Research Prelim
Research Prelim
Research Prelim
CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD
RESEARCH PROBLEM
1. A research problem must be relevant
● Contributing to knowledge and
development, problems should be
worth investigating and worth the
time, money and effort to be spent
on it.
Example:
Attitudes and Behaviors of Nurses on Night
Duty Shift and its Impact to their Nursing
performance
2. A research problem must be feasible
● Adequate technical expertise skills,
equipment, experience
● Adequate number of subjects
● Affordable time and money
● Manageable in scope
Example:
"The effect on achievement of providing
each student a Microcomputer in their Math
Class"
2. EXPLICIT
● AUTHOR_(YEAR_VERB_STATEME
NT
Eg. Taylor and Todd (1995) suggested that
Social Influence (SI) affects other people's
opinion, superior influence, and peer
influence
RESEARCH PROBLEM
● Questions for which researchers
want answers, theories they wish to
INTRODUCTION
validate, information gaps they want
● The beginning piece of thread in
to fill, conditions they want to
research papers
improve, difficulty they want to
● To 'introduce
eliminate, an issue to be settled.
● Stated in a form of question which
serve as the focus of investigation
Where do ideas for research problems
come from?
● Experience and Clinical
Fieldwork - as nurses perform
clinical duties, they are bound to find
a wealth of research ideas
● Nursing Literature - ideas from
studies often come from reading
EXAMPLE INTRODUCTION nursing literature.
● Social Issues - topics are
Enormous attempts have been suggested by more global
done to address the issue of digital contemporary social or political
divide. This intention conceptualizes the issues of relevance to health of the
formation of a 'digital bridge to minimize community
the emerging disparity between digital ● Theories - must be tested for
inclusion and exclusion among learners. applicability in different nursing
Approaches to close the digital gap in environments
schools and universities have attempted to ● Ideas from External Sources -
provide solutions amidst the profligate grow provides an impetus for a research
of technologies in education. idea
Technocentric approaches are seen
through placement of public computing Evaluating Research Problems
centers (Krebek, 2010), private company — There are no rules in making the final
sponsorships and One-Laptop-per-Child selection of a research problem, but some
programs (Yujuico and Gelb, 2007; criteria should be kept in mind:
Kramer and Dedric, 2009, McDonald,
2009; Warschauer and Ames, 2010). Significance of the Problem
Further, technocentric strategies were also ● Is the problem an important one?
undertaken in various countries to develop Researchability of the Problem
digital skills needed to maximize potentials. ● Is your research problem already
answered?
Feasibility of addressing the problem Guidelines in Writing Significance of the
● Time and Timing Study
● Availability of Study Participants ● The rationale, timeless and
● Cooperation of others relevance of the study to existing
● Facilities and Equipment conditions must be explained or
● Money discussed.
● Research Experience ● Possible solutions to existing
● Ethical Considerations problems or improvements to
● Research interest unsatisfactory conditions
● It must be shown who are the
Sample research problem? QuanTi individual, groups, or
1. What is the demographic profile of the communities who may be placed in
respondents in terms of the following: a more advantageous position on
1.1 Sex; account of the study
1.2 Age; ● Possible condition to a fount of
1.3 Education level; knowledge
1.4 Family income level; ● It should discuss the implications,
1.5 Current work position of parents; including the possible causes of
and the problems discovered, the
1.6 Civil status. positive effects of the problems, and
2. How do the respondents may describe the remedial measures to solve the
the personal traits in terms of : problems
2.1 self-esteem;
2.2 self-confidence; and RESEARCH OUTLINE:
2.3 cognitive adaptability. I. THE PROBLEM AND ITS
Sample research problem? QuanLi BACKGROUND
● What characterizes the lived ● Introduction
experiences of Filipino Adult Women ● Statement of the problem
after Bilateral Tubal Ligation? ● Hypothesis of the Study
● Significance of the Study
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY ● Scope and Limitation of the Study.
● The significance of the study should II. REVIEW OF RELATED
state why the problem examined is LITERATURE AND STUDIES
essential, and what significance the ● Review of Related Literature and
results have. Studies
● Include a statement on importance ● Conceptual framework
or felt needs, the possible ● Research paradigm
contribution of the research to ● Definition of terms
new knowledge, and policy III. METHODOLOGY
implications and other possible uses ● Research design
for its results ● Locale and population of the Study
● In this section, the researcher ● Description of the Respondents
expresses the importance of the ● Data Gathering, instrumentation and
research. Contribution of the procedure
results of the study are enumerated. ● Statistical treatment used
Such contributions may be viewed
IV. DISSEMINATION, ANALYSIS AND
from the point of the target
INTERPRETATION OF DATA
beneficiaries like:
○ Researcher himself V. SUMMARY OF FINDINGS,
○ Service providers CONCLUSIONS AND
○ Client RECOMMENDATIONS
○ Society ● Summary
○ Administrators and Planners ● Finding
○ Decision-makers ● Conclusions
○ Implementors ● Recommendation
○ Community
○ Educational institution
○ Practitioners
● Also called " Basic research or
SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE fundamental research
● It aims to discover basic truth or
STUDY
principles.
● SCOPE - boundaries or coverage
Applied Research
of the study in terms of subjects,
— Newton's Law, Boyle's Law, Charles' Law
objectives, facilities, area, time
● is an investigation that enriches for
frame, and the issues to which the
a solution to a practical problem.
research is specifically focused.
● it seeks to improve human condition
● LIMITATIONS - constraints or
by providing knowledge that can
weaknesses, which are not within
be used for practical application.
the control of the researcher,
● Involves seeking new applications
therefore they are not expected to
of scientific knowledge to the
be covered by the study.
solution of a problem, such as
● The scope is expected to indicate a
development of a new system or
coherent area of study which is large
procedure, new device, or new
enough to be important but narrow
method in order to solve the
enough to permit careful
problem
management.
Eg. Problem of rice shortage, Population
● It should be specific, the
explosion
management they received, their
number, the nature of any subjects
According to Time Elements:
treated, any limitations that exits in
1. Cross Sectional
the reference population as well as
● it is a type of studies wherein there
the instrument or research design
is a different types of subject with
should be clearly defined.
different type of characteristics.
● Treat them simultaneously
Suggested Phrases
● 1 to 2 years in the making
Scope
2. Longitudinal
● The study will focus on...
● it is a type of studies wherein same
● The coverage of the study...
set of subjects is treated over a
● The study covers the...
period of time
● The study focuses on...
● above 4 years in the making
● It includes...
3. Action research
● It is concerned with…
● is a decision oriented research
● It also involves the...
involving the application of the steps
● The study consist of...
of the scientific method in
Delimitation
response to an immediate need to
● The study is limited to…
improve existing practices.
● The study does not cover the…
● The investigator limited the research
According to Process:
● It does not seek to include…
1. Quantitative
● find answers to questions about
TYPES OF RESEARCH
relationships among measurable
● PURE or BASIC RESEARCH
variables with purpose of explaining,
● APPLIED RESEARCH
controlling, and predicting
● QUANTITATIVE
phenomena.
● QUALITATIVE
● Hence, it is knowing the outcome
● ACTION RESEARCH
stated in NUMERICAL DATA
● LONGITUDINAL
2. Qualitative
● CROSS SECTIONAL
● Starts with a FEW PRECONCEIVED
IDEAS and stresses the importance
PURE VERSUS APPLIED RESEARCH
of people's interpretations of events
Pure or Basic Research
and circumstances
● is a study oriented towards the
● FOCUS: TO CAPTURE AND
development of a theory.
UNDERSTAND the entirely of
● It aims to provide knowledge or
certain phenomena and collect
understanding.
NARRATIVE DATA
CLASSIFICATION OF RESEARCH 4. Helps define your terminology or
1. Library research. identify variations in definitions used
● Done in the library where answers by researchers or practitioners.
to specific questions or problems of 5. Helps to identify appropriate
the study are available. Applicable to research methodologies.
historical research 6. You can also identify validated
2. Field research scales and instruments.
● Conducted in a natural setting. No
changes are made in the RECOMMENDED ONLINE JOURNALS
environment. Applicable to both
descriptive and experimental
research
3. Laboratory research
● Conducted in artificial or
controlled conditions by isolating
the study in a rigorous specified and
operationalized area.
● Applicable to experimental,
descriptive, and case study
REVIEW OF RELATED
LITERATURE
ELSEVIER
AND STUDIES ● Elsevier is a publishing company
which publishes medical and
RECONNISATE - Review existing scientific literature
literature ● One of its databases is
1. Gather relevant literature ScienceDirect
2. Tabulate keywords ScienceDirect
3. Choose variables of interest ● ScienceDirect is one of the largest
online collections of published
PURPOSE OF THE LITERATURE REVIEW scientific research in the world
— A good synthetic review has three ● It is operated by Elsevier and
characteristics contains nearly 10 million articles
● it clarifies and perhaps resolves the from Elsevier
problems within a field of study ● Abstracts are mostly freely available,
rather than glossing over those and full texts require paid
problems. subscriptions
● It resolves in a progressive shift that
yields a new perspective on the TYPOLOGY OF RESEARCH LITERATURE
literature with more explanatory and IN NURSING RESEARCH
predictive power than is offered by
existing perspectives.
● It helps clarify terms and concept
LITERATURE
— Literature - art of written work; IDENTIFYING THE RIGHT LITERATURE
sometimes refers exclusively to published SOURCES
sources
1. Exposes gaps in knowledge and
identifies principal areas of dispute
and uncertainty
2. Helps identify general patterns to
findings from multiple examples of
research in the same area
3. Juxtaposing studies with apparently
conflicting findings helps explore
explanations for discrepancies
Definition of Terms
● Conceptual Definition - definition
based from the dictionary.
● Operational Definition- based from
Researcher's own definition.
Theoretical Framework
● Based on one existing theory why a
problem in study exists
● Explain connection of a theory and
the problem
Conceptual framework
● Defined concepts showing where,
when, or how they fit together
providing a structure for organizing
and describing the phenomenon of
interest.
● Based from previous study result or
from own experience
REVIEW ON RESEARCH different values, typically numerical
values.
PART 2 E.g. weight, age, body temperature, anxiety
level, SES, attitude
PHASE 1
Independent Variable
TOPIC SELECTION ● Affects the value of the dependent
condition that produces the outcome
SOURCES OF RESEARCH TOPICS ● " assumed cause", influence or
OWN EXPERIENCE AND INTEREST affect outcomes of a problem
● Identify your own interests and ● Symbol x, representing an arbitrary
formulate a problem that reflects element in the domain
them; familiarity in your territory and ● What the researcher manipulates
terminology or varies.
OWN PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE ● Also called the treatment,
● Even a simple analysis of a manipulated or predictor
conversation in the nurse station can variables.
lead to research problems Dependent variable
COLLEAGUES ● Factor whose value is affected by
● Brainstorming with friends about the independent variable
problems they have encountered ● Variable that being measured
may help clarify research ideas ● Outcome of the process or
CRITICAL FRIENDS "assume Effect" or the result of
● Experts are good sources of influence of the independent
research problems variable.
● Symbol y, representing an element
CRITERIA FOR SELECTION OF in the domain
RESEARCH TOPICS/ PROBLEMS ● Change that occurs in the study
F-I-N-E-R- S population
- FEASIBLE ● Also called the criterion, outcome,
- INTERESTING effect and response variables.
- NOVICE Hypotheses
- ETHICAL ● Prediction about the relationship
- RESEARCHABLE between two or more variables. A
- SIGNIFICANT good hypothesis is worded in clear
in concise language.
INTRODUCTION ● Hypotheses are tentative statements
● It is the part of the paper that about a given population.
provides readers with the ● They serve as an answer to one or
background information for the more of the research questions,
research reported in the paper. and are subjected to a statistical
● Its purpose is to establish a test.
framework for the research, so the "It could be:
readers can understand how it is ● Simple hypothesis - expresses an
related to other research. expected relationship between one
● It establishes the issue or concern independent and one dependent
leading to the research by conveying variable
information about a problem. eg. the effect of poverty on child
development at Calvario, Meycauayan
HYPOTHESIZING Bulacan
Variable ● Complex hypothesis - expresses
● is anything that varies. prediction of a relationship between
● It refers to the characteristics or two or more independent variables
attributes of an individual or to two or more dependent variables
organization that can be measured eg: Among women with multiple sclerosis,
or observed. functional limitations are influenced by
● Any quality of a person, group or external sources such as education,
situation that varies or takes on marital status, social support and
employment status
Research Hypothesis/ Affirmative PHASE 2
Hypothesis
CONCEPTUALIZING A
● Positive form of null hypothesis
Proposition that there is significant RESEARCH DESIGN
relationship between independent
and dependent variables RESEARCH DESIGN
● Cannot be tested directly ● A detail blueprint/structural
Eg. : framework used to guide research
There is a significant difference between the towards its objectives
mean age of male nursing students and ● Strategy or approach in solving the
mean age of female nursing students in problem
terms of emotional quotient. ● Maybe experimental or non
experimental, qualitative or
Null hypothesis quantitative
● negative statement which indicates TYPES
that there is no relationship HISTORICAL RESEARCH.
between the predictor and outcome ● Is a qualitative research that aim is
variables in the population to examine the reasons and true
Eg: state of past events. It attempts to
There is no significant difference between examine events of the past to relate
the mean age of Male nursing students and "what existed" or "what was" and to
mean age of female nursing students sum up such events into
simplifications.
ETHNOGRAPHY/ANTHROPOLOGY
RESEARCH.
● Is a scientific study of description of
people and races, their activity,
cultural context and of various
meanings derived and attached to
such cultural acts.
FEASIBILITY RESEARCH
● Is a study that presents the viability,
profitability, sustainability, stability of
a business proposal if it will be
established
● It forecasts the capitalization,
maintenance, and operation costs
that cover materials, men,
management and marketing
expenses.
PHENOMENOLOGICAL RESEARCH
● A type of research that attempts to
explore human perception and
understanding to an event of
phenomenon in a single context and
in multiple comprehension.
● It is an interview based study
because the researcher himself
serves as the instrument in eliciting
date or responses from the
participants.
● The unstructured interview process
is mainly used as it maximizes the
use of time even beyond two hours
to disclose fully his experiences.
● The researcher shall be alert in
documenting the commonalities and
differences of meanings attached to
a similar situation or phenomenon.
SURVEY RESEARCH 4. INTERVENTION OR EXPERIMENTAL
● It is used to study a representative RESEARCH
characteristic of a population. ● Evaluates the effect or outcome of a
● It aims to capture a situation that particular Intervention or treatment
occurs in a moment. It is conducted ● Studies the "cause and Effect"
in various ways like personal relationship between certain factors
interview, telephone interview, or phenomenon under controlled
through a paper - pen questionnaire, condition/s.
fax, mail and electronic mail.
SAMPLING
QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS
● Sampling is the process of choosing
a representative
1. DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH
● Portion of a population or some
● Seek answer to who, what, where
elements in a population that will
and how questions
represents the entire population.
● Describes a given situation or a
given state of affairs In terms of
TYPES OF SAMPLING
specified factors.
1. Non probability sampling.
● To describe what is prevalent
- Is arbitrary and is generally
regarding: a group of people, a
subjective. Data gatherers choose
community, a phenomenon a
sample cases, as they wish or
situation, a program and outcome
whatever they find them.
TYPES
2. Probability sampling.
DESCRIPTIVE-NORMATIVE SURVEY
- Based on concept of random
● "The term normative is sometimes
selection, procedure that assures
used because surveys are frequently
that all elements in the population
made to ascertain the normal or
are given an equal chance of being
typical condition or practice or
selected as a sample unit.
compare local test results with a
state or national norm"
NON PROBABILITY SAMPLING
DESCRIPTIVE- COMPARATIVE
1. ACCIDENTAL SAMPLING. A
● Comparative survey where the
sampling opportunity in which the
researcher considers at least two
researcher takes the respondents
entities and establishes a formal
from those he meets unexpectedly
procedure for obtaining criterion data
2. PURPOSIVE SAMPLING. This is
on the basis of which he can
also called judgmental sampling. A
compare and conclude which of the
deliberate selection of individuals by
two is better".
the researcher based on predefined
DESCRIPTIVE- EVALUATIVE
criteria.
● The purpose of this type is to
3. CONVENIENCE SAMPLING. A
appraise carefully the merit of the
process of selecting respondents in
current study.
the easiest and most expeditious
way.
2. CORRELATION RESEARCH
4. QUOTA SAMPLING. It is a non
● To ascertain if there is a relationship
randomized selection of respondents
● To establish or explore: a
from the cross selection of the
relationship an association an
population.
interdependence
5. NETWORK SAMPLING. This Is a
referral sampling that stems from
3. EXPLANATORY RESEARCH
one or few identified samples who
● Answer the questions why and how?
after being involved in the study will
● to explain why the relationship is
lead the researcher to other samples
formed
who possess the same attributes.
To explain:
● Why a relationship, association or
interdependence exists
● Why a particular event occurs
PROBABILITY SAMPLING TECHNIQUE
4. CLUSTER SAMPLING.
● Identification of some references of LOCALE AND POPULATION OF THE
limiting population to smaller units STUDY
like phases, blocks, areas or rows.
SETTING POPULATION/ PLACE
5. MULTISTAGE SAMPLING ● the researcher using the
● . A refinement of the cluster descriptive-survey method can
sampling procedure making it more choose a subject firm or institution
scientific is the multistage sampling. whose facilities he could use for data
● The researcher, using the gathering purposes.
multi-stage sampling, can effect ● This subiect firm or institution is
savings of time, money, and effort. In otherwise known as the research
addition, precision can be achieved setting or venue.
with the sample thereby reducing the
sampling error.
● Be sure that your sample will be
composed of members with
heterogeneous characteristics
BIVARIATE ANALYSIS
- two variables are
studied, an element of
comparison is added
MULTIVARIATE
ANALYSIS
A means to achieve the goals of science:
- several variables are
- Gives exact kind of description
studied
- Enables us to draw conclusions
- Enables us to predict
- Helps us analyze causal
MEAN, MEDIAN AND MODE
relationships
● MEAN - average, add all values
● Reinforces systematic procedures
divided by the number of values
● Brings order out of chaos
● MEDIAN - the value which divides
QUANTIFYING DATA
the values into two halves
● Understand the research problem
● MODE - most frequent occurring
● Understand the nature of our
value
variables
METHODS OF DATA
4. Focus Group Discussion
GATHERING ● a group of people (who don't know
each other) is assembled for
TYPES OF DATA discussion
1. Existing Data - Moderator - guides the discussion
● Already available in existing records according to a set of questions or
or documents topics to be covered
2. Raw - Optimal group size: 6-12 participants
● Hospital records, patient charts, 5. Joint Interviews
physician's order sheets, care plan ● 2-3 participants who know each
statements other
3. Tabular/secondary 6. Life Histories
● data gathered from previous studies ● narrative self-disclosure of
4. Original Data individual life experiences, suitable
● Data that are yet to be gathered on an ethnographic studies
from subject using varied tools and 7. Oral Histories
instruments for collection ● more theme-specific / than individual
life experiences
Major Types of Data Collection Method 8. Diaries and Journals
1. Self report. ● participants will write down
2. Observation experiences, thoughts and feelings
3. Biophysiological measures
GUIDELINE FOR THE INTERVIEW
SELF-REPORT
1. Preparing for the interview
● TO GIVE DETAIL ABOUT
● Researcher and participant must
SOMETHING ON YOURSELF
have a common vocabulary
● IT IS ANY METHOD WHICH
● Let the participant choose the
INVOLVES ASKING A
setting o Memorize central questions
PARTICIPANT ABOUT THEIR
● Make sure that the tape
FEELINGS, ATTITUDES, BELIEFS
corresponds to the size needed
1. Q-Methodology
● Studies people's perspectives and
● Rating scales viewpoints
● Participants are given set of cards
(60- 100) and asked to sort them
into a grid with 2 extremes such as
approve/disapprove, like me/least
like me, highest/lowest priority
2. Projective, techniques
● Used to obtain data indirectly about
Observer Biases people's way of thinking.
1. Central tendency bias ● Used to obtain psychological data
● Extreme events are distorted toward with minimum cooperation through
a middle ground participants* reactions from
● It refers to a tendency for raters, or unstructured stimuli
managers to evaluate most of their ● Pictures - Doodling, digital
employees as "average" when they ● Verbal - Word-association method,
apply a rating scale. Sentence completion method
● Expression - Drawings or role
playing
3. Vignettes
● Brief descriptions of events or
situations to which respondents are
asked to react
● Elicits perceptions, opinions or
knowledge about some
phenomenon
- Can be written or videotaped
- Questions can be open-ended or
closed ended
\\
QUIZ 3. Problems whose answer will be
base on the result of the study
1. During the pandemic, researchers were 4. The reason why we conduct the
encouraged to make researches by study
studying voluminous findings of relevant, A. 1,2,3,4
adequate, and current information regarding B. 1,2,3
a specific topic. This refers to: C. 1 and 2
A. Quantitative study D. None of the above
B. Qualitative study
C. Systemic Review 8. Patterson and Richard choose their
D. Mixed method respondents by doing a lottery method. This
sampling technique is referred to as:
2. The type of research Larine et.al will A. simple random technique
conduct is: B. Stratified technique
A. Quantitative C. Cluster technique
B. Qualitative D. Systemic sampling
C. Both
D. None 9. Roxanne et.al aims to determine the
3. This is described as the blue print of the correlation between culture and nursing
study: care delivery. The appropriate research
A. Statement of the problem statistics for the study is:
B. Questionnaire A. MANOVA
C. Research Design B. ANOVA
D. Statistics C. T-Test
D. Pearson R
4. Which among the probability sampling
technique is best utilize for large group of 10. Mary Grace identified Annie as a
respondents? respondent for their shampoo study. She
A. Simple random just met Annie in the supermarket where
B. Stratifed sampling they were conducting the study. This
C. Systematic sampling technique is known as:
D. Cluster A. Convenience sampling
5. A purposive sampling technique is done B. Accidental sampling
by: C. Both
A. identifying the inclusion and D. None
exclusion criteria of the study
B. choosing any person you meet on 11. Michelle browsed the Archive of Nursing
the street practice and care. Given the site where she
C. asking a group of people willing to looks for her corpus of data, Michelle
participate in the study research design could be:
D. selecting a person who passed a A. Comparative
pretest B. Correlational
6. Francine et.al proposed a study on C. Historical
Hybrid education. The panel suggested that D. Exploratory
they conduct the study with bigger
population and do a mixed method 12. Epidemiological data includes
approach. Proposi is done to: population exposure and health effects
A. Guide research proponents on how observed from sample. This data is referred
to conduct the study to as:
B. Suggest better methodology A. Descriptive data
C. Both B. Comparative data
D. None C. Historical data
D. Experimental data
7. .A research questions can be described
as the following except: 13.Significance of the study identifies the
1. Questions the research wants to beneficiaries of the research. This is in
answer accordance of which ethical principle?
2. Issues that the study will resolve A. Justice
B. Veracity
C. Non-Maleficence B. empirical data
D. Beneficence C. non-empirical data
D. all of the above
14. The researchers wants to determine
which among tactile learning, visual learning 20. purposive sampling technique is done
and auditory learning is best to teach by:
nursing students. Which research design is A. identifying the inclusion and
appropriate for the study: exclusion criteria of the study
A. Quantitative correlational B. choosing any person you meet on
B. Quantitative comparative the street
C. Qualitative correlational C. asking a group of people willing to
D. Qualitative comparative participate in the study
D. selecting a person who passed a
15. Kristina search the meaning of nursing pretest
in the dictionary, This definition refers to:
A. Operational 21. Francine et.al proposed a study on
B. Contextual Hybrid education. The panel suggested that
C. Either they conduct the study with bigger
D. Neither population and do a mixed method
approach. Proposal defense is done to:
16. The demographic profile of the A. Suggest better methodology
statement of the problem describes the B. Both
respondents. The following can be included C. Guide research proponents on how
except: to conduct the study
1. Age D. None
2. Length of service
3. Sex 22. Plagiarism can be described with
4. Occupation following violation except:
A. 1,2,3,4 1. stealing the idea of another person
B. 1,2,3 2. committing literary theft
C. 1 and 3 3. using another body of work without
D. None of the above crediting the source
4. present as original a product derived
17. Johnny agreed to be a participant in a from an existing source
study on vaccine. The research will be A. 1,2,3,4
conducted from one year. All monetary and B. 1 and 3
non-monetary consideration was provided. C. All of the above
6 months into the study, Johnny received a D. None of the above
call that his work visa is ready and he can
leave anytime. Upholding the ethical 23. Kim and Alex proposes a study on the
principal of autonomy, what is the best similarities between Koreans and Japanese
action of Johnny? way of life. What is the best research design
A. Continue as a research participant for the study?
B. Ask the researcher to replace him A. Comparative
as participant B. Exploratory
C. Return all the token provided by the C. Descriptive
researchers D. Experimental
D. Leave the country and work abroad
24. Utilizes random sampling technique
18. Getting information from the authors among population group
themselves is known as: A. Probability sample
A. Primary data B. Non Probability sampling
B. Secondary data C. Both
C. Third data D. Neither
D. Fourth data
25. Anna and her members wants to study
19. Diaries, videos, doodles, comic strips the different cultures of countries in
and interview narratives are referred to as: Southeast Asia to determine which has
A. body of data predilection to developing
non-communicable diseases. The best 31. Requisites in signing a consent in
research design for the study is: research includes:
A. Correlational A. sound mind
B. Comparative B. free from coercion
C. Descriptive C. legal age
D. Exploratory D. all of the above
26. Empirical data can be the following: 32. in presenting the demographic profile,
A. quantitative researches, observation, the appropriate statistics includes:
lived experiences A. mean, median, mode
B. anecdotes, case reports, opinions, B. frequency distribution
hearsays C. chi square
C. news, articles, perspectives, beliefs D. pearson r
D. traditions, views, principles, values
33. Francine et.al proposed a study on
27. To ensure that different groups of the Hybrid education. The panel suggested that
population will be represented as they conduct the study with bigger
respondents of a study, researchers need to population and do a mixed method
utilize which sampling method. approach. Proposal defense is done to:
A. Simple random A. Guide research proponents on how
B. Systematic sampling to conduct the study
C. Stratified sampling B. Suggest better methodology
D. Cluster Sampling C. Both
D. None
28. Pfizer will conduct a clinical trial on a
medication for multiple sclerosis patients. 34. The group of student researcher wants
Which research design is appropriate for to study the lived experiences of nurses
such study: who worked in quarantine facilities during
A. Phenomenological the pandemic. Which research design is
B. Experimental best utilized in such study?
C. Grounded A. Qualitative / Phenomenological
D. Exploratory B. Qualitative/ Grounded
C. Quantitative/ Descriptive
29. Nerisa and her group members utilized D. Quantitative/ Comparative
a questionnaire that was used in the study E.
of Cosette et.al. They did not change any of 35. After a thorough evaluation, the panel of
the questions as mandated by the authors examiners determined that the principal
when they agreed to lend their investigator et.al have presented cross
questionnaire. The utilization of the referencing verbatim from the source. The
questionnaire is said to be: researcher's culpa refers to:
A. adopted A. Intentional fault
B. adapted B. Plagiarism
C. either C. Faulty citation
D. neither D. Copy Right Infringement
30. Candy browsed the RHU record of 36. Inferential statistics that can be use if we
diseases for 2022 of Brgy. Himala, result are looking for significant difference
revealed the following: TB = 45, DPT= 40, includes:
COVID= 80, Hepatitis= 20, Measles 45, A. ANOVA
Polio=1, B. Both
Leptospirosis=39, Rabies-2, Filiariasis=4,. C. T-Test
What among the following quantitative data D. None
is the mode?
A. 45 37. Already available in existing records or
B. 40 documents
C. 20 A. Original data
D. 80 B. Subjective data
C. Existing data
D. Objective data
38. It is used when the researchers already 45. Directly to the person like taking of:
have a preconceived view of the flow or CBC, Lab test, Sugar levels, tissue biopsies
content of information to be gathered A. Q methodology
A. Unstructured Question B. In Vivo
B. Structured Question C. In Vitro
C. All are appropriate D. All are appropriate
D. Semi structured Question
46. A tendency of observers to be
39. These are the following guideline for the influenced by one characteristic in judging
Interview, except one? other, unrelated characteristics.
A. Develop rapport A. Halo effect
B. Be a good listener B. Error of severity
C. All are appropriate C. Hawthorne effect
D. Use ice-breaking questions D. Assimilatory