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PRELIMS
Editha C. Sabalboro
Lesson 3:
2. Tradition
● Knowledge passed down through generation
4. Personal Knowledge
○ Personal knowledge is individual knowledge
shaped through being personally involved in
situations and even in practice. Personal
knowledge can be developed through reflecting on
practice experiences
○ Personal knowledge can reflect a range of
experience and be based on a number of sources
of knowledge
CHARACTERISTICS OF NURSING 1. Systematic
RESEARCH ● step-by -step
Siparet
● Logical
● methodical
2. Objective
● Should not be biased
● Impartial
3. Feasible
● Doable
● Can be carried out within an allotted time
4. Empirical
● Undergo the process of research
● Engage oneself in conducting research
● Based on the experiences of the researcher
5. Clear
● Clearly indicate objectives –
★ Cyclical
- Starts with a problem, ends with a problem
★ Timely
★ Analytical
2. Applied research
● Focuses on finding solutions to existing problems.
● An applied study might assess the effectiveness of a
nursing intervention to ease grieving.
Identification
Quantitative example of description:
Carls (2007) described the prevalence of stress urinary
incontinence in young female athletes participating in high impact
sports, and therateat which they had told someone of their
problem.
Exploration
Qualitative example of exploration:
Cristobal and colleagues (2008) explored the experience of cancer
pain in African American patients with cancer through a 6-month
online forum.
- Conduct a study, will explore the phenomenon via
observation
Explanation
In qualitative studies, researchers may search for explanations
about howorwhya phenomenon exists or what a phenomenon
means as a basis for developing a theory that is grounded in rich,
in-depth, experiential evidence.
Explanation
Blue (2007) tested a theoretical model to explain physical activity
and dietary patterns among adults at risk for diabetes. The model
purported to explain positive health behaviors on the basis of
theoretically relevant concepts, such as subjective norms and
perceived behavioral control.
Qualitative example of explanation:
Coughlan and Ward (2007) conducted a study that sought to
explain the meaning of “quality of care” for recently relocated
residents from two older hospital-style facilities to a new long-term
care facility in Canada.
Treatment or Intervention
Grove and colleagues (2008) tested the effectiveness of an
intervention that included acupressure and interactive multimedia
on visual acuity in school-aged children with visual impairment
Conclusion
● Build and expand the body of nursing knowledge
● Validate and refine the existing nursing practice
● Make healthcare efficient and cost-effective
● If we ask someone why he or she is conducting a study, we might get a range of responses :
○ My boss told me to do´;
○ It was a class assignment´;
○ I was curious.´
● Simply, there are almost as many reasons to do research as there are researches.
● Yet the purposes of research may be organized into three groups based on what the researcher is
trying to accomplish
a. Explore a new topic,
b. Describe a social phenomenon,
c. Explain why something occurs.
1. EXPLORATORY RESEARCH ● You may be exploring a new topic or issue in order to
learn about it, you begin at the beginning to clarify
and define the nature of a problem. Management
may have discovered general problems but research
is needed to gain a better understanding of
problems.
● Exploratory research may be the first stage in a
sequence of studies.
● The results of exploratory research are not usually
useful for decision-making by themselves, but they
can provide significant insight into a given situation.
● Although the results of qualitative research can give
some indication as to the "why", "how" and "when"
something occurs, it cannot tell us "how of ten" or
"how many."
Goals of Exploratory
1. Become familiar with the basic facts, setting, and
concerns;
2. Develop well-grounded picture of the situation;
3. Develop tentative theories, generate new ideas,
conjectures, or hypotheses;
4. Determine the feasibility of conducting the study;
5. Formulate questions and refine issues for more
systematic inquiry;
6. Develop techniques and a sense of direction for
future research.
● Some researchers focus on using research to advance general knowledge, whereas others
use it to solve specific problems.
○ Basic Research
○ Applied Research
■ Action Research
■ R&D (Research and Development)
■ Impact Assessment Research
■ Evaluation Research
● Some studies give us a snapshot of a single, fixed time point it in detail & some studies
provide a moving picture that lets us follow events, people, or sale of products over a period
of time.
c. A cohort analysis
● It is similar to the panel study, but rather than
observing the exact same people, researcher collects
information from people who have same nature,
same characteristics etc.
How Is EBP Incorporated In Nursing? EBP helps nurses determine an effective course of action for
care delivery. EBP involves the following five steps:
1. Form a clinical question to identify a problem.
How to identify problem
P Patient
I Intervention
C Comparison
● Alternative plan/treatment
O Outcome
T Time
What Kind Of Research Is Used In EBP? Research utilized in EBP falls into four categories. They are:
1. Randomized controlled trials.
2. Evidence gathered from cohort, case-control analysis
or observational studies.
3. Opinions from clinical experts that are supported by
experiences, studies or reports from committees.
4. Personal experience.
How does EBP benefit nurses and ● The inclusion of EBP in nursing provides nurses with
patients the scientific research to make well-founded
decisions.
● Through EBP, nurses can stay updated about new
medical protocols for patient care. By searching for
documented interventions that fit the profiles of their
patients, nurses can increase their patients' chances
for recovery.
● EBP enables nurses to evaluate research so they
understand the risks or effectiveness of a diagnostic
test or treatments.
● The application of EBP enables nurses to include
patients in their care plan. This allows patients to
have a proactive role in their own healthcare since
they can voice concerns, share their values and
preferences and make suggestions on how they
want to proceed.
What is the advantage of EBP for
Healthcare organizations
Research process
● is the examination and analysis of systematically gathered facts about a particular problem. The main
goal is to discover or validation of knowledge.
Phase I – Selecting and Defining the Problem This phase involves selecting and defining an area of
research that provides an opportunity to advance nursing
knowledge. Through review of literature,the researcher
determines the rationale for conducting the study, a
Quali - do not do theoretical framework yet. justification of the need to investigate the problem
Do it after chap 3 and a theoretical framework according to which the research
results will be interpreted. It clearly states the research
Quanti- theoretical first problem.
● Clearly state the research problem
● Review of related literature
● Identify pertinent variables (any factor property that a
researcher measures, controls, and manipulates.
● Formulate research questions and hypothesis
(tentative prediction about the relationship of
● 2 or more variables pertaining population under
study)
● Develop a conceptual framework
Phase II – Selecting a research design ● In this phase, the researcher designs the study and
plans the methods of subject selection, testing and
measurement to ensure that all procedures are
clearly defined.
Phase III – Collecting data ● This is the phase where the researcher implements
- Empirical phase the plan designed in Phase 1 and 2.
● Data collection is usually the most time-consuming
part of the research process.
● Present the data and interpret the findings.
Phase V – Utilizing Research Findings ● Utilizing Research Findings In this final phase, the
researcher gets the opportunity to share the findings
with other colleagues. Research findings which are
not disseminated to colleagues are of little value to
anyone. Reporting the outcome of research may be
in the form of journal articles, abstracts, oral
presentation and poster presentations. The research
process culminates in interpreting the findings and
communicating with others any new knowledge
gained from the research.
5. Evaluation Phase
- Compare outcomes of
care
- Collaborate with other
members of the health
team
- terminate /modify/continue
nursing interventions as
needed
“What should I be reading and what do I ● A survey of existing knowledge on the research topic
do with it all?” is gatherers from previously published materials
● This part serves to define, classify, and facilitate
objective comprehension of the variable being
studied
2. Actual Reading
● What variables are mentioned?
● What are the characteristics or descriptions
of the variables?
○ These questions will help the
researcher understand the said
variables so the indicators will be
easily established.
● Further questions shall be asked:
○ What relationship exists between the
variables based on the information
given?
○ How can the information provided in
this material be of use to my
research?
○ This will lead the researcher to decide
if the book/article is worth including in
the final literature review or not
3. Note taking
● Good researcher- being systematic
● Must establish a system of note-taking –
save time and effort.
● Prepare index cards on which he/she can
take down notes.
● Note taking is useful especially when the
researcher is already synthesizing and
compiling ideas
● presented in the different references.
● Note taking also facilitates consolidation of
the literature gathered
★ Include documentation (summarize, quote,
reference)
2. Systematic skimming
● Research demands a lot of reading
● The researcher must establish a system through
which he can maximize his time searching for
literature.
● Choose wisely what should and should not be
included in your study
3. Analytic reading
● A good investigator asks questions to thoroughly
understand the article, such as:
○ “What is the book or article all about?”
○ “What is being said in detail and how”
4. Comparative reading
● The highest level of reading requires one to place
what he/she is currently reading in relation to other
materials he/she has previously read. The reader
can state the similarities and differences between 2
or more articles in terms of their variables and
propositions.
● Look for similar studies for the firm foundation of
his/her investigation
○ Non-refereed materials
■ Non-refereed materials such as Trade
Journals or Magazines use less
rigorous standards of screening prior
to publication.
■ Non-refereed materials may not by
checked as intensely as refereed
materials, but many can still be
considered scholarly.