Architectural Design 1 - Verb (used without object) to make

drawings, preliminary sketches, or plans

DEFINITION OF ARCHITECTURE
FACTORS THAT AFFECT DESIGN
- the art of projecting and constructing
buildings - Totality
o The Royal Spanish Academy - Value
- “Architecture is the starting point for - Time
anyone who wants to take humanity - Resources
towards a better future” - Change
- Iteration
o Charles-Édouard Jeanneret-Gris
- Relationships
/ Le Corbusier
- Competence
- “Form ever follows function.”
- Service
o Louis Sullivan
- “Less is more.” –Mies van der Rohe DESIGN CONCEPTS AND
- “I call architecture frozen music.” ― FORMULATION OF A
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe CONCEPT

DEFINITION OF DESIGN

- the process of envisioning and planning

the creation of objects, interactive
systems, buildings, vehicles, etc
- is user-centered
o users are at the heart of the
design thinking approach
- about creating solutions for people, CONCEPT
physical items, or more abstract systems
- a principle or idea. (Cambridge, 2020)
to address a need or a problem
- explains the ideas of your building design
- to prepare the preliminary sketch or the
approaches and solutions
plans for (a work to be executed),
o must be supported by reasons
especially to plan the form and structure
or rationale
of to design a new bridge
- To plan and fashion artistically or skillfully
GENERAL CONCEPT o Arrangement of Furniture
within a space
- Example:
o The planning of the residence will
have the same layout as of the
typical bahay-na-bato, in which
the habitable spaces are located
at the upper level of the house.
Sizes of spaces will still be in
- General Common Idea of the project accordance to the provisions of
- Example: the National Building Code of the
o The design of the proposed Philippines and other building laws
residence will be bahay-na-bato, in order for the project to be
since the project is located in compliant to the provisions of
Vigan City, Ilocos Sur. The the law. Spaces are laid-out to
character of the proposed be well ventilated, considering
residence must blend with the the climatic factors of Vigan
historical and cultural values City and the macroclimate of
conserved within the city. the Philippines as well.
Modern tropical solutions will be FORM CONCEPT
applied for the efficiency of the
project, as well as other - ideas for the geometric property of a

sustainable solutions to lessen space or configuration of the building,

operational costs for the which involves the following:

residence o Shape
o Orientation
PLANNING CONCEPT o Bulk/Volume of the building
- ideas for the plan layout - Example:
o Measurements of spaces o The shape of the building will be
o Code compliance regarding the regularly polygonal, where the
most stringent parameters lines are aligned to two axes. To
o Adjacency and allocation of promote tropical and
spaces sustainable solutions in terms of
 lighting and ventilation, most sun protection devices for the
bedrooms are placed with their interiors...
windows facing the directions of
MATERIAL CONCEPT
the prevailing winds. The height
of the building will be minimal, - Emphasizes to the materials used for a
and at the same time high space or a building, which involves the
enough to accommodate following:
natural ventilation in the o Finishes of each face within an
interiors. interior space
o General Materials for the building
FAÇADE CONCEPT
and components
- ideas for exterior face of the building, - Example:
which involves the following: o Most of the interiors of the
o Character or style upper level will be constructed
o Exterior Material with reinforced concrete and
o Pattern of Façade elements wood partitions. The partition
- Example: walls will have perforations at
o The traditional bahay-na-bato the top part for lighting and
during the Spanish Colonial Era ventilation purposes towards
will be applied in the exterior to the inner spaces. Walls for the
conserve the character of the Toilet and kitchen sink will be
place, not just within the made of conventional concrete
project site, but also to the hollow block wall system since
surrounding environment as these are prone to excessive
well. Ground level exterior moisture....
finishes will be built with STRUCTURAL CONCEPT
concrete hollow block walls that
- Focuses on the strength aspect of the
is finished with cement plaster
building, which involves the following:
with patterns of the coquina,
o Position of the structural
and the second level will be
elements
applied with hardwood exterior
o Approximate sizes of the
finishing. Each window will have a
building
media agua to accommodate
o Material for supports
 o Weight of the loads o Alarm Systems
- Example: o Sanitary
o Supports for the house will be o Drainage and Sanitation
made of reinforced concrete. - Usually presented graphically, showing the
Exterior supports will be cladded interrelationships of the utilities
with hardwood to conserve the - applied to large projects.
character of the façade. Vertical - Each utility is presented and explained
supports will be aligned to the individually
grid for stability purposes. The GENERATING IDEAS IN ARCHITECTURE
height of the ground floor must
be high enough to - involves the use of our left and right
accommodate the size of the brain
lateral support of the upper - requires both creative and logical ideas in
level.... the formulation of design
- involves the balance of
UTILITY CONCEPT o Creativity and Analysis
- Determines the solutions on how the o Needs for the project and Wants
building will function through the of the users
provision of necessary spaces, which o Cost vs. Comfort
involves the following: o Cost vs. Strength
o Mechanical o Form vs. Compliance
o Ventilation and Air-conditioning - Architecture begins with an idea or a
o Vertical Transportation Concept
o Electrical o Determine the preferences of
o Power the user
o Lighting o Analyze the project location and
o Electronics and Communication determine the existing site
o Automation conditions
o Communication Networks o Determine the design limitations
o Plumbing based on existing laws for
o Water Supply and Storage development
o Fire Protection
o Sprinkler Systems
 ▪ PD 1096: National o some spaces are directly
Building Code of the accessible to each other
Philippines o other spaces have no
▪ RA 9514: Fire Code of relationship to one another
the Philippines
SPACE PROGRAMMING
▪ BP 344: Accessibility Law
o Analyze the needs and wants of - Used for determining the sizes of the
the user for the project rooms, based on the parameters of the
o Formulate a concept users
o Enumerate the spaces for the - involves minor area computation
building/project: o determining the standard sizes
▪ Required Facilities of the furniture or the area
▪ Necessary Services occupied by each user based on
▪ Applicable Utilities their activity
▪ Attractive Accessories - circulation must not be neglected in the
and Amenities computation of the spaces
o Conduct and Architectural - QUICK COMPUTATION USING FURNITURE
Programming for your design to AND USER AREA METHOD
support your concept o Required area for Living Room
▪ Space Interrelationship with 40% room circulation =
Matrix [Area of large sofa (in sq. m.) +
▪ Bubble Diagram (Area of small sofa (in sq. m.) x
▪ Space Programming 2) + Area of Center Table] x 1.40
o Apply the concepts in your - QUICK COMPUTATION USING AREA
design PARAMETER METHOD
SPACE INTERRELATIONSHIP MATRIX o Required area for office space
with 30% circulation = [No. of
- Shows the relationship of the project
users x user parameter (area per
required
user in sq. m. including
o some spaces may be adjacent to
furniture)] x 1.30
each other but are not directly
- Area per user can also be determined
accessible from each other
from Sec 807 of the National Building
Code of the Philippines(2004).
 o For office buildings, PD 1096 - Total Area of the Entire Building < TGFA
requires a minimum air volume - Deduct the Floor Areas of the Spaces
of 12.00 cubic meter per person, excluded in the GFA
and you have a ceiling height of - Remaining Total Floor Area < GFA
2.40 m o GFA excludes:
o Divide the air space by the ceiling ▪ Parking areas,
height to get the driveways, services, and
“approximate” user parameter utilities
that will be multiplied to the ▪ Vertical penetrations
number of users in the space ▪ Uncovered areas for
𝐴𝑖𝑟 𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒 14.00 𝑐𝑢 𝑚.
o = helipads
𝐶𝑒𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 2.40 𝑚
▪ AC cooling towers
5.00 𝑠𝑞𝑚/𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑟
▪ ACCU balconies
- Determining space size can also be done
▪ overhead water tanks
manually by using the plan dimensions of
▪ roof decks
furniture/fixture
▪ laundry areas and cages
APPLICATION TO DESIGN ARCHITECTURAL ▪ swimming pools
PROGRAMMING ▪ Jacuzzis
▪ Terraces
- Group the spaces contained within each
▪ gardens, courts or
storey
plazas
- Sort the spaces according to function
▪ balconies more than 10
o Amenities: Optional, yet
square meters
Beneficial
▪ fire escape structures
o Facilities: Main Spaces
o Services: Support Spaces BUBBLE DIAGRAM
o Utilities: MEPFS
- Shows space accessibility and patterns
- Compute for the Total Floor Area of
- Defines the arrangement of spaces for
Each Storey
the structure
- Total Floor Area of Each Storey < Most
- Must show the relationship of the access
Stringent AMBF
of each level of the building
- Compute for the Total Floor Area of the
- Access points towards the building must
Entire Building
properly be indicated
- Each line and arrows matter in presenting - Enclosed spaces placed inside a larger
your bubble diagram space, in which the smaller space cannot
- Enclosed spaces adjacent and directly be accessed from the larger space
accessible to one another

- Open or partially enclosed small space

- Enclosed spaces accessible to one
placed inside an enclosed large space, in
another, but are not adjacent with each
which the smaller space is presented with
other
a different line type to indicate that it is
not fully enclosed

- Enclosed spaces adjacent to one another,

but are not connected nor accessible to
one another - Enclosed spaces connected to a common
space

- Enclosed spaces placed inside a larger

- Example:
space, in which the smaller space can be
accessed from the larger space
 DEVELOPMENT CONTROLS - Expressed in percentage
- AMBF/TLA
➢ REFER TO NBCP PD1096
Example:
SITE DEVELOPMENT LIMITATIONS
- TLA = 301.00 sqm
- AMBF = 150.00 sqm
- AMBF/TLA = 150.00sqm/301.00 sqm x 100
- PSO = 50 percent
➢ ALLOWABLE MAXIMUM BUILDING
FOOTPRINT (AMBF)
- Expressed in unit of area (square meters
or square feet)
- W2 x D2
➢ TOTAL LOT AREA (TLA) Example:
- The property itself
- Setbacks
- W1 X D1
- PSO + TOSL ; given that TLA = 100 percent Front Side Rear
4.50 m 2.00 m 2.0
Example:
- W2 – 10.00 m ; D2 – 15.00 m
- R-1 Lot (Single Detached Dwelling Unit)
- W1 – 14.00 m ; D1 – 21.50 m - W2 x D2 = 10.00 m x 15.00 m
- AMBF = 150.00 sqm
- W1 x D1 = 14.00 m x 21.50 m
- TLA = 301.00 sqm

➢ TOTAL OPEN SPACE OF THE LOT (TOSL)

- ISA + USA
➢ PERCENTAGE OF SITE OCCUPANCY (PS0)
 - Y1 + (Y2 + Y3 + Y4) - ISA = 88.00 sqm (30 percent of TLA)

Example:

- Y1 + (Y2 + Y3 + Y4)
- 63.00 sqm + (30.00 sqm + 28.00 sqm +
30.00 sqm)
- TOSL = 151.00 sqm

➢ UNPAVED SURFACE AREA (USA)

- Softscape: plants, green areas, lawns,
saturates storm water

Example:

- Yard 1 = Front Setback x W1

o 4.50 m x 14.00 m
➢ IMPERVIOUS SURFACE AREA (ISA)
o USA = 63.00 sqm (20 percent of
- Hardscapes, pathways, roadways,
TLA)
pavements, constructed outdoor
elements
- (Y2 + Y3 + Y4)

Example:

- Yard 2 = Side Setback x D2

o 2.00 m x 15.00 m
o Y2 = 30.00 sqm
- Yard 3 = Rear Setback x W1
o 2.00 m x 14.00 m
o Y3 = 28.00 sqm ➢ MAXIUM ALLOWABLE CONSTRUCTION AREA
- Yard 3 : Side Setback x D2 (MACA)
o 2.00 m x 15.00 m - PSO + ISA
o Y4 = 30.00 sqm - AMBF + ISA
- (30.00 sqm + 28.00 sqm + 30.00 sqm)
Examples: o Initial AMVB – Volume above
Slope of Angular Plane
- PSO = 50 percent
➢ INCREMENTAL SETBACK
- ISA = 30 percent
- FRONT
- PSO + ISA = 50 percent + 30 percent
o Defined by the Slope of Angular
- MACA = 80 percent of TLA
Plane
➢ BUILT ELEMENTS WITHIN THE SITE
- SIDE & REAR
➢ PSO/AMBF AND ISA
o Figure VIII.G.13 of PD1096
➢ FLOOR TO AREA RATIO (FLAR)
- Figure VII.G.1 of PD1096

➢ GROSS FLOOR AREA (GFA)

BUILDING VOLUME - TLA x FLAR
➢ TOTAL GROSS FLOOR AREA (TGFA)
- TGFA = BHL in number of floors x AMBF
- TGFA = GFA x Multiplier (Table VII.G.2 of
PD1096)
- TGFA = (BHL in number of floors x AMBF)
– Area to be deducted by incremental
setbacks

Principles and Elements

of Design

➢ PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN
- concepts used to organize or arrange the
➢ BUILDING HEIGHT LIMIT (BHL) structural elements of design
- Table VII.1 (2nd) or Table VII.2 of PD1096 - affects the expressive content, or the
➢ ALLOWABLE MAXIMUM VOLUME OF THE message of the work
BULDING (AMVB)
BALANCE
- INITIAL AMVB
o AMBF x BHL in meters - the concept of visual equilibrium
- FINAL AMVB - relates to our physical sense of balance
- a reconciliation of opposing forces in a o can be best imagined by
composition that results in visual envisioning a literal balance scale
stability that can represent the visual
- SYMMETRICAL BALANCE "weights" that can be imagined
o having equal "weight" on equal in a two-dimensional
sides of a centrally placed composition
fulcrum o possible to balance a heavy
o referred to as formal balance weight with a cluster of lighter
o BILATERAL SYMMETRY weights on equal sides of a
▪ When the elements are fulcrum
arranged equally on ▪ a cluster of small
either side of a central objects balanced by a
axis large object
▪ axis may be horizontal o possible to imagine objects of
or vertical equal weight but different mass
o RADIAL SYMMETRY on equal sides of a fulcrum
▪ by arranging elements ▪ a large mass of
equally around a central feathers versus a small
point mass of stones
o APPROXIMATE SYMMETRY o Unequal weights can even be
▪ equivalent, but not balanced by shifting the fulcrum
identical forms are point on our imaginary scale
arranged around the
PROPORTION
fulcrum line
- ASYMMETRICAL BALANCE - the relative size and scale of the various
o informal balance elements in a design
o more complex and difficult to - the relationship between objects, or
envisage parts, of a whole
o involves placement of objects in - Our most universal standard of
a way that will allow objects of measurement is the human body
varying visual weight to balance o a sofa in the form of a hand =
one another around a fulcrum distortion of expected
point proportion
 ▪ becomes the center of o sameness
attention in the room - ALTERNATION
- Architectural spaces intended to impress o Mix of two or more
= scaled to a size that dwarfs the human components
viewer - PROGRESSION OR GRADATION
o a device often used in public o Large to small, small to large
spaces o light to dark, dark to light
▪ churches - TRANSITION
▪ centers of government o Leads the eyes without
▪ corporate spaces interruption
• wishes to - OPPOSITION OR CONTRAST
impress o Abrupt change or no abrupt
customers change
with its power - RADIATION
and invincibility o Radial balance
- the proportions of a private home = in o Spokelike baance
scale with human measure, and as a result
EMPHASIS
it appears:
o more friendly - Focal points
o comfortable - An object or area where the eye is drawn
o less intimidating first
- Use of appropriate scale in surface design UNITY
is also important
- Compatibility of elements
o an overly large textile design can
- Harmony
overwhelm the form of a
garment or a piece of furniture
➢ ELEMENTS OF DESIGN
SCALE - Concrete
- overall size - Quantifiable components of any design
- largeness or smallness of a room - Transforms principles of design into
reality
RHYTHM
SPACE
- flow of elements
- REPETITION - Open and closed areas
 - May be positive (filled) or negative (open) LIGHT
o Avoid creation of negative
- Natural or artificial, or both
space by pulling furniture pieces
away from the wall COLOR

SHAPE - Hues
- Light to dark values
- Two-dimensional outline
- Color schemes
FORM
VENUSTAS, FIRMITAS, UTILITAS
- Three-dimensional shape
VITRUVIUS MARCUS POLLIO
MASS
- famous Roman architect in the 1st
- Weight century BC
- Density - an architect to the emperor Augustus
- Relative solidity of a form
"De architectura“
- May be actual or visual
o Dark pieces are heavier - a summary of his own experience in the
o Glass seems lighter field of architecture in 10 volumes
o Bold and large-scale patterns - written 15 BC and dedicated to the
have more mass emperor
o Heavy textured pieces are more - the only direct source on antique
massive architecture
- had a considerable influence on the Middle
LINE
Ages and Renaissance
- Connection between 2 points - explained the theory of the architectural
TEXTURE order of pillars, as well as shapes and
types of temples
- Smoothness or roughness
- introduced rules for the design of houses
- May be read visually or actually touched
- asserted that there were three principles
PATTERN of good architecture:
o FIRMITAS (DURABILITY)
- Repetitive or varied order of things
▪ should stand up
robustly and remain in
good condition
 o UTILITAS (UTILITY) ▪ (such as Ruskin’s
▪ should be useful and “sacrifice” and
function well for the “obedience”)
people using it
o VENUSTAS (BEAUTY)
▪ should delight people
and raise their spirits

- GIEDION
o “space-time’

- VITRUVIUS
o De Architectura

- JULIEN GUADET
o 19th century of architectural
theory
- ÉTIENNE-LOUIS BOULLÉE o reaction against the creation of
o 18th-century French architect a chair of aesthetics at the Paris
o the fulfillment of function was École des Beaux-Arts
the sole essence of architectural o considered it his duty to devote
beauty ethical values his lectures to the study of
architectural planning
o pursued by many later scholars
 - the visual criteria were extended to
include
o beauty
o picturesqueness,
o ugliness
- “Beauty in architecture IS essentially

- JACQUES-FRANÇOIS BLONDEL based on harmonious proportions,

mathematically conceived” – Le
o in his nine-volume Cours
Corbusier
d’architecture (1771–77;
- The first is the notion that architecture
“Architecture Course”)
is essentially the “art of building.”
o observed that considerations of
- The second is that the structures serving
“decoration” are almost
such functions may be considered as
entirely within the domain of
taking logical precedence over them
the theory of architecture
o uses or functions of a building
▪ neither distribution
tend to change
(utilitas) nor
construction (firmitas) FORM
can be explained
properly without
practical experience

AESTHETICS

- ALEXANDER GOTTLIEB BAUMGARTEN

o German philosopher and
educator
o introduced the neologism
FORM
aesthetics about 1750
- the visual merits of all artifacts tended - a reference to both the internal
to be assessed more subjectively than structure and external outline
objectively - often in the shape of a three-dimensional
o critics lumped together as the mass or volume
fine arts
 - any positive element you place within the - VOLUME
negative space of your design o a plane extended
- SHAPE o carry more weight by default
o the form of an object than surfaces
o its external boundary, outline, or ▪ the weight of both can
external surface be increased or
- SIZE decreased by altering
o the dimensions of the form the characteristics of
o proportions and scale either form
- COLOR
TRANSFORMATION OF FORM
o will affect its visual weight
- TEXTURE
o will affect how light is reflected
or absorbed
- POSITION
o where the form is located in - DIMENSIONAL TRANSFORMATION
relation to its environment o altering one or more of its
- ORIENTATION dimensions
o the position of the form in o still retain as a member of a
relation to the ground, family of a form
o compass points or the person o CUBE
viewing the form ▪ can be transformed
PRIMARY ELEMENTS OF FORM into similar prismatic
forms through discrete
changes in
• height
• width
- POINT
o a position in space • length

- LINE ▪ be compressed into a

planner form
o the extension of a point
▪ be stretched out into a
- SURFACE OR PLAN
linear one
o the extension of a line.
 o SPATIAL TENSION

- SUBTRACTIVE TRANSFORMATION
o EDGE TO EDGE CONTACT
o by subtracting a portion of its
volume
o the form can retain its initial
identify or be transformed into
a form of another family o FACE TO FACE CONTACT
o CUBE
▪ can retain it identify as
even though a portion
of it is removed
▪ be transformed into a o INTERLOCKING VOLUMES
series of regular
polyhedrons that begin
to approximate a
sphere
o CENTRALIZED FORMS
▪ Consists of a number
of secondary forms
clustered about
dominant central form
- ADDITIVE TRANSFORMATION o LINEAR FORMS
o by addition of elements to its ▪ Consists of forms
volume arranged sequentially in
o these two determine whether a row
the identity of the initial form is o RAFIAL FORMS
altered or retained ▪ Compositions of linear
▪ the number and relative forms that extend
sizes of the elements outwards from the
being attached center radially
 o CLUSTERED FORMS - Building forms convey information about
▪ Consists of forms that the structure and convey different
are grouped together connotations or feelings
by proximity or the
Form and Space
sharing of a common
visual trait FORM AND SPACE
o GRID FORMS
- the shape or configuration of a building
▪ Modular forms whose
- constitute primary elements of
relationship are
architecture
regulated by three
dimensional grids SHAPE

MASS IN ARCHITECTURE - the configuration of surfaces and edges

of a two-or three-dimensional object
- combines with shape to define form
- perceived by contour or silhouette
- a three-dimensional shape having definite
- PLATONIC SOLIDS
width, length and height
o Volumes generated by primary
- refers to the size or physical bulk of a
shapes
building
▪ sphere and cylinder =
- can be understood as the actual size, or
circle
size relative to context
▪ cone and pyramid =
- Mass + shape = form
triangle
SPACE AND MASS ▪ cube = square
o establish the basis for most
- the raw materials of architectural form
architectural shapes and forms
- from them the architect creates an
- VOLUMETRIC SHAPES
ordered expression through the process
o contain both solids and voids, or
of composition
exteriors and interiors
MASS COMPOSITION - Some shapes are formed through an
additive process
- done in a way that harmonious unity of
- other shapes are conceptually subtracted
structure is maintained
from other solids
- done from both plan and elevation of
- Shape preferences may be culturally
building
based or rooted in personal memory
 o a dome or steeple may connote o schools and child development
religious architecture in some centers
cultures ▪ should be scaled in
o a house often depicts a square relation to the actual
shape with pitched roof size of children
▪ a shape that many
PROPORTION
houses do not possess
in another culture. - the relationship of one part to the other
parts, and to the whole building.
SCALE
- Numerous architectural proportioning
- relative size as perceived by the viewer systems have developed over time and in
- "Whenever the word scale is being used, diverse cultures
something is being compared with - ARITHMETIC
something else." (Moore: 17) o The Ancient Greeks used clear
o typically established between mathematical ratios for both
either familiar building elements visible and auditory phenomena,
(doors, stairs, handrails) or the such as architecture and music.
human figure o Pythagoras emphasized the
- may be manipulated by the architect to importance of numbers.
make a building appear smaller or larger o GOLDEN SECTION OR GOLDEN
than its actual size MEAN
- Multiple scales may exist within a single ▪ both arithmetic and

building façade geometrical

▪ prevalent in both the
o to achieve a higher level of
natural world and
visual complexity
classical architectural
- HUMAN SCALE
design
o describe building dimensions
▪ a:b = b (a+b) ; a is to b,
based on the size of the human
body. as b is to the whole

o "Anthropomorphic scale." ▪ apparent in the

Fibonacci series of
o may vary by culture and
integers
occupant age
 o FIBONNACI SEQUENCE buildings or rooms, harmonious
▪ 1,1,2,3,5,8,13,21,34,55, etc. proportion results
▪ Each succeeding o ALBERTI
number is the sum of ▪ early Renaissance
two previous numbers. architect
▪ forms the basis for a ▪ credited the harmony
spiral of Roman architecture
• snail's shell and the universe to this
• the spiral ratio system
volutes of o The Renaissance architect
ionic column Palladio, along with Venetian
capitals musical theorists
- GEOMETRIC ▪ developed a more
o In Classical architecture, the complex system based
diameter of a classical column on the major and
provided a unit of measurement minor third
that established all the ▪ 5:6 or 4:5.
dimensions of the building, from - MATERIAL AND MANUFACTURED
overall dimensions to fine detail. PROPORTIONS
o works for any size of building o Most contemporary buildings are
since the column unit fluctuates proportioned according to the
while the internal relationships industry standard unit size the
remain constant primary mass-produced building
o Drawings of the "classical materials employed

orders” explain this set of o Based on the inherent properties

of each material, conventional
relationships geometrically
sizes and proportions have
- HARMONIC
resulted.
o The ancient discovery of
▪ bricks, concrete
harmonic proportion in music
masonry units, light
was translated to architectural
wood members,
proportion
plywood, and gypsum
o posits that when the ratio of
wallboard are always
1:2, 2:3, or 3:4 is applied to
 fabricated and sold in TEXTURE AND COLOR
conventional sizes
- inherently linked to materials
- STRUCTURAL PROPORTIONS
- can be used to alter the perception of
o The structural capacity of a
any given form
material results in distinct
o the shift from a light to dark
proportions
paint color can radically reduce
▪ The maximum span and
the apparent size of a room
depth of a stone lintel
o a smooth stucco or rough brick
is very different than a
finish can alter the size and
steel lintel because of
visual weight of a house
different structural
properties LIGHT

RHYTHM - "Architecture is the masterly, correct,

and magnificent play of masses brought
- The reoccurrence or repetition of
together in light. Our eyes are made to
architectural elements, shapes, structural
see forms in light; light and shade reveal
bays, windows, etc. establishes a rhythm,
- may be regular or complex these forms."
- A static building possesses a rhythm, o Le Corbusier
- the movement inhabitants through a POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE SPACES
building may also establish a pattern or
rhythm of human movement

ARTICULATION

- How the building surfaces come together

to define form
- Factors that contribute to articulation:
o The treatment of edges, corners
- POSITIVE SPACE
o surface articulation of windows
o the areas that are the subjects,
(horizontal, vertical, static field),
or areas of interest.
o the visual weight of a building
- NEGATIVE SPACE
o area around the subjects, or
areas of interest
 ON DESIGNING SPACES o .30 M – signifies intimacy,
affection, comfort, protection
ANTHROPOMETRICS
and physical aggression
- the dimensions of the human form o .30 M TO 1.20 M – personal
- must be standard of measure for space
interior design o 1.2 M TO 3.6 M – social distance
- STANDARD CLEARANCSES:
o 3.6 M OR MORE – public distance
o .90 M OR MORE – Major traffic
paths CROWDING
o .30 M WIDE – Minimal clearance - Paul Chombart de Lauwe
for traffic o LESS THAN 8-10 SQM/PERSON –
o .30 M – Seating pieces for piano, space crowding exists and
desks, coffee table/small table illness, stress are rampant
▪ gives room for the o MORE THAN 14 SQM/PERSON –
user to extend his/her lesser stress experiences
legs
TERRITORIALITY
o .60 M/PERSON – Comfortable
dining - Deals with the need to have a space of
o .90 M – space behind for passage our own
serving in a seated dinner IN SPACE DESIGNING, WHAT IS ACCEPTABLE?
o .30 M – required space for
➢ SECTION 806. SIZE AND DIMENSIONS OF
getting in and out of chair
ROOMS.
o .90 M – Bed to dresser space
- Minimum sizes of rooms and their least
o .90 M – Space between 2 beds
horizontal dimensions shall be as follows:
o .30 M – Bed to wall clearance
o 6.00 SQM, 2.0 M – room for
o .90 M to 1.00 M – Bathroom
human habitation
clearance for non-disabled
o 3.00 SQM, 1.5 M – kitchen
PROXEMICS o 1.2 SQM, 0.9 M – toilet and bath

- Edward T. Hall FLOOR PLAN

- The way people use space; Related to
- a drawing to scale of the relationships
culture
between
 o rooms - CLOSED FLOOR PLAN
o spaces o Walls separate rooms
o traffic patterns o Greater zone separation
o other physical features at one o Greater privacy
level of a structure
ALPHABET OF LINES
- showing a view from above
- A floor plan consists of:
o Exterior and Interior walls
o Location of Windows and Doors
o Furniture and Fixtures
o Dimensions
▪ usually drawn between
the walls
▪ specify room sizes and
wall lengths - commonly used in technical drafting
o Notes for constructions - The most used in architectural drawings
o Symbols for materials, electrical are:
and mechanical fixtures etc., o VISIBLE LINES
o Name of rooms and spaces ▪ outline of buildings and
o Patios and Walkways walls
o Material Symbols o HIDDEN LINES
o Drawing Scale ▪ edges of surface that
o Fireplace are not visible
o Stairs o DIMENSION LINES
▪ size and locations
TYPES OF FLOOR PLANS
o EXTENSION LINES
- OPEN FLOOR PLAN ▪ termination points of
o Few divisions or wall that dimension
Separate different zones o BREAK LINES
o Spacious ▪ object continues, but
o Flexible for a variety of uses the complete view is
not shown
o SECTION LINES
 ▪ feature that has been o Except for location plans
sectioned - Recommended scales for architectural
▪ crosshatch lines use in the metric system
o CUTTING PLANE LINES o 1:1250, 1:1000, 1:500 – Location
o PHANTOM LINES Plan and Key Plans (often
▪ alternate positions requested by planners)
▪ repeated details o 1:200, 1:100 – Site Plans, Sketch
▪ paths of motion schemes, etc.
SYMBOLS o 1:100, 1:50 – Plan drawings (floor
plans, elevations, sections)
- Every feature is represented by a
o 1:20 – Room plans, interior
standardized symbol on a plan
elevations
- help to define elements such as
o 1:10, 1:5 – Component / detail
o floor levels
drawings
o lighting types and service
- RATIO SCALE
locations
o A scale of 1 to 100 is indicated
o electrical symbols
on a drawing using the code 1:100
o plan, elevation
o This can be interpreted as
o section symbols
follows
o furniture
▪ 1 cm (0.01 m) measured
o materials
with a ruler on the plan
USE OF SCALE AND LEGEND would need to be
- Plans are usually "scale drawings" multiplied by 100 to give
the actual size of 1
o drawn at a specific ratio relative
meter
to the actual size of the place
▪ 1:100 means the real
or object
measurements are 100
- Various scales may be used for different
times longer than they
drawings in a set
are on the plan
- 1:100 M – minimum scale
- SCALE BARS
- the scale used should be stated on the
drawing (scale bar and/or measured
dimensions)
 o a linear graphic that is divided o possibly both self-contained, or
into equal segments alternatively divided by double
o used to measure distances on doors
drawings and/or maps that are o The circulation route should not
produced to a set scale be through a living area
o not necessarily printed to one ▪ except in the smallest
dwellings
DRAWING LEGEND
- A door to the garden is desirable
- LEGEND - A good deal of wall space is required
o used to explain or define a o for bookshelves, pictures,
symbol or special mark placed on ornaments etc.
a blueprint - A fireplace is often regarded as providing

LIVING ROOM a focal point and atmosphere of other

dining spaces
LIVING/RECEPTION ROOMS o it may not need to be a
- Its purpose includes: traditional solid-fuel fireplace.
o Relaxation DINING ROOM
o social activities
o entertainment DINING ROOM

o children's play area - often combined with the living room in

o possibly, occasional dining smaller dwellings
(depending on the size) - ORIENTED EAST – if intended as primarily
- Requires: a breakfast room
o A friendly, informal atmosphere - ORIENTED SOUTH/WEST – if primarily a
is generally required
room for lunch or evening meals
o good natural light and views
- A reasonable layout for eight people
▪ preferably over a
occupies about 12 sqm
garden
o allowing for storage and
o away from noisy areas
circulation
▪ the front road etc.
- In larger dwellings, more than one living
room may be provided
 KITCHEN - U-SHAPED

KITCHENS

- should have direct access to the dining

area
o a serving hatch may be
sufficient
- Facilities are required for: - L-SHAPED
o meal preparation and serving
o eating occasional meals
▪ perhaps breakfast
o washing up
o food storage
o utensil, and crockery storage.
- Ancillary activities can include - G-SHAPED
o clothes washing
o general household mending
o cleaning young children’s play

TYPES OF KITCHENS

- SINGLE WALL OR SINGLE LINE

- ISLAND

- GALLEY/CORIDOR

WORKING SEQUENCE

- relates to sequence of fitments

- worktop-cooker-worktop-sink-worktop
 o the basis of modern domestic COOKERS AND WORKTOPS
kitchen planning
- COOKER
- WORK TRIANGLE
o no ideal location for the cooker
▪ if in a continuous
worktop, the work flow
will be interrupted
▪ if outside the work
triangle, there will be
extra travel distance
o The distance the user has to o SHOULD NEVER be placed in front
walk between sink, cooker and of windows
refrigerator or store o should be provided with a
o For the normal family house, the ventilating hood
combined length of the sides of o SHOULD NOT be placed below wall
the triangle should be between cupboards
5.50 and 6.00m o a gas cooker SHOULD BE AWAY
▪ The distance between from locations where draughts
the sink and cooker might blow out burners
SHOULD NOT exceed o Low-level cookers require a
1.80m, and SHOULD NEVER space of at least 1.20m in front
be crossed by through- for access
circulation o Split-level cookers with separate
hob and wall oven are
SINKS
sometimes popular
- best placed under windows - WORKTOPS
- a double bowl is often considered o should be provided on each side;
essential where a cooker adjoins a corner
- should be 3.00m maximum from the fitting a return of at least
waste stack or external gully, with 400mm should be allowed
adequate standing room in front ▪ for easy standing and
- should be kept away from corners access space
o except in small kitchens o Adjacent worktops should be AT
THE SAME LEVEL as a cooker top:
 ▪ if a change of level is o should have a clearance of at
essential, it should be least 450mm above worktops
atleast 400mm from - LARDERS
the cooker o Rare
o should be ventilated to outside
REFRIGERATOR
air (the vent being protected by
- the most difficult item of kitchen fly-proof screen)
equipment to position o should not contain heating or
- SHOULD BE ADJACENT to a worktop space hot water pipes, norreceive
- fridge door SHOULD OPEN AWAY from the direct sunlight.
work area - FREEZER
o for easier food access o need not necessarily be in or
- SHOULD NOT block passageways or hit adjacent to the kitchen
another door when opening o if placed in an outside storage

KITCHEN STORAGE SPACE area, it may need to be locked

to prevent theft
- required in or adjacent to the kitchen for
storing food and cooking equipment bedROOMs
- need for general cleaning and laundering BEDROOMS
equipment
- Facilities are required for:
- Dry goods SHOULD BE ENCLOSED and readily
o Sleeping
accessible from the cooker and sink
o Relaxation
positions
o Leisure
- FLOOR UNITS
▪ Computers
o best used for storing heavy or
▪ music
infrequently used articles
o studying storage
- WALL UNITS
▪ clothes
o economical in space
▪ personal items and linen
o provide convenient storage for
- Ancillary facilities might include:
smaller and frequently used
o Wash basin adjoining separate
items
dressing room
o should be shallow enough to
o Shower
allow full use of worktops below
- SHOULD NOT be located under or adjacent bathROOMs
to circulation areas or rooms of a
BATHROOMS
different function in another dwelling
- Position of bed - Facilities are required for:
o important in creating a feeling o washing and bathing WC (or may
of security be in separate compartment)
▪ a stable, self-reliant storage
person = bed positioned - Additional facilities possibly required:
away from walls o space for bathing young children
o Bed-making requires clear space elderly or disabled equipment
of at least 400mm (preferably o separate shower
700) beside bed o bidet
o the choice of bed position is - Economy in services arrangement may be
restricted by the shape and size more important than the layout plan
of the bedroom o particularly waste and hot pipes
o SINGLE BEDS – placed along walls ▪ length is limited by
o DOUBLE OR TWIN BEDS – placed building regulations
head-to-wall. (unless vent pipes or
- A sense of restfulness depends on: special designs are used)
o wall coverings and colors - space should be available for at least one
o shape of bed item of bathroom furniture
o orientation o such as a stool or laundry box
▪ head towards north - FITTINGS
o relation to daylight o towel rails and toilet roll holders
▪ looking away from o should not obstruct activity
window spaces
o relation to door SHOWERS
▪ looking towards door
- use less water than baths
- If a waterbed is required, it should be
o note that power-showers can
borne in mind that, fully loaded, it may
use more water
impose a floor load of up to 2 or even 3
- more hygienic
tonnes
- take up less space
 - Fixed shower arms should be mounted at - consider ground-floor location
a height of 1.9m o preferable for elderly or disabled
- a rail with an adjustable hand shower visitors
should be used ▪ door locks to be
openable from outside
BIDET
- Possible additional requirements:
- still rare o consider linkage to bathroom
- more common in higher priced dwellings o keep service routes as

WINDOWS economical as possible

o pump extracts for wastes
- WINDOWS ABOVE BATHS ▪ allow WCs in previously
o difficult to open or to clean unacceptable locations
without standing in bath ▪ possible noise problem
o may limit privacy and cause if adjacent to study
draughts unless well insulated etc.
- WINDOWS BEHIND WASHBASINS o bidet
o difficult to reach
o the wall above a washbasin is
best used for a mirror or
medicine cabinet (which should
be fitted witha safety lock to
prevent access to children).

ELECTRICAL SOCKETS

- not permitted in bathrooms other than

a specially designed shaver point
o should be out of reach of bath.
- Switches to light fittings must be outside
the bathroom or cord-operated.

WATER CLOSET

- Facilities required are:

o flushing lavatory
o washbasin