RESEARCH PRELIM NURSING RESEARCH

● scientific process that validates and

RESEARCH refines existing knowledge, or
● DERIVED FROM FRENCH WORD generates new knowledge that
CERCHIER, MEANS TO "SEEK OR directly and indirectly influences the
SEARCH." "SEARCH" MEANING nursing profession
TO INVESTIGATE. THE PREFIX ● Refers to research done on
"RE" MEANS "AGAIN" AND addressing the health concerns of
SIGNIFIES OF THE SEARCH. client and the application of the
LITERALLY, RESEARCH MEANS research on their care.
TO "INVESTIGATE AGAIN" ONE
SEEKS NEW KNOWLEDGE FOR Purpose of Nursing Research
THE IMPROVEMENT OF THE — To answer questions or solve
QUALITY OF HUMAN LIFE. problems of relevance to the nursing
● Is defined as careful, systematic profession.
study in the field of knowledge, 1. Description
undertaken to discover or establish ● describing a phenomenon affecting
facts or principles (Webster 1984) the nursing profession management,
● Defined as a scientific adaptation, health beliefs and
investigation of phenomena which practices
includes Collection, analysis and 2. Explanation
interpretation of facts (Calmorin ● It offers understanding, clarification
2004) and information on why a certain
● Is referred to as empirical research phenomenon occurs.
and is synonymous with the Eg: Why is it significant to provide for the
conscious application of a psychological needs of patients in the
structured method. In which it Intensive care unit?
follows a rigorous step in order to
solve a problem or develop 3. Prediction
something new and to improve our ● It estimates and anticipates the
knowledge probability of a certain outcome in a
specific situation like nursing
KNOWLEDGES intervention.
Eg: What are the effects of prolonged bed
1. Propositional knowledge rest on the hospitalized patient's recovery?
● knowledge of theories, facts and
laws. 4. Control
● Eg. When we say we know each ● the manipulation of a given
chord on a guitar denotes a musical situation to produce the desired
note we are speaking of outcome.
propositional knowledge. Eg: Therapeutic effects of touch help patient
and family cope with their tears
2. Procedural knowledge
● knowledge of how to do something, Roles Of Nurses In Research
this type of knowledge can be ● As a principal investigator
developed through doing or an act. ● As a member of the research team
3. Personal knowledge or personal ● As an identifier of researchable
knowing problems
● in this type of knowledge for us to ● As an evaluator of the research
know, we must personally findings
experience it. ● As a user of the research findings
● As a patient or client advocate
Scientific Undertakings in Research during studies
● Medical Research ● As a subject in studies
● Business Research
● Agricultural Research
● ICT Research
CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH USES OF RESEARCH
1. Empirical ● Describe a population (people,
● Based on direct experience or objects, institutions.)
observation by the researcher. ● Determine/describe an existing
● The collection of data relies on situation
practical experience without benefit ● Compare two conditions or groups
of scientific knowledge or theory. of population
● objective reality as sources of ● Determine existence, degree, or
knowledge nature of relationship between two
2. Logical or more factors
● Based on valid procedures and ● Predict the value of certain
principles. Scientific investigation characteristics
is done in an orderly manner ● Evaluate and/or compare
effectiveness of an intervention,
3. Cyclical/Orderly and systematic treatment or exposure
● It starts with a problem and ends
with a problem. Purpose/Task of Nursing Research:
● It follows a sequence of steps. 1. Identification - assess situation that
needs clarification
4. Analytical
2. Description - determine relationship
● Utilizes proven analytical
between and among variables
procedures in gathering of data,
investigated
whether historical, descriptive,
3. Exploration - answer the what
experimental or case study.
question
5. Replicability 4. Explanation - answer the question
● Research designs and procedures why and seek clarification
are replicated to enable the 5. Prediction and Control - projects
researcher to arrive at valid and situation or events and minimize
conclusive results. effects
6. Critical STEPS IN QUANTITATIVE STUDY
● Exhibits careful and precise 1. The Conceptual Phase
judgment. ● Defining a problem/Topic Selection
.7 Generalization ● Reviewing the related literature
● is the finding applicable to the entire ● Undertaking clinical fieldwork
population ● Defining the framework/ developing
8. Intensive conceptual definition
● in-depth approach is used to ● Formulating hypothesis
ensure that all possible loopholes in 2. The Design and Planning Phase
the study is covered. ● Selecting a research design
● Developing intervention protocols
WHY CONDUCT RESEARCH? ● Identifying the population
● Anybody needs information to make ● Designing the sample plan
decisions and/or perform his ● Specifying the methods to measure
functions more effectively research variables
● Needs to know what teaching ● Developing methods to safeguard
approaches and materials can be subjects
used to help students learn better. ● Finalizing the research plan
● Need health related data in
developing health programs, 3. The Empirical Phase
improving delivery of health services ● Collecting the data
and identify interventions to improve ● Preparing the data for analysis
health conditions and individuals. 4. The Analytic Phase
● Needs accurate information before ● Analyzing the data
selecting a course of action. ● Interpreting the results
5. The Dissemination Phase
● Communicating the findings
● Utilizing the findings in practice
STEPS IN QUALITATIVE STUDY 4. A research problem must be ethical
● The conduct of study should not
1. Planning the Study
pose any danger, embarrassment.
● Identifying research problem
hurt or any risk to research
● Doing a literature review
respondents or subjects or any one.
● Selecting and gaining entrée into
SOURCES OF PROBLEMS
research sites
● Situations/ Interests
● Developing methods to safeguard
● Experiences
participants
● Communication/ Colleagues
2. Developing data collection strategy ● Previous studies/ Literature
● Deciding what type of data to gather ● Desire for advancement
and how to gather them
● Deciding from whom to collect the THINGS TO CONSIDER IN CONDUCTING
data RESEARCH
● Deciding how to enhance the 1. KNOWLEDGE.
trustworthiness 2. TIME
3. Gathering and analyzing the data 3. AFFORDABILITY
● Collecting data 4. ACCESSIBILITY
● Organizing and analyzing the data 5. APPLICABILITY
● Evaluating data: Making
modifications to data collection GUIDELINES IN TITLE CONSTRUCTION
strategies, “Enhancement of Classroom Learning
● Evaluating data: Determining if Experiences of Nursing Students through
goals and objectives are achieved. Constructive Alignment of Course Website
Step 4: Disseminating Findings Technology in Nursing Education”
● Communicating findings
● Utilizing (or making APA Guidelines:
recommendations for utilizing) - The title should not exceed 11
findings in practice and future substantive words
research

CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD
RESEARCH PROBLEM
1. A research problem must be relevant
● Contributing to knowledge and
development, problems should be
worth investigating and worth the
time, money and effort to be spent
on it.
Example:
Attitudes and Behaviors of Nurses on Night
Duty Shift and its Impact to their Nursing
performance
2. A research problem must be feasible
● Adequate technical expertise skills,
equipment, experience
● Adequate number of subjects
● Affordable time and money
● Manageable in scope
Example:
"The effect on achievement of providing
each student a Microcomputer in their Math
Class"

3. A research problem must be clear.

● It should be specific, clear and
unambiguous. Deals with a limited
aspect of a certain phenomenon
REVIEW ON RESEARCH
X-REF CITATION STYLES IN
INTRODUCTION
1. IMPLICIT
● STATEMENT_(AUTHORS, _YEAR).
Eg. . An e-learning system with higher
educational compatibility is believed to
effectively facilitate the learning processes
of students (Xu & Wang. 2006),

2. EXPLICIT
● AUTHOR_(YEAR_VERB_STATEME
NT
Eg. Taylor and Todd (1995) suggested that
Social Influence (SI) affects other people's
opinion, superior influence, and peer
influence

RESEARCH PROBLEM
● Questions for which researchers
want answers, theories they wish to
INTRODUCTION
validate, information gaps they want
● The beginning piece of thread in
to fill, conditions they want to
research papers
improve, difficulty they want to
● To 'introduce
eliminate, an issue to be settled.
● Stated in a form of question which
serve as the focus of investigation
Where do ideas for research problems
come from?
● Experience and Clinical
Fieldwork - as nurses perform
clinical duties, they are bound to find
a wealth of research ideas
● Nursing Literature - ideas from
studies often come from reading
EXAMPLE INTRODUCTION nursing literature.
● Social Issues - topics are
Enormous attempts have been suggested by more global
done to address the issue of digital contemporary social or political
divide. This intention conceptualizes the issues of relevance to health of the
formation of a 'digital bridge to minimize community
the emerging disparity between digital ● Theories - must be tested for
inclusion and exclusion among learners. applicability in different nursing
Approaches to close the digital gap in environments
schools and universities have attempted to ● Ideas from External Sources -
provide solutions amidst the profligate grow provides an impetus for a research
of technologies in education. idea
Technocentric approaches are seen
through placement of public computing Evaluating Research Problems
centers (Krebek, 2010), private company — There are no rules in making the final
sponsorships and One-Laptop-per-Child selection of a research problem, but some
programs (Yujuico and Gelb, 2007; criteria should be kept in mind:
Kramer and Dedric, 2009, McDonald,
2009; Warschauer and Ames, 2010). Significance of the Problem
Further, technocentric strategies were also ● Is the problem an important one?
undertaken in various countries to develop Researchability of the Problem
digital skills needed to maximize potentials. ● Is your research problem already
answered?
Feasibility of addressing the problem Guidelines in Writing Significance of the
● Time and Timing Study
● Availability of Study Participants ● The rationale, timeless and
● Cooperation of others relevance of the study to existing
● Facilities and Equipment conditions must be explained or
● Money discussed.
● Research Experience ● Possible solutions to existing
● Ethical Considerations problems or improvements to
● Research interest unsatisfactory conditions
● It must be shown who are the
Sample research problem? QuanTi individual, groups, or
1. What is the demographic profile of the communities who may be placed in
respondents in terms of the following: a more advantageous position on
1.1 Sex; account of the study
1.2 Age; ● Possible condition to a fount of
1.3 Education level; knowledge
1.4 Family income level; ● It should discuss the implications,
1.5 Current work position of parents; including the possible causes of
and the problems discovered, the
1.6 Civil status. positive effects of the problems, and
2. How do the respondents may describe the remedial measures to solve the
the personal traits in terms of : problems
2.1 self-esteem;
2.2 self-confidence; and RESEARCH OUTLINE:
2.3 cognitive adaptability. I. THE PROBLEM AND ITS
Sample research problem? QuanLi BACKGROUND
● What characterizes the lived ● Introduction
experiences of Filipino Adult Women ● Statement of the problem
after Bilateral Tubal Ligation? ● Hypothesis of the Study
● Significance of the Study
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY ● Scope and Limitation of the Study.
● The significance of the study should II. REVIEW OF RELATED
state why the problem examined is LITERATURE AND STUDIES
essential, and what significance the ● Review of Related Literature and
results have. Studies
● Include a statement on importance ● Conceptual framework
or felt needs, the possible ● Research paradigm
contribution of the research to ● Definition of terms
new knowledge, and policy III. METHODOLOGY
implications and other possible uses ● Research design
for its results ● Locale and population of the Study
● In this section, the researcher ● Description of the Respondents
expresses the importance of the ● Data Gathering, instrumentation and
research. Contribution of the procedure
results of the study are enumerated. ● Statistical treatment used
Such contributions may be viewed
IV. DISSEMINATION, ANALYSIS AND
from the point of the target
INTERPRETATION OF DATA
beneficiaries like:
○ Researcher himself V. SUMMARY OF FINDINGS,
○ Service providers CONCLUSIONS AND
○ Client RECOMMENDATIONS
○ Society ● Summary
○ Administrators and Planners ● Finding
○ Decision-makers ● Conclusions
○ Implementors ● Recommendation
○ Community
○ Educational institution
○ Practitioners
 ● Also called " Basic research or
SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE fundamental research
● It aims to discover basic truth or
STUDY
principles.
● SCOPE - boundaries or coverage
Applied Research
of the study in terms of subjects,
— Newton's Law, Boyle's Law, Charles' Law
objectives, facilities, area, time
● is an investigation that enriches for
frame, and the issues to which the
a solution to a practical problem.
research is specifically focused.
● it seeks to improve human condition
● LIMITATIONS - constraints or
by providing knowledge that can
weaknesses, which are not within
be used for practical application.
the control of the researcher,
● Involves seeking new applications
therefore they are not expected to
of scientific knowledge to the
be covered by the study.
solution of a problem, such as
● The scope is expected to indicate a
development of a new system or
coherent area of study which is large
procedure, new device, or new
enough to be important but narrow
method in order to solve the
enough to permit careful
problem
management.
Eg. Problem of rice shortage, Population
● It should be specific, the
explosion
management they received, their
number, the nature of any subjects
According to Time Elements:
treated, any limitations that exits in
1. Cross Sectional
the reference population as well as
● it is a type of studies wherein there
the instrument or research design
is a different types of subject with
should be clearly defined.
different type of characteristics.
● Treat them simultaneously
Suggested Phrases
● 1 to 2 years in the making
Scope
2. Longitudinal
● The study will focus on...
● it is a type of studies wherein same
● The coverage of the study...
set of subjects is treated over a
● The study covers the...
period of time
● The study focuses on...
● above 4 years in the making
● It includes...
3. Action research
● It is concerned with…
● is a decision oriented research
● It also involves the...
involving the application of the steps
● The study consist of...
of the scientific method in
Delimitation
response to an immediate need to
● The study is limited to…
improve existing practices.
● The study does not cover the…
● The investigator limited the research
According to Process:
● It does not seek to include…
1. Quantitative
● find answers to questions about
TYPES OF RESEARCH
relationships among measurable
● PURE or BASIC RESEARCH
variables with purpose of explaining,
● APPLIED RESEARCH
controlling, and predicting
● QUANTITATIVE
phenomena.
● QUALITATIVE
● Hence, it is knowing the outcome
● ACTION RESEARCH
stated in NUMERICAL DATA
● LONGITUDINAL
2. Qualitative
● CROSS SECTIONAL
● Starts with a FEW PRECONCEIVED
IDEAS and stresses the importance
PURE VERSUS APPLIED RESEARCH
of people's interpretations of events
Pure or Basic Research
and circumstances
● is a study oriented towards the
● FOCUS: TO CAPTURE AND
development of a theory.
UNDERSTAND the entirely of
● It aims to provide knowledge or
certain phenomena and collect
understanding.
NARRATIVE DATA
CLASSIFICATION OF RESEARCH 4. Helps define your terminology or
1. Library research. identify variations in definitions used
● Done in the library where answers by researchers or practitioners.
to specific questions or problems of 5. Helps to identify appropriate
the study are available. Applicable to research methodologies.
historical research 6. You can also identify validated
2. Field research scales and instruments.
● Conducted in a natural setting. No
changes are made in the RECOMMENDED ONLINE JOURNALS
environment. Applicable to both
descriptive and experimental
research
3. Laboratory research
● Conducted in artificial or
controlled conditions by isolating
the study in a rigorous specified and
operationalized area.
● Applicable to experimental,
descriptive, and case study

REVIEW OF RELATED
LITERATURE
ELSEVIER
AND STUDIES ● Elsevier is a publishing company
which publishes medical and
RECONNISATE - Review existing scientific literature
literature ● One of its databases is
1. Gather relevant literature ScienceDirect
2. Tabulate keywords ScienceDirect
3. Choose variables of interest ● ScienceDirect is one of the largest
online collections of published
PURPOSE OF THE LITERATURE REVIEW scientific research in the world
— A good synthetic review has three ● It is operated by Elsevier and
characteristics contains nearly 10 million articles
● it clarifies and perhaps resolves the from Elsevier
problems within a field of study ● Abstracts are mostly freely available,
rather than glossing over those and full texts require paid
problems. subscriptions
● It resolves in a progressive shift that
yields a new perspective on the TYPOLOGY OF RESEARCH LITERATURE
literature with more explanatory and IN NURSING RESEARCH
predictive power than is offered by
existing perspectives.
● It helps clarify terms and concept

LITERATURE
— Literature - art of written work; IDENTIFYING THE RIGHT LITERATURE
sometimes refers exclusively to published SOURCES
sources
1. Exposes gaps in knowledge and
identifies principal areas of dispute
and uncertainty
2. Helps identify general patterns to
findings from multiple examples of
research in the same area
3. Juxtaposing studies with apparently
conflicting findings helps explore
explanations for discrepancies
 Definition of Terms
● Conceptual Definition - definition
based from the dictionary.
● Operational Definition- based from
Researcher's own definition.

FRAMEWORK OF THE STUDY

● A framework is a set of concepts
that are logically & sequentially
arranged to explain occurrences
of certain phenomena.
● It is the possible answer of the study.

Theoretical Framework
● Based on one existing theory why a
problem in study exists
● Explain connection of a theory and
the problem

Conceptual framework
● Defined concepts showing where,
when, or how they fit together
providing a structure for organizing
and describing the phenomenon of
interest.
● Based from previous study result or
from own experience
REVIEW ON RESEARCH different values, typically numerical
values.
PART 2 E.g. weight, age, body temperature, anxiety
level, SES, attitude
PHASE 1
Independent Variable
TOPIC SELECTION ● Affects the value of the dependent
condition that produces the outcome
SOURCES OF RESEARCH TOPICS ● " assumed cause", influence or
OWN EXPERIENCE AND INTEREST affect outcomes of a problem
● Identify your own interests and ● Symbol x, representing an arbitrary
formulate a problem that reflects element in the domain
them; familiarity in your territory and ● What the researcher manipulates
terminology or varies.
OWN PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE ● Also called the treatment,
● Even a simple analysis of a manipulated or predictor
conversation in the nurse station can variables.
lead to research problems Dependent variable
COLLEAGUES ● Factor whose value is affected by
● Brainstorming with friends about the independent variable
problems they have encountered ● Variable that being measured
may help clarify research ideas ● Outcome of the process or
CRITICAL FRIENDS "assume Effect" or the result of
● Experts are good sources of influence of the independent
research problems variable.
● Symbol y, representing an element
CRITERIA FOR SELECTION OF in the domain
RESEARCH TOPICS/ PROBLEMS ● Change that occurs in the study
F-I-N-E-R- S population
- FEASIBLE ● Also called the criterion, outcome,
- INTERESTING effect and response variables.
- NOVICE Hypotheses
- ETHICAL ● Prediction about the relationship
- RESEARCHABLE between two or more variables. A
- SIGNIFICANT good hypothesis is worded in clear
in concise language.
INTRODUCTION ● Hypotheses are tentative statements
● It is the part of the paper that about a given population.
provides readers with the ● They serve as an answer to one or
background information for the more of the research questions,
research reported in the paper. and are subjected to a statistical
● Its purpose is to establish a test.
framework for the research, so the "It could be:
readers can understand how it is ● Simple hypothesis - expresses an
related to other research. expected relationship between one
● It establishes the issue or concern independent and one dependent
leading to the research by conveying variable
information about a problem. eg. the effect of poverty on child
development at Calvario, Meycauayan
HYPOTHESIZING Bulacan
Variable ● Complex hypothesis - expresses
● is anything that varies. prediction of a relationship between
● It refers to the characteristics or two or more independent variables
attributes of an individual or to two or more dependent variables
organization that can be measured eg: Among women with multiple sclerosis,
or observed. functional limitations are influenced by
● Any quality of a person, group or external sources such as education,
situation that varies or takes on marital status, social support and
employment status
Research Hypothesis/ Affirmative PHASE 2
Hypothesis
CONCEPTUALIZING A
● Positive form of null hypothesis
Proposition that there is significant RESEARCH DESIGN
relationship between independent
and dependent variables RESEARCH DESIGN
● Cannot be tested directly ● A detail blueprint/structural
Eg. : framework used to guide research
There is a significant difference between the towards its objectives
mean age of male nursing students and ● Strategy or approach in solving the
mean age of female nursing students in problem
terms of emotional quotient. ● Maybe experimental or non
experimental, qualitative or
Null hypothesis quantitative
● negative statement which indicates TYPES
that there is no relationship HISTORICAL RESEARCH.
between the predictor and outcome ● Is a qualitative research that aim is
variables in the population to examine the reasons and true
Eg: state of past events. It attempts to
There is no significant difference between examine events of the past to relate
the mean age of Male nursing students and "what existed" or "what was" and to
mean age of female nursing students sum up such events into
simplifications.
ETHNOGRAPHY/ANTHROPOLOGY
RESEARCH.
● Is a scientific study of description of
people and races, their activity,
cultural context and of various
meanings derived and attached to
such cultural acts.
FEASIBILITY RESEARCH
● Is a study that presents the viability,
profitability, sustainability, stability of
a business proposal if it will be
established
● It forecasts the capitalization,
maintenance, and operation costs
that cover materials, men,
management and marketing
expenses.
PHENOMENOLOGICAL RESEARCH
● A type of research that attempts to
explore human perception and
understanding to an event of
phenomenon in a single context and
in multiple comprehension.
● It is an interview based study
because the researcher himself
serves as the instrument in eliciting
date or responses from the
participants.
● The unstructured interview process
is mainly used as it maximizes the
use of time even beyond two hours
to disclose fully his experiences.
● The researcher shall be alert in
documenting the commonalities and
differences of meanings attached to
a similar situation or phenomenon.
SURVEY RESEARCH 4. INTERVENTION OR EXPERIMENTAL
● It is used to study a representative RESEARCH
characteristic of a population. ● Evaluates the effect or outcome of a
● It aims to capture a situation that particular Intervention or treatment
occurs in a moment. It is conducted ● Studies the "cause and Effect"
in various ways like personal relationship between certain factors
interview, telephone interview, or phenomenon under controlled
through a paper - pen questionnaire, condition/s.
fax, mail and electronic mail.
SAMPLING
QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS
● Sampling is the process of choosing
a representative
1. DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH
● Portion of a population or some
● Seek answer to who, what, where
elements in a population that will
and how questions
represents the entire population.
● Describes a given situation or a
given state of affairs In terms of
TYPES OF SAMPLING
specified factors.
1. Non probability sampling.
● To describe what is prevalent
- Is arbitrary and is generally
regarding: a group of people, a
subjective. Data gatherers choose
community, a phenomenon a
sample cases, as they wish or
situation, a program and outcome
whatever they find them.
TYPES
2. Probability sampling.
DESCRIPTIVE-NORMATIVE SURVEY
- Based on concept of random
● "The term normative is sometimes
selection, procedure that assures
used because surveys are frequently
that all elements in the population
made to ascertain the normal or
are given an equal chance of being
typical condition or practice or
selected as a sample unit.
compare local test results with a
state or national norm"
NON PROBABILITY SAMPLING
DESCRIPTIVE- COMPARATIVE
1. ACCIDENTAL SAMPLING. A
● Comparative survey where the
sampling opportunity in which the
researcher considers at least two
researcher takes the respondents
entities and establishes a formal
from those he meets unexpectedly
procedure for obtaining criterion data
2. PURPOSIVE SAMPLING. This is
on the basis of which he can
also called judgmental sampling. A
compare and conclude which of the
deliberate selection of individuals by
two is better".
the researcher based on predefined
DESCRIPTIVE- EVALUATIVE
criteria.
● The purpose of this type is to
3. CONVENIENCE SAMPLING. A
appraise carefully the merit of the
process of selecting respondents in
current study.
the easiest and most expeditious
way.
2. CORRELATION RESEARCH
4. QUOTA SAMPLING. It is a non
● To ascertain if there is a relationship
randomized selection of respondents
● To establish or explore: a
from the cross selection of the
relationship an association an
population.
interdependence
5. NETWORK SAMPLING. This Is a
referral sampling that stems from
3. EXPLANATORY RESEARCH
one or few identified samples who
● Answer the questions why and how?
after being involved in the study will
● to explain why the relationship is
lead the researcher to other samples
formed
who possess the same attributes.
To explain:
● Why a relationship, association or
interdependence exists
● Why a particular event occurs
PROBABILITY SAMPLING TECHNIQUE

1. Simple Random Sampling

● This is similar to the lottery method
that provides every one in the
population the equal chance to be
picked as sample.
a. Drawing of lots
b. Using table of random digits ● Therefore, the sample may be
calculated when the population of
2. Systematic Sampling. the study is already known.
● This is used if a high density of a ● Using .05 or .01 as the sampling
population is at stake. error/ margin of error, the slovens
a. arranged alphabetical or formula may be easily applied
chronological ( age, experience,
academic rank) Study the table given below.
b. nth name may be selected in the – It illustrates the sample that must be
construction of sample obtained out of the stated population. The
Sloven's Formula was used.
3. Stratified Random sampling.
● A technique in which the expansive
population is divided into
manageable smaller subgroups or
strata from which samples are taken.
● Subgroup or strata

4. CLUSTER SAMPLING.
● Identification of some references of LOCALE AND POPULATION OF THE
limiting population to smaller units STUDY
like phases, blocks, areas or rows.
SETTING POPULATION/ PLACE
5. MULTISTAGE SAMPLING ● the researcher using the
● . A refinement of the cluster descriptive-survey method can
sampling procedure making it more choose a subject firm or institution
scientific is the multistage sampling. whose facilities he could use for data
● The researcher, using the gathering purposes.
multi-stage sampling, can effect ● This subiect firm or institution is
savings of time, money, and effort. In otherwise known as the research
addition, precision can be achieved setting or venue.
with the sample thereby reducing the
sampling error.
● Be sure that your sample will be
composed of members with
heterogeneous characteristics

DETERMINING THE SAMPLE

● There is no general rule regarding
the sample size.
● However, the higher the percentage
of the sample, the higher the validity
of the study. The bigger the
population, the lesser percentage of
the sample is taken.
● For a specific calculation of the
sample for the purpose of adequate
sampling, the use of the Sloven's
Formula presented below is advised
as given by Pagoso.
DATA COLLECTION 2. Make sure that all participants receive the
benefits
PROCESS - Both the researcher and participants
should benefit form the research.
Prior to conduction of the study: 3. Avoid deceiving the participants
- Participants need to know that they
1.Consider code of ethics are actively participating in the
● Consult early in the development of research study.
your proposal the Code of ethics for 4. Avoid exploitation of the participants
your professional association - This might be a small reward for
2. Apply to the Institutional Review participating, sharing the final
Board research report or involving them as
● Researchers need to have their collaborators.
research plans reviewed by an (IRB) 5. Avoid collecting harmful information
Institutional Review Board on their - Anticipate the possibility of harmful,
university campuses. intimate information being disclosed
3. Obtain necessary permission during the data collection process.
● Prior to the study, researcher needs
to obtain approval of an individual in Analyzing the data:
authority to gain access to sites and 1. Avoid going native
to study participants. This involves - This means "Taking sides" and only
writing a letter that specifies extent discussing the results that place the
of time, potential impact and participants in a favourable light.
outcomes of research. 2. Avoid disclosing only positive results
4. Select a site without a vested interests - Need to report the full range of
● Selecting a site to study in which you findings.
have an interest in outcomes is not a 3. Respect the privacy of the participants
good idea. Select site that will not - The researchers will use
raise these questions of power and pseudonyms or aliases for
influences in your study. individuals or places to protect the
5. Negotiate authorship for publication identities of the participants.
● If you plan to publish your study,
order of authorship is important to
state at the beginning so that
individuals who contribute to a
research study receive their due
contribution.

Beginning the study:

1. Identify a beneficial research problem
- It is important to identify a problem
that will benefit individuals being
studied.
2. Disclose purpose of the study
- Explain the central intent and
question of the study.
- Specify the sponsorship of the study.
3. Do not pressure participants into signing
a consent forms
4. Respect norms and cultures of your
respondents

Collecting the data:

1. Respect the site
- It involves prolong observation of
the site and minimize disruption of
the physical setting.
Phase 4 The Analytic Phase - Categorical or metric data
- Levels of measurement: NOIR
QUANTIFYING RESEARCH DATA ● Level of Statistical Analysis
● Distinguish the appropriate statistical
procedures
NATURE OF VARIABLES
● CATEGORICAL DATA
- Cases are in defined classes; data
are counted or yield frequencies
- e.g. Gender (variable), categories -
male and female
● METRIC DATA
- Cases are measured. Thus, these
data yield metric or scale values.
STATISTICS
- e.g. height (4.5 meters), IQ (130)
● Deals with logical collection,
organization, presentation, analysis
and interpretation of numerical data
FIELDS of STATISTICS
● Descriptive
- allow the researcher to organize the
data in ways that give meaning and
facilitate insight (frequency
distributions and measures of central
tendency and dispersion)
● Inferential
- statistics designed to allow inference
from a sample statistic to a
population parameter; commonly
used to test hypotheses of
similarities and differences in
subsets of the sample under study
STATISTICS AND ITS IMPORTANCE IN
RESEARCH
LEVELS OF STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
UNIVARIATE ANALYSIS
- examination of the distribution
of cases on only one variables

BIVARIATE ANALYSIS
- two variables are
studied, an element of
comparison is added

MULTIVARIATE
ANALYSIS
A means to achieve the goals of science:
- several variables are
- Gives exact kind of description
studied
- Enables us to draw conclusions
- Enables us to predict
- Helps us analyze causal
MEAN, MEDIAN AND MODE
relationships
● MEAN - average, add all values
● Reinforces systematic procedures
divided by the number of values
● Brings order out of chaos
● MEDIAN - the value which divides
QUANTIFYING DATA
the values into two halves
● Understand the research problem
● MODE - most frequent occurring
● Understand the nature of our
value
variables
METHODS OF DATA
4. Focus Group Discussion
GATHERING ● a group of people (who don't know
each other) is assembled for
TYPES OF DATA discussion
1. Existing Data - Moderator - guides the discussion
● Already available in existing records according to a set of questions or
or documents topics to be covered
2. Raw - Optimal group size: 6-12 participants
● Hospital records, patient charts, 5. Joint Interviews
physician's order sheets, care plan ● 2-3 participants who know each
statements other
3. Tabular/secondary 6. Life Histories
● data gathered from previous studies ● narrative self-disclosure of
4. Original Data individual life experiences, suitable
● Data that are yet to be gathered on an ethnographic studies
from subject using varied tools and 7. Oral Histories
instruments for collection ● more theme-specific / than individual
life experiences
Major Types of Data Collection Method 8. Diaries and Journals
1. Self report. ● participants will write down
2. Observation experiences, thoughts and feelings
3. Biophysiological measures
GUIDELINE FOR THE INTERVIEW
SELF-REPORT
1. Preparing for the interview
● TO GIVE DETAIL ABOUT
● Researcher and participant must
SOMETHING ON YOURSELF
have a common vocabulary
● IT IS ANY METHOD WHICH
● Let the participant choose the
INVOLVES ASKING A
setting o Memorize central questions
PARTICIPANT ABOUT THEIR
● Make sure that the tape
FEELINGS, ATTITUDES, BELIEFS
corresponds to the size needed

I. Qualitative Self Report Techniques 2. Conducting the interview

● Use ice-breaking questions o
1. Structured Develop rapport
● used when the researchers already ● Be a good listener (follow-up, do not
have a preconceived view of the flow lead, no opinions, silence...) o
or content of information to be Prepare for emotions o Take down
gathered notes, observations.
● Interview starts with a
3. Post-interview procedures
prepared/borrowed series of
● Tape recorded interviews should be
questions
checked for audibility and
2. Unstructured
completeness after the interview is
● used when the researchers do not
over
have a preconceived view of the flow
● Transcribe accurately
or content of information to be
gathered
II. Quantitative Self Report Instruments
● Interview starts with no prepared
1. Interview schedule
series of questions
● term for instrument when questions
3. Semi-structured
are asked in either face- to-face or
● used when the researcher knows
telephone interview
what to ask but cannot predict what
2. Questionnaire or MCQ
the answers will be
● when the respondents complete the
● interviewer prepares in advance a
instrums themselves, usually in a
written topic guide/ used an aide
paper- p format
memoire
Types of Structured Questions that relate to the subject of the
1. Open-ended questions research
● allow respondents to respond in ● The researcher can ask about the
their own words, in narrative fashion age, gender civil status, educational
● "What is your perception about attainment,. Family income, and
contraception?" profession/occupation of th
respondents.
2. Closed-ended questions
● offer the respondents appropriate 3. Validity
choices from which they must ● refers to the extent to which a
choose the one that most closely measurement does what it is
match the appropriate answer o supposed to do, which is to measure
● "How many years have you been what it intend to measure
married?" ● Refers to the degree of
● Answerable by a Yes or No appropriateness, correctness,
truthfulness and accuracy of the
study. In other words, the procedure
DESIGNING THE RESEARCH shall measure what it purports to
INSTRUMENT measure.
DATA GATHERING INSTRUMENTS 4. Reliability
● refers to the consistency, stability
QUESTIONNAIRE dependability of the data
● Once the statement of problem and
sub-problems are defined, you can VALIDITY
now proceed with preparing the CONTENT VALIDITY
questionnaire that you will use to ● Refers to the degree of to which the
gather data for possible solutions of question items represent the scope
your problems. or universe of the trait or
● In obtaining the needed data, three characteristic measured by the
methods may be utilized: the researcher.
questionnaire method, observation CONSTRUCT VALIDITY
method, and interview method ● Shows the degree of relationship
● A questionnaire is a printed form between the measure and the
containing questions to be asked construct being measured.
and instructions and provisions for CRITERION VALIDITY
answers ● Detects the presence or absence of
● A questionnaire may either be one or more criteria believed to
standardized or researcher-made. represent characteristics or
● A questionnaire is standardized, if constructs of interest
an accredited research agency of
laboratory did its design and Distributing Questionnaires
structure. 1. Personal
● With the constant use of the ● Given to a person/group of people
standardized questionnaire in who will answer the (SAQ) Self
researches and studies, its reliability, Administered Questionnaire together
validity and accuracy reach a highen
level. 2. Mail
● The appearance must be in good
FOUR ESSENTIAL PARTS OF A condition
QUESTIONNAIRE
1. Instructions 3. Web-based/Email
● clarify to the respondents how and ● Questionnaire can be sent to email -
what to do with the questionnaire; it o Can create website with the
is found at the topmost part of the questionnai
form.
2. Classification
● information describes the
respondents by certain physical,
social, economic, and other traits
OBSERVATION 2. Error of leniency
What to observe on a participant? ● Tendency to rate too positively
● Characteristics and physical ● Due to this subjectivity, a manager
conditions or an interviewer may rate an
● Activities and behavior employee or an interviewee on the
● Skills and performance basis of his/her perception and this
● Verbal and non-verbal perception may tend to become
communication over-positive.
● Environment that may affect 3. Error of severity
behavior of participant ● Tendency to rate negatively/harshly
leading to an insufficiently fast and
Observer must overcome at least two give undeservedly low scores.
initial obstacles: 4. Assimilatory
1. Gaining entry into the social group ● Distort observation in the direction
or culture under study of identity with previous inputs.
2. Establishing rapport and developing 5. Hawthorne effect
trust within the social group ● brought about by the participant's
knowledge of being included in the
Observations research
1. Recording Unstructured Observations 6. Halo effect
● Log or field diary - it contains daily ● tendency of observers to be
record of events in the field influenced by one characteristic in
● Field notes - contents are much judging other, unrelated
broader, more analytic and more characteristics.
interpretative.
Researcher tries to understand the data BIOPHYSIOLOGIC MEASURES
● Methodological notes - is this ● Measures of biological function
method working? obtained through use of technology,
● Theoretical notes - making sense of such as electrocardiogram or blood
what's going on testing
● Personal notes - own feelings Can be done:
● Directly to the person or within the
2. Recording structured observations person(in vivo
● Categories and check list - CBC, Lab test, Sugar levels, tissue
biopsies
● Outside the person or living
organism (in vitro)
- Blood pressure, ECG

1. Q-Methodology
● Studies people's perspectives and
● Rating scales viewpoints
● Participants are given set of cards
(60- 100) and asked to sort them
into a grid with 2 extremes such as
approve/disapprove, like me/least
like me, highest/lowest priority

2. Projective, techniques
● Used to obtain data indirectly about
Observer Biases people's way of thinking.
1. Central tendency bias ● Used to obtain psychological data
● Extreme events are distorted toward with minimum cooperation through
a middle ground participants* reactions from
● It refers to a tendency for raters, or unstructured stimuli
managers to evaluate most of their ● Pictures - Doodling, digital
employees as "average" when they ● Verbal - Word-association method,
apply a rating scale. Sentence completion method
 ● Expression - Drawings or role
playing

3. Vignettes
● Brief descriptions of events or
situations to which respondents are
asked to react
● Elicits perceptions, opinions or
knowledge about some
phenomenon
- Can be written or videotaped
- Questions can be open-ended or
closed ended

4. Cognitive and Neuropsychological

tests
● Intelligence tests - Tests ability to
perceive relationships and solve
problems
● Aptitude tests - Measure's
potential for achievement
Examples:
● I.Q. tests
● Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT)

\\
QUIZ 3. Problems whose answer will be
base on the result of the study
1. During the pandemic, researchers were 4. The reason why we conduct the
encouraged to make researches by study
studying voluminous findings of relevant, A. 1,2,3,4
adequate, and current information regarding B. 1,2,3
a specific topic. This refers to: C. 1 and 2
A. Quantitative study D. None of the above
B. Qualitative study
C. Systemic Review 8. Patterson and Richard choose their
D. Mixed method respondents by doing a lottery method. This
sampling technique is referred to as:
2. The type of research Larine et.al will A. simple random technique
conduct is: B. Stratified technique
A. Quantitative C. Cluster technique
B. Qualitative D. Systemic sampling
C. Both
D. None 9. Roxanne et.al aims to determine the
3. This is described as the blue print of the correlation between culture and nursing
study: care delivery. The appropriate research
A. Statement of the problem statistics for the study is:
B. Questionnaire A. MANOVA
C. Research Design B. ANOVA
D. Statistics C. T-Test
D. Pearson R
4. Which among the probability sampling
technique is best utilize for large group of 10. Mary Grace identified Annie as a
respondents? respondent for their shampoo study. She
A. Simple random just met Annie in the supermarket where
B. Stratifed sampling they were conducting the study. This
C. Systematic sampling technique is known as:
D. Cluster A. Convenience sampling
5. A purposive sampling technique is done B. Accidental sampling
by: C. Both
A. identifying the inclusion and D. None
exclusion criteria of the study
B. choosing any person you meet on 11. Michelle browsed the Archive of Nursing
the street practice and care. Given the site where she
C. asking a group of people willing to looks for her corpus of data, Michelle
participate in the study research design could be:
D. selecting a person who passed a A. Comparative
pretest B. Correlational
6. Francine et.al proposed a study on C. Historical
Hybrid education. The panel suggested that D. Exploratory
they conduct the study with bigger
population and do a mixed method 12. Epidemiological data includes
approach. Proposi is done to: population exposure and health effects
A. Guide research proponents on how observed from sample. This data is referred
to conduct the study to as:
B. Suggest better methodology A. Descriptive data
C. Both B. Comparative data
D. None C. Historical data
D. Experimental data
7. .A research questions can be described
as the following except: 13.Significance of the study identifies the
1. Questions the research wants to beneficiaries of the research. This is in
answer accordance of which ethical principle?
2. Issues that the study will resolve A. Justice
B. Veracity
 C. Non-Maleficence B. empirical data
D. Beneficence C. non-empirical data
D. all of the above
14. The researchers wants to determine
which among tactile learning, visual learning 20. purposive sampling technique is done
and auditory learning is best to teach by:
nursing students. Which research design is A. identifying the inclusion and
appropriate for the study: exclusion criteria of the study
A. Quantitative correlational B. choosing any person you meet on
B. Quantitative comparative the street
C. Qualitative correlational C. asking a group of people willing to
D. Qualitative comparative participate in the study
D. selecting a person who passed a
15. Kristina search the meaning of nursing pretest
in the dictionary, This definition refers to:
A. Operational 21. Francine et.al proposed a study on
B. Contextual Hybrid education. The panel suggested that
C. Either they conduct the study with bigger
D. Neither population and do a mixed method
approach. Proposal defense is done to:
16. The demographic profile of the A. Suggest better methodology
statement of the problem describes the B. Both
respondents. The following can be included C. Guide research proponents on how
except: to conduct the study
1. Age D. None
2. Length of service
3. Sex 22. Plagiarism can be described with
4. Occupation following violation except:
A. 1,2,3,4 1. stealing the idea of another person
B. 1,2,3 2. committing literary theft
C. 1 and 3 3. using another body of work without
D. None of the above crediting the source
4. present as original a product derived
17. Johnny agreed to be a participant in a from an existing source
study on vaccine. The research will be A. 1,2,3,4
conducted from one year. All monetary and B. 1 and 3
non-monetary consideration was provided. C. All of the above
6 months into the study, Johnny received a D. None of the above
call that his work visa is ready and he can
leave anytime. Upholding the ethical 23. Kim and Alex proposes a study on the
principal of autonomy, what is the best similarities between Koreans and Japanese
action of Johnny? way of life. What is the best research design
A. Continue as a research participant for the study?
B. Ask the researcher to replace him A. Comparative
as participant B. Exploratory
C. Return all the token provided by the C. Descriptive
researchers D. Experimental
D. Leave the country and work abroad
24. Utilizes random sampling technique
18. Getting information from the authors among population group
themselves is known as: A. Probability sample
A. Primary data B. Non Probability sampling
B. Secondary data C. Both
C. Third data D. Neither
D. Fourth data
25. Anna and her members wants to study
19. Diaries, videos, doodles, comic strips the different cultures of countries in
and interview narratives are referred to as: Southeast Asia to determine which has
A. body of data predilection to developing
non-communicable diseases. The best 31. Requisites in signing a consent in
research design for the study is: research includes:
A. Correlational A. sound mind
B. Comparative B. free from coercion
C. Descriptive C. legal age
D. Exploratory D. all of the above

26. Empirical data can be the following: 32. in presenting the demographic profile,
A. quantitative researches, observation, the appropriate statistics includes:
lived experiences A. mean, median, mode
B. anecdotes, case reports, opinions, B. frequency distribution
hearsays C. chi square
C. news, articles, perspectives, beliefs D. pearson r
D. traditions, views, principles, values
33. Francine et.al proposed a study on
27. To ensure that different groups of the Hybrid education. The panel suggested that
population will be represented as they conduct the study with bigger
respondents of a study, researchers need to population and do a mixed method
utilize which sampling method. approach. Proposal defense is done to:
A. Simple random A. Guide research proponents on how
B. Systematic sampling to conduct the study
C. Stratified sampling B. Suggest better methodology
D. Cluster Sampling C. Both
D. None
28. Pfizer will conduct a clinical trial on a
medication for multiple sclerosis patients. 34. The group of student researcher wants
Which research design is appropriate for to study the lived experiences of nurses
such study: who worked in quarantine facilities during
A. Phenomenological the pandemic. Which research design is
B. Experimental best utilized in such study?
C. Grounded A. Qualitative / Phenomenological
D. Exploratory B. Qualitative/ Grounded
C. Quantitative/ Descriptive
29. Nerisa and her group members utilized D. Quantitative/ Comparative
a questionnaire that was used in the study E.
of Cosette et.al. They did not change any of 35. After a thorough evaluation, the panel of
the questions as mandated by the authors examiners determined that the principal
when they agreed to lend their investigator et.al have presented cross
questionnaire. The utilization of the referencing verbatim from the source. The
questionnaire is said to be: researcher's culpa refers to:
A. adopted A. Intentional fault
B. adapted B. Plagiarism
C. either C. Faulty citation
D. neither D. Copy Right Infringement

30. Candy browsed the RHU record of 36. Inferential statistics that can be use if we
diseases for 2022 of Brgy. Himala, result are looking for significant difference
revealed the following: TB = 45, DPT= 40, includes:
COVID= 80, Hepatitis= 20, Measles 45, A. ANOVA
Polio=1, B. Both
Leptospirosis=39, Rabies-2, Filiariasis=4,. C. T-Test
What among the following quantitative data D. None
is the mode?
A. 45 37. Already available in existing records or
B. 40 documents
C. 20 A. Original data
D. 80 B. Subjective data
C. Existing data
D. Objective data
38. It is used when the researchers already 45. Directly to the person like taking of:
have a preconceived view of the flow or CBC, Lab test, Sugar levels, tissue biopsies
content of information to be gathered A. Q methodology
A. Unstructured Question B. In Vivo
B. Structured Question C. In Vitro
C. All are appropriate D. All are appropriate
D. Semi structured Question
46. A tendency of observers to be
39. These are the following guideline for the influenced by one characteristic in judging
Interview, except one? other, unrelated characteristics.
A. Develop rapport A. Halo effect
B. Be a good listener B. Error of severity
C. All are appropriate C. Hawthorne effect
D. Use ice-breaking questions D. Assimilatory

40. Types of Structured Questions that allow ANS:

respondents to respond in their own words, 1. C
in a narrative fashion? 2. A
A. Open ended question 3. C
B. Dichotomous 4. D
C. Ranking question 5. A
D. Closed ended question 6. A
7. D
41. Types of Questions that allow 8. A
respondents to answer a yes or a no? 9. D
A. Rank order 10. C
B. Rating 11. C
C. Multiple choice 12. A
D. Dichotomous 13. D
14. B
42. Which of the following definition of a 15. B
questionnaire is not true? 16. D
A. None of aforementioned 17. D
B. A questionnaire is an inexpensible 18. A
way of collecting data 19. A
C. A questionnaire may either be 20. A
standardized or researcher-made. 21. C
D. A questionnaire is a printed form 22. D
containing questions to be asked 23. A
and instructions and provisions for 24. A
answers. 25. B
26. A
43. It refers to the degree to which the 27. C
question items represent the scope or 28. B
universe of the trait or characteristic 29. A
measured by the researcher. 30. A
A. All are appropriate 31. D
B. CONSTRUCT VALIDITY 32. B
C. CONTENT VALIDITY 33. A
D. CRITERION VALIDITY 34. A
35. B
44. It is an observer bias brought about by 36. B
the participant's knowledge of being 37. C
included in the research 38. B
A. Assimilatory 39. C
B. C 40. A
C. Halo effect 41. D
D. Hawthorne effect 42. A
43. C
44. D
45. B
46. A