1. A 33-year-old female is referred to the clinic by a local dentist with a diagnosis of TMJ.

J. The order is for evaluation and treatment for

appropriate. The dentist requests that after treatment that you call his office to discuss the patient’s response to treatment. During the
treatment, you are monitoring the patient’s ability to open and close her jaw.
A. Pterygoideus medialis muscle
B. Pterygoideus lateralis muscle –open jaw
C. Temporoparietalis muscle
D. Masseter muscle

2. A patient is referred to physical therapy status post fracture to the left wrist joint. The physician has ordered mobilization to the joint to
assist with increasing movement. In order to perform mobilization, it is necessary to know what type of joint you will be treating. Which
of the following best describe the radical carpal articulation of the wrist joint?
A. Condyloid joint
B. Hinge joint
C. Pivot joint
D. Saddle joint

3. A patient reports to a physical therapy with a diagnosis of a fracture to the right humerus. He informs you that the fracture occurred at the
midshaft of the humerus as a result of falling down a flight of stairs. Given this information, which of the following nerves would most
likely be damaged secondary to this injury.
A. Median nerve
B. Subscaptular nerve
C. Deltoid
D. Radial nerve

4. A 22-year-old male was involved in an automobile accident in which he was a passenger pulled out of a burning car. As a result, the patient
suffered a brachial plexus injury to the terminal branches of the lateral cord. Which of the following muscle would you not expect this
patient to be having a problem with?
A. Biceps
B. Coracobrachialis
C. Deltoid
D. Pectoralis major

5. You are studying anatomy of the knee in anatomy and physiology class. In regard to the knee joint, which one of the following statement is
true?
A. The lateral meniscus is larger than the medial meniscus and is shape like letter “C”
B. The lateral collateral ligament of the knee is attached to the meniscus
C. The medial meniscus is the smaller of the menisci and is shaped like the letter “O”
D. The posterior cruciate ligament has a distal attachment from the posterior intercondylar of the tibia

6. You receive an order for impatient physical therapy for range of motion and strengthening upper extremities and the left lower extremity.
Upon arriving at patient bedside, you notice that the patient has the right lower extremity in balance skeletal traction. Which of the
following areas has this patient most likely fractured?
A. Patella
B. Femur
C. Tibia
D. Lateral malleolus

7. You are treating an 18-year-old male patient for rotator cuff tendonitis. The physician suspects the patient actually has a dislocated
shoulder. Which of the following would you not expect to find when treating the patient for shoulder dislocation?
A. The head of the humerus can be easily palpated
B. There is localized pain in the shoulder
C. There is crepitus in the joint
D. The patient is holding the shoulder in a flexed position

8. A patient is recently admitted to the hospital emergency room after falling down the stairs at home. This 62-year-old female complains of
pain in her left groin and gluteal area. You observe that the left hip is in flexion, adduction, and internal rotation. Which of the following
is the patient most likely suffering?
A. A gluteus maximum strain
B. A dislocated hip
C. A fractured femoral head
D. An adductor muscle strain
9. A patient has been referred to your clinic after being evaluated at an arthritis spine center. The patient has been diagnosed as having
rheumatoid arthritis rather than osteoarhtritis. Which of the following would you expect to observe in a rheumatoid arthritic patient?
A. Involvement of the proximal interphalageal joints
B. Chronic inflammation
C. Involvement of the distal interphalageal joints
D. Involvement of the weightbearing joints

10. A 28-year-old male patient is sent to the clinic with low back pain. You perform modalities to reduce inflammation and pain. The physician
suggests that you include Williams’ exercise to strengthen the patient secondary to poor posture. Upon postural evaluation, you notice an
anterior tilt of the pelvis. Which of the following muscle would you be strengthening with Williams’ exercise?
A. Abdominal and gluteus maximus
B. Gluteus medius
C. Gluteus medius and minimus
D. Erector spinae

11. A patient is sent to physical therapy with orders for mobilization to the shoulder. More specifically, the physician calls and notifies you that
he wants inferior glide performed to the humeral head. Which of the following positions should the shoulder be placed in to perform
this?
A. Abduction to 5
B. Abduction to 10
C. Abduction to 20
D. Abduction to 30

12. A patient comes to the clinic suffering from second-degree burns. The injury occurred approximately 1 day ago and the patient is in the
initial stage of wound repair. Wound healing typically occurs in four stages. Of the following stages, which is the initial stage?
A. Differentiation
B. Migration
C. Mobilization
D. Proliferation

13. A patient is sent to physical therapy to be set up on an exercise program to assist in weight loss. The patient has knee problems which he
feels are due to his overweight status. Which of the following exercise program would best help this patient lose weight?
A. Exercise of short duration and high intensity
B. Exercise of low intensity and long duration
C. Prolonged and strenuous exercise
D. Intermittently strenuous exercise

14. Your patient is a 23-year-old male who has been on bed rest for 20 days as a result of an acute infection with severe complications. You are
sent to start performing rehabilitation to assist this patient in recovery. Which of the following would not be a physiological effect of 20
days of bed rest for this patient?
A. The recovery period would take almost as long as exercise period
B. The patient would suffer considerable loss of bone and mineral content
C. There would be a small decrease in the maximum of oxygen consumption capacity
D. The patient would experience loss of stamina and fatigue

15. You are teaching an OB/GYN lecture to a group of senior physical therapist students. You have set up a sample syllabus of how the course
will proceed. You have also included unit objectives for the lecture and lab practical. Which of the following would be considered a unit
objective?
A. The introduction, which explains the role of the physical therapist in OB/ GYN care
B. Demonstrating the three principles of body mechanics
C. Explaining the anatomy and physiology during pregnancy
D. Theories on labor and delivery

16. A 5-year-old child is admitted to the hospital with severe burns on his legs, head, and lower abdomen, and minor burns on other surfaces.
The physical therapist, using the Rule of Nines to estimate the burned area on the body, would allocate a larger percentage of total
surface area for this child as compared to a child over age 12 if the burns were on what part of the child’s body?
A. Head and neck
B. Lower extremities
C. Upper extremities
D. Posterior and anterior chest

17. A patient is seen in physical therapy for a disturbance in his static equilibrium. When testing the patient, you have him stand perfectly still
and instruct him to close his eyes. Upon doing this the patient wavers from side to side and start to fall, but you catch him and help him
sit back down on the mat. Which of the following test has most likely been performed on this patient?
A. Labyrinthine righting reflex
 B. Romberg sign
C. Babinski sign
D. Chronic labyrinthine test

18. You are working with a physical therapy patient who exhibits extreme defense mechanisms. In reading the patient’s medical chart you see
that there was a psychiatric consultation that showed the patient was experiencing symptoms of paranoia. Which of the following would
most likely be the defense mechanism in a paranoid patient?
A. Progression projection
B. Regression
C. Rationalization
D. Anger

19. The process of aging involves the neurological system. Which of the following is not a process of aging?
A. Toxication of the meninges
B. 20 % reduction of blood flow
C. Increase in ventricular size
D. Reduction of nerve conduction velocity

20. A physical therapist works part- time at a treatment facility, as well as being a self-employed contractor to several group homes. Is it the
responsibility of the physical therapist to obtain individual malpractice and liability insurance for the contracted work?
A. Yes, it is the responsibility of the physical therapist working as an independent contractor to carry individual liability coverage
B. No, liability coverage from the physical therapist’s primary work setting provide comprehensive coverage
C. No, it is the responsibility of the group homes to carry liability insurance for their contracted service provider
D. Yes, liability coverage from the inpatient setting is nullified if the Physical therapist takes on private client

21. You are developing a marketing brochure for private practice that will be handed out to physicians at an open house. Which of the
following would be the most important aspect to include on the marketing brochure for physician referral?
A. Hours of the clinic
B. List of the equipment in the clinic
C. Insurance companies that participate and are accepted at the clinic
D. The type of service offered and disorders treated

22. You are treating an individual with a prosthetic. In observing the patient’s gait, you notice that the socket has a poor fit and appears to have
a weak suspension system, and the knee friction is too soft. Which of the following will be the most likely gait deviation that you would
observe?
A. Lateral whip
B. Rotation of the foot at the heel strike
C. Instability of the knee
D. Pistoning of the socket

23. A patient is referred to physical therapy status post below – elbow amputation. The patient has a very short below – elbow amputation and
you need to teach control of her prosthesis. Which of the following motions would you utilize to teach the patient to control her
prosthesis?
A. Shoulder flexion
B. Scapular protraction
C. Shoulder extension
D. Scapular retraction

24. You are a senior physical therapist student completing your research for your theory and procedure class. You have performed a double
blind study on the effects of iontophoresis on acute tennis elbow. You have measured the outcome using a pain scale of 0 to 10. The pain
scale is measurable characteristic that can be manipulated in the experiment. Of the terms listed below, which best describes the
measurable characteristic that can be manipulated in an experiment?
A. Data
B. Variable
C. Independent
D. Dependent

25. You are treating a pulmonary patient bedside for passive range of motion. There is no edema noted in this patient ‘s lower extremities.
However, the patient is developing an acute pulmonary edema. Given this information, which of the following types of heart diseases
would this most likely indicate?
A. Left atrial
B. Left ventricular
C. Right atrial
D. Right ventricular

26. A 23-year-old female is referred to physical therapy with a diagnosis of a lesion in the upper trapezius. The physician has referred the
patient for evaluation and treatment as appropriate. As a physical therapist, which result would you expect to see if an individual had a
lesion in the upper trapezius?
A. Shoulder abduction would be weak
B. There would be no rotation of the upper scapula
 C. The scapular retraction would be weak
D. The scapula would be rotated downward, which may result in subluxation of the sternoclavicular joint

27. A patient is referred to physical therapy secondary to pain in the right elbow. The physician notes upon x-rays that it appears there is a tear
in the annular ligament. Which of the following would you expect as a result of a tear in the annular ligament?
A. Ulnar nerve entrapment
B. Valgus stress on the lateral collateral ligament
C. Dislocation of the head of the radius
D. A tear in the biceps muscle

28. You are performing light touch to determine the sensory level of a spinal cord injury patient. When you moved the brush along the patient’s
chest in a vertical manner, the patient states that he does not feel any stimulus as the brush reaches the level of the umbilicus. Which of
the following would be the best estimate of the level of lesion for this patient?
A. T2
B. T4
C. T10
D. T12

29. You are a physical therapist giving instruction on the skin care to a 65 years old female who is below knee amputee. Upon observation you
notice that the patient’s opposite lower extremity toes are dark and discolored with mild atrophic changes in the nails. You also note that
there is mild swelling of the foot and ankle. Which of the following most likely suspect?
A. The presence of thrombophlebitis
B. Chronic venous insufficiency
C. The patient will loss her remaining extremity within a few months
D. Lymphedema

30. You are working with a patient in the pulmonary wing of the hospital. You are observing the patient bedside, noting a particular pattern of
breathing. The patient appears to be gasping for breath, on occasion her shoulder and thorax rise on inspiration, and her abdominal wall
is retracted. Which of the following would you most likely suspect given this patient’s pattern of breathing?
A. She suffers from barrel chest
B. She is paradoxical breather
C. She is an upper chest breather
D. She has had a lung removed

31. You are testing patient’s nonequlibrium coordination. You ask her to run on her right heel from her left kneecap down her left shin to the
ankle and back to the knee again. The patient can touch her kneecap accurately but she cannot keep the heel of the right foot on the tibia
during the up and down motion. These results describe which of the following?
A. Dysmetria
B. Dysdiadochokinesia
C. Barognosis
D. Dyssynergia

32. You are performing a leg length evaluation on a 16-year-old male. In order to properly measure the leg length, it is important to know the
landmarks used to compare the actual leg lengths of both lower extremities of this individual. Which of the following landmarks would
you be using for the measurement?
A. Anterior inferior iliac spine to the lateral malleolus
B. Anterior inferior iliac spine to the medial malleolus
C. Anterior superior iliac spine to the medial malleolus
D. Posterior superior iliac spine to the lateral malleolus

33. Your patient is a 34 year old female with calcified bursitis of the shoulder. You are to perform an ultrasound to the patient’s shoulder to
treat the calcified bursitis. Which of the following would be the proper or most beneficial setting for the ultrasound frequency and
dosage?
A. 1 MilliHertz and .5 W/cm
B. 1 MilliHertz and 1.5 W/cm
C. 3 MilliHertz and .5 W/cm
D. 3 MilliHertz and 1.5 W/cm

34. You are working on a team with a nurse in a cardiac rehabilitation program. The patient currently is an inpatient and is to be discharged
from stage-one cardiac rehabilitation to a stage two program. Which of the following would not be a goal to expect this patient to
accomplish at the end of the stage one cardiac rehabilitation?
A. Independent in activities of daily living
B. Independent in patient diet
C. Increased maximal oxygen consumption
D. Independent in patient and family education regarding risk factors

35. While the neurointensive care unit, you are ask to treat a patient who was involved in a car accident. He is an 18 year old male comatose.
The following posture are observed when you turn the light on: lower extremities are plantar flexed and fully extended, upper extremity
is positioned with shoulder adducted, elbow extended, forearm pronated, and wrist flexed. Which best describes the posture you observe?
A. Decerebrate rigidity
 B. Decorticate rigidity
C. Decerebrate spasticity
D. Decorticate spasticity

36. When palpating the spine of the scapula you noticed a large muscle knot in your patient. Four a point of reference in your progress notes,
you record that the patient has muscle spasm at the spine of the scapula. What vertebral level you could say corresponds with the spine of
the scapula to further clarify the notes?
A. T5
B. T3
C. T7
D. T12

37. You are performing a physical therapy in a nursing home where orthostatic hypotension occasionally occurs in some of the elderly patients.
Which of the following would no be true concerning orthostatic hypotension?
A. It can occur as a result of patient assuming an upright position
B. It is common after long period of bedrest
C. It is common in elderly patients
D. It last for only 24 hours

38. You have evaluated a patient’s TMJ inability to open and close the jaw. You measure the patient’s ability to open the jaw after 2 weeks of
treatment of pain and inflammation. The patient now closes the jaw. Which muscle is responsible for the closing of the jaw?
A. Masseter
B. Pterygoideus lateralis
C. Pterygoideus medialis
D. Zygomaticus

39. A 21-year-old male comes to the clinic with a prescription for physical therapy. The diagnosis is brachial plexus injury involving the left
shoulder upper extremity. The patient was injured in an automobile accident when a drunk driver hit his car d, driving him into a
telephone pole. The patient will need extensive rehabilitation for the brachial plexus injury. Particularly note was that the lateral cord of
the brachial plexus was injured. Which nerve arises from the lateral cord of the brachial plexus?
A. Median
B. Ulnar
C. Axillary
D. Musculocutaneous

40. Your patient is a 36-years-old factory worker who comes to physical therapy secondary to a crushing injury of the right from a molding
press. The patient reports to a physical therapy for evaluation and treatment. You are to begin the treatment to reduce edema and assist in
alleviating pain while regaining range of motion. You are palpating the distal row of the carpal bone to determine pain and edema. Which
of the following would you not be palpating in the distal row of the carpal bone?
A. Trapezoid
B. Lunate
C. Capitate
D. Hamate

41. You are treating a patient in a nursing home with a stage two ulcer of the greater trochanter. The patient’s condition is deteriorating over a
period of months with an increase of infection in the area. Which of the following is the correct description of the body’s first defense
against bacterial infection?
A. Phagocytes
B. Macrophages
C. Lymphocytes
D. Neutrophils

42. A patient is referred to a physical therapy with ruptured achilles tendon. The patient reports that he was mowing the lawn and was going
down to a steep incline when he felt a sharp, sudden pain in the left heel region. Which of the following would be the proper location for
the Achilles tendon insertion?
A. Cuboid
B. Calcaneus
C. Talus
D. First metatarsal

43. You are treating a patient with medial epicondylitis of the elbow. The patient informs you that he is an avid golfer and participated in a
weekend tournament at the local golf club. He comes to the clinic complaining of pain, inflammation, and tendonitis in the medial
epicondyle region of the elbow. You are performing a musculoskeletal assessment on the patient, as well as evaluating for possible nerve
injury. You are palpating behind the medial epicondyle region of the elbow for pain and tenderness. Of the following, which is the nerve
that lies behind the medial epicondyle of the elbow?
A. Ulnar
B. Median
C. Radial
D. Brachial
44. You are observing the posture of a patient walking in and out of the parallel bars. You notice that the patient maintains an elevated pelvis on
the right as compared to the left side. Of the following, which muscle elevates the pelvis?
A. Quadratus lumborum
B. Pectineus
C. Gemellus inferior
D. Gemellus superior

45. You are now studying the symmetrical tonic neck reflex (STNR). The STNR integration is the brainstem. The physical therapist assistant
places the patient head in the extended position. Which of the following would be the correct response to the stimulus.
A. Upper extremity flexion and lower extremity extension
B. Upper extremity extension and lower extremity flexion
C. Extension of Upper/lower extremities
D. Flexion of both Upper /lower extremities

46. You have pediatric patient referred to physical therapy. The patient is 5 months old. You want to test several reflexes of this patient. The
stimulus you utilize for the first reflex is a sudden movement to cause a startle reaction in the patient. Which of the following are you
most likely performing?
A. Grasp reflex
B. Protective extension reaction
C. Protective reaction
D. Moro’s Reflex

47. You have a patient in physical therapy who has been a secretary for 20 years. The patient reports pain in the midback as a result of walking
over a computer for marathon typing session. Curvature of the spine can best be described as the following: it is in the anterior posterior
direction in which the convexity is in the posterior direction. Which of the following would be the correct terminology for this curvature
of the spine?
A. Scoliosis
B. Sway back
C. Flat back
D. Kyphosis

48. You are observing a patient with tarsal tunnel syndrome from approximately 50 feet away in the clinic. You observe the patient from the
anterior and posterior views. In your notes you record that the patient, upon ambulation demonstrate calcaneus valgus. Which of the
following would be the correct description of calcaneus valgus?
A. Excessive plantarflexion of the foot
B. Excessive dorsiflexion of the foot
C. excessive inversion of the foot
D. Excessive eversion of the foot

49. A patient is referred to physical therapy secondary to neck pain. Upon observation, you noticed that the patient has deformity of the neck
that causes rotation and tilting of the head in the opposite direction. When writing the SOAP notes which of the following be the best
term to utilize in describing this patient’s condition.
A. Disc calcification
B. Disc herniation
C. Cervical strain
D. Torticollis

50. You are to perform an initial evaluation to a patient 2 weeks status post rotator cuff tendon repair. The orders are to begin general
strengthening of the rotator cuff muscle with strengthening limited to shoulder range of motion 90 degrees or lower. Which of the
following muscles would not be emphasized in this patient’s treatment program?
A. Infraspinatus
B. Teres major
C. Supraspinatus
D. Subscapularis

51. A patient is referred to a physical therapy with a diagnosis of Erb Duchenne palsy/paralysis. The physician recommends a treatment
program that will emphasize maintaining the range of motion and preventing the contractures. Erb Duchenne paralysis is a result of
damage to which of the following nerve roots?
A. C4, C5
B. C5, C6
C. C7, C8
D. T1, T2

52. A patient is referred to a physical therapy with a burn on the elbow as a result of gasoline flashback from a fire. The patient is currently in
moderate pain and requires a debridement and range of motion. Following treatment of whirlpool debridement and range of motion.
Which of the following would be the correct position in which to place the elbow?
A. Extension, supination
B. Flexion , pronation
C. Extension , pronation
 D. Flexion

53. The patient suggests that you start massage of the patient with back pain to reduce muscle spasm and assist in alleviating pain. The
physician recommends that the massage you utilize consist of a series of brisk blows in the alternating fashion. Of the following
massages, which has the physician recommended?
A. Tapotement massage
B. Friction massage
C. Kneading massage
D. Vibration

54. You are working in a burn unit of an acute care hospital. A patient is referred to physical therapy with a burn; locate din the hip region. The
physician performs the initial debridement and instructs you to position the hip so that the patient will not develop a contracture. Which
of the following would be the correct positioning for this patient?
A. Flexion
B. Abduction
C. Flexion and adduction
D. Extension and abduction

55. Your last patient in the burn unit has an anterior neck burn. This patient has already received treatment to emphasize decreasing chances of
flexion and healing in the area. It is now your responsibility to place this patient in a position to minimize contractures. Which of the
following would be the correct positioning?
A. Flexion
B. Rotation
C. Extension
D. Hyperextension

56. While working in the burn unit you decide to do study of how patients respond to correct positioning as a result of a burn and how that
directly relates to their decreased ability to develop a contracture. You perform a cross-sectional research study?
A. Interviewing the same people through the same time period
B. Interviewing different people through their life span
C. Interviewing the same people through their life span
D. Interviewing different people through the same time period

57. A patient is referred to a physical therapy for range of motion and strengthening. The patient presents the following history: he reports that
he has a collage vascular disorder affecting the connective tissue. The patient report that he is currently taking medication and the doctor
has recommended physical therapy for joint conservation technique and maintaining range of motion. The patient present the classic
“butterfly rash” Which of the following diseases are you most likely dealing with?
A. Scleroderma
B. Dermatomyositis
C. Lupus Erytematous
D. Polynodosa

58. You are working with a cerebral palsy child. You notice that the child has great difficulty reaching for an object with one hand. The child
prefers to reach for an object with both hands. What age would be considered normal for a child to be able to reach for an object with one
hand?
A. 3 months
B. 6 months
C. 1 year
D. 9 months

59. You are maintaining SOAP note s on a patient for physical therapy. You are responsible for the initial evaluation and for daily notes on the
patient’s condition. Which of the following would be the primary reason for maintaining SOAP notes on patient?
A. Legal purposes
B. Educational purposes
C. Improvement of patient care
D. Third party payers

60. The hospital administrator suggested that a physical therapist you should be involve in a written program that assures proper use of the
facility’s fund and personnel. The administrator will train you in this process and suggest that you assist in monitoring this written report.
In which of the following are you most likely participating?
A. Peer review
B. Program evaluation
C. Quality assurance
D. Utilization Review

61. A patient is referred to a physical therapy. Prior to receiving services, the patient’s insurance is verified. The type of insurance that this
patient has limits the total number of treatments or visit for the problem to 12. The patient also pays a small fixed fee for each visit, 5.00
dollars per visit. Your facility has signed up to participate with his patient insurance; therefore, you accept him for treatment. Which of
the following does this patient most likely have?
A. HMO
 B. Medicaid
C. Medicare
D. Workman’s compensation

62. A patient is required to physical therapy for a post-caesarian exercise program. The physician informs you that the patient is in day 3-post
cesarean and needs to be started on an exercise program. Which of the following exercise s would not be appropriate?
A. pelvic floor exercise
B. Diaphragmatic breathing
C. Leg slides
D. Leg lifts

63. The physicians instruct you to set a patient up on a particular exercise program, keeping in mind the metabolic equivalent (MET). This is a
unit for the number of millimeters of oxygen consumed per gram of body weight. The physician suggests that you work the patient at 2
METs. Two METs means that the work requires twice the amount of oxygen. Which of the following would you have the patient
performing for two METs?
A. Lifting light weight at 2 to3 pounds
B. Walking 3.5 mph
C. Cycling 8 mph
D. Walking 4mph

64. A patient comes to the clinic secondary to a light ankle sprain. The patient reports that he was playing basketball when his foot landed on
another player’s foot, causing a severe twisting injury. The patient has been diagnosed with an inversion sprain. Which of the following
ligaments would least likely need to be rehabilitated with this patient?
A. Anterior talofibular ligament
B. Calcaneofibular ligament
C. Deltoid ligament
D. Posterior talofibular ligament

65. You are training a patient who twisted her left ankle while participating in a tennis competition over the weekend. There is effusion of the
ankle joint with increased temperature. The patient injured the ankle as a result of an eversion sprain. Which of the following ligaments
would be emphasized in this patient’s treatment program?
A. Deltoid ligament
B. Anterior talofibular ligament
C. Calcaneofibular ligament
D. Posterior talofibular ligament

66. A patient comes to your clinic with a complaint of severe knee pain. Upon evaluation, You observe that the knee joint is extremely swollen
and warm. Upon testing, the tibia can be displaced posteriorly on the femur. There appears to be considerable pain an instability of the
knee joint during evaluation. Which of the following structures is most likely involved?
A. Anterior cruciate ligament
B. Posterior cruciate ligament
C. Medial meniscus
D. Lateral meniscus

67. A patient is evaluated in a nursing home for an ulcer in the greater trochanter. The wound destruction is described in the following way: it
involves full thickness of the dermis and undermining of the deeper tissues, and the muscle is slightly involved. There is no bone
destruction. Given this information, which of the following stages would best describe this ulcer?
A. Stage one
B. Stage two
C. Stage three
D. Stage four

68. A patient reports to physical therapy for evaluation of his hand. Upon evaluation of the patient’s right hand, the therapist notices atrophy
involving the muscles of the thenar eminence. Which of the following would you most likely suspect to be injured?
A. Median nerve
B. Axillary nerve
C. Ulnar nerve
D. Radial nerve

69. You have a patient who becomes withdrawn. The patient occasionally shifts from withdrawal into obscene language, demonstrates very
bizarre behavior, and seems to have problems cooperating with physical therapy. Based on these symptoms, which of the following most
likely describes the condition of this patient?
A. Paranoia
B. Depression
C. Schizophrenia
D. Psychopathy
70. A 20-year-old patient hospitalized with a diagnosis of schizophrenia begins to hear voices and walks to the staircase to peer over. The
patient says, “I want to kill the voices.” The most appropriate response from would be to:
A. Ask the patient to identify the voices
B. Talk to the patient while moving him or her from the staircase
C. Discuss the voices and why the patient wants to kill them
D. Tell the patient that the voices are not really there

71. A patient is sent to physical therapy with an order for training with a cane. The patient has a sprained ankle and has progressed from crutch
ambulation to requiring a cane along with an air cast. Which of the following would be proper utilization of a cane for this patient?
A. Use it on the same side as the ankle injury
B. Use it on the opposite side of the ankle injury
C. Use it during the stance phase
D. Use it during the push-off phase

72. In a research project during your senior year at school, each student is assigned a different method of research on what percentage of time
the physical therapist in private practice spends on clinical practice versus administration. You perform your research by sending out
standardized forms to 100 physical therapists in private practice your state. You request that the therapists fill out and answer all the
appropriate questions and return the forms to you to correlate the answers and report on them. Which of the following best defines the
method of research that you are utilizing?
A. Cross-sectional
B. Developmental
C. Questionnaire
D. Survey

73. In studying an EKG wave of a patient, you notice an irregularity of the P wave. The P wave of the EKG will correspond to which of the
following?
A. Atrial repolarization
B. Atrial depolarization
C. Mitral repolarization
D. Mitral depolarization

74. A patient is referred to physical therapy for gait evaluation with a prosthesis. Upon observing the patient, you notice that he is
demonstrating a gait deviation of lateral trunk bending. Which of the following would be the most likely anatomical cause of lateral trunk
bending?
A. The prosthesis is too short
B. The prosthesis is too long
C. Abductor muscles are weak
D. The prosthesis is in abduction

75. A patient is referred to physical therapy with a diagnosis of frozen adhesive capsulitis of the right shoulder. You perform physical therapy
for 1 week and now you are going to remeasure joint range of motion. Which of the following would you expect the capsular pattern of
restriction to be in the glenohumeral joint for this patient?
A. Internal rotation is limited more than external rotation
B. External rotation is limited more than internal rotation
C. Adduction is limited more that external rotation
D. Flexion is limited more than external rotation

76. You are observing a patient with a prosthesis who shows instability of the knee. Which of the following would most likely not be a possible
prosthetic cause for instability of the knee?
A. The knee joint is too anterior
B. Plantar flexion resistance is too high
C. There is no limit on dorsiflexion
D. Plantar flexion resistance is too low

77. Your patient is a 24-year-old female who comes to physical therapy complaining that she has been experiencing abnormal movement and
pain since her fourth month of pregnancy. It is known that during pregnancy the hormone relaxin can lead to abnormal movements and
pain for the patient. Which of the following would most likely be the location of pain in this patient?
A. Left hip joint
B. Bilateral hip joint
 C. Lumbar sacral joint
D. Sacroiliac joint

78. You are a physical therapist teamed up with a nurse conducting a cardiac rehabilitation session for 10 patients. The nurse receives a phone
call and must leave the room to speak with the physician concerning one of the patient’s programs. Which of the following would be the
most appropriate response?
A. Terminate the exercise session and send the patient’s back to their rooms
B. Temporarily terminate the exercise session while awaiting the nurse’s return
C. Continue the exercise program with less strenuous exercises
D. Continue the exercise program as previously outlined by you and the nurse

79. You are treating a patient in the neurointensive care unit. The patient is unresponsive to stimuli and you determine that he is comatose. You
observe the following posture at the patient’s bedside: supine, the lower extremities are plantar flexed and internally rotated, and the
upper extremities are positioned in shoulder adduction, elbow flexion, and wrist flexion. Which of the following best describes the
posture you observed in this patient?
A. Hemiplegia
B. Decerebrate rigidity
C. Decorticate rigidity
D. Spasticity extensor

80. While on the cardiopulmonary floor, the physician asks you to consult on another case. You find a 36-year-old male whose breathing
alternates between periods of deep breathing and apnea. Therefore, the pattern of breathing is hyperpnea and apnea, especially when
sleeping. What is another term for this type of breathing or disorder of rate and rhythm?
A. Ataxic breathing
B. Biot’s breathing
C. Cheyne-Stokes respiration
D. Sighing respiration

81. A patient comes to the clinic complaining of inflammation and pain. The physician diagnosed the patient as having bursitis and
recommended iontophoresis for treatment. Which of the following is the most frequent location of bursitis?
A. Subacromion area
B. Knee
C. Elbow
D. Ischial tuberosity

82. An 86-year-old female falls down the stairs into her basement and breaks her hip. During the course of therapy, rehabilitation goes
exceptionally well and the patient is completely healed except for the hip adductor muscle group, where nerves appear to have been
permanently damaged and will not recover. Which nerve or nerves innervate the hip adductor muscles?
A. Obturator and sciatic
B. Sciatic
C. Obturator
D. Femoral

83. A patient enters the clinic with a prescription from a prominent neurological surgeon. Due to illegible handwriting you are unable to read
the complete diagnosis of the patient. You can make out the first part, which states Lou Gehrig’s disease. Next to this there is some
continual scrolling. Which of the following is another name for Lou Gehrig’s disease?
A. Parkinson’s disease
B. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
C. Hodgkin’s disease
D. Marfan’s disease

84. You are the director of the physical therapy department and will be conducting a job interview for an opening. Which of the following
questions would not be appropriate to ask a candidate at a job interview?
A. Describe your past work experiences in the field of physical therapy
B. What is your marital status, and will children prevent you from working overtime?
C. Indicate the name of the university or college from which you graduated
D. List any continuing education courses that you have attended.
85. A patient enters the clinic after sustaining a whiplash injury in an automobile accident. While performing your evaluation, you observe
active range of motion for the cervical spine. You ask the patient to perform cervical rotation to the opposite side. Which of the following
groups would be responsible for performing cervical rotation to the opposite side?
A. Longus capitis, rectus capitis anterior, and posterior
B. Splenius cervicis, splenius capitis
C. Sternocleidomastoid, scalenus anterior, upper trapezius
D. Sternocleidomastoid, scalenus anterior, rectus capitis anterior

86. A patient is participating in a pulmonary evaluation in the respiratory therapy department. You are observing this evaluation as a part of you
physical therapist student internship. How would you best describe the amount of air left over after maximum expiration?
A. Dead air space
B. Forced inspiratory volume
C. Expiratory reserve volume
D. Residual volume

87. A 32-year-old female enters the emergency room with a knife injury to the spinal cord. The patient is referred to physical therapy for a
comprehensive evaluation of the spinal cord injury. Medical history determines that the knife has caused a hemisection of the spinal cord.
Of the following, which syndrome may be seen after a knife-type of injury to the spinal cord that results in hemisection?
A. Marfan’s syndrome
B. Amyotrophic lateral syndrome
C. Cerebellar syndrome
D. Brown-Sequard syndrome

88. A patient begins participation in the cardiac rehabilitation program under a physical therapist. You are carefully monitoring the patient’s
response to exercise during the program. Which of the following would be a normal response to exercise?
A. Cardiac output/heart rate increases in a linear relation with increase in workload
B. Cardiac output/heart rate decreases in a linear relation with increase in workload
C. As cardiac output increases, the heart rate decreases
D. Heart rate increases as cardiac output decreases

89. A 26-year-old marathon runner comes to you for additional training. His goal is to reduce his marathon running time by 5 minutes in the
next Boston marathon. As part of his training, you are explaining the benefits that he will receive from aerobic exercise. Which of the
following is not a benefit from aerobic exercise?
A. A decrease in serum lipid levels
B. An increase in HDL levels
C. An increase in aerobic capacity
D. A decrease in aerobic capacity

90. You are in neurology class studying abnormal and normal reflexes. You are specifically concerned with the abnormal reflex asymmetric
tonic neck reflex, or ATNR. The integration level for this reflex is the brainstem. The stimulus would be for the therapist to turn the head
to one side. Which of the following would be the correct response to the stimulus of turning the head to one side?
A. Upper extremity extension and lower extremity flexion
B. Upper extremity flexion and lower extremity extension
C. Withdrawal of lower extremity from the stimulus
D. Arm/leg extension on the side that the head is turned, flexion on opposite side

91. You are assisting in developing policy and procedure for the physical therapy department. You are responsible for setting up a written
policy in regard to a nosocomial infection. Which of the following defines a nosocomial infection?
A. Acute inflammatory response
B. Allergic response to medications
C. Infection acquired in the hospital by the patient
D. Result of the body’s rejection of blood type

92. You are testing for the tonic labyrinthine abnormal reflex. The integration level is the brainstem and there is no stimulus required. The
response will depend on the positioning of the patient. You position the patient in prone when testing. Which of the following would the
patient demonstrate?
A. Increased extensor tone
B. Increased flexor tone
C. Increased extensor tone in upper extremities and increased flexor tone in lower extremities
D. Increased flexor tone in upper extremities and increased extensor tone in the lower extremities
93. A patient is referred to physical therapy with a fracture to the left femur. The physician informs you that the patient has an angle of
inclination below 110° in the upper femur. Which of the following would be a disorder of the upper femur in which the angle of
inclination is below 110°?
A. Coxa valgus
B. Coxa varus
C. Transient synovitis
D. Osteitis pubis

94. A patient is referred to physical therapy. While you are recording her treatment, she talks to you about her condition. The patient reports
that she is in a serious stage of her condition, as the disease has affected her organs. The patient reports that her condition originally
started as thickening of the skin in the subcutaneous tissue, which then eventually affected the organs. The patient is currently in physical
therapy for a home exercise program designed for range of motion and to prevent contractures as much as possible. Which of the
following would most likely be the condition of this patient?
A. Dermatomyositis
B. Scleroderma
C. Fibroid necrosis
D. Granulomatosis

95. You are performing an evaluation of an inpatient that has congenital dysplasia of the right hip. The patient previously had limitations in
specific range of motions as a result of congenital dysplasia. Which of the following would show the greatest limitation in movement for
this patient?
A. Hip flexion
B. Hip adduction
C. Hip abduction
D. Hip rotation

96. You are testing the positive support reaction. The integration level is the brainstem. Which of the following would be the stimulus you
would be using in testing the positive support reaction?
A. Bounce the patient several times on the soles of the feet but allow no weight bearing
B. Bounce the patient several times on the soles of the feet with weight bearing
C. Push the patient backward and forward in sitting
D. Push the patient side to side in sitting

97. You are treating a patient who was hit in the left hip during football practice. The physician is concerned that the iliofemoral ligament of the
hip has been damaged. Which of the following statements would not be true regarding the iliofemoral ligament?
A. This ligament prevents overextension, abduction, and lateral rotation of the hip
B. It is also called the Y-ligament of the hip
C. It attaches to the interior superior iliac spine
D. It is located anteriorly superior to the hip

98. You are working in an outpatient physical therapy department and receive an out-of-state referral from a physician. The referral states
“evaluate and treat appropriately.” Of the following, which is the appropriate way to treat a referral from an out-of-state physician?
A. Treat it like any other referral and proceed with the initial evaluation
B. Refer to your policy and procedure manual concerning out-of-state referrals
C. Call the medical board of the state the referral came from to check the physician’s license
D. Inform the patient that you cannot treat him or her with an out-of-state referral. He or she will have to make an appointment with
a local physician.

99. You are evaluating a patient for an arterial occlusion in the brain and determining the neurological problems, as well as an appropriate
treatment program. The patient has an infarction in the dominant left hemisphere, which produces aphasia. The patient demonstrates
contralateral hemiplegia and loss of sensation. Which of the following arteries has most likely been occluded?
A. Middle cerebral
B. Cerebellar
C. Posterior cerebral
D. Vertebral artery

100. You are evaluating a 36-year-old patient whose head was injured as a result of a motorcycle accident. The patient is being tested according
to the Rancho Los Amigos Level of Cognitive Functioning. The patient is dependent upon external input and is able to follow directions.
The patient is showing improvement in memory. Which of the following would you select as the most appropriate level of cognitive
functioning?
A. Level 6
 B. Level 7
C. Level 5
D. Level 4

101. You are performing a musculoskeletal evaluation on a male patient who attends the clinic with a diagnosis of a facet joint impingement.
Upon examination, the patient has normal neurological findings. The patient’s past medical history reveals very little trauma. He had a
sudden unguarded movement that resulted in pain. He reports that rest relieves pain and movement increases pain. Which of the
following would be the first stage in implementing a suggested treatment program for this patient?
A. Back brace to provide rest
B. Active therapeutic exercises
C. Mobilization
D. Ice

102. You are performing a musculoskeletal exam of a patient who reports to the clinic with back pain. The past medical history reveals a long-
standing history of chronic pain and stiffness. Patient has had frequent episodes of impingement and inflammation. Neurological
examination is normal. Upon palpation, you find thickened supraspinatus ligaments. A mobility exam reveals loss of active and passive
movement. Based on the above examination, which of the following would most likely be the condition this patient is suffering?
A. Myositis
B. Facet joint impingement
C. Degenerative disc joint disease
D. Disc herniation

103. You are a physical therapist in a private practice specializing in obstetrics and gynecological care for patients with back pain. The owner of
the facility has requested that you instruct an educational class in the evening on prevention of low back pain during pregnancy. In giving
the lecture to the class, which of the following is the first topic/area with which you should begin?
A. Anatomy
B. Labor and delivery
C. Objectives
D. Introduction to the role of physical therapist in OB/GYN care

104. You are performing cardiac rehabilitation with an acute patient and he experiences severe heart failure. Which of the following symptoms
will not be exhibited by this patient?
A. Decrease in normal cardiac output
B. Hypertrophy
C. Higher than normal cardiac output
D. High-end diastolic pressure

105. A patient reports to the clinic experiencing an acute episode of back pain. Upon entering the clinic the patient’s knee buckles and he must be
transported to the department via a wheelchair. The physician’s order states “evaluate and treat appropriately,” with no specific
indication for the frequency of treatment. Which of the following would be the appropriate frequency of treatment for this particular
patient?
A. Patient should be seen two times a day, daily at the outpatient facility
B. Patient should be seen three times a week
C. Patient should be seen daily Monday through Friday
D. Patient should be seen two times a week

106. A patient enters the clinic with an order to have physical therapy daily for 3 weeks. The patient was sent with a diagnosis of knee pain.
Upon initial evaluation, you notice that the range of motion and manual muscle testing is normal. The patient has no significant
complaints of pain at this time and it has been 2 weeks since he saw the physician. Which of the following would be the most appropriate
response in determining the frequency of treating this patient?
A. Treat the patient daily for 3 weeks
B. Reduce the patient’s treatment to three times a week for 3 weeks
C. Treat the patient once a week for 3 weeks
D. Contact the physician to report that the patient is no longer experiencing any symptoms and discharge the patient

107. You are a physical therapist who is looking at your schedule of patients for the day. You notice that you have a patient coming in for knee
evaluation. You contact the physician to get as much information as possible regarding this patient prior to evaluation. The physician
informs you that the knee has extreme effusion and he suspects that there are loose bodies floating in the knee. Of the following, which
test would be appropriate to utilize first in assisting in planning this patient’s evaluation?
A. Patellar femoral test
B. Apprehension patella test
 C. Apley’s distraction test
D. Bounce home test

108. A physician calls to tell you that he is going to be sending a patient over to physical therapy for relief of cervical pain and headaches. The
physician warns you that this patient is often non-compliant with treatment. It will be very difficult to get her to come in regularly for
physical therapy. He asks you to work with her and do the best you can to give her some relief from headaches. Which of the following
treatment programs would be most appropriate for this patient?
A. Schedule the patient daily, hoping that she makes at least two to three visits a week for hot pack, ultrasound, and massage.
B. Schedule the patient for the initial evaluation, perform the treatment, and set her up with a TENS unit at home.
C. Schedule the patient one to two times a week so that she will be able to keep at least a minimal number of visits.
D. Set the patient up on a home physical therapy program with a home physical therapist.

109. A patient comes to the clinic for neck pain with other medical complications. She cannot remember the medical diagnosis the doctor told
her yesterday at the clinic. She gives you the following description of her symptoms: intense vertigo, occasional unilateral deafness,
buzzing or ringing in the ear. What is the medical name for this inner ear disease that affects balance?
A. Bulging disc C4, C5
B. Meniere’s disease
C. Otitis media, chronic
D. Otitis externa

110. Adrenal cortex hypersecretions can result in many diseases. In this particular one, obesity is the most common feature in the face, trunk, and
dorsal spinal region. The patient often has a “moonface,” hypertension, and osteoporosis. Which of the diseases listed below does the
above description define?
A. Cushing’s syndrome
B. Adrenogenital syndrome
C. Conn’s syndrome
D. Addison’s syndrome

111. A patient comes to the clinic for left elbow tendonitis. The treatment plan is friction massage, phonophoresis, and exercises followed by ice
massage. Which of the physiological responses listed below generally occurs from cold treatments?
A. Increased respiratory rate, increased cardiac output
B. Increased stroke volume, increased tidal volume, increased intestinal blood flow to the organs
C. Decreased stroke volume, decreased intestinal blood flow to internal organs
D. Decreased respiratory rate, decreased tidal volume

112. A patient comes to the clinic with a chief complaint of low back pain. You evaluate the patient and determine a treatment program of moist
heat, ultrasound, and massage. Which of the following physiological responses generally occurs from heat treatments?
A. Vasoconstriction of skin, increased tidal volume, lower respiratory rate
B. Increased intestinal blood flow to internal organs, increased cardiac output
C. Increased cardiac output, increased basal metabolic rate
D. Increased cardiac output, decreased basal metabolic rate

113. An 18-year-old female having her first child went into premature labor and delivered a baby girl. Between which weeks of pregnancy is
labor defined as premature?
A. Between the 30th and 37th week
B. Between the 28th and 37th week
C. Between the 24th and 37th week
D. Between the 20th and 37th week

114. A spinal cord injury patient is presented with the following symptoms: deficits are found in the more centrally located tract, upper
extremities than peripherally located, lower extremities. It is noted in the chart that the spinal cord lesion is incomplete. Which type of
injury listed below does this patient most likely have?
A. Anterior cord syndrome
B. Central cord syndrome
C. Brown-Sequard syndrome
D. Sacral sparing

115. You are treating a patient for psoriasis with ultraviolet lamps. You have performed a minimal erythemal dosage test for third-degree
erythemal. This is five times the minimal erythemal dosage. How many times will the patient be treated per week?
A. Daily
 B. Bi-daily
C. Every other day
D. Once weekly

116. A 3-year-old female comes to the clinic with the following symptoms: neck deformity that causes rotation and tilting of the head. The
mother reports that it is a result of a MVA 2 weeks ago. What treatment would you recommend to the mother for a home program to
obtain maximal results?
A. No home program; treatment should only be done with a therapist
B. Ice packs and stretching
C. Electrical stimulation
D. Stretching exercises and proper positioning/posture

117. You are performing a postural evaluation from the posterior view. Specifically you are observing alignment for the hip, knee, and ankle
joints. Which of the following are normal alignments?
A. Hip joint neutral, knee neutral, slight out-toeing of feet
B. Hip joint neutral, knee neutral, slight in toeing of feet
C. Hip joint slightly anterior, knee neutral, slight out-toeing of feet
D. Hip joint slightly posterior, knee neutral, slight out-toeing of feet

118. You are teaching a four-point crutch gait pattern to a 16-year-old basketball player who fractured his left tibia. Which answer below
describes this pattern?
A. (L) crutch, (R) foot, (R) crutch, (L) foot
B. (L) crutch, (R) crutch, swing through (R) foot
C. (L) crutch, (R) foot, (L) foot, (R) crutch
D. (R) crutch, (R) foot, (L) crutch, (L) foot

119. Of the following, which physics law states that the intensity of radiation to a surface will fall off relative to the angle formed between the
source and the patient? Clinical application of this law means the ultrasound should be perpendicular to the patient for best results.
A. Inverse square law
B. Ohm’s law
C. Cosine’s law
D. Joule’s law

120. You are instructed to start percussion on a 55-year-old male. The patient is in the intensive care unit secondary to severe angina. He is
experiencing lung congestion and needs to clear his lungs. The patient is oriented, pleasant, and cooperative. How should you proceed in
the treatment of this patient?
A. Proceed with treatment as ordered by the physician
B. Treatment is not appropriate; refer back to the physician for advice
C. Treatment is not appropriate so do not evaluate the patient
D. Refer to a respiratory therapist; patient is not a physical therapy candidate

121. Gait evaluation reveals an unsteady gait with a wide base of support. The patient has a positive Romberg sign and watches the ground when
ambulating. The patient lands with the heel first, then the toes, creating a double tapping sign. Patient also has loss of position sense in
the legs. The area of injury is most likely which of the following?
A. Posterior column deficit
B. Basal ganglion
C. Cerebellum
D. Corticospinal tract

122. A patient comes to the clinic complaining of acute cervical spine pain. On a scale of 1 to 10, with 10 being unbearable pain, the patient
reports pain at a level 9. Active range of motion for flexion is limited to approximately 25% of movement. Manual muscle testing using
the break test method reveals a fair minus grade of cervical flexion. In planning the treatment program, you identify the patient’s short-
term goals. Which of the following is an example of a short-term goal for this patient?
A. Patient will be able to demonstrate proper posture and body mechanics
B. Patient will decrease pain level from a 9 to a 7 in a 1-week period
C. Manual muscle test will reveal strength increase from a fair to a normal grade
D. Patient will be able to independently perform a home exercise program

123. The patient is referred to physical therapy with an acute back sprain. The patient enters the clinic barely able to ambulate independently
secondary to pain. You are unable to perform range of motion and manual muscle testing secondary to the severity of this patient’s pain.
 The physician gives you an evaluate and treat order. Based on this information, what would be the appropriate frequency for this patient
to attend physical therapy?
A. Patient should attend physical therapy daily, then as needed
B. Three times a week
C. Twice daily
D. Two times a week

124. You are a member of a team of three physical therapists working in an acute hospital setting. You resign to take a job at a larger
metropolitan hospital. Upon leaving, as the department head, you must delegate the task of performing the monthly statistical report to
another individual to carry out in your absence. Which of the following should you do?
A. Ask for a volunteer from one of the three physical therapists
B. Delegate the task to the physical therapist with the most seniority
C. Do not bother delegating the task since you will be leaving anyway
D. Delegate the task to the physical therapist that has achieved the best performance appraisal in his or her annual evaluation

125. You are a physical therapist assigned a junior physical therapy student who is performing her first internship in a clinical setting. You need
to set realistic goals for the four-week internship. Which of the following would be the most appropriate goals for this physical therapy
student?
A. The physical therapy student will be able to perform all patient care duties under the supervision of a licensed physical therapist
B. The physical therapy student will be able to solve problems and develop a problem list for each individual patient
C. A physical therapy student will be able to utilize proper body mechanics and to perform modalities
D. The physical therapy student will be able to provide initial evaluations on orthopedic patients

126. You are studying kinesiology and its mechanical principles as it relates to anatomy. The pull of the brachioradialis and the wrist extensors to
maintain the position of elbow flexion is an example of which type of lever system found in the body?
A. First class
B. Second class
C. Third class
D. Fourth class

127. You are working in the gait analysis laboratory in physical therapy school. The instructor is giving a lab practice test. She asks the following
questions: “During the push-off phase of gait during the stance phase, which muscles play an important role in providing a normal push-
off?”
A. Quadriceps, anterior tibialis, flexor digitorum longus
B. Gluteus maximus, quadriceps, anterior tibialis
C. Anterior tibialis, peroneus brevis
D. Gastrocnemius, soleus, flexor hallucis longus

128. A patient is sent to physical therapy with a dermatological disorder of psoriasis. The treatment order suggests ultraviolet as a course of
treatment for this patient. Prior to beginning the treatment you need to determine what will be an effective dosage for this patient. You
perform the test and tell the patient to notify you when he starts to notice some redness. The patient reports that 6 to 8 hours post
treatment he noticed a slight redness but had no peeling, blistering, or inflammation. He barely noticed that the ultraviolet had taken
place. Which of the following dosages was performed on this patient?
A. Minimal erythemal dosage
B. Second-degree erythemal
C. Third-degree erythemal
D. Fourth-degree erythemal

129. You are treating a patient who has had a left-side CVA approximately 6 weeks ago. The patient requires assistance in plantar flexion of the
ankle during the push-off phase of gait. Which of the following braces would be most appropriate in planning this patient’s treatment
program?
A. Dorsi-plantar flexion assist
B. Dorsiflexion assist
C. Dorsiflexion stop
D. Free motion ankle joint

130. You are working with a neurological patient and are concerned about promoting stability. You are to plan a treatment course that includes
PNF patterns to increase and promote stability in this patient. What type of PNF pattern listed below would be most appropriate?
A. Traction
B. Contract-relax
C. Slow reversal
 D. Approximation

131. You are a physical therapist providing athletic coverage to a high school basketball game. One of the players is injured and begins
hemorrhaging. You notice that there is oozing and a gradual seeping of blood from the wounded area. It was easy for you to control the
bleeding through elevation of the injured area and applying direct pressure over the wound. Which of the following is the type of
hemorrhaging that this patient is most likely experiencing?
A. Arterial hemorrhage
B. Venous hemorrhage
C. Capillary hemorrhage
D. Internal hemorrhage

132. You are a physical therapist practicing in a rural setting with a physical therapist assistant. You receive a phone call late at night and, due to
a family emergency, you will be unable to work at the clinic the next day. You have 20 patients scheduled for physical therapy between
you and the physical therapist assistant. What would be the most appropriate response to care for these patients?
A. Reschedule the patients for your return to work the next day
B. Have the physical therapist assistant treat all the patients, utilizing your progress notes from the previous week
C. Call the physical therapy department some time the next day to inform them of what treatments the patients should receive
D. Provide a thorough summary of each patient and leave it at the department for the physical therapist assistant to begin with the
next morning

133. A patient is sent to the physical therapist department with a burn on the right lower extremity from the posterior thigh to below the knee.
The patient needs to be positioned to prevent contractures of the knee. Which of the following should be immediately implemented into
this patient’s treatment program?
A. Exercises to increase the strength of the hamstring muscles
B. Posterior splint with emphasis on extension
C. An anterior splint with emphasis on flexion
D. A whirlpool for wound care.
134. A patient is referred to the physical therapy department status post total hip replacement. The orders read "partial weightbearing utilizing a
walker. Which of the following would be the most appropriate pattern given the above information?
A. Walker first , then involved lower extremity, then uninvolved extremity is advanced
B. Walker first, then uninvolved lower extremity, then the other lower extremity is advanced
C. Walker first, then uninvolved lower extremity is advanced
D. Uninvolved extremity is advanced

135. A patient is referred to physical therapy with a cervical vertebral and a vertebral disc disorder. The patient reports no previous history of
cervical pain. She had a flare up approximately 2 weeks ago so she went to see her neurologist. The neurologist has ordered intermittent
cervical daily along moist heat, ultrasound, and massage. Note that the patient has no structural abnormalities and slight tenderness to
pressure at this time. In implementing this patients treatment program, which of the following would be the most appropriate set-up of
traction?
A. Cervical traction starting at 8 pounds
B. Cervical traction starting at 16 pounds
C. Cervical traction starting at 20 pounds
D. Cervical traction starting at 10 pounds

136. You are treating a nursing home patient with a stage three ulcer on the greater trochanter of the nursing staff on what would be the most
appropriate course of action to avoid future ulcers in the residents. Which of the following would be the most appropriate response?
A. You are too disgusted to go to nursing home and they will have to find another therapist
B. You should change the patient position in bed to relieve weight on bony prominences every 24 hours
C. When lying in bed, the patient should be given a donut cushion to support
D. bony prominences
E. The patient should be checked frequently for red spots and turned in bed at least every 2 hours

137. The patient enters the clinic with acute back pain. Upon testing, you notice that the back pain increases from the low back down the right
posterior aspect of the lower extremity. In implementing a treatment program for this patient, which of the following would be the most
appropriate exercise initially?
A. Williams exercises
B. McKenzie exercises
C. Prone lying times 15 minutes
D. Proper posture and body mechanics instruction
138. You implement a gait treatment program for a patient emphasizing the muscle group responsible for deceleration of the limb. You notice
through gait evaluation that the patient is having a problem decelerating the unsupported limb. Which of the following muscle would be
emphasized in planning this patient treatment program?
A. Quadriceps group
B. Hamstring group
C. Gastrocnemius
D. Anterior tibialis

139. You are physical therapist practicing in a rural clinic that includes one other therapist. The therapist that you are working with calls in sick.
It would be impossible for you to treat 30 patient., so you must decide what would be the appropriate course of action. Select the best
answer the following?
A. Treat all 30 patients by doing partial treatment
B. Treat the patients on your schedule only and have the other therapists patients rescheduled for her return to work
C. Treat the patient according to the acuteness and severity of their condition by prioritizing patient needs
D. Have your receptionist or office manager assist in treating the patient who are on the others therapist schedule

140. Your patient is a 36-yrs-old male who tore his anterior cruciate ligaments skiing downhill in the winter. After much consideration the
patient and the surgeon decided to take a nonsurgical rehabilitation course. What functional level would you expect for this patient as the
outcome of the physical therapy treatment?
A. The patient will be able to participate at all activity levels in various sports
B. The will have to avoid further athletic events for a period of three years
C. The will be able to participate in light activities or sports with the assistance of bracing
D. The patient will have to avoid all athletic events for one year

141. You are treating a patient who has second -degree burn trash with gasoline. The patient will be in the hospital for the next 2 to 4 weeks.
Which of the following would be an appropriate time to start the patients treatment program?
A. A treatment program should be initiated immediately regardless of the patient pain tolerance
B. A treatment program should be initiated when the patient can tolerate pain
C. A treatment program should be initiated when the burns are healed
D. A treatment program should be initiated after 1 week

142. A patient is referred to you with an impingement syndrome of the right rotator cuff. You are to implement a therapeutic exercise program
consisting of increasing range of motion, as well as strengthening. On a scale of 1 to 10 with 10 being severe, the patient is in an acute
stage reporting of a 6 to 7 level. Which of the following exercises would be the most appropriate to begin?

A. Isokinetic exercise
B. Finger ladder from 0 to 140 degrees times 20 repetitions
C. Resistive active movement from 1 to 160 degrees with the therapist providing resistance
D. Therapy in a stretching program below 90 degrees specifically for supraspinatus and teres minor

143. A patient enters the clinic requesting physical therapy services immediately for low back pain. The patient was previously seen in clinic on
several different occasions for low back pain. The patient presents you with a prescription that is over 30 days old. Which of the
following would be the most appropriate response to this patient?
A. Since the patient has a prescription signed by the physician with appropriate orders, treat the patient.
B. Inform the patient that the prescription is 30 days old; consequently it has expired. Therefore, the patient will have to obtain a
new prescription from his physician.
C. Since the patient has been seen on multiple occasions and is well known to you, treat the patient.
D. Call the physician to request a verbal approval over the telephone to treat the patient.

144. You have a workman’s compensation patient who has been treated three times a week for 2 weeks, receiving moist heat to the cervical
paraspinals, right scapular muscle, upper trapezius, and right anterior shoulder, followed by an ultrasound to the right cervical
paraspinals. The patient has also received soft tissue massage to the bilateral cervical paraspinals. Patient continues with complaints of
elevated pain. In continuing this patients treatment program, which of the following would be the most appropriate response?
A. The patient has been treated only 2 weeks, so continue with 2 more weeks of physical therapy.
B. Since he is a workman's comp patient and most likely a malingerer, so discharge him from physical therapy.
C. Contact the supervising physical therapist to suggest changes in the treatment program
D. Since the patient us not showing significant progress, he really does not need a physical therapist attention. Therefore, a PT aide
should take over with the patient.
145. You are analyzing the gait deviation of an individual who just had a below-the-knee prosthesis on his amputated leg. You notice when the
patient is walking in the parallel bars that he has a medial whip on his gait. Which of the following would be the first appropriate
component to check on this patient?
A. Remove the prosthesis and check for red sores
B. Check the resistance on the plantar flexor bumper,
C. Check to see if the socket is appropriately fitted
D. Check to see if the knee bolt alignment is too lateral

146. You are treating a patient status post knee surgery. In the evaluation, you are setting up short- and long-term goals for this patient. Note that
when the patient originally came to physical therapy his range of motion was 0 to 73 and strength for knee extension was 4-/5, knee
flexion 5/5. Which of the following is an example of a long-term goal?
A. Patient should be able to perform left knee flexion 90
B. Increase patella mobilization to minimal deficits
C. Increase range of motion to 125 of flexion
D. Eliminate soft tissue mobilization deficit distal to pattella

147. You are assisting in implementing a cardiopulmonary treatment program for an inpatient at the hospital. You need to perform chest physical
therapy to the left lingual aspect of the upper lobe. Which of the following listed below would be the appropriate positioning for this
patient?
A. Patient is in right sidelying position, rotated backward one quarter of a turn, with bed elevated 14 to 18 inches
B. Patient is in left sidelying position, rotated backward one quarter turn, with the bed elevated 14 to 18 inches
C. Patient is in the right sidelying position, rotated backward one half turn, with the bed elevated 14 inches and a pillow placed
under the right hip
D. Sitting in a chair, the patient leans forward to approximately 20 degrees to 30 degrees resting on pillows

148. You have a patient suffering from low back pain secondary to a posture disorder. The patient enters the clinic bent over, with weight shifted
laterally to the right. Your short-term goal is to instruct this patient so that he is independent in proper posture and body mechanics. The
patient has very limited time and needs to receive moist heat, ultrasound and traction. The patient is going to be seen daily for 2 weeks.
On which day should be proper posture introduce?
A. Day one
B. Day two
C. Day three
D. Day six after patient is pain-free

149. You are treating a patient with a job-related injury who has registered nurse (RN) assigned to his case through a vocational rehabilitation
service. The RN phones you and request permission to watch the patient perform during the physical therapy. Which of the following
would be the most appropriate response?
A. Since the patient is on workman's compensation, permit the RN to come in and observe the patient's treatment.
B. Check the patient' s file and see if the consent release form has been signed prior with the RN.
C. Notify the RN that she can come and watch the patient only after the patient completes a signed release form.
D. Ask the patient if he minds having the RN come in to observe.

150. A pediatric patient is referred to the clinic for the physical therapy. You have no experience in pediatrics or reasonable understanding of
how to treat and progress this particular cerebral palsy child. Which of the following would be appropriate for you to perform ethically
and legally with this patient?
A. Since you are mot qualified to treat pediatrics, do not accept this patient
B. Accept the patient, but do not promise overoptimistic results
C. Accept the patient ; perform a thorough examination and attempt treatment to the best of your ability
D. Refer the patient to a facility that specializes in pediatric physical therapy

151. Which of the following modalities would be the most appropriate to implement in a treatment program for back pain in the following
patient? Patient is a 24- year-old patient female, 2 months on her pregnancy. Patient has a long-standing history of chronic back pain as a
result of an automobile accident 6 years ago. Patient currently is reporting acute pain across the low back when sitting, standing for long
periods of time, and driving.
A. Rest in sidelying position, supported with pillows between her knees.
B. Moist heat for 20 minutes in a sidelying position
C. Ultrasound pulsed at 2.0 W/cm2
D. Alternate knee to chest exercise

152. You are implementing a treatment program for bed mobility on a C4 quadriplegic. You have instructed the patient in importance of
maintaining normal range of motion, the importance in checking your pressure sores, and monitoring respiratory status. You are
 especially concerned with strengthening the muscles of the patient. You want the patient to be able to move from supine to sitting and
back using electric bed. In implementing a strengthening program, which of the following would be emphasizing?

A. Neck musculature
B. Triceps
C. Wrist extensors
D. Shoulder depressors

153. A 6-year-old patient is referred to you for inflammation of the hip. The physician notes through x-rays that the femoral head of the hip is
beginning to experience avascular necrosis. Which of the following would be the most appropriate course of treatment for this patient?
A. The main focus of the therapy is to prevent deformity, maintain joint motion, and use braces to keep the femoral head in
acetabulum
B. Rest is indicated , with the use of braces to keep the femoral head in acetabulum
C. Active exercises to increase the strength of the hip
D. Hot packs and active exercise

154. You are treating a patient in the neurological unit of another hospital that follows the theories of Bobath. Which of the following would be
the treatment emphasis with a neurological patient using the theory of Bobath?
A. Treatment should be active and dynamic
B. Patients learns diagonal patterns of movement
C. Encourage and assist patient to use associated reactions
D. The developmental sequence is used in conjunction with PNF techniques

155. The skin is the first defense mechanism of the body against infection. Which of the following is no a reason why the skin is such an
important barrier?
A. Sweat glands secrete chemicals that are toxic to certain bacteria
B. Membranes covered with sticky mucus may sweep away particles by ciliary action
C. Moisture within the cells tends to slow down invading pathogens
D. Sebaceous glands secrete chemicals toxic to certain bacteria

156. As an administrator of a facility, you’ve implemented a policy concerning the ordering of patient supplies. The policy states that the
administrator must approve any supplies ordered in excess of $10.00 and receive a purchase order prior to ordering. In signing off the
monthly invoices, you notice a bill for a $50.00 knee brace. Upon investigation, you determine that an office manager ordered a knee
brace for a patient without prior authorization; therefor, the patient’s insurance company will not cover the cost of the brace. As the
administrator, which of the following would be the most appropriate response?
A. Explain to the patient that you are sorry but because of a paper work mistake made by the office manager, the insurance
company will not cover the cost of the brace and he or she is going to have to pay for the brace.
B. Ask the patient to return the brace to you so it can be sent back to the manufacturer.
C. Call the office manager in for a conference. Make sure that he or she is aware of the policy and knows that if the policy is
disregarded in the future, he or she will be responsible to pay for the items not covered.
D. Do not say anything to the employee, but mark it down in your notebook for when you perform his or her future evaluation.

157. You are an administrator of a facility with five physical therapists. The Christmas are coming up and two of the therapists request vacation
time off at the same time. All the therapists are highly skilled and have been individually recruited to perform special functions within
your clinic. Realizing that it is difficult to recruit physical therapists, you want to accommodate everyone as much as possible. What
would be the most appropriate method of handling the two physical therapists who want vacation at the same time?
A. Call them into your office and notify them that since you cannot grant both of their vacation requests, you are not granting either.
B. Call them into your office and explain to them that you cannot grant both vacations at the same time and request that one
changes his or her vacation.
C. Determine who receives vacation based on seniority.
D. Call a temporary staffing agency to provide coverage.

158. You are implementing a treatment program for a patient who has a total hip replacement, non-cemented. You are to implement the
treatment program considering the patient’s ambulation requirements while in the hospital and after leaving the hospital. The patient will
require an assistive device for gait activities. In implementing this treatment program, how long can you anticipate that this patient will
require assistive device for gait?
A. 2 weeks
B. 1 month
C. 8 weeks
D. 3 months
159. You have a 40-year old female who attends physical therapy complaining of severe pain in the posterior region of the right and the upper
trapezius. The patient reports numbness and tingling in the right upper extremity and you suspect possible thoracic outlet syndrome. The
patient is treated with moist heat, ultrasound, and massage for 2 weeks with no effects. You are planning an assessment of this patient for
a progress report going to the physician next Friday. Which of the following tests would be best to utilize to confirm your suspicions?
A. Drop arm test
B. Apprehension test
C. Adson’s test
D. Tinel’s sign

160. You are the instructor in the physical therapy program and are explaining to your students the various laws and how they relate to physical
therapy. You describe the laws as follows: prohibition against exclusion of people from jobs, services, or activities based solely on their
disability. The major difference between this new law and the old law in the books is that the term “disability” is used instead of
“handicap.” Which of the following laws are you describing to your staff?
A. Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973
B. The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990
C. Civil Rights Act of 1964
D. The Age Discrimination Act of 1975

161. A 26-year-old patient status post spinal cord injury as a result of a diving accident presents the following functional outcomes: vital capacity
is 60% to 80%, patient is independent in bed mobility, patient is independent with pressure relief and a manual wheelchair, and patient
can assist with independent transfers. Based on the above listed outcomes, what would be the most likely level of lesion in this patient?
A. C4
B. C5
C. C6
D. C7, C8

162. You are the administrator in a facility where you have just hired a new physical therapist specializing in knee rehabilitation. The physical
therapist starts in a department at the end of the fiscal year. You currently are maxed out on your capital equipment budget for the year.
The physical therapist notifies you on the first day that unless you purchase an isokinetic system, he is going to leave your facility to join
one that can provide this equipment. What would be the most appropriate response to this physical therapist?
A. Let the physical therapist leave. Tell him you are sorry, but your capital budget is spent and you will be unable to purchase the
equipment.
B. Request emergency funding to purchase the equipment so you will not lose the physical therapist.
C. Rent an isokinetic unit immediately until you can afford to purchase one.
D. Explain to the physical therapist that you have already met the capital budget for this year. However, you will include the request
on the proposed budget for the following year.

163. A patient in your clinic has been receiving hot pack, ultrasound, and massage to the cervical region for one month. Today after treatment,
you record his notes: some progress, no complications with treatment. One hour later, the patient called you complaining of a red spot
under his ear. What should you do next?
A. Have the patient come to the clinic so you can inspect the area and put a dressing on it.
B. Have the patient come to the clinic so you can inspect the area, and notify your supervising physical therapist of the patient’s
complications.
C. Ignore the patient since he always exaggerates his symptoms.
D. Tell the patient to call back tomorrow if the red spot is still present.

164. You are treating a 63-year old lawyer for backpain who is referred to an orthopedic surgeon 60 miles out of town. The orthopedic surgeon
owns his private clinic and tells the patient he must have physical therapy at his clinic. The patient approaches you because driving 20
minutes or more increases pain. What should you tell the patient?
A. The physician is abroad who is trying to make more money for his own physical therapy practice.
B. The physician owns his clinic, which is illegal; find another physician.
C. Tell the patient he has the right to attend the clinic of his choice. If he has any concerns, he should talk to his family physician
that originally referred him for physical therapy.
D. Since the patient is a lawyer and interested in the physical therapy profession, discuss the legal and ethical information with him.

165. You are treating a 16-year old male status post ACL reconstruction on the right knee. The patient was injured in summer practice for the
upcoming football season. The patient has responded very well to physical therapy and is aggressively rehabilitating the right knee. It is
the patient’s goal to return to the football team in time for the playoffs in December. Based on the above information, what would be an
appropriate time to implement a therapeutic exercise program consisting of isokinetics?
A. 8 weeks post operative
B. 12 weeks post operative
C. Check with the referring physician’s protocol
D. 6 weeks post operative so the patient can return to football in time for playoffs
166. You are working with a cerebral palsy child. You notice that the child has great difficulty reaching for an object with one hand. The child
prefers to reach for an object with both hands. What age would be considered normal for a child to be able to reach for an object with one
hand?
A. 3 months
B. 6 months
C. 1 year
D. 9 months

167. You are performing an assessment on a patient with cardiac abnormalities. In listening to the heart sounds, you notice that after the first
heart sound, S1 lub, you hear an increased resistance to ventricular filling. This is heard immediately preceding the first heart sound and
is associated with increased resistance to ventricular filling. In writing your progress notes, what term would you use to describe this
sound?
A. S1 lub
B. S2 dub
C. S3 ventricular gallop
D. S4 atrial gallop

168. You are assessing a patient with complaints of hip pain beginning at the greater trochanter with radiating symptoms extending down below
the knee. There are no physical signs of injury and the patient is slightly tender to palpation on the greater trochanter. You suspect the
patient’s problems may be a result of iliotibial tightness. To evaluate the iliotibial band, which of the following tests would be the most
appropriate to utilize?
A. Thomas test
B. Straight leg raise test
C. Trendelenburg test
D. Ober test

169. You are performing an evaluation on a patient with a peripheral nerve injury affecting the wrist and hand. Upon assessment, you notice that
the wrist cannot be extended actively, the digits are partially extended due to the tendon action but not actively contracting, and the grasp
is weak. The patient demonstrates a wrist drop secondary to paralysis of the extensors of the digits. Based upon this information, what
type of peripheral nerve injury is this patient most likely experiencing?
A. Median nerve paralysis
B. Ulnar nerve paralysis
C. Radial nerve paralysis
D. Ulnar/Median nerve paralysis

170. A patient is sent to physical therapy complaining of back pain with symptoms intermittently radiating down the left lower extremity.
Muscle testing reveals 4-/5 quadriceps strength, 4-/5 hamstring strength, tenderness to palpation in t6he PSIS region, and slouched sitting
posture. Next you test the sensory distribution of the cutaneous nerves. Dermatome distribution is not intact to sharp and dull touch along
the area of the anterior thigh or on the inside of the medial aspect of the anterior thigh. Which level of dermatome distribution listed
below does this patient appear not to have?
A. L1
B. L2
C. L3
D. L5

171. You are treating a 42-year-old female patient for adhesive capsulitis of the Ruth shoulder. You are performing muscle palpation to evaluate
areas of tenderness. The patient is in a prone position and her arm is hanging over the edge of the table. The scapula has moved forward
on the rib cage secondary to the weight of the arm being partially routed upward. Upon palpation, you identify the spine of the scapulae
and palpate above the spine. You perform abduction to the arm to feel the muscle contraction. You identify the muscle underneath the
trapezius and deltoid. Of the muscles listed below, which is the most likely muscle that you are attempting to palpate?
A. Supraspinatus
B. Teres minor
C. Teres major
D. Subscapularis

172. An 18-year-old basketball player comes to the clinic complaining of acute left ankle pain. He reports that while practicing a jump shot, he
came down and twisted his ankle on the lateral aspect. Upon evaluation, you find acute swelling and edema without assistance or a
support brace, Based on this information, which of the following is the correct grade to classify this patient’s ankle sprain?
A. Grade four
B. Grade three
 C. Grade two
D. Grade one

173. Athletes participating in co petition need energy sources to activate their muscles. Which of the following is the best prime energy source
for active muscles?
A. Glucose
B. Fats
C. Proteins
D. Starches

174. You are a physical therapist working in private practice and in charge of marketing a new-work conditioning program to the public and
physicians. You are on a fixed budget and must determine the most appropriate marketing media for you to utilize. Which of the
following would gain the most access to the public and maintain cost control?
A. An extensive color brochure with pictures to be mailed to all physicians and insurance companies.
B. A direct mail campaign to members of the community and surrounding communities.
C. Newspaper advertisement
D. Telephone calls to physician’s offices and insurance companies

175. You are the director of a physical therapy department in a large metropolitan hospital. You decide to perform an inservice on professional
conduct based on the Code of Ethics of the American Physical Therapy Association?
A. Physical Therapists respect the rights and dignities of all individuals
B. Physical therapists comply with the rules and regulations governing the practice of physical therapy
C. Physical therapists seek renumeration for their services as deserved as reasonable
D. Physical therapists continue to participate in educational activities that will enhance their skills.

176. You are performing a manual muscle test on a patient secondary to weakness in the posterior shoulder joint muscles. You are attempting to
evaluate the patient’s musculoskeletal status. The patient is positioned prone with the shoulder at the edge of the table, his arm hanging
down over the side. You place the scapula in a position of adduction with some lateral rotation of the inferior angle and elevation of the
shoulder girdle. You then provide pressure against the weight of the suspended arm that will exert a force that abducts the scapula. The
patient’s shoulder is placed in 90% of abduction with lateral rotation, and the elbow is completely extended. Based on this information,
which of the following muscles are you most likely testing?
A. Lower trapezius
B. Upper trapezius
C. Middle trapezius
D. Serratus anterior

177. You are a new physical therapist starting your first job at the hospital physical therapy department. The administrator of the department is
going over records and documentation with you. The administrator states that keeping records in physical therapy is crucial. The
administrator asks you if you know the primary reasons for keeping records. Which of the following would be the best answer?
A. Third Party payers
B. Legal reasons
C. Research
D. Improvement of patient care

178. You are performing physical therapy in a skilled nursing facility. You are treating a patient on a daily inpatient basis with skilled physical
therapy services. These services are needed by the patient to meet activities of daily living. Which of the following program would
Medicare pay for in a skilled nursing facility?
A. A progressive resistance exercise program
B. A range of motion exercise program
C. A maintenance exercise program
D. An exercise program that is complex and requires the skilled services of a physical therapist

179. In performing a research study, you are to determine the effects of iontophoresis versus phonophoresis on lateral epicondylitis. In your
study, both the administrator and the subjects are ignorant of the experiment conditions. Which of the following studies is being
performed?
A. Blind study
B. Control group
C. Double blind study
D. T-test
180. A patient is referred to physical therapy secondary to a hand injury. After 3 months of physical therapy, the patient is ready to be discharged
and you are doing discriminative testing to determine the patient’s discriminative sensation. You are placing objects in the patient’s hand
and asking her to respond if the object is heavier or lighter than the last object. Which of the following tests are you most likely
performing?
A. Barognosis
B. Graphesthesia
C. Stereognosis
D. Two-point discrimination

181. You are performing mobilization on a patient to alleviate pain and maintain joint motion. You are performing anterior/posterior
mobilization on a glenohumeral joint using small amplitude of movement in the beginning of range of motion. Which of the following
grades listed below are you utilizing in treating this patient?
A. Grade one
B. Grade two
C. Grade three
D. Grade four

182. The therapist is performing passive range of motion to determine the end-feel at the end of the joint. This is when the joint reaches its
physiological limit of motion. The end-feel is the description of what the joint feels like when it reaches its limit of motion. This
particular patient’s end-feel can be defined as an involuntary muscle contraction that causes resistance to the passive range of motion that
the therapist is performing. This best defines which of the following?
A. Capsular end-feel
B. Spasm end-feel
C. Spring block end-feel
D. Soft tissue approximation

183. You are performing an evaluation of a patient in a neonatal intensive care unit of a large hospital. You are utilizing a scoring system to
evaluate the status of the newborn. Heart rate, respiration, muscle tone, color, and reflexes are all measured on a scale of 0 to 2 at birth.
Which of the following scoring systems are you most likely utilizing?
A. Rule of nines
B. Apgar score
C. Neurological testing
D. Rancho Los Amigos scale

184. As the administrator of a physical therapy department in a hospital, it is your responsibility to determine infection control policies for the
department. These policies are reviewed and updated annually to meet various agency requirements. Of the following, which would not
be an example of an infection control policy?
A. Universal precautions should be followed with each and every patient, regardless of diagnosis or conditioning.
B. Hand washing should occur at the beginning of the day and at the end of the day.
C. Infectious medical waste should be placed in a container labeled “only for medical waste.”
D. Whirlpool should be cultured at least annually or after usage by a patient with an infectious disease.

185. You are the administrator of a facility determining the policy on retention and preservation of clinical records. The clinical records
pertaining to patients must be maintained for a length of time after they are discharged. Of the following, which is not an example of a
policy on retention and preservation of clinical records?
A. Clinical records will be maintained for a period of 5 years from the date of patient discharge.
B. Clinical records of a minor will be retained for a period of 3 years after the patient comes of age.
C. Clinical records will be contained within a fireproof file cabinet on the premises.
D. Access to clinical records is available to all personnel from 8 am to 5 pm.

186. A patient is referred to physical therapy with a diagnosis of posttraumatic synovitis. The patient is seen in physical therapy approximately
48 hours after the initial injury. The physician has ordered you to evaluate and treat the patient approximately. Which of the following
modalities would you start with this patient?
A. Range of motion exercises
B. Ice and high-voltage galvanic stimulation
C. Hot pack and high-voltage galvanic stimulation
D. Hot pack and functional electrical stimulation

187. You are performing an orthotic shoe modification for a runner. The patient has a diagnosis of pes valgus. You decide to give the patient
support of the longitudinal arch that will assist in correcting the pes valgus. Which of the following are you most likely utilizing?
A. Scaphoid pads
 B. Thomas heel
C. Metatarsal bars
D. Rocker bottom

188. You are providing hot packs to a patient with cervical/neck pain. When you go to get the hot packs out of the hydrocollator, you decide to
test the temperature of the water to make sure it is appropriate to avoid a burn to the patient. Which of the following would be the ideal
temperature for a moist hot pack?
A. 45C
B. 55 to 65C
C. 65 to 90C
D. 149 to 194C

189. You are an administrator in a facility trying to motivate your clinical staff to improve their performance. You are looking to increase the
number of patient visits and utilization of equipment at your facility. Which of the following would be the most appropriate method of
improving your staff performance?
A. Keep statistics on the number of patients seen per physical therapist per day.
B. Keep daily statistics on the number of modalities the therapists perform on patients.
C. Set short- and long-term goals for the physical therapists regarding the appropriate number of patients and modalities per day.
Encourage open communication on setting these goals.
D. Have daily meetings at which you rank each physical therapist according to who performed the highest number of visits and
modalities.

190. You are a consultant to a hospital based in an outpatient rehabilitation program. You have been hired to improve the positive image of this
facility. You’ve met with the clinical staff and viewed the top 10 opportunities, as well as obstacles, that will affect a consumer
perception of the rehab department. Which of the following is an example of an obstacle to a patient who is considering entering your
rehabilitation facility?
A. The initial treatment is scheduled within 24-hour period
B. The staff tends to open exam room doors without knocking
C. Equipment is modern
D. Payment is expected at the time of service

191. Your patient is being discharged from the hospital to his or her home. To provide for continuity of care, the patient will continue to receive
home physical therapy. Which of the following would be the appropriate action for you to take to assure the patient’s continuity of care?
A. Refer the patient to a home health physical therapist of whom you have heard good reports.
B. Report to the patient’s home yourself and treat him or her on the side away from the hospital.
C. Provide the social worker with a report on the patient’s status.
D. Telephone the physical therapist that will be continuing to see the patient at home and give him or her update on the appropriate
exercises you have been performing, including any protocols.

192. An 80-year-old female reports the following history: she was at the mall shopping when she stepped onto the escalator and twisted her left
ankle. She is now referred to physical therapy and the physician instructs you to perform strengthening exercise to the lateral ligament of
the ankle. Of the following ligaments, which would you not be rehabilitating?
A. Calcaneofibular
B. Anterior tibiofibular
C. Posterior talofibular
D. Anterior talofibular

193. You have a patient referred to physical therapy secondary to Bell’s palsy. You are to instruct the patient in a series of facial muscle exercise
designed to increase and maintain function. The therapist instructs you to work on the muscle whose function is to draw the angles of the
mouth downward. Which of the following would you emphasize for this treatment program?
A. Levator anguli oris
B. Buccinator
C. Orbicularis oris
D. Platysma

194. A patient comes to the clinic complaining of severe pain following the sprain that occurred approximately 3 months ago. The patient reports
that the pain is persistent and above the normal level that he had typically experienced on previous sprains. The patient has had recurring
ankle sprains for the past 3 to 4 years. The patient reports that typically the sprain heals and goes away in approximately 1 to 2 weeks.
Initially, he had swelling and increased warmth in the ankle. The patient reports that in the past 2 months he has noticed that the skin has
appeared shiny and leathery around the ankle. In planning this patient’s treatment program, which of the following would be most
appropriate?
 A. Range of motion exercises
B. Contrast baths, electrical stimulation, and range of motion
C. Whirlpool treatments
D. Therapeutic exercises consisting of an ankle progressive resistive exercise machine

195. You are providing a consultation to a facility considering adding occupational therapy services to the already developed physical therapy
services. Prior to adding occupational therapy services, which of the following is the most important aspect to evaluate in determining if
the program will be successful?
A. Contact physicians to see if they have occupational therapy patients in the area

B. Determine reimbursement for occupational services

C. Interview the physical therapists to see if they will be supportive to occupational therapy services
D. Determine if any of the facilities around you have occupational therapy services that will compete with yours

196. You are the director of several outpatient physical therapy clinics that maintain staffing of one physical therapist, one physical therapy aide,
and an office manager. The physical therapist notifies you that she needs the day off but you are unable to grant the request, as you have
no other coverage. The physical therapist informs you that if you do not grant her request, she will call in sick anyway. Which of the
following would be the most appropriate response to this physical therapist?
A. Tell her that if she calls in sick, she will be fired
B. Since she will call in sick anyway, grant the day off
C. Explain to the physical therapist that you are very sorry that you have no coverage, and ask her to pick a day when coverage is
available
D. Give the physical therapist the day off and rearrange your schedule so you can cover

197. You are an administrator setting up a policy on the length of time in which initial evaluation reports should be sent to physicians after the
patient is seen in the facility. Which of the following would be the most appropriate and reasonable length of time between the initial
evaluation and the dictated report to the physician?
A. 2 days
B. 1 week
C. 10 days
D. 2 weeks

198. You are providing a continuing education inservice of on the necessary elements for a physician’s prescription to be acceptable. You have
problems within the department of several therapists treating patients with prescriptions that have been lacking information. Which of the
following best describes what should be included in a physician’s prescription?
A. Diagnosis, date, precautions, treatment, and physicians signature
B. Diagnosis, frequency of treatment, as well as an “eval and treat” order
C. Physician’s signature, diagnosis, and date
D. Physician’s signature, diagnosis, date, and modalities

199. You are providing an educational program on how to avoid a potential lawsuit. Although lawsuits against physical therapists remain few,
you are inservicing the staff to avoid any future unnecessary litigation. Which of the following is the most important aspect in avoiding
unnecessary litigation?
A. Have a signed physician’s prescription for each patient
B. Make sure all patients have signed the appropriate forms prior to entering physical therapy
C. Provide a complete, thorough initial evaluation and well-documented progress notes
D. Provide patient instructions and education that are thoroughly documented

200. You are a physical therapist who has been sent out to consult with a nursing home secondary to ulcers on the ischial tuberosities of several
patients. Upon entering the nursing home, you begin to observe the patients. You notice redness, edema, blistering, and hardening of
tissue. The inflammation has extended into the fat layer and there is superficial necrosis. Which of the following stages is characterized
by such symptoms?
A. Stage one
B. Stage two
C. Stage three
D. Stage four
SAMPLE TEST ANSWERS

1. B. The pterygoideus lateralis muscle is responsible for opening the jaw. All other answers are incorrect because they are responsible for
closing the jaw.
2. A. Th radial carpal articulation of the wrist joint is classified as a condyloid joint and allows for motion in two planes: typically
flexion/extension, and abduction/adduction. The hinge joint permits motion in one plane, typically flexion/extension (eg, elbow joint,
ginglymus joint). The pivot joint movement is limited to rotation (eg. Atlantoaxial joint). The saddle joint permits no axial rotation but
allows flexion, extension, adduction and abduction (eg, carpometacarpal joint of the thumb).
3. D. Since the patient stated that he had a fracture to the midshaft of the humerus, the radial nerve, which is the largest branch of the brachial
plexus, would most likely be injured because it passes through the radial groove next to the bone. This occurs on the posterior aspect of
the humerus.
4. C. The deltoid muscle is supplied by the axillary nerve that originates from the posterior cord of he brachial plexus. All other muscles are
innervated by the terminal branches of the lateral cord of the brachial plexus.
5. D. The posterior cruciate ligament has a distal attachment from the posterior intercondylar of the tibia. The posterior cruciate proximal
attachment is on the lateral side of the medial condylar of the femur. All of the other statements are false. The medial meniscus is larger
than the lateral meniscus and is shaped like the letter “C”. The lateral meniscus is smaller and shaped like the letter “O”. Lastly, the
lateral ligament of the knee is not attached to the lateral meniscus.
6. B. The patient in balance skeletal traction of the lower extremity has most likely fractured the femur, since skeletal traction is used when
there is a fracture of a long bone. Common traction can be used either for the distal part of the femur or tibia in treating fractures.
7. C. You would not expect to find crepitus in an acute shoulder dislocation. This is because crepitus is a sign of chronic condition that
typically would not be found in an 18-year-old male.
8. B. Given the type of fall and the symptoms described by the patient, she has most likely suffered a dislocated hip.
9. A. Rheumatoid arthritis involves the proximal interphalangeal joints. It is also noted for acute inflammatory signs and symptoms and is a
systemic disease.
10. A. When a patient exhibits poor posture, especially in the anterior or tilt of the pelvis, you would utilize Williams’ exercises to strengthen
the abdominal and the gluteus maximus muscles.
11. D. In order to perform inferior glide of the humeral head, the shoulder should be placed in abduction to 300. This is necessary because
otherwise it would not be possible to perform inferior glide secondary to not being able to perform either anterior or posterior glide.
12. C. Stage-one wound healing is described as mobilization. This is the initial stage of wound repair. Stage two is migration, when the layer
cells resurface the wound. Stage three is proliferation, when the cells along the edges of the wound are beginning the process of
thickening the layer. Stage four is differentiation, when the epidermal cells take on the original cuboidal or rectangular shape.
13. B. Exercise with a low activity rate and long duration will help increase lipid metabolism, therefore assisting the patient in weight loss.
14. C. Studies show that there is a decrease in maximum oxygen consumption capacity of approximately one-third after a marked period of
bedrest. All the other choices would take place, except for a small decrease in maximum oxygen consumption capacity.
15. B. A unit objective is something that will be completed by the end of the lecture. A correct example of the unit objective would be
demonstrating the three principles of body mechanics. An objective is something that is quantifiable and time-delineated. Another
example of an objective might be to list five physiological changes that occur during pregnancy, or to identify three possible sources of
back pin during pregnancy. The introduction, anatomy, physiology, and theories on labor are all part of the content of the lecture but are
not an objective.
16. A. For a child under age 12 years, 9% plus 1% for each year under 12 is allocated to the head and neck when using the Rule of Nines. Each
lower extremity is allocated 18% minus 1.5% for each year under 12. The upper extremities receive 9% each, and the posterior and
anterior chest receives 18% each, regardless of age. The child’s head is proportionally larger than an adult’s until age 12.
17. B. The description in this question describes the Romberg sign. Labyrinthine righting is one of the five basic neuromuscular reactions
involved in a change of body positions. The change stimulates cells in the canals of the inner ear, causing neck muscles to respond and
adjust the head to the new position. The Babinski sign involves the hallucis longus muscle.
18. A. Paranoid patients use projection as a defense mechanism against others.
19. D. Reduction of nerve conduction velocity is not a process of aging.
20. A. It is the responsibility of the physical therapist working as an independent contractor to carry individual liability coverage. Liability
coverage for a physical therapist working in any kind of treatment facility extends only to the patients/clients treated under the auspices
of that facility.
21. D. Type of services offered and disorders treated by the clinic are important to target to specific physicians, such as orthopedic,
neurological, etc. This informs them that the services they require are provided by your clinic. Hours of the clinic should be flexible.
Most physicians assume that you have the standard equipment to provide the types of services for specific patient diagnoses.
Participating insurance companies are usually published in a manual for the physicians, especially in cases of PPOs and HMOs.
22. D. Pistoning of the socket is a gait deviation as result of poor socket fit, weak suspension, and overly soft knee friction. Lateral whip is
generally caused by the knee bolt alignment that is too medial. Rotation of the foot at heel strike is usually a result of too much toe-our
or resistance on the heel cushion or plantar flexion bumper. Instability of the knee is most commonly caused by a plantar flexion
resistance that is too high.
23. A. Shoulder flexion is utilized in upper extremity amputees to assist in control of the prothesis.
24. B. Variable is defined as a measurable characteristic manipulated in the experiment. Data is a collection of observations. Independent is a
hypothetical cause that is manipulated by the experiment. Dependent is a hypothetical effect that is manipulated by the experiment.
25. B. Pulmonary edema is most often symptomatic of left ventricular failure.
26. D. If an individual has a lesion of the upper trapezius, it would be reasonable to expect the scapula to be rotated downward. If the scapula
was rotated downward, this could cause subluxation of the sternoclavicular joint, which is double gliding joint between the sternum and
the clavicle.
27. C. The annular ligament encircles the head of the radius and holds it in the radial notch of the ulna. Distal of the notch, the annular ligament
forms a complete fibrous ring. Therefore if the annular ligament was turn, the head of the radius would dislocate.
28. C. T10 corresponds with impaired sensation of a dermatome pattern at the level of the umbilicus.
T2 – axillary region

T4 – nipple level

T12 – ASIS level

29. B. With symptoms of discoloration with mild atrophic changes in the nails, as well as mild swelling of the foot and ankle, you would most
likely suspect chronic venous insufficiency. Venous insufficiency is an abnormal circulatory condition characterized by decreased return
of the venous blood from the legs to the trunk of the body. Thrombophlebitis is an inflammation of a vein, often accompanied by
formation of a clot. Lymphedema is a primary or secondary disorder characterized by the accumulation of lymph in soft tissue as well as
swelling caused by inflammation, obstruction, or removal of lymph channels.
30. C. The pattern of breathing for an upper chest breather would be for the patient to gasp for breath and, on occasion, her shoulder and thorax
would rise and her abdominal wall retract. This is because the patient is primarily breathing with her upper chest. Barrel chest is a large,
rounded thorax. This is considered normal in some stocky individuals and those who live in high altitude areas and have developed
increased vital capacities. Paradoxical breathing is a condition in which part of the lung deflates during inspiration and inflates during
expiration.
31. D. The example given in this question is dyssynergia. Dyssynergia describes any disturbance in muscular coordination. Dysmetria
describes an abnormal condition that prevents the patient from properly measuring distances associated with muscular acts and also from
controlling muscular action. It is typically characterized by over or underestimating the range of motion needed to place the limbs
correctly during voluntary movement. Dysdiadochokinesia is an inability to perform rapidly alternating movements, such as rhythmically
tapping the fingers on the leg. Barognosis is the ability to perceive and evaluate weight.
32. C. The proper landmarks to use to compare actual leg lengths of both lower extremities is the anterior superior iliac spine to the medial
malleolus. Note: The following is stated in Scully & Barnes, Physical Therapy, page 377: “Determining real leg length involves a
measurement from one of the ASIS to either the lateral or medial malleolus of the same side. The most accurate method of real leg length
measurement is to use a tape measure to measure the distance from the ASIS to the lateral malleolus. This method was shown to be more
accurate than a measurement to the medial malleolus because differences in thigh girth do not affect this method of measurement as
much (Woerman, 1984). Although apparently not as accurate as the previous methods, probably the most common method of measuring
real leg length is to perform a measurement from the ASIS to the medial malleolus of the same side.”
33. B. The most beneficial and proper application of the ultrasound would be frequency of 1 MHz and a dosage of 1.5 W/cm2 to gain the most
therapeutic results for calcified bursitis of the shoulder.
34. C. You would not expect a patient to show an increase in maximal oxygen consumption at the end of stage one. All the other answers
would be appropriate goals and patient should have accomplished them.
35. A. Decerebrate rigidity of the lower extremities plantar flexed and fully extended, forearm pronated, and wrist flexed. Decerebrate rigidity
would most likely have occurred if the patient had an injury to the diencephalon, pons, or midbrain.
36. B.T3 is the vertebral level to which the spine of the scapula corresponds.
37. D. Orthostatic hypotension is n abnormally low blood pressure occurring when n individual assumes the standing posture. It can last for
more than 24 hours.
38. A. The masseter muscle is the thick rectangular muscle in the cheek that functions to close the jaw. The ptergoideus lateralis assists in
chewing and protrusion. The pterygoideus medialis functions for elevation and protraction of the lower jaw and assists in chewing. The
zygomaticus causes the mouth’s angles to draw upward and backward.
39. D. The musculocutaneous nerve arises from the lateral cord of the brachial plexus. It is formed on each side by division of the lateral cord
and the plexus into two branches.The median nerve is one of the terminal branches of the brachial plexus that extends along the radial
portion of the forearm and hand, and supplies various muscles and the skin of these parts. The ulnar nerve is one of the terminal
branches of the brachial plexus that arises on each side from the medial cord of the plexus. The axillary nerve is one of the last two
branches of the posterior cord of the brachial plexus before the posterior cord becomes the radial nerve.
40. B. You would not be palpating the lunate bone because it is not included in the distal row of the carpal bones. The carpal bones include the
trapezoid, capitate, and hamate. The trapezoid is the smallest carpal bone, located at the center of the wrist and having a rounded head
that fits the concavity of the scaphoid and lunate bones. The hamate bone is a carpal bone that rests on the fourth and fifth metacarpal
bones and projects a hooklike process from its palmar surface.
41. D. Neutrophils are the body’s first line of defense against bacterial infection. Neutrophils are the circulating white blood cells essential for
phagocytosis and proteolysis in which bacteria, cellular debris, and solid particles are removed and destroyed. Phagocyte is a cell that is
able to surround, engulf, and digest microorganisms and cellular debris. Macrophage is any phagocytic cell of the reticuloendothelial
system. Lymphocyte is one of the two kinds of small leukocytes originating from fetal stem cells and developing in the bone marrow.
42. B. The heel bone into which the Achilles’ tendon inserts is called the calcaneus. It is the largest of the tarsal bones. It articulates
proximally with the talus and distally with cuboid. The cuboid bone is on the lateral side of the foot, proximal to the fourth and fifth
metatarsal bones. The talus is the second largest tarsal bone. It supports the tibia and rests on the calcaneus. The first metatarsal is one of
five bones numbered one to five from the medial side of the foot.
43. A. The ulnar nerve lies behind the medial epicondyle of the elbow. It can be easily palpated at the “funny bone” of the elbow as it lies long
the groove between the olecranon process and the medial epicondyle of the humerus.
44. A. Quadratus lumborum is the muscle whose function is to elevate the pelvis. The quadratus lumborum helps maintain the pelvis in a
neutral position during gait and assists with lateral trunk flexion. The pectineus muscle, the most anterior of the five medial femoral
muscles, functions to flex and adduct the thigh and to rotate it medially. Gemellus inferior and gemellus superior are responsible for hip
abduction.
45. B. The correct response to this stimulus would be upper extremity extension and lower extremity flexion.
46. D. Moro’s reflex is performed with a stimulus of a sudden movement to cause a startle reaction. The time period to test this reflex is 3 to 6
months of age. The integration level is midbrain. The response is that startle reaction causes extension reaction of the extremities.
47. D. Kyphosis
48. , an abnormal condition of the vertebral column, can be described as a curvature of the spine where the anterior posterior direction in which
the convexity is in the posterior direction. Conservative treatment consists of spine stretching exercises and sleeping without a pillow
and with a board under the mattress. For severe kyphosis, a modified Milwaukee brace may be used. Scoliosis is a lateral curvature of
the spine, a common abnormality of childhood. Treatment includes braces, casts, exercises, and corrective surgery.
49. D. Calcaneus valgus refers to excessive eversion of the foot.
50. D. Torticollis is a deformity of the neck that causes rotation and tilting of the head in the opposite direction. Treatment may include surgery,
heat, support, or immobilization depending on the cause and severity of the condition.
51. B. Teres major is not a rotator cuff muscle. Therefore, it would not be emphasized in a treatment program of strengthening of the rotator
cuff muscle. Infraspintus, supraspinatus, and subscapularis, which re rotator cuff muscles, would be emphasized in a gentle
strengthening program.
52. B. Erb’s palsy is a result of damage to the C5, C6 nerve root; signs of Erb’s palsy include loss of sensation in the arm and paralysis and
atrophy of the deltoid, biceps, and brachialis muscles. The typical position commonly seen in the affected extremity is arm adducted,
internally rotated, elbow extended, and forearm pronated. Treatment emphasizes preventing contractures and range of motion.
53. A. The elbow should be placed in extension with supination. This is done to prevent flexion contracture.
54. A. Tapotement is a massage that consists of brisk blows in an alternating fashion. Friction massage is a type of massage in which deeper
tissues are stroked or rubbed, usually through strong circular movements. Kneading massage is a grasping, rolling, and pressing
movement. Vibration is not massage.
55. D. The patient’s hip should be placed in extension and abduction to prevent a contracture.
56. D. The neck should be placed in hyperextension to best minimize the chances of having a neck flexion contracture. Neck flexion
contracture would be typically seen in the anterior burn, as this would be a position of comfort for the patient.
57. D.A cross-sectional research study is described as interviewing different people over the same time period.
58. C. A patient with a collagen vascular disorder, as well as the classic butterfly rash, would most likely have lupus erythematous. Systemic
lupus erythematous is a chronic inflammatory disease affecting many systems of the body. Another characteristic of lupus erythematous
is the butterfly rash, which is an erythematous, scaling eruption of both cheeks, joined by a narrow band of rash across the nose.
Scleroderma is a rare autoimmune disease affecting the blood vessels and connective tissue. There is a gradual hardening of the skin and
swelling of the distal extremities. Dermatomyositis is disease of the connective tissues, characterized by eczematous inflammation of the
skin and tenderness and weakness of the muscles.
59. B. At 6 months old, a child should be able to reach for an object utilizing only one hand.
60. C. The primary reason for keeping records of a physical therapy patient is for the improvement of patient care. The other reasons given are
also appropriate requirements (third-party payers for malpractice, legal purposes, and educational purposes). However, the single best
reason for keeping patient records is for the improvement of patient care.
61. D. Utilization review is a written program that assures proper use of a facility’s funds and personnel. Peer review is the evaluation of
practitioners by their colleagues. An audit or program evaluation is based on assessing the management of patient outcome. Quality
assurance is a process that evaluates and ensures the quality or improvement of patient care. It also assesses the accountability of those
providing the care.
62. A. HMO is a health maintenance organization, which has a policy that typically limits the number of visits and patient’s copy to a set fee.
Typically, a specific physician refers the patient to a participating facility. Medicaid is a state-funded program designed for recipients
that are financially needy. Medicare is a federally funded program designed for people over 65 years of age. Workman’s compensation
will cover a patient injured on the job. The mount of coverage and reimbursement varies according to the state.
63. D. Leg lifts would not be started on day 3 post cesarean. Leg lifts would be brought in possibly day 5, 6, and beyond.
64. A. Lifting lightweights of 2 to 3 pounds would be an example of 2 METs. Walking 2 miles, doing light woodwork, and playing an
instrument would be other examples. Walking 3.5 mph would be an example of 3 to 4 METs. Cycling 8 mph and walking 4 mph would
be an example of 4 to 5 METs.
65. C. The deltoid ligament would need the least amount of rehabilitation since it is injured as a result of an eversion sprain. The patient has an
inversion sprain, which would involve lateral ligaments, which are the anterior talofibular, calcaneofibular, and posterior talofibular.
66. A. The deltoid ligament, which is the medial ligament, would be emphasized since injury to that area results in an eversion sprain. All the
other ligaments except the deltoid are injured in an eversion sprain.
67. B. The posterior cruciate ligament is most likely involved since the tibia can be displaced posteriorly on the femur with severe instability.
68. C. Stage three involves full thickness of dermis and undermining of the deeper tissues, and the muscle may be involved. Stage
one is destruction limited to the epidermis; redness may be noted. Stage two is involvement of the epidermis, dermis, and
subcutaneous fat, redness, edema, blistering, and hardening of the tissue. With stage four, full thickness is involved, penetrating
to the fascia with possible muscle involvement and there is usually bone destruction.
69. A. The median nerve innervates the thenar eminence. This would most likely be the nerve injured if you observed signs of atrophy.
70. C. Schizophrenia is a psychotic disorder in which the patient often has fragmented thoughts, bizarre ideas, and become withdrawn.
Responses are usually inappropriate and demonstrate severe mood shifts. Paranoia is a psychotic disorder in which the patient has
delusions of persecution or grandiosity and is typical suspicious in all situations with all people. Depression is characterized by a feeling
of sadness or helplessness. The patient typically has little drive for activity or achievement. Psychopathy is an antisocial personality
disorder characterized by behavior patterns that lack moral and ethical standards.
71. B. Talk to the patient while moving him or her from the staircase. By talking with the patient, the therapist is acknowledging the patient’s
behavior and thought process while at the same time ensuring increased safety for the patient.
72. B. When utilizing a cane, the patient should always use it opposite the injured side. This is necessary for balance during ambulation.
73. C. The correct answer is a questionnaire, which is sending out standardized forms for the therapists to answer and return. Cross-sectional
describes interviewing a cross-section of different people over the same period of time historical research. It is a study over a long period
time. Survey pertains to one-on-one personal interviews.
74. B. The P wave of the EKG corresponds to artrial depolarization.
Q wave would be indicative of a past history of a possible myocardial infarct. An abnormal ST segments would result in

pericarditis.

Normal results:

ST–pause in EKG time before ventricular repolarization

QRS–ventricular depolarization

T – ventricular repolarization

Abnormal results:

ST elevated–new infarct

ST depressed–may indicate ischemia

Q wave–seen in infection

P wave absent–artrial/ ventricular arrhythmia

75. C. Weak abductor muscles would be the possible anatomical cause. If the prosthesis is too short or in abduction, lateral trunk bending is
caused by the prosthesis itself, not by an anatomical cause. If the prosthesis is too long, an abducted gait results, but again no anatomical
cause is involved.
76. B. A patient with adhesive capsulitis would have a capsular pattern in the glenohumeral joint in which the external rotation is limited more
than internal rotation.
77. D. Low plantar flexion resistance would be the least likely prosthetic cause of instability of the knee.
Instability of the knee can result if the knee joint is too anterior. Plantar flexion resistance is too high, or dorsiflexion is unlimited.

78. D. During pregnancy the presence of the hormone relaxin, which causes relaxion of connective tissue, can lead to abnormal movement and
cause pain in the sacroiliac joint.
79. D. Continue the exercise program as previously outlined by you and the nurse.
80. C. A patient in supine position with the lower extremities plantar flexed and internally rotated and the upper extremities positioned in
shoulder adduction, elbow flexion, and wrist flexion would best be described as exhibiting posture of decorticate rigidity. Hemiplegia
would be characterized by posture that is paralyzed on one side of the body. Decerebrate rigidity is posture of the lower extremity
positioned in shoulder adduction, elbow extension, forearm pronation, and wrist flexion. Spasticity extensor does not exist.
81. C. Cheyne-Stokes respiration is an abnormal pattern of respiration characterized by alternating periods of apnea and deep, rapid breathing.
Ataxic breathing associated with lesion in the medullary respiratory centers characterized by a series of inspiration and expirations.
Biot’s respiration is an abnormal respiratory pattern characterized by irregular breathing, often accompanied with a sigh with periods of
apnea. Sighing respiration is periodic deep forced inspiration of compressed gas or air in controlled ventilation.
82. A. The most frequent location in which bursitis is diagnosed is in the subacromion area. Bursitis is an inflammation of the bursa, the
connective tissue structure surrounding a joint. The goals of treatment for bursitis include pain control and maintenance of joint motion.
83. A. The hip adductor muscles are innervated by the obturator and sciatic nerve. The muscles consist of the adductor brevis, adductor longus,
and adductor magnus.
84. B. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is also called Lou Gehrig’s disease. It is a degenerated disease of the motor neurons characterized by
atrophy of the muscles of the hands, forearms, and legs, spreading to involve most of the body. Parkinson’s disease is a slowly
progressive, degenerative, neurologic disorder characterized by resting tremor, pill rolling of the fingers, a mask like face, shuffling gait,
forward flexion of the trunk, and muscle rigidity and weakness. Hodgkin’s disease is a malignant disorder characterized by painless,
progressive enlargement of lymphoid tissue. Marfan’s syndrome is an abnormal condition characterized by elongation of the bones, often
with associated abnormalities of the eyes and the cardiovascular system.
85. B. Potential job candidates cannot be questioned regarding their marital status or religion. Race, military experience, arrest record, or
physical disabilities unless the question have a direct bearing on the applicant’s ability to do the job. The Civil Rights Act of 1964
prevents discrimination of job position or promotion based on race, color, sex, religion, or national origin. The Age Discrimination Act
of 1975 prohibits discrimination against those between 40 and 70.
86. C. Cervical rotation to the opposite side is the responsibility of sternocleidomastoid, scalenus anterior, and upper trapezius.
87. D. Residual volume is the amount of gas left over after maximum expiration. It helps prevent the lungs from collapsing. Dead air space is
the area in which no gas exchange takes place. Forced inspiratory volume is the amount of air that can be forcibly inspired after
maximum inspiration. Expiratory reserve volume is the maximum volume expired after normal expiration.
88. D. Brown-Sequard syndrome is a traumatic neurologic disorder resulting from compression of one side of the spinal cord above the 10 th
thoracic vertebrae. Brown- Sequard syndrome results in hemisection of the spinal cord. It is typically seen after a knife-type injury. This
also is an incomplete lesion, which typically results in loss of motor function on the same side as the lesion and loss of pain and
temperature on the opposite side.
89. A. The following is considered a normal response to exercise: cardiac output/heart rate would increase in a linear relationship with the
increase in workload. Some benefits from a patient exercising regularly may include a decrease in serum lipid levels, improvement in
maximum oxygen consumption, increase in HDL levels, decrease in high blood pressure, improved or relieved angina, improved aerobic
capacity or decreased depression following a myocardial infraction.
90. D. A benefit not associated with aerobic exercise is a decrease in aerobic capacity. Decrease in serum lipid levels, increase in HDL levels,
and an increase in aerobic capacity are all benefits from an aerobic exercise program.
91. D. In the asymmetric tonic neck reflex, the correct response would be arm/leg extension on the side that the head is turned, and arm/leg
flexion on the opposite side.
92. C. Nosocomial infection is acquired in the hospital by the patient. It is also called hospital-acquired infection.
93. B. In the prone position, the patient will show an increase in flexor tone. Placed in supine, the patient will show an increase in extensor
tone. Placed in sidelying, the patient will show an increase in extensor tone in the sidelying limbs and an increase in flexor tone on the
nonweighbearing limb.
94. B. Coxa varus is the correct terminology to describe the disorder of the upper femur in which the angle of inclination is below 110°. Coxa
valgus is a hip deformity in which the angle formed by the axis of the head and neck of the femur and the axis of its shaft is significantly
increased. Transient synovitis is a temporary inflammatory condition of the synovial membrane of a joint as the result of aseptic wound
or traumatic injury. The knee is most commonly affected. Osteitis pubis is an inflammation of the hip bones caused by infection,
degeneration, or trauma.
95. B. Seleroderma is a rare autoimmune disease affecting the blood vessels and connective tissue. There is a gradual hardening of the skin and
swelling of the distal extremities. Granulomatosis is a disease characterized by the development of granulomas.
96. C. Congenital dysplasia of the hip is a congenital orthopedic defect in which the head of the femur does not articulate with the acetabulum
because of an abnormal shallowness of the acetabu1um. As a result, a patient with congenital dysplasia would show a limitation in hip
abduction. Treatment consists of maintaining continuous abduction of the thigh so that the head of the femur presses into the center of
the shallow cavity, causing it to deepen.
97. B. Bouncing the patient several times on the soles of the feet with weightbearing is the stimulus you would be using in testing the positive
support reaction. The response in the positive support reaction is an increase in extensor tone in the lower extremity.
98. C. The iliofemoral ligament of the hip does not attach to the interior superior iliac spine. It attaches to the anterior inferior iliac spine.
99. B. Refer to the policy and procedure manual in your department. It is important when you start work in a physical therapy depart ment that
you review the policies and procedures that are specific to that department. An out-of-state referral should be handled according to the
procedure of the clinic that you are working in at the time the referral is received.
100. A. The middle cerebral artery is most commonly occluded in a left hemisphere stroke. It will result in contralateral hemiplegia as well as
loss of sensation. Cerebellar disorders result in ataxia, dysmetria, dysdiadochokinesia, asthenia, tremors, decreased tendon reflexes, and
slurred speech. A posterior cerebral artery lesion involves the main trunk, with contralateral hemiparesis, sensory aphasia (dominant
side), loss of superficial touch, and deep sensation. A vertebral artery lesion results in areflexia, coma, confusion, dizziness, and
headache.
101. A. Level 6 is when the patient is confused but has appropriate behavior. The patient can follow directions but needs assistance from another
individual. Level 7 is when the patient is alert and oriented. The patient is responding appropriately to all events around him or her.
Level 5 is when the patient is alert and able to follow very simple commands. However, consistency fluctuates. Level 4 is when the
patient is responding to stimuli, but he or she is unable to process information purposefully.
102. C. Mobilization is well accepted as a treatment technique for facet joint impingement. This would assist the patient with increasing
movement and decreasing pain.
103. C. In degenerative disc joint disease, the supraspinatus ligaments will become thickened, and the patient will have episodes of impingement
and inflammation producing pain and stiffness. Myositis is characterized by insidious onset, often following a strain. Facet joint
impingement is characterized by very little trauma; normally it results from a sudden unguarded movement. Disc herniation is
characterized by increased pain on forward bending and sitting, as well as by difficulty standing up.

104. D. In lecturing to patients, it would be most appropriate to start by explaining the role of physical therapy in OB/GYN care. You would
then proceed to anatomy, then to labor, and delivery. At the completion of the lecture you would evaluate the objectives of the class.
105. C. A person with severe heart failure will not show higher than normal cardiac output.
106. C. In the acute stages, the patient should be seen daily. Monday through Friday. Seeing the patient two times a day, daily, may be
considered overutilization by the insurance carrier. Seeing the patient two to three times a week would be nonaggressive treatment for a
patient in severe pain. When the patient is over the acute stage, it would be appropriate to decrease the number of visits.
107. D. Contact the physician to report that the patient is no longer experiencing symptoms that require treatment. The patient should be
discharged unless symptoms return. After determining that the patient has no positive symptoms, further treatment would be
overutilization.
108. D. Bounce home test is used to test for loose bodies in the knee joint or effusion. Patellar femoral test is designed to test for arthritis or
degenerative changes in the patella. Apprehension patellar test is designed to test for a dislocated patella. Apley’s distraction test is
designed to distinguish between meniscus and ligamentous disorders of the knee.
109. B. The patient should be set up for an initial evaluation and treatment. Also, for more consistency in treatment, she should be given a TENS
unit for pain relief that she can use at home.
110. B. The correct medical name for this inner ear disease is Meniere’s disease. Meniere’s disease is a disease of the inner ear characterized by
episodes of vertigo, progressive unilateral nerve deafness, ringing in the ears, and a sense of pressure in the ears. Otitis media is an
inflammation of the middle portion of the ear. Otitis externa is an inflammation of the external canal or auricle of the external ear.
111. A. Cushing's syndrome is a metabolic disorder resulting from hypersecretion of the adrenal cortex or excessive production of
glucocorticoid. It may be caused by a tumor of the adrenal glands or excessive stimulation of the gland that results in hyper func tioning
of the anterior pituitary. Adrenogenital syndrome is a condition characterized by hypersecretior of adrenocortical androgens, resulting in
somatic masculinization. Addison’s disease is a condition caused by partial or complete failure of adrenoeortical functions. All three
general functions of the adrenal cortex are lost (glucocorticoid, mineralocorticoid, and androgenic).
112. B. Cold treatments will produce the following results: increased stroke volume, increased tidal volume, and increased intestinal blood flow
to the organs.
113. C. The following physiological responses would occur as a result of heat treatment: increased cardiac output and increased basal metabolic
rate.
114. D. Premature labor occurs between the 20th and 37th weeks of pregnancy.
115. B. Central cord syndrome occurs when there is damage to the central portion of the cord and an incomplete lesion. Typically, greater
deficits are found in the upper extremities than the lower extremities upon evaluation. Anterior cord syndrome results in damage to the
anterior part of the spinal cord. This is an incomplete lesion and sense of light touch proprioception and position are usually intact.
BrownSequard syndrome results in hemisection of the spinal cord. Sacral sparing occurs in the sacral area and is an incomplete lesion.
Typically, sensation will be intact in the sacral area; however, paralysis and loss of sensation are complete in all other areas below the
level of lesion.
116. D. This patient should receive treatment once a week with five times the minimal erythemal dosage. A patient with a third-degree erythemal
burn would have tissue damage, peeling, and itching:
and he or she should receive treatment once a week. The minimal erythemal dosage treatment should be done daily for first degree. For
second degree, a patient should be seen every day, two to five times minimal erythemal dosage. For fourth degree a patient would be seen
once every 3 to 4 months.
117. D. The case study emphasizes that the patient has a neck deformity that causes rotation and tilting of the head, more commonly described as
torticollis. The appropriate treatment program for this clinical case would be stretching exercises and proper posi tioning. This would
assist in reducing neck rotation and tilting of the head.
118. A. When observing posture from the posterior view, the normal alignment would consist of the hip joint neutral, knee neutral, slight out-
toeing of the feet. Normal alignment from the side view would consist of the hip joint in the neutral position with the plumb line falling
in the center of the joint. The knee joint should be in the neutral position with the plumb line slightly anterior to the joint but posterior to
the patella. The ankle should be in neutral position with the plumb line slightly anterior to the lateral malleolus.
119. A. A four-point crutch gait pattern for a patient who is non-weightbearing on the left lower extremity would be (L) crutch, (R) foot, (R)
crutch, (L) foot.
120. C. Cosine’s law states that the intensity of radiation to a surface will fall off relative to the angle at which the radiation strikes the surface of
the target. Clinically, this means the source (eg, ultrasound) should be perpendicular to the patient for best results. Inverse square law
states that the intensity of radiation from a light source varies inversely to the square of the distance from the source. Clinical application
means the further the infrared light, for example, is moving from the patient, the greater the decrease in intensity. Ohm's law states that
the strength of an electrical current in a circuit is directly proportional to the applied electromotive force arid inversely proportional to the
resistance of the current. Joule's law states the amount of heat produced is proportional to the square of the current, the resistance, and the
time, which the current flows.
121. B. The treatment for this patient is not appropriate and you should refer back to the physician for advice. This is because you have been
instructed to start percussion on a patient who has severe angina. Angina is a contraindication to percussion.
122. A. A patient with posterior column deficit would exhibit the following: an unsteady gait with a wide base of support, a positive Romberg
sign, and watching the ground when ambulating. The patient would land with the heel first, then the toes, creating a double tapping sign.
Also, the patient would have loss of position sense in the legs.
123. B. A short-term goal should consist of something that is measurable and can be performed in a 1- to 2-week period. The patient’s pain level
adjusting from a 9 to a 7 in a 1-week period is an example of a short-term goal. The rest of the goals listed either do not have a
timeframe or are considered long-term goals.
124. A. Patient should be seen daily for physical therapy secondary to the acuteness of his pain, then progress as needed for appropriate exercise
and prevention programs.
125. D. Delegation of a task should be based on the performance appraisal of each individual, not solely seniority.
126. C. A junior physical therapy student should be able to perform modalities accurately and utilize proper body mechanics. As the internship
progresses, the student should be able to provide autonomous evaluations, do problem solving on patients, and operate independent
treatment.
127. B. In a second -class lever, the force arm is longer than the weight arm. An example is the brachioradialis and wrist extensors on elbow
flexion.
128. D. Gastrocnernius, soleus, and flexor hallucis longus are muscles that are active during the push-off phase of gait to provide a normal push-
off.
129. A. A minimal erythemal dosage is described as first degree and is barely noticeable. It produces slight redness 6 to 8 hours post treatment
with no peeling, blistering, or inflammation. Second-degree erythemal dosage would produce reddening of the skin 4 to 6 hours after
treatment, mild sunburn, slight peeling, no blisters, and mild itch. Third-degree erythemal dosage produces intense reddening 3 to 4 hours
post treatment, marked peeling, severe itching, burning, slight edema, and second-degree burn. Fourth-degree erythemal dosage produces
blistering, open sores, and intense reddening 2 hours post treatment.
130. A. Dorsi-plantar flexion assist ankle braces aid in plantar flexion of the ankle and during the push-off phase of gait. Dorsiflexion assist aids
in dorsiflexion during the swing phase. Dorsiflexion stop restricts dorsiflexion and allows free range of motion in plantar flexion. With
free motion ankle joint, there is no restriction on ankle movement.
131. D. Approximation is used to promote stability. Traction is used to promote mobility. Contract-relax is used to increase range of motion.
Slow reversal is used to strengthen weakened muscle.
132. C. Capillary hemorrhaging best describes a hemorrhage in which there is oozing and a gradual seeping of blood from the wounded area.
This type of hemorrhage can be controlled through elevation of the injured part and direct pressure applied over the wound. Arterial
hemorrhage is a condition in which the artery has been damaged or severed. This results in a very rapid flow of bright red blood, which
usually escapes in a rhythmical spurting with each heartbeat. Venous hemorrhage is characterized by a rapid state of infusion of dark
blood from the wounded area. Internal hemorrhage is unexposed and can only be identified through x-ray or diagnostic techniques.
133. D. Prior to leaving, you should provide a thorough assessment of each patient’s condition and the type of treatment to be adminis tered. It
would also be appropriate to call in during the day, early if possible, to see if any questions exist.
134. B. With a posterior knee burn, a knee flexion contracture would be common. Therefore, a posterior splint with an extension should be the
first priority of the therapist to prevent knee flexion contracture.
135. A. For partial weightbearing, the walker should be advanced first, and then the patient should advance the involved lower extremity, then
the uninvolved.
136. B. Cervical traction should be started with 16 pounds in an attempt to get some separation of the cervical vertebra and the intervertebral
disc.
137. D. The patient should be checked frequently for red spots or the beginning stages of bedsores. Additionally, he or she should be turned
frequently to different positions to prevent further aggravation of a sore. It is commonly recommended that the patient be turned every 2
hours.
138. B. The most important treatment technique to start with this patient is McKenzie exercises, since repeated flexion upon range of motion
testing increases low back pain. McKenzie exercises emphasize the “extension principle” to reduce back pain. Increased pain upon
repeated flexion indicates that the patient should be treated with back extension exercises to reduce symptoms.
139. B. The hamstring group is responsible for decelerating the unsupported limb and should be emphasized in the treatment of this patient.
140. C. It is appropriate to prioritize the patients, treating them by acuteness and severity of injury, as well as need.
141. C. A patient receiving nonsurgical rehabilitation should be able to participate in sports again, but only in light activities and with the
assistance of a brace.
142. A. A treatment program for a burn patient should be started immediately regardless of the patient’s tolerance to pain, in order to initiate
proper healing and prevent contractures.
143. D. In acute impingement syndrome, it is important to initially keep exercise below 90 of range of motion. This is done to avoid
aggravating the impingement syndrome while attempting to begin some general strengthening.
144. D. If the patient has a prescription that is over 30 days old, it will not be valid. Therefore, you should call the patient’s physician to request
a verbal approval so you can get the patient’s therapy started immediately.
145. C. The most appropriate response is to contact the supervising physical therapist and inform him or her that the current treatment technique
is not producing any significant change in the patient. Request a change of treatment in an attempt to gain some progress prior to his 2-
week check-up with the physician.
146. D. Check the knee bolt alignment to make sure the placement is not too lateral for the patient, which would then result in a medial whip.
Since the most common cause of medial whip is the knee bolt alignment, this is the most appropriate to check first. You may then want
to check the other areas. Improper socket fit may result in the following gait deviations: vaulting, circumduction, and pistoning of the
socket. Resistance on the plantar flexion may result in the following gait deviations: instability of the knee, foot slap, and rotation of the
foot at heel strike. Red spots may be an indication of an improper socket fit.
147. C. A long-term goal would be to increase of motion to 125 of flexion. The other choices (a patient should be able to perform left knee
flexion 90, increase patellar mobilization to minimal deficit, and eliminate soft tissue mobilization deficit distal to the patella) are all
examples of short- term goals.
148. A. Following is the correct method for performing chest physical therapy on a patient’s left lingular lobe: the patient should be in a right
sidelying position, rotated backward one-fourth of a turn, with the bed elevated 14 to18 inches. It would be appropriate to perform
percussion on this patient on the left side at nipple level.
149. A. Since posture plays a very important role in correcting back pain disorders, even though the patient is short on time, posture should be
emphasized on day 1.
150. B. Prior to speaking with a patient’s vocational rehabilitation counselor or RN, you should check that the appropriate releases are in order.
151. D. You should never take on work for which you are not qualified, as this may expose you to liability in malpractice. If none of the
personnel at your facility that specializes in this type of care. However, you should check the policy and procedure in your department
for referrals outside the hospital/clinic.
152. B. Moist heat is the most appropriate modality to be performed on this patient in a physical therapy setting. Rest, which is not a modality
but may be indicated, would be appropriate in the sidelying position, with pillows between the knees and under the abdomen for support,
as well as a towel roll at the waist for support.
153. A. Strengthening considerations for a C4 quadriaplegic would be limited to neck musculature and available movements pattern.
154. A. The patients in this question shoes symptoms that characterize Legg- Calve-Perthes disease. The appropriate treatment for this is to
prevent deformity and maintain joint motion, as well as the use of a brace to keep the femoral head in the acetabulum. Legg-Calve-
Perthes disease is a disorder characterized by necrosis of epihpysis of the head of the femur.
155. A. According to Bobath, treatment should be active and dynamic for the patient. Bobath’s approach to treatment of a neurologic patient is
based extensively on the importance of developing normal muscle tone as a preparation for normal movement patterns. One of Bobath’s
primary treatment goals is the use of postures and movement patterns to inhibit maladaptive and dysfunctional motor behavior and to
release normal motor patterns.
156. C. Moisture within epidermal cells does not tend to slow down invading pathogens.
157. C. Call the office manager in for a conference. Make sure that he or she is aware of the policy and knows that if the policy is disregarded in
the future, he or she will be responsible to pay for the items not covered.
158. B. You should call both physical therapists into your office and explain that you do not have coverage that would permit both of them to be
off at the same time. Request that one change his or her vacation.
159. D. One of the disadvantages of a noncemented total hip replacement is that he patient must use an assistive gait device for up to 3 months.
160. C. Adson’s test is performed to determine the status of the subclavian artery and the presence of thoracic outlet syndrome. Drop arm test is
performed to determine it there is a tear in the rotator cuff. Apprehension test is performed for chronic acute shoulder dislocation.
Tinel’s test is designed to elicit tenderness over a neuroma within a nerve (elbow joint region or carpal tunnel syndrome).
161. B. The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 is commonly referred to as the ADA. It prohibits the exclusion of people form jobs,
services, or activities based on their disability. The major difference between this law and Section 504 of Rehabilitation Act of 1973 is
that the term “disability” is used rather than “handicap”. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 prevents discrimination of job position or
promotion based upon race, color, sex, religion, or national origin. The Age Discrimination Act of 1975 prohibits discrimination against
those between the ages of 40 and 70.
162. C. A patient with a C6 level of lesion would have functional outcomes of vital capacity of 60% to 80%, independent in bed mobility,
independent with pressure relief, independent in a manual wheelchair, and able to assist with independent transfers. A C4 level of lesion
would have functional outcomes of vital capacity of 30% to 50%, able to direct bed mobility and give occasional minimal assist, able to
direct pressure relief activities, independent using a motorized wheelchair without hand controls on level surfaces, and able to direct all
transfers. A C5 level of lesion would have functional outcomes of vital capacity of 40% to 60%, able to give minimal assist with bed
mobility, able to assist in a manual wheelchair independent utilizing a motorized wheelchair with hand controls and able to direct
transfers. A C7-C8 level of lesion would have functional outcomes of vital capacity of 60% to 80%, independent in bed mobility and
pressure relief (including wheelchair push- ups), able to moderate assist with transfers, independent on level surface with wheelchair.
163. D. Explain to the physical therapist that it is late in the year and your capital budget has already been spent. However, you will include the
request on the proposed budget for the following year.
164. B. Any time a patient calls and notes a complication following treatment, it would be appropriate to have the patient come back to the clinic
so you can inspect the area and accurately record the patient’s injury or complication on your notes. It would also be appropriate to
notify the supervising physical therapist since he or she is also liable for the patient’s care.
165. C. Tell the patient he has the right to attend the clinic of his choice. If he has any concerns, he should talk to his family physician that
originally referred him for physical therapy. It is important when talking that you be honest and up front about the patient’s options to
choose where to go for physical therapy.
166. C. When implementing an exercise program of isokinetics after ACL reconstruction, it is appropriate to check with the referring physician’s
protocol prior to implementing isokinetics.
167. B. At 6 months, a child should be able to reach for an object utilizing only one hand.
168. D. S4 atrial gallop is often heard in persons with hypertensive heart disease, coronary artery disease, and myocardiopathy. It immediately
precedes the first heart sound and is associated with increased resistance to ventricular filling and a sign of ventricular noncompliance.
S1 lub (atrioventricular valves closing) – this is the sound heard when the tricuspid and mitral valves are closing inside the heart. S2 dub
– this is the sound heard when the pulmonic and aortic valves are closing inside the heart. S3 (ventricular gallop) – this may be audible
immediately following the second heart sound. This would indicate decompensated heart functioning or heart failure if heard in an older
person or someone with heart disease. When heard in healthy children, young adults, or athletes, it is considered a physiologically
normal sound.
169. D. Ober test is used to test for ilioband tightness. Thomas test is used to test for hip flexor tightness or contracture. Straight leg raise test
evaluates hamstring tightness. Trendelenburg test evaluates the strength of the gluteus muscle.
170. C. A radial nerve paralysis would result in the extensors of the wrist and long extensors of the digits being paralyzed. Median nerve
paralysis typically involves the flexors of the digit. In an ulnar nerve paralysis, basically the fourth and fifth digits of the hands are the
only ones most effected.
171. B. L2 distribution is involved with the anterior thigh and the inside of the medial aspect of the anterior thigh. L1 distribution is involved
with the lower abdomen and groin region. L3 distribution is involved with the anterior thigh above knee level, and the outside or lateral
aspect crossing the medial border of the knee into medial aspect of the calf. L5 distribution is involved with the anterior thigh laterally
above the knee, down the lower extremity into half the great toe, second, third, and fourth toes.
172. A. The proximal attachment of this muscle is the supraspinatus fossa of the scapula and the distal attachment is the uppermost facet of the
greater tubercle of the humerus. The deepest portion of the supraspinatus lies underneath the trapezius muscle. Palpation would be felt
during contraction of the muscle through a quick abduction movement to the arm.
173. D. A grade-one sprain results in edema with very minor tearing and no loss of integrity to the ligament. A grade-two sprain results in loss
of integrity of the joint and weightbearing with support or brace. A grade-three sprain results in partial or complete tearing of the
ligaments, and the patient is non-weightbearing initially. Grade-four does not exist.
174. A. Glucose is the primary energy source for active muscles. It is a simple sugar found in certain foods, especially fruits.
175. C. With a fixed budget, the most effective and inexpensive way to reach an audience and gain access to a large number of potential patients
would be to utilize a newspaper advertisement. Colored brochures with pictures are typically very expensive to create early on. Direct
mail can be expensive, as it involves not only postage but also the cost of the actual brochure. Telephone calls, while inexpensive, do not
reach a large group of people in a short period of time.
176. D. Continuing in educational activities that will enhance physical therapy skills is not one of the principles of the Code of Ethics according
to the APTA.
177. C. The middle tranpezius muscle is being tested in this question. When the lower trapezius is tested, the patient is prone with the arm over
the side of the table. The arm is placed diagonally overhead so that the shoulder laterally rotates. Upper trapezius testing is done against
the shoulder in the direction of depression by having the patient sit and bring the shoulder up toward the ear. Serratus anterior is
typically tested with the patient standing, placing the arm in approximately 120 to 130 in flexion.
178. D. The primary reason for keeping records in a physical therapy department is for the improvement of patient care. Additional reasons for
keeping physical therapy notes could include third-party payers or billing reimbursement, future research, liability and legal reasons,
communication, and education.
179. D. Medicare will pay only for services that are complex and require the skill and supervision of the physical therapist. It is the expectation
of Medicare that the patient will improve significantly in a reasonable period of time. The physical therapist must document
improvement in the patient’s care dealing with functional activities under Medicare. Part A Medicare covers payment in the skilled
nursing facility. Part B Medicare covers outpatient services.
180. C. A double blind study is one which the administrator and subjects are both ignorant of experiment conditions. A blind study is one in
which the subjects are ignorant of the actual experiment conditions. In a control group, all factors are kept constant for the particular
group. A T-test is a statistical test used to determine whether there are differences between two means or between a target value and a
calculated mean.
181. A. Barognosis is the ability to determine the weight of an object and detect whether the object is heavier or lighter than the last object.
Graphesthesia is the ability to recognize letters or numbers written on the patient’s skin with a pencil eraser by the therapist.
Stereognosis is the ability to recognize object size, shape, and form when placed in the patient’s hand. Two-point discrimination is when
two points of stimulus are placed on the patient’s skin and gradually brought together until there is one-point stimulus.
182. A. Grade one is a small amplitude of movement in the beginning of range of motion. It is also used to alleviate pain and maintain joint
motion. Grade two is larger amplitude movement in the midrange of motion. Grade three is large amplitude movement throughout the
full available range of motion. Grade four is small amplitude movement at endrange.
183. B. A spasm end-feel is defined by involuntary muscle contraction that causes resistance to the passive range of motion that the therapist is
performing. Capsular end-feel is defined by hard leather-like stoppage with a slight five. Springy block end-feel is defined by rebound
movement felt at the endrange of passive range of motion. Soft tissue approximation occurs when the soft tissue of two body segments
prevents further passive range of motion.
184. B. Apgar score is a system used to perform an evaluation of an infant’s physical condition, usually performed 1 minute and again 5 minutes
after birth, based on a rating of five factors that reflect the infant’s ability to adjust to extrauterine life. Rules of Nines is a formula for
estimating the amount of body surface covered by burns by assigning 9% to the head and each arm, and 18% to each leg, and the anterior
and posterior trunk. This is modified in infants and children. Neurological testing is use to determine the neurological function of a
patient. Rancho Los Amigos scoring is a test to evaluate head injuries or levels of cognitive functioning.
185. B. An inflection control policy of a hospital is set up to minimize the risk of nosocomial or community-acquired infections spreading to the
patients or staff. To control infection, hand washing should occur prior to and each patient treatment.
186. D. The hours that the records are available is not relevant in a policy on retention and preservation of clinical records. Access to clinical
records should not be available to all personnel but limited to authorized individuals. The authorized individuals should sign the
appropriate medical releases.
187. B. With an injury approximately 48 hours old, the appropriate modalities would be ice and high-voltage galvanic stimulation. Range of
motion exercises are typically started 3 to 5 days post injury, as well as hot pack and high-voltage galvanic stimulation. In 5 to 10 days,
you would begin hot packs with functional electrical stimulation.
188. B. A Thomas heel is utilized to support the longitudinal arch of the foot and correct pes valgus. A scaphoid pad would be used to support
the longitudinal arch but it is used to correct pes planus. Metatarsal bar is utilized to take the pressure off the metatarsal head. Rocker
bottom is used to allow more push-off in weak feet and to build up over the metatarsal head.
189. C. 65 to 90C, which would then be converted to 149 to 194F, is the adequate temperature for the hydrocollator to be normal for hot
packs.
190. C. To maintain and improve staff performance, you should encourage open communication and develop short-and long-term goals for the
clinical staff to achieve. Statistics may be helpful in evaluating goals.
191. B. A negative feature of a clinic, or an obstacle to a patient, would be the tendency of the staff to open exam room doors without knocking.
Scheduling as patient’s initial treatment within a 24-hour period, modern equipment, as well as payment at time of services (if the patient
is informed in a friendly manner as to what the charges are and that the payment is expected at the time of service), can be positive
features of the clinic.
192. D. You should contact the patient’s physical therapist and relay all important information. This will ensure the best continuity of care to the
patient as the therapist will be informed of the patient’s progress and what procedures to follow.
193. B. You would not perform rehabilitation to the anterior tibiofibular since it is not a lateral ligament of the ankle. Calcaneofibular, posterior
tolofibular, and anterior tolobibular are lateral ligaments of the ankle. The purpose of the calcaneofibular is posterior displacement of the
foot, dorsiflexion. The purpose of the posterior talofibular is posterior displacement of the foot. The purpose of the anterior talofibular is
anterior displacement of the foot, medial tilting of the talus, and plantar flexion.
194. D. The Platysma is one of a pair of wide muscles at the side of the neck. The platysma is innervated by the cervical branch of the facial
nerve and serves to draw the angles of the mouth downward. The levator anguli oris is responsible for elevation of the corners of the
mouth. The buccinator is the main muscle of the cheek. The buccinator is innervated by buccal branches of the facial nerve, functioning
to aid in chewing of food, and compression of the cheeks. The orbicularis oris is the muscle surrounding the mouth. It is innervated by
buccal branches of the facial nerve and serves to close and purse the lips.
195. B. The most appropriate course of treatment for this patient is contrast baths, electrical stimulation, and range of motion. The above
symptoms described by this patient characterize reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Most notable this is characterized by persistent pain
above the normal acceptable levels.
196. C. You should determine whether your physical therapists would support an occupational therapy program. Physician referrals are
important, but if the physical therapists are not supportive, the tendency will be not to refer patients to occupational therapy but to retain
them in physical therapy.
197. C. Tell the physical therapist that you are very sorry that you are unable to give her the delay off secondary to lack of coverage. Try to
agree on another day when coverage is available.
198. B. One week would be an appropriate length of time between the initial evaluation being performed by the physical therapist and dictation
and mailing of a report to the physician’s office.
199. A. The prescription should include the diagnosis, date, precautions, treatment, and physician’s signature.
200. C. Providing a complete and thorough assessment upon initial evaluation, as well as providing thorough progress and discharge reports, is
the most important aspect in avoiding litigation. In avoiding litigation, it is also helpful to have a signed physician’s prescription for each
patient, to make sure all patients have signed the appropriate forms prior to entering physical therapy, and to provide well- documented
patient instructions and education.
201. B. Stage two is associated with redness, edema, blistering, and hardening of the tissue. In stage two, there would also be an inflammation
that extends into the fat layer with superficial necrosis. Stage one is associated with destruction limited to the epidermis; redness may be
noted. Stage three involves full thickness of dermis and undermining of the deeper tissues; also the muscle may be involved. Stage four
involves full thickness penetrating to a fascia with possible muscle involvement, and there is usually bone destruction.