-RASS Wind Profiler-Radio
UGC University Grants GR General Rules SBC Shoulder Ballast Cleaner ALB Allgemeine Leichtathletik EN Empty Net
Acoustic Sounding System
Commission G&SR General & Subsidiary SBCM Shoulder Ballast Cleaning Bestimmungen EOR Equalled Olympic Record
WRF Weather Research
UHHG Urban Home Herbal Rules Machine ALCS American League ERA Earned Run Average
Forecast
Gardens GC Gauge Conversion SE Section Engineer Championship Series ESL Electronic Sports League
WTI Water Technology
GM General Manager SEJ Switch Expansion Joint AOC Australian Olympic EWR Equalled world record
UNBSSI United Nations Basic Initiative GMT Gross Million Tonnes SEN Senior Engineer Committee FA Football Association
Space Science Initiative WTP Women Technology Park
UNDP United Nations
GPM Gallon Per Minute SM Station Master ARISF Association of IOC FAI World Air Sports
YSO Young Stellar Objects GVA Geometry Value SPURT Car Self-Propelled Ultrasonic Federation
Development Programme Recognised International
Assessment Rail Testing Car Sports Federations FIG International Gymnastics
UPES University of Petroleum RAILWAY ABBREVIATIONS HP Horse Power Sr. DEN Senior Divisional Engineer Federation
and Energy Studies ATP Association of Tennis
AEN/MC Assistant Engineer/ HQ Headquarter Sr.DOM Senior Divisional Professionals FIH International Hockey
UVIT Ultraviolet Imaging Hours Operating Manager
Machines Hrs BBL British Basketball League Federation
Telescope Hand Signal Senior Section Engineer/
BCM Ballast Cleaning Machine HS SSE/MC BWF Badminton World FILA International Federation
VBO Vainu Bappu
BFR Bogie Flat for Rails HSD High Speed Diesel Machines Federation of Associated Wrestling
Observatory Highly Skilled Senior Stores Officer
BRM Ballast Regulating HSK SSO BWI British West Indies Styles
VECC Variable Energy Cyclotron I/C Incharge TM Track Machine International Wrestling
Machine C5PBA Canadian 5 Pin Bowlers IWF
Centre IOH Intermediate Overhauling TRT Track Relaying Train Federation
CE Chief Engineer Association
VEGF Vascular Endothelial CEE Chief Electrical Engineer IR Indian Railways TTM Tie Tamping Machine FIR International Racketlon
CAF Central African Republic
Growth Factor CFO Chief Foreman IRICEN Indian Railways Institute UNO Unomatic Machine Federation
CAS Court Of Arbitration For
VGP Virtual Geomagnetic Pole CME Chief Mechanical of Civil Engineering Pune USFD Ultrasonic Flaw Detection FIRS International Roller Sports
Sport
VICAS Voluntary Institute for Engineer IRPWM Indian Railways UT Universal Tamper Federation
CAY Cayman Islands
Community Applied CMM Chief Material Manager Permanent Way Manual UTV Utility Track Vehicle CBI Confederazione Boccistica FITA International Archery
Science COM Chief Operating Manager IRTMTC Indian Railways Track VHF Very High Frequency Internazionale Federation
VIPNET Vigyan Prasar Network of COS Controller of Stores Machines Training Centre CCES Canadian Centre for FMJD World Draughts
Science Clubs CPOH Central Periodical JA Grade Junior Administrative SPORTS ABBREVIATIONS Ethics in Sport Federation
VIPRIS Vigyan Prasar Information Overhauling Grade CFL Canadian Football League GAISF General Association of
AAA Amateur Athletic
System CRF Capital Recovery Factor JE Junior Engineer D Defenceman International Sports
Association
VIS Village Information CRS Commissioner of Railway LV Last Vehicle DAA Deutsche Aerobic Federations
ICSF International Casting
System Safety LWR Long Welded Rail Akademie IAAF International Association
Sport Federation
MAS Material At Site DAN Diver’s Alert Network of Athletics Federations
AAC Adidas Athletic Club
IBAF International Baseball IOC International Olympic USSRA United States Squash AFA Army Field Artillery; BC Battery Commander or CLC Chinese Labour Corps
Federation Committee Racquets Association Australian Field Artillery Base Commandant CLLE Charger-Loading
IBF International Boxing IRB International Racing WBC World Boxing Council AG Adjutant General BCA Battery Commander’s Lee-Enfield Rifle
Federation Bureau WBF World Bridge Federation AGS Army Gymnastic Staff Assistant CLLM Charger-Loading
IBSA International Blind Sports IRB International Rugby Board WCA World Cube Association AIF Australian Imperial Force Bdmr Bandmaster Lee-Metford Rifle
Federation ITF International Tennis WCBS World Confederation of AIS Assistant Inspector of BG Broad Gauge (railway) CLRO Corps Light Railway
IBSF International Billiards and Federation Billiard Sports Searchlights BGGS Brigadier-General General Officer
Snooker Federation ITF International Throwball WSF World Squash Federation AMFO Assistant Military Staff CMO Court-Martial Officer
IBTA International Boot- Federation WTA Womens Tennis Forwarding Officer BGRA Brigadier-General Royal CMP Corps of Military Police
throwing Association ITHF International Table Association AMLO Assistant Military Landing Artillery CO Commanding Officer,
IBU International Biathlon Hockey Federation Officer BL Breech Loading Conscientious Objector
Union MLL Major League Lacrosse MILITARY ABBREVIATIONS AMO Administrative Medical BLC Breech Loading Converted COO Chief Ordnance Officer
ICC International Cricket MLS Major League Soccer Officer BM Brigade Major CP Censorship and Publicity
AA and Assistant Adjutant and
Council NASCAR National Association for AMS Assistant Military BOR British Other Rank CQMS Company Quartermaster
QMG Quartermaster General
IDBF International Dragon Boat Stock Car Auto Racing Secretary BRCS British Red Cross Society Master Sergeant
AA Anti-Aircraft
Federation NBA National Basketball AA Army Act
ANZAC Australian and New BSM Battery Sergeant-Major CRA Commanding Royal
IDSF International Dance Sport Association AASC Anti-Aircraft Searchlight
Zealand Army Corps BWIR British West Indies Artillery
Federation NBL National Basketball AO Army Order Regiment CRCE Chief Railway
Company
IFA International Fistball League AOC Army Ordnance Corps BWM British War Medal Construction Engineer
AASS Anti-Aircraft Searchlight
Association NCAA National Collegiate AOD Army Ordnance CB Confinement to Barracks CRE Commanding Royal
Section
IFAF International Federation Athletic Association Department (punishment) and Engineers
AB Army Book
of American Football NeCeDo Netherlands Centre for AP Armour Piercing Counter-Battery CRO Corps Roads Officer
ABPO Advanced Base Post Office
IFBA International Federation Doping Affairs (ammunition) CBSO Counter-Battery Staff CSIC Cadet School Infantry
ACC Army Cyclist Corps
of Broomball Associations NFC National Football APC Army Pay Corps and Officer Company
ACG Assistant Chaplain
IFBB International Federation Conference Assistant Principal CC Confined to Camp CSM Company Sergeant Major
General
of Bodybuilding and NFL National Football League Chaplain (punishment) CT Communication Trench
ACI Army Council Instruction APM Assistant Provost Marshal
Fitness NHL National Hockey League AD (or Art. Dpt) Artillery CCCC Cape Colony Cyclist Corps CVBC Cape Volunteer Bearer
IFF International Floorball NHPA National Horseshoe APO Army Post Office CCD Commander of Coast Corps
Depot AQMG Assistant Quartermaster-
Federation Pitchers Association of ADAPS Assistant Director Army Defences DAA Director of Army Accounts
IFNA International Federation America General CCRA Corps Commander Royal DAAG Deputy Assistant Adjutant
Postal Services ARD Alberta Reinforcement
of Netball Associations NRL National Rugby League ADC Aide-de-Camp Artillery General
INF International Netball PADA Pakistan Anti-Doping Depot Casualty Clearing Station DAC Divisional Ammunition
ADGT Assistant Director-General CCS
Federation Association ARMW Army Reserve Munition CDS Corps Dressing Station Column
of Transportation
ISF International Sumo PADI Professional Association of Worker CEF Canadian Expeditionary DACG Deputy Assistant
ADL Assistant Director of
Federation Diving Instructors ARP Ammunition Refilling Force Chaplain General
Labour
IFSC International Federation RFA Rugby Fives Association Point CEPC Chief Engineer Port DAD Roads Deputy Assistant Director
ADLR Assistant Director of Light
of Sport Climbing RLIF Rugby League ARS Advanced Regulating Construction of Roads
Railways
IFSS International Federation International Federation Station CF Chaplain to the Forces DAD Sigs Deputy Assistant Director
ADOS Assistant Director
of Sleddog Sports RPRA Royal Pigeon Racing ASC Army Service Corps CFC Canadian Forestry of Signals
Ordnance Services
IGF International Golf Association ASD Army Schools Department Commission DADAPS Deputy Assistant Director
ADRT Assistant Director Railway
Federation United States Anti-Doping ASO Area Searchlight Officer Army Postal Services
USADA Traffic CGS Chief of General Staff
IHF International Handball Agency ASP (or Amm. Sub. Pk) CHA Commander Heavy DADGR & E Deputy Assistant Director
ADS Advanced Dressing
Federation USGA United States Golf Ammunition Sub-Park Artillery of Graves Registration and
Station
IIHF International Ice Hockey Association AT Army Troops Convalescent Horse Depot Enquires
ADVS Assistant Director CHDAVC
Federation USHA United States Handball AVC Army Veterinary Corps Army Veterinary Corps DADGT Deputy Assistant
Veterinary Services
IJF International Judo Association AEC (or A. Emp. Coy) Area BAC Brigade Ammunition CID Committee of Imperial Director-General of
Federation USOC United States Olympic Employment Company Column Defence Transportation
IKF International Kabaddi Committee AF Army Form BAPO Base Army Post Office CIGS Chief of the Imperial DADL Deputy Assistant Director
Federation General Staff of Labour
DADMS Deputy Assistant Director DDTN Deputy Director of DR Despatch Rider FSR Field Service Regulations KR King’s Regulations OC Officer Commanding,
Medical Services Transportation DRF Depression Range-Finder FWD Four Wheel Drive L/C or Officer Cadet
DADOS Deputy Assistant Director DDVS Deputy Director DRG&E Director of Graves GCM General Court-Martial L/Cpl Lance Corporal OR Other Rank
Ordnance Services Veterinary Services Registration and Enquires GHQ General Headquarters LEE London Electrical ORS Orderly Room Sergeant
DADPS Deputy Assistant Director DDW Deputy Director of Works DRLS Despatch Rider Letter GMP Garrison Military Police Engineers OTC Officers Training Corps
Postal Services DEOS Director of Equipment Service GOC General Officer LO Liaison Officer P & BT Physical and Bayonet
DADRT Deputy Assistant Director and Ordnance Stores DRO Director of Recruiting and Commanding LofC Lines of Communication Training
Railway Traffic DFC Distinguished Flying Organization GOCinC General Officer LR Local Reserve PB Permanent Base (medical)
DADS Deputy Assistant Director Cross DRT Director Railway Traffic Commanding-in-Chief MAC Motor Ambulance Convoy PBI Poor Bloody Infantry
Supplies DFS Director of Financial DSC Distinguished Service GRC Graves Registration MB Medical Board (colloquial)
DADT Deputy Assistant Director Services Cross (a naval decoration) Commission MC Military Cross PC Principal Chaplain
Transport DFW Director of Fortifications DSD Director of Staff Duties GRO General Routine Order MDS Main Dressing Station (non-Church of England)
DADW Deputy Assistant Director and Works DSM Distinguished Service GRU Graves Registration Unit MEF Mediterranean PM Provost Marshal
of Works DGAMS Director-General, Army Medal (a naval decoration) GS General Service and Expeditionary Force PNTO Principal Naval Transport
DAG Deputy Adjutant General Medical Services DSO Distinguished Service General Staff MFD Military Forwarding Officer
DAMS Deputy Assistant Military DGAVS Director-General, Army Order GSO General Staff Officer Department POW Prisoner of War
Secretary Veterinary Services DSQ Director of Supplies and GSW Gunshot Wound MFO Military Forwarding PPCLI Princess Patricia’s
DGNS Director-General National Quartering HA Heavy Artillery Canadian Light Infantry
DAP Divisional Ammunition Officer
Park Service DTM Director of Transport and HAR Heavy Artillery Reserve PSC Passed Staff College
MFP Military Foot Police
DAPC Deputy Assistant DGO Divisional Gas Officer Movements HBMGC Heavy Branch Machine PU Permanently Unfit
MGC Machine Gun Corps
Principal Chaplain DGTF Director-General of the DTMO Divisional Trench Mortar Gun Corps (Later Tank (medical)
MGGS Major General General
DAPS Director of Army Postal Territorial Force Officer Corps) PUO Pyrexia of Unknown
Staff
Services DIL Dangerously Ill List DTN Director of Transportation HE High Explosive Origin (medical term
MGO Master General of the
DIWD Director Inland Waterways DW Director of Works HPD Home Postal Depot usually applied to Trench
DAQMG Deputy Assistant Ordnance
and Docks E&M Electrical and Mechanical HS Home Service Fever)
Quartermaster General MGRA Major General Royal
DIY Derbyshire Imperial EBSVR East Bengal State HSC Hospital Ship Case QF Quick Firing
DBC Director of Barrack Artillery
Yeomanry Volunteer Rifles (medical) QMAAC Queen Mary’s Army
Construction MGS Machine Gun School
DLR Director of Light Railways EEF Egyptian Expeditionary HT Horse Transport Auxiliary Corps
DCIGS Deputy Chief of the
Director of Mobilisation High Velocity MLO Military Landing Officer
Imperial General Staff
DM Force HV QMG Quartermaster General
DMO Director of Military EFC Expeditionary Force IA Indian Army MM Military Medal
DCM Distinguished Conduct MMGC Motor Machine Gun Corps QMS Quartermaster Sergeant
Operations Canteen IAF Indian Air Force Qs Qualified for Staff
Medal MML Manual of Military Law
DMS Director of Medical ELC Egyptian Labour Corps IE Illegal enlistment Royal Air Force
DCM District Court-Martial MMP Military Mounted Police RAF
DDS & T Deputy Director Supplies
Services, also Deputy EMO Embarkation Medical IGC Inspector-General of RAFA Royal Australian Field
Military Secretary Officer MPI Mean Point of Impact
and Transport Communications Artillery
MPSC Military Police Staff Corps
DDAPS Deputy Director of Army
DMT Director of Military FANY First Aid Nursing IGT Inspector-General of RAGA Royal Australian Garrison
Training Yeomanry MS Military Secretary
Postal Services Transportation Artillery
DNTO Divisional Naval Transport FAO Forward Area Officer MSM Meritorious Service Medal
DDGMR Deputy Director-General IHL Imprisonment with Hard RAP Regimental Aid Post
Officer (Light Railways) MT Mechanical Transport
Military Railways or Labour RCE Railway Construction
DORA Defence of the Realm Act Friends Ambulance Unit MVC Motor Volunteer Corps
Movements and Railways FAU IO Intelligence Officer Engineer
District Office Royal Field General Court- MVS Mobile Veterinary Section
DDGT Deputy Director-General
DORE FGCM IOM Inspector of Ordnance RCO Railway Control Officer
Engineers Martial NACB National Army Catering RDC Royal Defence Corps
of Transportation Machinery Board
DOS Director of Ordnance FLC Fijian Labour Contingent IOR Indian Other Rank REPS Royal Engineers Postal
DDIWT Deputy Director Inland NCC Non-Combatant Corps
Waterway Transport
Services (Later Corps) IS Inspector of Searchlights Section
DP Drill Purpose FOO Forward Observation NTO Naval Transport Officer RFA Royal Field Artillery
DDMS Deputy Director Medical IW & D Inland Waterways and NYD Not Yet Diagnosed
Services
DPS Director of Personal Officer Docks RFC Royal Flying Corps
Services FP Field Punishment (medical term) RGA Royal Garrison Artillery
DDOS Deputy Director Ordnance IWGC Imperial War Graves NYDN Not Yet Diagnosed
Services
DPW Director of Prisoners of FPO Field Post Office Commission RH Railhead
War FSC Field Survey Company Nervous (medical term for RHA Royal Horse Artillery, and
DDRT Deputy Director Railway IWT Inland Water Transport suspected shell shock)
DQMG Deputy Quartermaster- FSL Field Searchlight Reserve Heavy Artillery
Traffic JAG Judge Advocate General
General FSM Field Service Manual
Abbreviations 585
RM Riding Master, and Royal SP Strongpoint

Marines SPT (preceding a man’s
RMA Royal Marine Artillery number) Sportmen’s
RMLC Royal Marine Labour Battalion Royal Fusiliers
Corps SR Special Reserve
RMLI Royal Marine Light SRS Sound Ranging Section
Infantry SSM Squadron Sergeant Major
RNAS Royal Naval Air Service (cavalry)
RND Royal Naval Division STK (preceding a man’s
(63 Div) number) Stockbroker’s
RO Recruiting Officer Battalion Royal Fusiliers
ROD Railway Operating TAT Temporary Ambulance
Division Train
ROO Railway Ordnance Officer TB Temporary Base (medical)
RP Rules of Procedure, TC Tank Corps
Regimental Police, TCO Train Conducting Officer
Refilling Point
TDO Telephone Dug-out
RSM Regimental Sergeant
TEE Tyne Electrical Engineers
Major
TF Territorial Force
RSO Railhead Supply Officer
TM Trench Mortar
RTC Reserve Training Centre
TMB Trench Mortar Battery
RTE Railway Transport
Establishment TO Transport Officer
RTO Railway Transport Officer TOS Taken on Strength
(later Railway Traffic TR Training Reserve
Officer) TRB Training Reserve Brigade
RTU Returned to Unit TSM Troop Sergeant Major
SAA Small Arms Ammunition (cavalry)
SANLC South African Native VAD Voluntary Aid Detachment
Labour Corps VADGS Voluntary Aid Detachment
SC Staff Captain General Service
SCF Senior Chaplain to the VC Victoria Cross
Forces VO Veterinary Officer
SD Staff Duties VTC Volunteer Training Corps
SGS Surveyor-General of WAAC Women’s Army Auxiliary
Supply Corps (later QMAAC)
Sgt Sergeant (rank) WD War Department
SIW Self-Inflicted Wound WE War Establishment
SLR Superintendent of Light WIR West India Regiment
Railways WO War Office
SMLE Short Magazine Lee- WWCS Walking Wounded
Enfield Collecting Station
SOS Struck off strength. Also YOC Young Officers Company
used in usual sense YS Young Soldier
(of emergency). ))

Achievements - of - India - in - Science - and - Technology - 19 (2 Files Merged)

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Achievements - of - India - in - Science - and - Technology - 19 (2 Files Merged)

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Achievements - of - India - in - Science - and - Technology - 19 (2 Files Merged)

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Significant Contributions to the Global IT Industry

Supplying Affordable and Effective Drugs and Vaccines Globally

Development of Indigenous Defence Systems

Successful Space Missions

PaPerbacks The Hunas (500 AD-530 AD)

iv General Knowledge 2020 Contents v vi General Knowledge 2020

x General Knowledge 2020 Contents xi xii General Knowledge 2020

Genetics 399 WoRld panoRaMa 457 aBBRevIatIonS 553

Indian History 7 8 General Knowledge 2020 Indian History 9

10 General Knowledge 2020 Indian History 11 12 General Knowledge 2020

16 General Knowledge 2020 Indian History 17 18 General Knowledge 2020

Indian History 19 20 General Knowledge 2020 Indian History 21

Indian History 25 26 General Knowledge 2020 Indian History 27

28 General Knowledge 2020 Indian History 29 30 General Knowledge 2020

34 General Knowledge 2020 Indian History 35 36 General Knowledge 2020

Indian History 37 38 General Knowledge 2020 Indian History 39

Indian History 43 44 General Knowledge 2020 45

46 General Knowledge 2020 Indian History 47 48 General Knowledge 2020

52 General Knowledge 2020 Indian History 53 54 General Knowledge 2020

Indian History 55 56 General Knowledge 2020 Indian History 57

Indian History 61 62 General Knowledge 2020 Indian History 63

64 General Knowledge 2020 Indian History 65 66 General Knowledge 2020

70 Indian History 71 72 General Knowledge 2020

Indian History 73 74 General Knowledge 2020 Indian History 75

Indian History 79 80 General Knowledge 2020 Indian History 81

82 General Knowledge 2020 Indian History 83 84 General Knowledge 2020

88 General Knowledge 2020 Indian History 89 90 General Knowledge 2020

Indian History 91 92 General Knowledge 2020 Indian History 93

Indian History 97 98 General Knowledge 2020 Indian History 99

100 General Knowledge 2020 Indian History 101

131 132 General Knowledge 2020

141 142 General Knowledge 2020

evolUtionary staGes hypothesis propounder

of a star Cepheid Hypothesis A.C. Banerji

swelling and reddening of the outer Protoplanet Hypothesis G. Kuiper

• Solar Winds. The sun is continuously inner planet outer planet

Geography 149 150 General Knowledge 2020 Geography 151

Geography 155 156 General Knowledge 2020 Geography 157

Geography 167 168 General Knowledge 2020 Geography 169

Geography 173 174 General Knowledge 2020 175

Geography 185 186 General Knowledge 2020 Geography 187

Geography 191 192 General Knowledge 2020 Geography 193

Geography 203 204 General Knowledge 2020

278 General Knowledge 2020 Indian Polity and Constitution 279

Indian Economy 331 335

fera and fema

Science 345 346 General Knowledge 2020 Science 347

Science 351 352 General Knowledge 2020 Science 353

Science 363 364 General Knowledge 2020 Science 365

Science 369 370 General Knowledge 2020 371

Science 381 382 General Knowledge 2020 Science 383

Science 387 388 General Knowledge 2020 Science 389

Science 399 400 General Knowledge 2020 401

Science 405 406 Science 407

Plant Diseases F. Phylum Annelida I. Phylum echinodermata

Science 417 418 General Knowledge 2020 Science 419

Science 423 424 General Knowledge 2020 Science 425

426 General Knowledge 2020 429

Thymus Thymosin Development of white blood cells.