CHAPTER 2

Fourier Series

2.2 Even and Odd Function

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 OUTLINE
2.1: Fourier Series of Periodic Function
2.1.1: Introduction to Fourier Series
2.1.2: Fourier Series Representation
2.2 : Even and Odd Function
2.2.1: Symmetry Considerations
2.2.2 : Half Range Fourier Series Expansion

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Symmetry Consideration
❑Symmetry functions:
▪ Even symmetry
▪ Odd symmetry
▪ Neither even nor odd

❑The product properties of even and odd functions are:

(even) × (even) = (even)
(odd) × (odd) = (even)
(even) × (odd) = (odd)
(odd) × (even) = (odd)
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Even symmetry
- Any function f (t) is even if its plot is symmetrical about
the vertical axis, i.e.

f (−t ) = f (t )
- The examples of even functions are:
f (t ) =| t |
f (t ) = t 2

t t
f (t ) = cost

t
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Even symmetry
❑The integral of an even function from −A to +A is twice
the integral from 0 to +A

f even (t )

+A +A

t
f
−A
even (t )dt = 2  f even (t )dt
0
−A +A

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Odd symmetry
❑Any function f (t) is odd if its plot is anti-symmetrical
about the vertical axis (or symmetrical to origin (0,0)),
i.e.
f (−t ) = − f (t )
❑The examples of odd functions are:
f (t ) = t 3 f (t ) = t

t t

f (t ) = sin t

t
Odd symmetry
❑The integral of an odd function from −A to +A is zero

f odd (t )

+A

 f odd (t )dt = 0
−A +A
t

−A
 [Summary]
formula f(t) → f(-t) → even / odd / neither?
Symmetrical
consideration
graph symmetry to origin/ vertical axis?

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Example 1
Identify whether the following functions is even, odd or neither even nor odd
(a ) (b ) (c )

(d ) f (t ) = t 5 (e ) f (t ) = 2t 2 + t 4

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Symmetry Consideration contd.
Example 2
Identify whether function f x = 𝑥 3 cos 𝑥 is even, odd or neither even nor odd

Solution:
By referring to product properties of even and odd functions,

Therefore, f(x) is an odd function.

Even and Odd Symmetry
From the properties of even and odd functions, it can
be shown that:
❑ Even periodic function:
𝟒 𝑻 Τ𝟐
𝒂𝒏 = ‫׬‬ 𝒇 𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒏𝝎𝒕 𝒅𝒕
𝑻 𝟎

𝒃𝒏 = 𝟎

❑ Odd periodic function:

𝒂𝟎 = 𝒂𝒏 = 𝟎
𝟒 𝑻 Τ𝟐
𝒃𝒏 = ‫׬‬ 𝒇 𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒏𝝎𝒕 𝒅𝒕
𝑻 𝟎 11
Even and Odd Symmetry contd.
How?? [Even function]
f (t )
bn = 0

t
T T
−
2 2

T /2 T /2 T /2
2

2 4
an =  f (t ) cos ntdt =
T −T / 2 T  f (t ) cos ntdt
0
bn = f (t ) sin ntdt = 0
T −T / 2

(even) × (even) (even) × (odd)

|| ||

(even) (odd)

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Even and Odd Symmetry contd.
How?? [Odd function]
f (t )
a0 = an = 0

t
T T
−
2 2
T /2
2
a0 = f (t )dt = 0
T /2 T /2
2 4
T −T / 2 bn =
T −T / 2 
f (t ) sin ntdt =
T  f (t ) sin ntdt
0
(odd)
T /2 (odd) × (odd)
2
an = f (t ) cos ntdt = 0
T −T / 2 ||
(even)
(odd) × (even)

||
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(odd)
Even and Odd Symmetry contd.
Example 3
Given − 1 , − 2  t  −1

f (t ) =  t , − 1 t  1
, f (t + 4 ) = f (t )
1 , 1 t  2


Sketch the graph of f (t) such that

− 6  t  6of
Then compute the Fourier series expansion . f (t).

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Even and Odd Symmetry contd.
Solution:
The function is described by the following graph:
f (t)

1
t
−6 −4 −2 0 2 4 6
−1
T=4
2 
= =
T 2 the function is symmetrical to origin,
therefore it is an ODD function.

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Even and Odd Symmetry contd.
Then we compute the coefficients. Since f (t) is
an odd function, then
2
2
a0 = 
T −2
f (t )dt = 0

For ODD function, a0 = an = 0

and
2
2
an =
T −2
f (t ) cos ntdt = 0

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Even and Odd Symmetry contd.
2 2
2 4
bn = 
T −2
f (t ) sin ntdt =
T 0f (t ) sin ntdt
This is integration of ½
cycle x 2→ because the
4  1 2
 area are same for both

4  0 1

=  t sin ntdt + 1sin ntdt 

sides for ODD function

1 2 − 1 , − 2  t  −1
 t cos nt  cos nt  cos nt 
1

= −

 +
n  0 0 n  dt + −
 n 1
f (t ) =  t , − 1  t  1
 1 , 1 t  2

1
cos n  sin nt  cos 2n − cos n
=− + 2 2  −
n  n  0 n
cos 2n sin n
=− + 2 2
n n 
2 cos n 4 sin(n / 2) Use integration by parts
=− +
n n 2 2

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Even and Odd Symmetry contd.
Finally,


 (a
a0
f (t ) = + n cos nt + bn sin nt )
2 n =1

 2 cos n 4 sin(n / 2)  nt
=  
n =1 
−
n
+
n 
2 2


sin
2

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Solve Fourier Series
Example 4
Compute the Fourier series expansion of f (t).

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Solve Fourier Series contd.
Solution

The function is described by:

T=3
1 , 0  t  1

f (t ) = 2 , 1  t  2
1 , 2  t  3


f (t + 3 ) = f (t )
T=3

2 2
and = =
T 3
For EVEN function, bn = 0
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Solve Fourier Series contd.
Then, compute the coefficients:
2  2
3 1 2 3
f (t )dt =  1dt + 2dt + 1dt  = (1 − 0) + 2(2 − 1) + (3 − 2) =
2 8
a0 = 
T 0 
3  0 
1 2
  3 3

Or, since f (t) is an even function, then

2
3 3/2
4 4  1 3/2
 4  3  8
a0 = 
T 0
f (t )dt = 
T 0  
f (t )dt =  1dt + 2dt  = (1 − 0) + 2 − 1 =
3  0 1  3   2  3

Or, simply
3
2 2  Total area below graph  2 8
a0 =
T 0f (t )dt =  
T  in a period
 =  4 =
 3 3
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Solve Fourier Series contd.
3 3/2
2 4
an = 
T 0
f (t ) cos ntdt =
T  f (t ) cos ntdt
0

4 
1 3/2

3  0 
=  1cos ntdt + 
1
2 cos ntdt 

1 3/2
4  sin nt  4  2 sin nt 
=  + 
3  n  0 3  n 1


4   3n 
= sin n + 2 sin − sin n 
3n   2 
4  3n  2
=  2 sin − sin n  ; =
3n  2  3
2  2n  2 2n
=  2 sin n − sin =− sin
n  3  n 3 22
Solve Fourier Series contd.
and bn = 0 since f (t) is an even function.

Finally,


 (a
a0
f (t ) = + n cos nt + bn sin nt )
2 n =1

 2 2n  2nt

4
= +  − sin  cos
3 n =1  n 3  3

1 2n  2nt

4 2
= −  sin  cos
3  n =1  n 3  3

4 2 2 2t 2 4 4t 2 6 6t

f (t ) = − sin cos − sin cos − sin cos + ...
3  3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3
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Fourier S. for Periodic Function
❑ Fourier series only support periodic functions.
❑ In real application, many functions are non-periodic.
❑ The non-periodic functions are often can be defined over finite
intervals, e.g: y=2

y=1 y=1

❑ Therefore, any non-periodic function must be extended to a

periodic function first, before computing its Fourier series
representation
❑ Normally, we prefer symmetry (even or odd) periodic extension
instead of normal periodic extension, since symmetry function will
provide zero coefficient of either an or bn
❑ This can provide a simpler Fourier series expansion
Fourier S. for Periodic F(x) contd.
f (t )
Non-periodic Periodic extension
function f (t ) = y (t ) , 0  t  l
y (t ) f (t + l ) = f (t )
t
T =l − 3l − 2l −l 0 l 2l 3l
T

t Even periodic extension feven (t )

0 l
 y (t ) , 0  t  l
f (t ) = 
y ( −t ) , − l  t  0
t
f (t + 2l ) = f (t ) − 3l − 2l −l 0 l 2l 3l
T = 2l T

Odd periodic extension fodd (t )

 y (t ) , 0t l
f (t ) = 
− y ( −t ) , − l  t  0
t
f (t + 2l ) = f (t ) − 3l − 2l − l 0 l 2l 3l
T = 2l 25
T