Meiosis

GENERAL BIOLOGY 1
MEIOSIS
TEMINOLOGIES
GENETICS
❑The scientific study of
heredity and heredity
variation
TEMINOLOGIES
KARYOTYPE ❑display of condensed chromosomes
arranged in pairs
TEMINOLOGIES
GENES
❑Discrete units of information
❑Found in the DNA
DNA replicates and passes copies of genes along
to the offspring.
TERMINOLOGIES
LOCUS
❑A gene’s specific location along the length
of a chromosome is called the gene’s locus.
If a gene for eye color is situated at a particular locus on
a certain chromosome, then the homolog of that
chromosome will also have a version of the same gene
specifying eye color at the equivalent locus.
TERMINOLOGIES
GAMETES
❑Reproductive cells (egg and sperm cell)

❑the vehicles that transmit genes from one
generation to the next
TERMINOLOGIES
FERTILIZATION
❑union of gametes, culminating in fusion of

their nuclei
During fertilization, male and female gametes (sperm and
eggs) unite, passing on genes of both parents to their
offspring.
TEMINOLOGIES
Homologous Chromosomes
– same height and shape
– one chromosome from
father and another one from
mother
Bivalent/ Tetrad
– four closely associated
chromatids
MEIOSIS
❑ Formation of gametes: egg cell and sperm cell
Gemetogenesis: Egg cell – Oogenesis
Sperm cell - Spermatogenesis
❑ Two meiotic divisions: Meiosis I & Meiosis II
❑ Reduction division – reduces the number of
chromosomes in half
❑ Produces 4 haploid and not identical daughter
cells
SPERMATOGENESIS
❑ Formation of
sperm cells
❑ Produces: 4 sperm
cells
OOGENESIS
❑ Formation of egg
cell (ovum)
❑ Produces: 1 ovum
and 3 polar bodies
HUMAN GAMETOGENESIS
❑ Formation of GAMETES
46 double
stranded
chromosomes
(diploid)
23 double stranded
chromosomes
(haploid)
23 single stranded
chromosomes
(haploid)
MEIOSIS
Meiosis type of cell division reduces the
number of sets of chromosomes from two
to one in the gametes, counterbalancing
the doubling that occurs at fertilization.
No. of division: Two (2)

Main function: Sexual reproduction
Type of cell: Gametes
INTERPHASE
❑ Cell undergo rapid growth
and increase in size
❑ DNA Replication
❑ Centrioles and organelles
replicate
❑ Visible: nucleolus
MEIOSIS I
❑ Separation of homologous chromosomes
❑ Produces 23 double stranded chromosome (haploid)

MEIOSIS I
PROPHASE I
❑ Centrosome moves
❑ Spindle formation
❑ Nuclear envelope
breakdown
❑ Synapsis and crossing over of
homologous chromosomes
Late prophase: microtubules attach
to kinetochores.
MEIOSIS I
PROPHASE I
Substages:
1. LEPTOTENE
❑ Individual condensation of
chromosomes
Chromosomes condense
progressively throughout prophase I.
MEIOSIS I
PROPHASE I
Substages:
2. ZYGOTENE
❑ SYNAPSIS – pairing of
homologous chromosomes
❑ TETRAD – 4 closely
associated chromatids
MEIOSIS I
PROPHASE I
Substages:
3. PACHYTENE
❑ CROSSING OVER
- chromosomes hold each
other and exchange genetic
material
❑ CHIASMATA
- site of crossing over; X-
shaped region
MEIOSIS I
PROPHASE I
Substages:
4. Diplotene
❑ Chromosomes separate a
little
5. Diakinesis
❑ Nucleolus disappears
MEIOSIS I
METAPHASE I
❑ Homologous chromosomes align at the
metaphase plate
❑ Each chromosome face opposite
poles
❑ Kinetochores face opposite
poles
❑ Microtubules are attached to
kinetochores
MEIOSIS I
ANAPHASE I
❑ Homologous chromosomes separate,
each moving to the opposite poles
❑ The homologs move toward opposite
poles, guided by the spindle apparatus.
❑ Breakdown of proteins that are
responsible for sister chromatid
cohesion along chromatid arms allows
homologs to separate.
MEIOSIS I
TELOPHASE I and
CYTOKINESIS
❑ Two haploid cells form; each
chromosome still consists of two
sister chromatids.
MEIOSIS I
TELOPHASE I and CYTOKINESIS
Cytokinesis
❑ Division of the cytoplasm
❑ occurs simultaneously with
telophase I, forming two haploid
daughter cells
MEIOSIS I
MEIOSIS II
❑ Separation of sister chromatids
❑ Produces 23 single stranded chromosome (haploid)
No chromosome duplication
occurs between meiosis I and
meiosis II.
MEIOSIS II
PROPHASE II
❑ Centrioles replicate
❑ Spindle apparatus forms
MEIOSIS II
METAPHASE II
❑ Sister chromatids (not
genetically identical) align at
the metaphase plate
❑ The kinetochores of sister
chromatids are attached to
microtubules extending from
opposite poles.
MEIOSIS II
ANAPHASE II
❑ Sister chromatids separate,
each moving to the opposite
pole
❑ Breakdown of proteins holding
the sister chromatids together
at the centromere allows the
chromatids to separate
MEIOSIS II
TELOPHASE II
and CYTOKINESIS
Cytokinesis
❑ Division of the cytoplasm
❑ Formation of cleavage
furrow in animals and cell
plate in plants
MEIOSIS II
MEIOSIS
Produces:
❑ Four daughter cells that are haploid (n) and NOT genetically
identical to their parent cell and to each other.
MITOSIS VS. MEIOSIS
Description MITOSIS MEIOSIS
No. of division 1 2
No. of daughter cells 2 4
Daughter cells genetically Yes No
identical to parent
Chromosome number Same as parent Half of parent’s
Where Somatic cells Gametes
When Throughout life At sexual maturity
Role Growth and repair Sexual reproduction
MEIOSIS: GENETIC VARIATION
❑ Genetic variation that arise form meiosis is a raw material for

natural selection and evolution.
CROSSING OVER (Prophase I)

INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT (Metaphase II)
RANDOM FERTILIZATION
Thank you!
STUDY WELL!
AJA!☺

Meiosis

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GENERAL BIOLOGY 1

❑Reproductive cells (egg and sperm cell)

❑union of gametes, culminating in fusion of

No. of division: Two (2)

❑ Produces 23 double stranded chromosome (haploid)

❑ Genetic variation that arise form meiosis is a raw material for

CROSSING OVER (Prophase I)

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