Pinelands Ecology and Biodiversity

Handbook
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Table of Contents
Pinelands Ecology Introduction 3
Plants 5
Aquatic/Wetland 5
Terrestrial 7
Trees 8
Birds 11
Aquatic Birds 11
Birds of Prey 12
Songbirds 13
Insects 16
Amphibians 17
Reptiles 19
Mammals 20
Pests 21
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Pinelands Ecology Introduction

The Pinelands of New Jersey are a very unique ecosystem unlike
any other in the world, earning them the moniker “The Pine Barrens”. The
combination of sandy acidic soil and the geographic location of the Pinelands
make it one of the last Atlantic Coastal Pine ecosystems. In fact, the Pinelands
exists in a microclimate at the junction point of humid subtropical and humid
continental climates which leads to the Pinelands being the northernmost range
of many southern species such as the Carolina Chickadee There are also
several species with disjunct populations found only in the Pine Barrens and
nowhere else in the surrounding area such as the Pine Barrens Treefrog and
Pine Snake. This distinctive location and climate lends itself to several
characteristic habitats such as acidic swamplands, sandy Pine forests, and
mixed Pine/Oak forests.
Much of this habitat is fire dependent, meaning many of the plants
and animals rely on fires to find food, grow, and be healthy (read on for an
example in the Pitch Pine). Most forests benefit from controlled burns, as it
reduces wildfire risks and frees up some nutrients to the soil as ash. Beyond
needing controlled fires to allow for some plants to reproduce, the Pinelands
requires controlled burns even more than other areas. Left alone, the Pinelands
can have higher risk of wildfires due to the dry, sandy soil and the abundance of
fuel for fire to feed on; pine needles, leaves, and other organic matter. Controlled
burns clear out that fuel for a time, reducing the risk of a natural fire spreading
and risking damage to human life.
In all, the Pinelands is a place like no other, with overlap between
what is typically considered southern and northern species and landscapes not
seen in any of its surrounding area. We can also see how ecology works as a
whole based on what we see in the Pine Barrens. The soil is the foundation for
everything, dictating what plant species can survive, changing which animals the
ecosystem can support. These animals all then interact with one another and the
environment around them both biotic (living) and abiotic (non living) and we can
see how they affect their environment, and how their environment affects them.

Pinelands Comprehensive Management Plan

In order to protect the Pinelands, Congress created the Pinelands National
Reserve in 1978 as the first of its kind in the US. It took the next three years for
the Pinelands commission and the first version of the Pinelands Comprehensive
Management Plan (CMP) to fully form. It was no small task, as the Pinelands
National Reserve covers 1.1 million acres and includes natural habitats, farms,
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businesses, military installations, and homes. The planning committees had to

consider the interest of the residents and businesses that already existed inside
the reserve area. As such the reserve was split into nine land use categories,
each with their own restrictions on what kind of development and human activity
is allowed there.

Kirkwood-Cohansey Aquifer
17 trillion gallons of water are in the Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer, which
covers most of southern New Jersey and covers the entire Pinelands National
Reserve area. It feeds into many important rivers and coastal estuary habitats,
including the Delaware RIver and Delaware Bay, Barnegat Bay, and the Great
Egg Harbor River. The Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer is a “water table” type of
aquifer, meaning most of the water is in the ground near the top soil. As a result,
the aquifer is more susceptible to pollution from above ground sources like
pesticides, fertilizers, and spilled chemicals like gasoline. This aquifer is part of
why the Pinelands National Reserve and the Pinelands CMP are important--the
Pinelands both protects the aquifer and depends on it.

Over-pumping of water in a given area can also lead to problems

beyond impacting wildlife and the environment. If done excessively it can lead to
subsidence, which is when the land sinks and compacts due to the lack of water.
Once that happens, the ground’s water capacity is vastly reduced, raising the risk
of flooding and soil erosion. Some sections of California are sinking at a rate of 8
inches per year!
A risk in coastal areas is saltwater intrusion, which is when enough
fresh or brackish water from the aquifer has been removed from coastal areas--
leading to saltwater seeping in to replace it. As a result, coastal vegetation can
die off, leading to further erosion and flooding risks near the shore. Additionally,
water supply from the aquifer becomes polluted from the saltwater, becoming
unfit for human consumption and most other applications. Most coastal areas in
New Jersey are dealing with this issue already.
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Plants
Aquatic/Wetland

Pitcher Plant (see page 3 on visual guide)

● The Purple Pitcher Plant (Sarracenia purpurea) is one of the few carnivorous
plants found in North America, and it is abundant in the Pinelands and here at
YMCA of the Pines. This plant lures flies and other insects into its large open
“pitcher” shaped stalk that is lined with downward facing hairs and rainwater that
are designed to prevent the insect from escaping before the top of the pitcher
closes shut and the digestive enzymes of the plant absorb its prey. This method
of carnivorous consumption only works on about 1% of the insects that venture
inside the Pitcher Plant, and because of this inefficiency the nutrients gained
from consumption are only used by the Pitcher Plant to supplement the nutrient
poor soil in which it thrives. These plants still obtain almost all of their energy for
growth through photosynthesis like a non-carnivorous plant.
● Where to find them: This plant is typically found in swampy bog habitats with
still or slow moving water. Here at the Pines they can be found around the bridge
at Crystal Clear.

Sundew (see page 3 on visual guide)

● The Spoonleaf Sundew (Drosera intermedia) is another one of North America's
few carnivorous plants that is found in the Pine Barrens and is also present here
at YMCA of the Pines. These plants are identified by their spoon shaped leaves
with hair-like mucilaginous glands that secrete a sticky substance used to trap
insects. When insects are caught the Sundew rolls its leaf inward around them
and digests them in order to gain additional nutrients similar to the Pitcher plant.
These carnivorous plants are found here in the Pinelands because the nutrient
poor soil and abundance of insects in swampy areas gives them a competitive
advantage that they would not have otherwise.
● Where to find them: Much like the Pitcher Plant these plants are found in
lowland swampy areas with still or slow moving water. Here at the Pines they can
be found around the bridge at Crystal Clear, and in The Lost Lake past Crystal
Clear.
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Skunk Cabbage (see page 3 on visual guide)

● Eastern Skunk Cabbage (Symplocarpus foetidus) is another wetland plant found
here at the YMCA of the Pines. Although this plant is not carnivorous, it does
possess certain qualities that make it very different from any other plant in the
area. The SkunkCabbage is an early emerging plant, flowering early in spring or
even in late winter while there is still snow on the ground. They are able to do this
because they are thermogenic, meaning they can generate their own heat and
produce a flower even if the ground around them is frozen. Skunk Cabbage is an
important plant in the Pinelands ecosystem because it offers the first available
pollen for bees and other insects, as well as an area to warm up and have
shelter. It gets its name from the smell it emits while it is flowering, which can be
described as smelling like rotten meat or skunk spray. In the spring and summer
months the smell disappears and all that remains from the flower is its remnants
which almost resemble a burnt pinecone. As the flower disappears the leaves
begin to emerge which resemble cabbage. These leaves grow large and spread
out, remaining throughout the spring and summer collecting as much energy as
possible through photosynthesis, and providing shade and shelter for various
animals.
● Where to find them: Eastern Skunk Cabbage can be found in and around
swamps and wetlands. Here at The Pines they can be found around Lake
Stockwell, particularly common on the bridge at Crystal Clear and in the area
behind the bridge. During the spring and summer only expect to see the wilting
leaves.

Lichen (see page 4 on visual guide)

● Lichen are often likened to moss, but they are in fact not like moss at all. While
moss are a type of plant, lichen are actually a symbiotic relationship between a
fungus and an algae or cyanobacteria. Because of this lichen is what is known as
a composite organism (more than one organism acting together as one
organism). Lichen often lives on trees or rocks and feeds using photosynthesis
similar to a plant. Lichen are not harmful in any way to the trees that they live on.
● Where to find them: Lichen are found most often in humid climates and moist
areas. Here at the YMCA of the Pines they can be commonly found on Chestnut
Oak and other trees throughout the property and more frequently closer to a
water source or after rain.
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Sphagnum Moss (see page 4 on visual guide)

● Sphagnum moss is a broad term used to describe moss of genus Sphagnum
commonly found in bog and swamp ecosystems. It is distinguished by its growth
in and around water, often creating a layer of itself on the bottom of bodies of
water, near the top of bodies of water, or as the primary ground layer in wetland
soils. Sphagnum moss is also known as peat moss and is highly economically
significant as it works incredibly well at absorbing water and is therefore used in
many potting soils and as a substrate for gardening.
● Where to find them: Sphagnum moss can be found in bogs, swamps, the edge
of lakes, and many other wetland type ecosystems. Here at The Pines it can be
found all around the lakes, and can be found abundantly around the bridge at
Crystal Clear.

Terrestrial

Sweet Pepperbush (see page 7 on visual guide)

● Also known as Summersweet, Coastal Sweet Pepperbush (Clethra alnifolia) is a
deciduous shrub found throughout the Pine Barrens. They are significant
because they are one of the few summer flowering plants that will produce
flowers even in shade. These flowers are white and bloom from July to August
and produce a sweet fragrance. The Sweet Pepperbush is an important plant
because its flowers attract bees, butterflies, and hummingbirds and provides
them with food.
● Where to find them: The Sweet Pepperbush grows in slightly moist soil, and can
be found in both lowland habitats and some more upland habitats. Here at camp
they can be found in several locations along the white trail and beyond, like on
the white trail past the archery range or the trail past the bridge on Crystal Clear.

Low Bush Blueberry (see page 6 on visual guide)

● The Lowbush Blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium) is a type of wild blueberry
bush that is found frequently throughout the Pinelands. They grow exceptionally
well in the sandy acidic soil of the Pine Barrens and like an agricultural blueberry
produce fruit that is safe for human consumption and very tasty, although the
Lowbush Blueberry is typically smaller and more bitter than the typical blueberry
that one would find at the grocery store.
● Where to find them: They are found throughout camp especially along the trails
that go around Lake Stockwell. Most of all the understory (bushes) in camp are
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either Mountain Laurel or Low Bush Blueberry (most often without any
blueberries).

Mountain Laurel (see page 6 on visual guide)

● Mountain Laurel (Kalmia latifolia) is an evergreen shrub in the same family as
lowbush blueberry (Ericaceae). Mountain Laurel is one of the most common
shrubs found in the Pine Barrens and grows quite large compared to other native
shrubs. They bloom from spring to early summer and have white and pink
flowers. Like many other Pine Barrens shrubs it is shade tolerant and thrives in
the understory of Pine and Oak forests. This shrub stands out in the winter,
because as an evergreen it does not lose its leaves.
● Where to find them: Mountain Laurel is typically found in more upland habitat in
the understory of Oak and Pine dominated forests. Here at the Pines it can be
found on almost any trail, with a high abundance being located on the
blue/orange and white trail near The Labyrinth by Stockwell archery.

Trees

Pitch Pine and “Pinelands Pineapple” (see page 8 on visual guide)

● The Pitch Pine (Pinus rigida) is the hallmark tree of the Pine Barrens. It thrives in
the sandy acidic nutrient poor soil of the Pine Barrens and is the area’s
namesake due to the numerous Pitch Pine forests in southern New Jersey. Pitch
Pines are a fire dependent species. In order to reproduce, heat from fires causes
their pine cones to pop open and release seeds which are adapted to thrive in
recently burned areas. These pine cones that require fire are known as serotinus
pine cones and are essentially glued shut with sap that melts and evaporates
under the heat of fire and can remain for years if undisturbed by fire. Pitch Pines
also have a thick layer of bark that protects the inside of the tree from being
damaged by fire. These adaptations to fire make it a species associated with a
recovering ecosystem that has experienced some kind of disturbance. Outside
the Pinelands it will be slowly replaced with oaks that generally outcompete Pitch
Pine once the forest matures and reaches climax. However, in the Pine Barrens
the Pitch Pine is the dominant climax tree because it is better adapted to the
nutrient poor sandy soil and frequent fires of the area. The Pitch Pine is also a
vital source of habitat for many species. Female pine cones of the Pitch Pine are
often eaten by squirrels in such a way that the uneaten remains resemble a
pineapple, and are referred to as “Pine Barrens Pineapples”. The uneaten female
Pine cones of the Pitch Pine resemble what people typically think of when they
think of what a pinecone looks like. The male Pine cones of the Pitch Pine are
small thin orange torpedo shaped cones that release pollen in the spring.
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● Where to find them: Essentially ubiquitous throughout the Pine Barrens as well
as camp.

Eastern White Pine (see page 8 on visual guide)

● The Eastern White Pine (Pinus Strobus) is a tall straight pine that is not typical of
the Pine Barrens. Stands of Eastern White Pines generally have relatively empty
understories with nothing but their Pine needles on the ground level. This tree is
a very important species in the timber industry because it is a very sturdy wood
that is easy to stain and grows quickly. Although it is not typically associated with
the Pine Barrens there is a mature stand of Eastern White Pine on camp
premises.
● Where to find them: They typically grow in moist sandy soils, here on camp they
can be found in a large mature forest near the welcome center/main entrance.

Sassafras (see page 7 on visual guide)

● Sassafras (Sassafras albidum) is a small species of tree found throughout the
north east. They are found in the Pine Barrens as understory trees in pine and
oak forests. They are distinguishable by their irregular trunk shape, often winding
as they grow. The bark of the Sassafras tree is thick and deeply furrowed. The
leaves of this tree resemble a T-rex footprint. Sassafras is known for its aromatic
properties, with some claiming its bark smells like cinnamon, its roots smell like
root beer, and its leaves smell like lemon. The Sassafras tree is also a host
species for black swallowtail butterflies.
● Where to find them: Sassafras trees can be found in upland Oak/Pine forests.
They are found in various areas at camp in almost any forested area.

White Oak (see page 10 on visual guide)

● White Oak (Quercus alba) is one of the most common oaks in the Pine Barrens.
In much of the Pine Barrens they are an under canopy tree, meaning they do not
usually grow to their maximum size due to the poor soil quality and dominance of
the Pitch Pine. The White Oak is distinguishable by its white, papery bark without
deep grooves and its leaves with several rounded lobes sticking out the sides.
White Oaks are a very valuable tree for wildlife because they produce acorns that
are eaten by many species and when mature their bark begins to partially peel
off, which creates a perfect spot for bats to crawl under and sleep during the day.
● Where to find them: White Oaks can be found in both upland and lowland
habitats in either Pine or Oak or mixed forests. Here at camp they are
widespread and observable in many different locations.
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Black Oak (see page 11 on visual guide)

● The Black Oak (Quercus velutina) is another widespread Oak in the Pine
Barrens, defined by its dark colored fragmented rugged bark with more horizontal
cracks than other oaks. Their leaves typically have 5-9 well defined lobes with
pointed edges. They tolerate the sandy nutrient poor soils of the Pine Barrens
better than other oaks.
● Where to find them: The Black Oak prefers dry sandy soils and can be found in
low abundance in Pine dominated forests and in high abundance in Oak
dominated forests as a large dominant or co dominant species. Here at camp
they can be found in many of the forested trails.

Scarlet Oak (see page 11 on visual guide)

● Scarlet Oak (Quercus coccinea) is a large oak that is very similar to Black Oak,
but with slightly lighter bark with less fragmentation and slightly deeper grooves.
The Scarlet Oak gets its name from the deep red coloration of its leaves in the
fall. It is tolerant of the sandy poor quality soils of the Pine Barrens
● Where to find them: Scarlet Oaks prefer dry upland habitat, here at camp they
can be found among many of the walking trails through wooded areas.

Chestnut Oaks (see page 9 on visual guide)

● Chestnut Oaks (Quercus montana)/(Quercus prinus) is a species of oak common
throughout the Pine Barrens and especially common in the area of the Pine
Barrens that the YMCA of the Pines is in. These oaks are identifiable by their
thick gray bark with very deep grooves. They are also frequently found with
lichen and moss growing on them. Their leaves are oval shaped and appear to
have serrated edges and their acorns are very large.
● Where to find them: Chestnut Oaks are known for their ability to grow in varied
soil, from swamps to dry sandy soil, which makes them perfect for the Pine
Barrens. Chestnuts are in most forests from Pine dominated upland habitat to
swampland to oak dominated upland habitats. They can be found all over camp.

Post Oak (see page 10 on visual guide)

● Post Oak (Quercus stellata), also called Iron Oak, is an oak tolerant to the sandy
acidic soils commonly found in the Pine Barrens. It is similar in appearance to the
White Oak but with less flaky bark and its bark with more vertical breaks. The
leaves of the tree somewhat resemble a cross.
● Where to find them: These trees can be found in sandy upland woods. Here at
camp they can be found in almost any wooded area, including the woods behind
Stockwell archery on the blue/orange trail.
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Birds
Aquatic Birds

Mallard Ducks (see page 13 on visual guide)

● The mallard duck (Anas platyrhynchos) is perhaps the most abundant aquatic
bird in the eastern United States. Drakes (male ducks) are distinguished by their
green head and purple wing stripe. Females also have this wing stripe but are
primarily brown. Mallards can usually be observed swimming across the top of
the water and occasionally sticking their head under without fully submerging.
This behavior is known as dabbling. They are known to eat seeds, aquatic
vegetation, and aquatic invertebrates.
● Where to find them: Mallards prefer ponds and lakes with slow moving water,
so here at camp they may be observed on Lake Stockwell, Matolly Waters, and
any other body of water large enough for them to swim in.

Wood Ducks (see page 14 on visual guide)

● The Wood Duck (Aix sponsa) is a small species of perching duck found across
the eastern United States. The drakes (males) have one of the most
distinguishable colorations of any bird in the United States, with an iridescent
green head with white markings, a reddish brown chest, tan sides, and purple
accents on the wing. Despite being mostly brown, the female is also easily
recognized by the white ring around her eye. Wood Ducks feed on aquatic
vegetation as well as aquatic invertebrates, and like Mallards dabble for food
(stick just their heads underwater).
● Where to find them: Wood Ducks are cavity nesting birds, meaning they live in
holes in trees. However their populations are declining due to an unavailability of
trees with cavities large enough for them. To combat that decline, many people
create nesting boxes for them to use to help support their population and keep
this aesthetically magnificent bird around. Here at the YMCA of the Pines part of
our mission is to enrich the Pinelands by managing our forests in a way that is
beneficial to wildlife. One component of this effort is providing nesting boxes for
Wood Ducks on our waterways. So far there are 21 boxes around camp including
the Crystal Clear bridge, Lost Lake, Lake Stockwell, and Matolly Waters.

Great Blue Heron (see page 13 on visual guide)

● The Great Blue Heron (Ardea herodias) is a very large bird that can grow up to
4.5ft tall with a wingspan of up to 6.5ft. They use their long legs and spear-like
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beak to wade on the edges of rivers and lakes where they hunt fish. The Great
Blue Heron is identified by its staggering size and its gray-blue plumage.
● Where to find them: They can be found wading on the edges of fast or slow
moving waters. They can also be observed flying above bodies of water. Here at
camp they can be seen on Lake Stockwell near fallen trees, on the coastline, and
in shallow areas like Crystal Clear and the Amazon.

Birds of Prey

Bald Eagle (see page 16 on visual guide)

● The Bald Eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) is one of the most recognizable birds
in America due to its status as the national bird of the country. However, until
recently the Bald Eagle was extremely rare and on the verge of extinction in New
Jersey and the country as a whole. In the 1970s there was only one nesting pair
in the whole state due to the use of DDT, a pesticide that was frequently used
and would wash into rivers and lakes contaminating the fish. Bald Eagles eat
both terrestrial and aquatic prey, however they do tend to eat more aquatic prey.
When they would eat the fish in these contaminated water they would become
poisoned and unable to produce eggs with shells strong enough to survive.
Luckily DDT was banned, which allowed the eagle to make a slow recovery. This
recovery was aided by protection of nesting sites, incubation of eggs in labs, and
relocation of young eagles from Canada to New Jersey. Today there are as
many as 185 nesting pairs of Bald Eagles in the state, signifying a miraculous
comeback.
● Where to find them: Bald Eagles tend to nest and hunt near large bodies of
water. They are most often seen soaring or perched very high in the air. Here at
camp if you’re lucky you can see one soaring over Lake Stockwell or Matolly
Water.

Vultures- Black and Turkey (see page 16 on visual guide)

● Pine Barrens vultures are mainly black vultures (Coragyps atratus) or turkey
vultures (Coragyps aura). Black vultures are slightly smaller with a wingspan of
4.5-5ft and a fully black coloration. The turkey vulture is larger with a wingspan of
6ft and can be identified by its red head and white edges on their wings
underside. Vultures are scavengers who feed on carrion such as roadkill.
● Where to find them: They can commonly be seen soaring overhead and
perched in trees and on telephone poles.
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Red-tailed Hawk (see page 17 on visual guide)

● The Red-tailed hawk (Buteo jamaicensis) is the most common hawk in the Pine
Barrens, identified by its burnt orange colored tail, white underside and brown
back. Its prey is mainly squirrels and other small mammals. Its shrill call is iconic,
a commonly used noise for any hawk or eagle in the media.
● Where to find them: They can be found soaring overhead, perched in trees or
on powerlines, and even soaring low through the forest.

Cooper's Hawk (see page 17 on visual guide)

● The Cooper’s Hawk (Accipiter cooperii) is a small to medium hawk found across
the United States. It is known for its ability to fly through dense wooded areas to
catch songbirds and small mammals. This hawk is a common pest for bird
watchers as it hunts birds attracted by bird feeders.
● Where to find them: They can be found around the mid level of hardwood
forests as well as perched on buildings, powerlines, and the edges of fields. Here
at camp they could be by the sports field, in any hardwood forest, and even flying
above and around the lake.

Great Horned Owl (Nocturnal) (see page 18 on visual guide)

● The great horned owl (Bubo virgninianus) is described by some as “the
quintessential owl” because of its iconic hoot and the fact that almost all owls in
media resemble the great horned owl. Great horned owls are nocturnal, meaning
they sleep all day and are active at night, at which time they hunt small
mammals, frogs, other birds, and even other raptors such as hawks and smaller
owls.
● Where to find them: They can be found in woodlands and fields near water, but
because they are nocturnal it is rare to see them during the day. At night they
can be seen flying through the woods and perched in trees, but perhaps the
easiest way to identify a great horned owl at night is by its iconic hoot hoot call.

Screech Owl (Nocturnal) (see page 18 on visual guide)

● The screech owl (Megascops asio) is a robin sized owl that is found in the Pine
Barrens. Similar to great horned owls they have tufts on their heads resembling
ears or horns. They can be either orange or gray which allows them to blend in
with the trees they inhabit during the day while they sleep. This use of
camouflage is also known as cryptic coloration: when animals have certain colors
or patterns that allow them to easily blend into their surroundings . At night they
hunt small mammals, insects, and frogs.
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● Where to find them: They can be found nesting in tree cavities during the day
and perched in trees and flying around woodlands and open fields at night. They
can also be identified by their calls.

Songbirds

Eastern Kingbird (see page 20 on visual guide)

● The Eastern Kingbird (Tyrannus tyrannus) is a medium sized fly catching bird
that is present throughout much of the United States. The bird is dark gray with a
white underbelly and a black cap. They are insectivores, meaning their diet
consists primarily of insects. Their call consists of high sputtering notes followed
by a buzzy zeeer.
● Where to find them: They can be found in areas with an abundance of flies such
as grasslands, open fields, and around bodies of water. Here at camp they can
be seen around the Crystal Clear area, as well as near the Amazon and the dam
between Lake Stockwell and Matolly Waters.

Downy Woodpecker/Hairy Woodpecker (see page 20 on visual guide)

● The Downy Woodpecker (Dryobates pubescens) is a small woodpecker species
found commonly in the Pine Barrens. They are primarily black and white and
males have red caps on their heads. They are very similar in appearance to the
Hairy Woodpecker (Leuconotopicus villosus) which are also very common in the
Pine Barrens but are slightly larger and have a slightly longer bill. Both birds
hang on the sides of tree trunks and branches and peck at the wood to collect
insects.
● Where to find them: Both woodpeckers nest in tree cavities and can be found
on the sides of trees such as Pitch Pine in wooded areas. Here at camp they can
be seen and heard pecking in any of the hardwood forests.

Northern Flickers (see page 21 on visual guide)

● The Northern Flicker (Colaptes auratus) is a medium sized bird in the
woodpecker family. They are distinguished by their tan bodies with black spots,
black collars on their chest, gray and red caps, and black markings on their face
near their beaks. When they fly the undersides of their wings will flash yellow.
Rather than hammer into wood, this bird forages on the ground and on rotted
logs and picks insects out of their hiding places. The Northern Flicker is often
confused with the Red-bellied Woodpecker (Melanerpes carolinus), another
common species. However the Red-bellied Woodpecker is primarily black and
white rather than tan and does not flash yellow on its wings when it flies.
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● Where to find them: As they forage for ants and termites on the ground they can
most often be found in forested areas picking through the leaf litter or on dead
trees or branches. Here at camp the best spots to find them are the hardwood
forests such as the forest near the archery range on the white trail, and the
Eastern White Pine forest.

Great Crested Flycatchers (see page 21 on visual guide)

● The Great Crested Flycatcher (Myiarchus crinitus) is another medium sized
insectivorous species of bird. Much like the Great Crested Flycatcher it often
spends its time swooping from perch to perch in an attempt to catch insects to
eat. It can be identified by its yellow stomach, brown body, and gray face.
Additionally it has a unique brown crest at the top of its head.
● Where to find them: Much like the Kingbird it can be found in a variety of
habitats as long as there are insects present. This includes grasslands, forests,
and around water. Here at camp a good place to find these birds is along the
trails next to Lake Stockwell, but they can be found in many different areas.

Northern Cardinal (see page 23 on visual guide)

● The Northern Cardinal (Cardinalis cardinalis) is one of the most easily
recognizable songbirds of the Pine Barrens. The bright red coloration of the male
and its tendency to stay active in the eastern United States throughout the winter
months have made it a bird synonymous with the holiday season, increasing its
popularity and recognizability. The male cardinal is almost completely bright red
with a black mask near its eyes and beak. The female cardinal is mostly tan with
a slightly less distinct mask and reddish wings and tail feathers.This difference in
appearance between males and females is common in bird species and is know
as sexual dimorphism. Both males and females have crests on their head that
they can move up and down to reflect their mood.
● Where to find them: Northern Cardinals are seed eating birds, so they can be
found most often around trees and bushes that produce seeds and at bird
feeders. Here at camp they can be seen in forests around bushes.

Gray Catbird vs Northern Mockingbird (see page 22 on visual guide)

● The Gray Catbird (Dumetella carolinensis) and Northern Mockingbird (Mimus
polyglottos) are two birds of the family Mimidae that are commonly found in the
Pine Barrens. Both species are remarkable for their ability to mimic other birds'
songs. Both are around the size of a small robin. The Gray Catbird is almost
entirely dark gray with a black beak, black eyes, and a small black cap. The
Northern Mockingbird is lighter gray with an almost white stomach, white and
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black wings, and yellow eyes. When in flight the Northern Mockingbird flashes
white on its wings.
● Where to find them: They can be found eating insects in shrub thickets, fields,
and near water. Both species are present at camp and can be heard making their
long and complicated songs in any of the forested areas and along the edges of
Lake Stockwell.
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Other common songbirds (see page 23-24 on visual guide)

● Other common songbirds of the Pine Barrens are Carolina Chickadee (Poecile
carolinensis), Tufted Titmouse (Baeolophus bicolor), Barn Swallow (Hirundo
rustica), and American Robin (Turdus migratorius). The Pine Barrens are the
northernmost area in the Carolina Chickadee’s range, which can be identified by
its small size and distinctive white and black face. The Tufted Titmouse is a light
gray bird with accents of orange under its wings, much like the cardinal it uses its
tuft to display emotion. The Barn Swallow is a blue and orange bird that can be
identified while flying by its fork shaped tail. The American Robin is an iconic bird
that can be easily recognized by its large size and orange chest.
● Where to find them: All of these birds except the Barn Swallow can be regularly
seen at bird feeders and in forested areas as well as parks. The American Robin
is primarily seen hopping on the ground looking for worms to eat. The Barn
Swallow can be found in barns, fields, and near water where they catch flying
insects. Here at camp Barn Swallows can be found around the bridge at Crystal
Clear, the dam near the dining hall and fishing area, the dam between Lake
Stockwell and Matolly Waters, and around the large bridge over Matolly Waters.
The other songbirds can be found in forested areas and along the main
walkways of the camp.

Insects
Dragonflies and Damselflies (see page 26 on visual guide)
● Damselflies (suborder Zygoptera ) and Dragonflies (suborder Epiprocta) are both
part of the insect order Odonata and have similar appearances. A key way to tell
the difference is their wings when landed. Most damselflies will fold their wings
up and together above their tails, while dragonflies' wings will remain spread out
to either side. Both have a wide range of coloration and body shapes, with easily
more than five colorations seen at the YMCA of The Pines. Damselfly fossils
have been dated back over 250 million years! Damselflies are insect predators
even as immature aquatic nymphs. Dragonflies are similar, but some aquatic
nymphs can even hunt small fish or tadpoles! If damselflies are present on a
body of water, it is a good indicator that the water is relatively unpolluted.
● Where to find them: They can inhabit a wide range of aquatic habitats, from
acidic bogs and swamps to standard lakes and rivers. On camp, you can expect
to see them all around the lakes, more commonly at Crystal Clear and other
 17

areas with Sphagnum moss or areas with dense insect populations near water
that they can prey upon.

Butterflies and Moths (see page 27 on visual guide)

● Butterflies and Moths are both part of the insect order Lepidoptera. Butterfly
wings will normally have vibrant and distinct wings patterns, and they will be
folded up while landed unless they are sunbathing. They are active during the
day, and most butterflies usually look smooth and lean and have thin curved
antennae, normally with a “ball/club” at the ends. Moth wings will generally have
more muted colors than butterflies, though many species have an “eye” pattern
towards the center of their wings, and their wings will remain spread out when
landed. Most moths are thicker and more fuzzy looking than butterflies and their
antennae are often feathery and lack a “ball” at the ends.
● Where to find them: All around forested areas or any site with flowers or similar
flora (plants). On camp you could expect to occasionally see them along the
trails, especially the side trails deeper in the woods. If you walk around during
autumn, keep an eye out for migrating Monarch butterflies!

Amphibians
Green Frog (Nocturnal and Diurnal) (see page 29 on visual guide)
● The Green Frog (Lithobates clamitans)/(Rana clamitans) is the most common
frog found in the Pine Barrens. These frogs are aquatic and feed primarily on
insects but will attempt to eat anything they can fit in their mouths. They are
primarily dark green, with some having black spots or stripes on their hind legs
and lighter green around their heads. They also have a pronounced tympanum
(circular hearing structure on their cheek), males have large tympanum relative to
their body size and a yellow throat, while females have a white throat. Small
Green Frogs are often mistaken for Leopard Frogs but Leopard Frogs have spots
all along their back and not just on their hind legs like a Green Frog does. Large
Green Frogs are often mistaken for Bullfrogs, however Green Frogs have
dorsolateral ridges, which look like skin folds running down the length of their
back, while Bullfrogs do not have those ridges.
● Where to find them: Green Frogs are abundant in lakes, ponds, streams,
swamps, and essentially any other water source in the Pine Barrens. They often
sit on the edge of the water with their back to the shore ready to hop into the
water. They can be found in virtually every body of water here on camp.
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Northern Gray Treefrog (Nocturnal) (see page 29 on visual guide)

● The Northern Gray Treefrog (Hyla versicolor) is one of the few treefrogs that
inhabit the Pine Barrens and among them it is by far the most common. It is
relatively small but very vocal and can be heard singing throughout the spring
and summer. This frog is typically gray, green, or brown and can either be a solid
color or have darker markings. Not only do these frogs come in a variety of
colors, they can even change their color between green, gray, and brown to
better match their surroundings. These frogs are nocturnal insectivorous,
meaning they eat insects and are only active at night.
● Where to find them: These frogs can most easily be found sitting near lights on
buildings that attract bugs at night. These frogs often siit near these artificial light
sources all night and pick off all the bugs they attract. They can also be found in
trees and on structures such as fences, but they can be found even easier by
listening for their call. Here at camp they can be found around artificial light
sources and in the woods in trees.

Fowler's Toad (Nocturnal and Diurnal) (see page 29 on visual guide)

● The Fowler’s Toad (Bufo woodhousii fowleri) is the most common toad in the
Pine Barrens. It is well adapted to the sandy soil of the area and is thus very
prevalent and widespread throughout much of the Pine Barrens. It is
distinguished by its light gray to brown coloration with darker blotches along its
back and side and a lighter stripe down its back. They also have a white stomach
with very few spots. Fowler’s Toads have dry skin and are not dangerous to
humans, however if eaten they can secrete a mild poison that tastes bad to
predators. Also, toads are frogs! Toads are just frogs that have adapted to be
mainly terrestrial instead of mainly aquatic.
● Where to find them: Fowler's Toads can be found in sandy areas adjacent to
bodies of water. That means that here at camp they can be found along the trails
and roads near any of the lakes or ponds.
 19

Reptiles
Snakes (see page 32 on visual guide)
● There are several snakes that can be commonly found in developed areas of the
Pine Barrens. The most common of which is the Eastern Garter Snake
(Thamnophis sirtalis sirtalis) which is easily recognized by many Pine Barrens
residents due to its yellow and black checkered coloration. Another commonly
found snake is the Black Rat Snake (Elaphe obsoleta obsoleta) which is known
for its large size and jet black coloration. In wetland areas the Northern
Watersnake (Nerodia sipedon sipedon) can be observed with some frequency.
The Northern Watersnake is identified by its thick body, and dark coloration
which usually has banding, another key in identifying a watersnake is its location
in and around water. These species of snake are not dangerous and not
aggressive but are still best left alone as they can bite if they feel threatened. As
far as dangerous snakes in New Jersey the Timber Rattlesnake (Crotalus
horridus horridus) and Northern Copperhead (Agkistrodon contortrix mokasen)
are the only venomous snakes, however the Northern Copperhead is not found
in the Pine Barrens and while the Timber Rattlesnake is, it is an endangered
species which is normally only found in very remote areas far away from people.
● Where to find them: Garter Snakes can be found under logs and under boards
in wooded or grassy areas as well as around buildings. Rat Snakes can be found
in and around treesor areas with rats or mice. The Northern Watersnake can be
found on the edges of streams and rivers and here at camp they can frequently
be seen basking on the bridge at Crystal Clear on the white trail and near any
other bodies of water where they can easily slither in and out of the water.

Turtles (see page 30 on visual guide)

● The two most famous Pinelands turtles are the Eastern Box Turtle (Terrapene
carolina carolina) and the Common Snapping Turtle (Chelydra serpentina). The
Eastern Box Turtle is more terrestrial than aquatic and can be identified by its
iconic black and yellow or orange shell. The Snapping Turtle is unlike any other
turtle in New Jersey and can be identified by its large size and long tail, large
diamond shaped head with a strong beak, and its rigid spiked carapace (shell).
Other commonly observed aquatic turtle species are the Painted Turtle
(Chrysemys picta picta) and Red Bellied Turtle (Pseudemys rubriventris).
● Where to find them: Box turtles can be found walking along the forest floor,
while the other species of turtle are found in water. Aquatic turtle species can be
found around camp basking on logs and fallen branches in the water of the lakes.
 20

Eastern Fence Lizard (see page 31 on visual guide)

● The Eastern Fence Lizard (Sceloporus undulatus) is one of only three species of
lizard found in New Jersey and is the most common lizard in the Pine Barrens.
They are small brown or gray lizards with rough scales and dark markings on
their back which are more prevalent on females. Males have a vibrant blue throat
and side of their stomach which makes them easy to distinguish from females.
● Where to find them: Eastern Fence Lizards spend much of their time basking on
logs or the sides of trees and can often be found along sandy trails scurrying
around climbing up trees. Here at camp they can be found in the upland forests
and even in some of the most trafficked areas along the main roads and trails
and near cabins.

Mammals
Bats (Nocturnal) (see page 34 on visual guide)
● The most commonly found bats in the Pine Barrens are the Big Brown Bat
(Eptesicus fuscus) and the Little Brown Bat (Myotis lucifugus). Both species are a
light brown almost golden color on their bodies with darker ears and black wings,
and the best way to tell these species apart is by their size. The Big Brown Bat
has a wingspan of 13-16 inches while the little brown bat has a wingspan of 8-10
inches. While these species are not aggressive towards humans they may
accidentally come into contact with people and can end up biting them or
scratching them which can transmit rabies. As such anyone who has contact with
a bat that results in even a minor injury should get a post exposure rabies shot.
● Where to find them: During the day these bats stay tucked away in crevices in
trees, buildings, under leaf litter, and under the bark of trees such as White Oak.
At dusk they emerge from their sleep and spend the night hunting insects. Here
at camp they can be seen flying above the lake and over open areas at night.
 21

Opossums and Racoons (Nocturnal) (see page 35 on visual guide)

● The Virginia Opossum (Didelphis virginiana) is one of the most misunderstood
species of the Pine Barrens. Often regarded as scary and dangerous, the
Virginia Opossum is actually very docile and relatively harmless. The Opossum is
the only marsupial found in the United States. Marsupials are one of three types
of mammals, the other two being Eutherians and Monotremes. Marsupials are
distinguished by the fact that they give birth to altricial (underdeveloped) young
and carry them in a pouch until they are developed. Eutherians are placental
mammals and include the vast majority of mammals such as raccoons, deer,
humans, dogs, cats ect. Monotremes are defined by the fact that they lay eggs
and include only the platypus and several species of echidna, which look like a
mix between a porcupine and a mole. Opossums, like all marsupials, have much
lower body temperature than most mammals. This low body temperature makes
it virtually impossible for the rabies virus to infect the Opossum, meaning they are
not a species that spreads rabies to humans. Additionally, the Opossum has a
defense mechanism in which it plays dead, or “plays opossum” when it is
threatened. Many people think that the animal is only acting like it is dead or
passed out, when in fact it actually passes out due to fear. On the other hand, the
Common Racoon (Procyon lotor) can be dangerous to humans. While it does its
best to avoid contact with people, a racoon will bite or scratch when threatened
which can transmit rabies. Racoons typically will eat anything they can get their
paws on; including frogs, rodents, eggs, insects, nuts, berries, and people's
trash.
● Where to find them: Both species spend the daytime in trees, dens, and any
crevice they can fit themselves in. They both come out at night and can be found
in forests particularly around lakes and ponds.

Pests
Ticks (see page 37 on visual guide)
● The three tick species you can expect to see in New Jersey are Deer ticks
(Ixodes scapularis), Lone Star ticks (Amblyomma americanum), and American
Dog ticks (Dermacentor variabilis). Deer Ticks are also called Black-Legged, and
can be identified as such along with their plain, brown oval shaped bodies. Deer
Ticks can transmit Anaplasmosis, Babeosis, and Lyme disease. Lone Star Ticks
are a lighter brown and females normally have a white dot on their backs. Lone
Star Ticks can transmit Ehrlichiosis and Tularemia. American Dog Ticks are oval
shaped and are medium brown colored. Females have white patterning on their
 22

back near their heads, while males have white patterning all along their backs.
Dog Ticks can spread Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever. If a tick has attached to
you, carefully use tweezers to grab it as close to the skin as possible and slowly
pull it up. Ideally keep it in a sealed container for 1-2 weeks in case you develop
symptoms, as it can be used to narrow down what illness you might have. Wash
your hands and the bite area after dealing with the tick to reduce infection risk.
● Where to find them: Everywhere but the water. More densely populated in
thicker sections of the woods, areas with dense leaf litter, and in tall grass.

Flies (see page 39 on visual guide)

● The main two species of biting flies you might expect to encounter here are
Horseflies (family Tabanidae) and Greenheads (Tabanus nigrovittatus), which
are a type of horsefly. Horseflies are larger than the normal housefly, and are
mainly a darker brown color, with a fuzzy section between their compound eyes
and wings that rangeoff-white to brown. As you might expect, Greenheads can
be identified by their vibrant green compound eyes. Horseflies and Greenheads
hunt with their eyes, heat-sensing antennae, and they can detect carbon
dioxide-- all to find moving, warm-blooded prey. As with many insects, only
female flies bite, while males only feed on nectar from flowers. Bites normally
only cause localized pain and itching, but there is risk of infection or disease
spread, especially given that flies will feed on other animals as well.
● Where to find them: Any wooded or open areas near marshes or wetlands. On
camp, that means everywhere, but especially on ground near the lakes and other
waters.

Chiggers (see page 38 on visual guide)

● Chiggers that you see are the larval form of the common United States chigger
species Trombicula alfreddugesi. They are tiny red arachnids, normally less than
half a millimeter. A common misconception is that Chiggers will burrow into your
skin. In reality, they make a tear in the prey’s skin and inject a digestive saliva
that dissolves some skin, allowing them to drink up the liquified skin and drop off
full. After that they mature into adults, often called Harvest Mites, which do not
prey on humans. Chigger bites take about three hours to develop, and will
appear as small red welts that significantly itch for the following 1-2 days. It
typically takes about two weeks to fully recover, during which the itching will
slowly subside and the welts will heal.
● Where to find them: Any grassy, wooded, or wet areas. On camp, that means
anywhere off the main trails or campsites is a potential site for chiggers. Best
practices to avoid bites include wearing tucked in long sleeves and pants and
wearing bug spray or insecticide-treated clothes.
 23

Eastern Poison Ivy (see page 38 on visual guide)

● Poison Ivy (Toxicodendron radicans) is a vine or bush that has leaflet clustered in
threes on the stems growing from the main vine stems, asymmetrical leaf
arrangement, no thorns. Skin contact with Poison Ivy leads to a painful rash.
Poison ivy rashes are a form of contact dermatitis caused by an oily sap
called Urushiol. Some people are less sensitive to Urushiol, but you can’t be fully
immune to its effects except for your first encounter with Poison Ivy or other
plants that have Urushiol, including Poison Oak and Poison Sumac. The rash
typically appears within hours or a few days of exposure, but it can take up to two
weeks for it to appear. Treat with a topical relief cream like calamine until the
rash clears up, normally within a few weeks.
● Where to find them: 15 different Poison Ivy species are found throughout the
continental United States. Here at camp it can be found anywhere in the
underbrush off the paths, so be careful! Try to wear long sleeves and pants, and
avoid touching your face.

Southern Black Widows (see page 39 on visual guide)

● The Southern Black Widow (Latrodectus mactans) is found throughout the
Southeast United States. Females have small black bodies no larger than half an
inch, with legs usually about double the length of their bodies. Most females have
the iconic red hourglass pattern on their backs. Black widow bites normally cause
localized pain within 10 minutes and sweating and goosebumps within an hour.
From there the pain will spread and become generalized through the body along
with headaches, nausea, vomiting, and muscle weakness. Adult mortality in the
US is low, with no deaths occurring yearly in the average 2000 bites. Antivenom
is rarely used for adult cases, and even without treatment symptoms can subside
within two weeks, though the pain and other symptoms can be eased and
recovery is much faster with medical attention. Males are harmless to humans as
they are too small to pierce skin.
● Where to find them: They can be found in wood piles, under flipped boats, or in
a secluded area in the woods. They normally spin their webs near the ground, so
be careful if you’re going off-path into the woods.