Cell Division

Cell
Division
Dr. SANYAOLU ARINOLA
OUTINE
❖What is cell division
❖Types of cell division
❖Cell division processes
❖Differences in the cell division

types
Cell Division
❖ Cell division is the process by which a parent cell divides
into two or more daughter cells
❖ It occurs as part of a larger cell cycle in which the cell
grows and replicates its chromosomes before dividing
❖ Two types of cell divisions occurs in Eukaryotes
✓ MITOSIS: producing daughter cells genetically identical to
the parent cell
✓ MEIOSIS: reproductive cell division reducing the number
of chromosomes from two of each type in the diploid
parent cell to one of each type in the daughter cell.
Why do Cell divide?
❖ Cell divides because of the need for growth,

replacement of old, dead, or damaged cells
❖ In human’s body nearly two trillion cells divide every

day
❖ About 30,000 – 40,000 skin cells is lost to dead skin

cells every minutes
MITOSIS CELL DIVISION
❖ Somatic or non-reproductive cells divides by mitosis
❖ In mitosis, the daughter cells each have the same

chromosomes and DNA as the parent cells
❖ The daughter cells from mitosis are called diploid cells
❖ Before mitotic division can occur, the cells were

previously in interphase where they spend lot of time
to gather nutrients and energy. It is also making copy
of its DNA as parent cells
MITOSIS CELL
DIVISION
❖ The mitosis division process has
several steps or phases of the cell
cycle after interphase
The process are:
✓ Prophase
✓ Metaphase
✓ Anaphase
✓ Telophase
✓ Cytokinesis
Prophase
❖ During prophase, the chromatin material
shortens and thickens into individual
chromosomes which are visible under the
light microscope.
❖ Each chromosome consist of two strands
or chromatids joined by a centromere
❖ As prophase progresses, the nuclear
membrane and nucleolus disintegrates
❖ In animal cells the centrioles separate and
move to opposite poles.
❖ The centrioles give rise to the spindle fibres
which form between the poles
Metaphase
❖ During metaphase, chromosomes
line up on the equator of the cell
❖ The chromosomes appear in a

straight line across the middle of
the cell.
❖ Each chromosome is attached to

the spindle fibres by its centromere
Anaphase
❖ During anaphase the

chromatids are pulled to
opposite poles of the cell by the
shortening of the spindle fibres.
❖ The chromatids are now

called daughter chromosomes.
Telophase
❖ During telophase, a nuclear

membrane reforms around the
daughter chromosomes that have
gathered at each of the poles.
❖ The daughter chromosomes uncoil to

form chromatin once again. The
nuclear membrane reforms.
Cytokinesis
❖ The cytoplasm then divides during a process
called cytokinesis.
❖ Cytokinesis is not a stage of mitosis but the
process of the cytoplasm splitting into two.
❖ In an animal cell the cell membrane
constricts. This invagination or in-folding of
the cytoplasm divides the cell in two.

Meiosis
❖ The form of cell division by which gametes, with half
the number of chromosomes, are produced.
❖ Diploid (2n) → haploid (n)
❖ Meiosis is sexual reproduction.
❖ Two divisions (meiosis I and meiosis II).

❖ Sex cells divide to produce gametes (sperm or egg).
❖ Gametes have half the # of chromosomes.
❖ Occurs only in gonads (testes or ovaries).
Male: spermatogenesis
Female: oogenesis
❖ Meiosis is similar to mitosis with some

chromosomal differences.
❖ In each round of meiosis division, cells go through four
stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase
❖ Before entering meiosis, I, a cell must first go through
interphase.
❖ As in mitosis, the cell grows during G1 phase copies all
its chromosomes during S phase, and prepares for
division during G2 phase
❖ In Meiosis “shuffles occurs” in the genes so that an
individual’s gametes are genetically different from one
another.
Genetic shuffling of Meiosis I
In addition to a new combination of chromosomes resulting from

fertilization, there are also events in Meiosis I that
shuffle the genes
1. Crossing over in (Prophase I)
2. Independent assortment in (Metaphase I)

PROPHASE I
❖ During prophase I, the differences from
mitosis begin to appear.
❖ in mitosis, the chromosomes begin to

condense, but in meiosis I, they also pair up
❖ Each chromosome carefully aligns with

its homologue partner so that the two
match up at corresponding positions along
their full length
❖ Homologues break at identical locations, then

rejoin opposite partners.
❖ This creates new combinations of the
alleles on each chromosome.
❖ Occurs randomly several times on every
chromosome
❖ Results in mixing of the genes you
inherited from your parents
❖ This process, in which homologous
chromosomes trade parts, is
called crossing over
❖ It’s aided by a protein structure called
the synaptonemal complex that holds the
homologues together
METAPHASE I
❖ metaphase I, homologue
pairs—not individual
chromosomes—line up at
the metaphase plate for
separation.
❖ At the metaphase plate, the
orientation of each pair is
random
Independent Assortment
Mitosis Meiosis
❖ 2n ❖ 1n
❖ Clone ❖ Daughter cells different
from parent cell and from
❖ Same genetic information each other.
in parent cell and
daughter cell. ❖ Daughter cells have ½ the
number of chromosomes
as somatic cell.
❖ Give me another one just
like this one!
❖ Shuffling the genes
(Mix it up!)
Thank you

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Cell

❖Types of cell division

❖Cell division processes

❖Differences in the cell division

❖ Cell divides because of the need for growth,

❖ In human’s body nearly two trillion cells divide every

❖ About 30,000 – 40,000 skin cells is lost to dead skin

❖ In mitosis, the daughter cells each have the same

❖ The daughter cells from mitosis are called diploid cells

❖ Before mitotic division can occur, the cells were

❖ The chromosomes appear in a

❖ Each chromosome is attached to

❖ During anaphase the

❖ The chromatids are now

❖ During telophase, a nuclear

❖ The daughter chromosomes uncoil to

❖ Cytokinesis is not a stage of mitosis but the

process of the cytoplasm splitting into two.

❖ In an animal cell the cell membrane

constricts. This invagination or in-folding of

the cytoplasm divides the cell in two.

❖ Meiosis is sexual reproduction.

❖ Two divisions (meiosis I and meiosis II).

❖ Gametes have half the # of chromosomes.

❖ Occurs only in gonads (testes or ovaries).

❖ Meiosis is similar to mitosis with some

In addition to a new combination of chromosomes resulting from

shuffle the genes

1. Crossing over in (Prophase I)

2. Independent assortment in (Metaphase I)

❖ in mitosis, the chromosomes begin to

❖ Each chromosome carefully aligns with

❖ Homologues break at identical locations, then

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