Pump Care Manual

A collection of centrifugal pump maintenance articles

 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page
Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
You Need A Good Foundation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Field Alignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Baseplate Grouting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Initial Alignment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Align Pipe Flanges to Pump Flanges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Raised Face and Flat Face Flanges (Mating Combinations) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Pump Start-up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Turbine Driven Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Keep Air Out of Your Pump. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Air Pockets in Suction Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Testing for Air in Centrifugal Pumps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Importance of Proper Suction Pipe Submergence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Waterfall Effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Excessive Throttling Can Shorten the Life of Your Pump . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Throttling Accelerates Erosion When Pumping Liquids Containing Abrasives . . . . . . . . . . 18
Elbows at Pump Suction Opening Can Cause Trouble Unless Precautions Are Taken. . . 18
Use a Thermometer to Measure Bearing Temperatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
NPSH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Packed Stuffing Box Packing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Are You Increasing Your Stuffing Box Packing Problems?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Stuffing Box Packing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Stuffing Box Cooling for High Temperature Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Mechanical Seals
Part I - The Basic Seal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Part II - Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Part III - Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Part IV - Trouble Shooting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Quench Glands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Constant Level Oilers - Operation and Adjustment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Ball Bearing - Handling, Replacement and Maintenance Suggestions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Grease Lubrication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Flexibly Mounted Baseplates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Impeller Clearance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Pump Vibration Anaylysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Pump Maintenance Records Pay Dividends. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Goulds Offers A Complete Line of Pumps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

3
4
INSTALLATION
Very often problems with pump and motor Here are some tips on how you can
bearings, shaft breakage and difficulty in prevent these things from causing
aligning units stem from the improper increased downtime and higher than
installation of the pumping equipment. expected maintenance costs.
Inadequate foundations, bent or twisted
baseplates, and excessive pipe strain can
all work together to make an otherwise
simple installation an operational and
maintenance headache for the life of the
unit.

YOU NEED A GOOD FOUNDATION

The importance of a good foundation A concrete foundation firmly attached to a
cannot be overemphasized. The well designed floor system would be the
foundation must be heavy enough to most satisfactory arrangement. When site
provide rigid support for the pump, motor conditions make it necessary to support
and base combination and to resist the the pump on a metal structure, the
normal forces encountered when the unit structural members should be selected
is in service. and designed to provide adequate
stiffness and mass to support the unit and
dampen any vibration that may be
present. Unsupported wood floors and
thin concrete pads should be avoided.

BASEPLATE INSTALLATION
Re-alignment of the pump and driver is of thumb is to level the base to within
required prior to final grouting of the .005” per foot in all directions. Other
baseplate. Even though the unit may types of installations may require the base
have been aligned at the factory prior to to be level to within .002” per foot. This is
shipment, components tend to shift in usually done to avoid problems later with
transit, during handling, or because of a condition known as “soft foot” and to
uneven foundation surfaces. Factory assure that oil lubricated bearings receive
alignments cannot be depended upon equal and adequate lubrication. It is
during or after installation. usually necessary to remove the pump
and motor from the base to attain this
With the baseplate installed on the level of flatness.
foundation you need to adjust the
baseplate as necessary to level it and The baseplate is leveled using shims or
provide a flat surface for the pump and wedges at various locations around the
driver to rest. In some installations there base close to where the anchor bolts are
are strict baseplate flatness guidelines located. Some bases may be equipped
which need to be adhered to. A good rule with leveling screws which make this

(cont'd)

5
process somewhat easier. The wedges, At this point, before grouting the unit, it is
shims or leveling screws are alternately important to check the pump and motor
adjusted as necessary to bring the base for “Soft Foot” and to check the “Rough
to within the specified limit. Once done Alignment” of the components. If these
the components are re-installed on the checks are not made now and the unit is
base. grouted in place, any changes that need
to be made later become much more
difficult and expensive. Taking a few
minutes at this point to check and correct
any problems that exist may save many
hours of work later.

Figure 1

BASEPLATE GROUTING
Once the baseplate is properly installed, it become a unit. We recommend the use
must be grouted. Grout is a concrete of a non-shrink grout for this purpose.
material or multi-part epoxy compound The grout is mixed to a water-like
that is used to fill the cast iron or consistency, and when poured should be
fabricated steel baseplate so that when puddled to insure that it flows evenly
hardened, the baseplate and foundation throughout the under portion of the

(cont'd)

6
baseplate, completely filling the base. It is
recommended that the cementatious
grout be allowed to cure for at least 48
hours. Refer to the epoxy grout
manufacturer's instructions for the proper
mixing and application of that product.
Refer to your equipment instruction
manual for further details.

Figure 2

INITIAL ALIGNMENT
The proper alignment of your pump and through the use of a Straight Edge and
driver is important to assure trouble-free Feeler Gauges.
mechanical operation. Noisy operation,
vibration, reduced bearing life, shaft and Dial Indicators – Used either singly or in
coupling failures and wasted energy may pairs, as with the Reverse Indicator
result from faulty alignment. Before Method, the actual misalignment is
proceeding, you must know the thermal measured by the indicator and through a
rise estimates of your equipment. Refer few arithmetical calculations shim
to the pump and driver manuals for these changes are determined.
estimates. Lasers – Somewhat more complicated to
The most common methods of measuring set up but can be more accurate if
misalignment are: properly used. The laser especially lends
itself to aligning shafts that are separated
Straight Edge and Feeler Gauges – This by more than a few inches. Since the
is the easiest and least expensive method machines have the capability of
of doing alignment but is also the least calculating the shim changes required,
accurate. Used primarily for very small once the operator becomes familiar with
pump/motor combinations where there is the set-up he or she can do the alignment
not enough room to use more accurate, of a pump / motor combination fairly
but larger alignment systems. The quickly and accurately. The primary
straight edge is laid across the flanges of drawback of the Laser is its cost and, in
the coupling hub and the feeler gauges some cases, its size, although continuous
are used between the faces of the advances in technology are making the
coupling hubs. Shim changes are machines both smaller and less
estimated and the alignment is attained expensive.
through a process of “Trial & Error”.
Usually you cannot attain the equipment
manufacturer's alignment specifications
(cont'd)

7
Angular – With a non-spacer coupling, Parallel — Using a straight edge rest the
measure the space or gap between the edge on top of the coupling hub and at
hubs from top-to-bottom and from 90° to the top. The amount of
side-to-side using a feeler gauge. The misalignment is shown by the gap present
measurements obtained should be very between the straight edge and the hub.
nearly the same. If they are not, shim or On a spacer type coupling mount a dial
move the motor as necessary to satisfy indicator on the pump coupling hub so
the tolerance stated in your instruction that the indicator reads on the motor
manual for angular alignment. With coupling hub. Rotate both shafts and
spacer type couplings, a dial indicator read the indicator at 4 points, 90° apart.
should be used to obtain these readings. The readings obtained will tell you how far
out of alignment your equipment is from
Mount the indicator base on the driver side-to-side as well as top-to-bottom
coupling hub so that the indicator reads (elevation). Correct the top-to-bottom
on the face of the pump hub. Rotate both alignment first by shimming the driver as
shafts and read the indicator at 4 points, needed one half the amount shown on the
90° apart. The readings obtained will tell indicator. Correct the side-to-side
you how far out of alignment your alignment by moving the driver as
equipment is from side-to-side as well as needed, again, by one half the amount
from top-to-bottom. Add or remove shims shown on the indicator. Recheck the
from under the driver to correct the top-to-bottom (elevation) to make sure
alignment. The amount of shim that it did not change during the process.
adjustment needed depends on the Be sure to allow for the thermal rise
amount of misalignment present and estimates of both pump and driver.
distance from the point of measurement to
location of the shims.

Figure 3

8
ALIGN PIPE FLANGES TO PUMP FLANGES
Never run pipe to the pump - always run The system should also be designed to
pipe from the pump to a point several feet accommodate whatever thermal
away where the final pipe connection can expansion or contraction is anticipated.
be made. This will help to minimize After the piping has been made up, the
excessive pipe strain on the pump alignment must be rechecked. By
nozzles. The piping must be comparing this check with the initial
independently supported with an alignment figures, the installer can
adequately designed pipe hanger system determine the amount of pipe strain which
that will not allow the pump to carry the has been put on the pump nozzles. The
weight of the pipes or the liquid in them. piping should be adjusted if there is any
significant change in the alignment
readings.

Figure 4

9
RAISED FACE AND FLAT FACE FLANGES
(MATING COMBINATIONS)
Pumps of cast iron construction are joint. To create this higher gasket load, it
furnished with 125 or 250 lb. flat face is only necessary to have one-half of the
(F.F.) flanges. Since industry normally flanged joint supplied with a raised face -
uses fabricated steel piping, the pumps not both. The following illustrations show
are often connected to 150 or 300 lb. 4" steel R.F. and F.F. mating flange
1/16" raised face (R.F.) steel flanges. combinations and the gasket loading
incurred in each instance.
Difficulty can occur with this flange mating
combination. The pump flange tends to Assuming the force (F) from the flange
pivot around the edge of the raised face bolts to be 10,000 lbs. and constant in
as the flange bolts are tightened. This each combination, the gasket stress is:
can cause the pump flange to break
Bolt Force (F)
allowing leakage at the joint (Fig. 5). P (Stress) =
Gasket Area
A similar problem can be encountered
10,000 lbs.
when a bronze pump with F.F. flanges is P (Fig. 8) = = 203 psi
connected to R.F. steel flange (Fig. 6). 49.4 sq. in.
Since the materials are not of equal
P (Fig. 9) = 10,000 lbs.
strength, the bronze flange may distort, = 630 psi
resulting in leakage. P! (Fig. 10) = 15.9 sq. in.

To avoid problems when attaching bronze It can be readily seen that the smaller
or cast iron F.F. pump flanges to R.F. gasket, used with a raised face flange,
steel pipe flanges, the following steps increases the pressure containment
should be taken (refer to Fig. 7): capability of a flanged joint. However, it
can also be noted that there is no
1. Machine off the raised face on the difference in pressure capability between
steel pipe flange. R.F. to R.F. and R.F. to F.F. flange
combinations.
2. Use a full face gasket.
In addition to being technically
If the pump is steel or stainless steel with
unnecessary to have a R.F. to R.F.
F.F. flanges, no problem arises since
mating combination, the advantages are:
materials of equal strength are being
connected. Many customers, however, 1. The elimination of the extra cost for
specify R.F. flanges on steel pumps for R.F. flanges.
mating to R.F. companion flanges. This
arrangement is technically and practically 2. The elimination of the extra
not required. delivery time required for a
non-standard casing.
The purpose of an R.F. flange is to
concentrate more pressure on a smaller
gasket area and thereby increase the
pressure containment capability of the

(cont'd)

10
11
PUMP START-UP
All of the factors that contribute to Causes can include pipe strain imposed
successful pump operation must be due to the weight of the liquid in the
checked carefully before starting a new or piping, faults in the foundation or grouting,
rebuilt pump. The majority of failures or foreign material getting into the unit before
serious problems at start up can be the piping flanges were made up, etc.
avoided by just taking a few minutes to Whatever the cause, it must be identified
verify that all of the components and and corrected before proceeding further.
associated systems are in operational
condition. Just prior to start up always make sure
the correct type, quantity and quality of
Prior to coupling the unit, two checks lubrication and / or cooling is applied to
which should always be made are: first, the components as recommended by the
the unit turns freely by hand; and, second, manufacturer. This includes motor
the motor has been “bumped” and bearings, couplings, mechanical seals,
checked for the correct hand of rotation. packing and of course, the pump
bearings.
Operating some pumps in the wrong
direction of rotation can severely damage Once these checks have been made the
the unit and can lead to personal injury for Suction Valve on the pump may be fully
those nearby. A pump that does not turn opened while the air inside the pump is
freely, with consideration given to the drag vented. This fills the unit with liquid,
in the stuffing box or mechanical seal covering the impeller eye and makes it
area, usually requires some attention prior ready for start up. If the unit is in a
to starting. “Suction Lift” type installation where the
level of the liquid on the suction side of
If the pump shaft turned freely during the the pump is below the centerline of the
initial phases of the alignment process pump casing, a vacuum priming system
then something since that procedure has may be needed to evacuate the air from
changed. Going back through each of the the pump casing or volute. In the case of
steps that followed the alignment in “Self Priming” pumps the casing needs to
reverse will usually turn up the cause. have some liquid added to it before hand
for the “Self Priming” feature to work.
TURBINE DRIVEN UNITS
When new or rebuilt turbine driven units recently opened piping system and
are being started, it is important to protect minimize the chance of pump failure
the pump from damage related to an caused by small amounts of dirt or foreign
improperly adjusted turbine. All turbine material in the sytem. Suction strainers
controls should be checked and verified are used to provide some protection
prior to coupling it to the pump. Consult against this, but normally the openings
the turbine manufacturer's instruction for are much larger than the running
details. When started, the unit should be clearances of the rotating parts in the
brought up to speed and flow as quickly pump.
as possible in order to flush the new or

12
KEEP AIR OUT OF YOUR PUMP
Conventional Centrifugal Pumps are not Air may be present in the liquid due to
designed to handle a mixture of liquid and leaky suction lines on suction lift
gases. Pumping liquids containing a applications or a variety of other reasons.
significant amount of entrained gas can A free falling discharge into a tank or pit
lead to serious mechanical and hydraulic will also cause excessive gas entrainment
problems. A mixture of only 2% gas by and may cause problems for a pump
volume will cause a 10% reduction in drawing from that tank.
capacity and 4% will cause a reduction of
over 43%. In addition to the loss of There are Centrifugal Pumps designed
efficiency and wasted power the pump will specifically for applications where
probably be noisy and may vibrate entrained gases are encountered.
excessively. Entrained gases can cause
shaft breakage, seal failures and in some
cases accelerate corrosion.

AIR POCKETS IN SUCTION PIPE

Air pockets can be a source of trouble on Eccentric reducers are always installed
pump installations involving suction lift. with the horizontal side on top. Suction
They can cause a loss of prime on valves should be installed with the stems
start-up as well as restrict flow in the horizontal so that no air pockets are
suction pipe to the extent that a reduction formed at the top of the valve near the
in capacity is experienced. When bonnet. Figure 11 shows both the correct
installing piping, suction lines should and incorrect method of installing piping.
always pass under interfering piping and
where reducers are used, eccentric rather
than straight reducers must be used.

Figure 11

13
TESTING FOR AIR IN CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS
The amount of air which can be handled can be fed into the "bubble bottle". The
with reasonable pump life varies from presence of air or vapor will show itself in
pump to pump. However, in no case is it the "bubble bottle".
expected that a pump will give better life
with air present than it would if the liquid Obviously, the next step is to eliminate the
were entirely air-free. The elimination of source of air since quantities present in
air has greatly improved the operation and sufficient amount to be audible are almost
life of many troublesome pumps. When certain to cause premature mechanical
trouble occurs, it is common to suspect failure.
everything but air, and to consider air last,
if at all.
If air is present, the pump is likely to
operate with a certain amount of internal
noise. This noise can be described as a
"gravel noise" - sounds very much must
as though the pump were handling water
full of gravel. This is the same type of
noise generally associated with cavitation.
In many cases a great deal of time,
inconvenience, and expense can be
saved by making a simple test for the
presence of air. We will assume that
calculations have already been made to
assure that the NPSH available is greater Figure 12
than that required by the pump (the noise
is not a result of cavitation). The next
step should be to check for the presence
of entrained air in the suction.
When the source of suction supply is
below the centerline of the pump, check
for the conditions covered previously in
this manual.
When the source of suction supply is
above the centerline of the pump, a check
for air leaks can be made by collecting a
sample in a "bubble bottle" as illustrated
in Figure 12. Since the pressure at the
suction chamber of the pump is above
atmospheric pressure, a valve can be
installed in one of the tapped openings at
the high point in the chamber and liquid

14
IMPORTANCE OF PROPER SUCTION PIPE
SUBMERGENCE
If velocity of the water at the suction pipe In many cases, centrifugal pumps function
entrance is too high, a vortex (commonly improperly because air gets into the pump
referred to as a whirlpool) is created, due to:
through which air flows downward to the
end of the suction pipe and into the pump 1. The installation of a suction pipe
casing. Air in the pump casing causes that is too small in diameter.
rough and noisy operation and severe
2. The end of the suction pipe not
vibration that in the course of a short time
being submerged deeply enough.
can result in a broken shaft as well as
other damage. If sufficient air reaches the 3. Both of the above undesirable
pump to completely air bind it, dry conditions.
operation will cause metal seizure at the
impeller hub and wearing ring. Unless
corrective action is taken, the rotating
parts will be damaged beyond repair.
These difficulties can be avoided by
selecting and installing a suction pipe
through which the fluid handled enters at
a velocity not exceeding that shown on
the graph. A lower velocity and more
submergence are good insurance against
this type of air trouble.
Sump design for large double suction
pumps can become more complex, and
appropriate sources such as the
"Hydraulic Institute Standards" should be
consulted.

Figure 13

15
WATERFALL EFFECT
Liquid falling directly on the foot valve in If the returned liquid is heavily laden with
Figure 14 would carry air into the suction air, or the sump is small, baffles may also
line and could result in the pump losing its be required as shown in Figure 14 to
prime and seizing while running dry. This allow the air to separate before entering
can also happen when a pump has a the pump suction.
flooded suction as in Figure 15. In either
case, the pump would be noisy. The continued presence of entrained air
and vapor in any liquid being pumped is
The free fall shown in Figures 14 and 15 extremely serious and should be
is serious, but a line discharging vertically corrected immediately. Any return line
downward under pressure, such as an should be extended far enough away from
orifice return line to a feed water storage the pump suction to prevent trouble, and
tank, has even more effect, as shown in below the surface of the water to minimize
Figure 16. air entrainment. Check your installation
today and make sure YOUR pump is not
suffering from entrained air.

EXCESSIVE THROTTLING CAN SHORTEN THE LIFE OF

YOUR PUMP
A centrifugal pump should never be allowed through the pump, the casing
operated continuously near shutoff or zero may be unable to radiate the heat
capacity. To do so may shorten the life of generated, and the liquid and the pump
the pump and greatly increase down time may rise to a dangerously high
and maintenance. temperature.
The difference between input horsepower Hydraulic radial thrust is unbalanced
and water horsepower is transferred to when the pump is operating near shut-off,
the liquid in the pump as heat. When only and this subjects the shaft to abnormal
a small percentage of rated flow is deflection. The pump will be noisy, will

(cont'd)

16
vibrate excessively, and may break shafts The bypassed liquid should never be
frequently. returned to the suction line immediately
upstream from the pump, but should
Pumps are frequently rated for capacities always be returned back to the source of
sufficient to handle maximum supply and discharged below the liquid
requirements. They are also occasionally level to avoid air entrainment.
selected to handle capacities required
under emergency operation or at some If excessive throttling at the discharge
future predicted flow far in excess of valve is required with the by-pass line
present demands. This procedure will open, actual system head and capacity
minimize ultimate plant investment, requirements should be reviewed and a
duplication, and replacement with larger new rating selected.
equipment at a future date. However, it
may require excessive throttling of the Excessive maintenance and shortened life
discharge valve, resulting in severe can always be expected when a pump is
punishment to the pump. operated continuously at or near shut-off.
A return line by-passing part of the flow
Fortunately, there is a simple method to back to the source of supply will allow the
relieve the pump of undue strain. Simply pump to operate near rated capacity and
extend a by-pass line from the pump extend the life of your pumping
discharge back to the source of supply. A equipment.
throttle valve or an orifice plate should be
placed in the by-pass line, and sufficient
flow returned to allow the pump to operate
at a capacity reasonably near its rating.

Figure 17

17
THROTTLING ACCELERATES ERROSION WHEN
PUMPING LIQUIDS CONTAINING ABRASIVES
When pumping liquids containing abrasive Often a plant design calls for pumps to be
solids some errosion of the pump impeller oversized to accommodate future
and other parts is to be expected. The requirements or the occasional upset
useful life of the unit is reduced not only condition. Again, a discharge by-pass line
by the quantity of abrasives present, but should be considered to help allow the
also the physical characteristics of the pump to operate at a better point on the
solids and the velocity of the mixture curve and at better efficiency and reduced
through the pump. Throttling a unit internal re-circulation. Often the
accelerates the wear even more by re-circulation line is directed back into the
causing localized higher velocities and tank or sump to provide additional
re-circulation within the impeller and agitation and mixing.
casing. With a pump operating at its best
efficiency point, the majority of solids
make only one trip through the unit.
Throttling the unit increases the internal
re-circulation and allows the abrasive
particles to scrape against the inside of
the pump a number of times before finally
being discharged.

ELBOWS AT PUMP SUCTION CAN CAUSE TROUBLE

UNLESS PRECAUTIONS ARE TAKEN
Properly installed suction piping is of Without this straight run of pipe, the
extreme importance in obtaining incoming liquid, because of centrifugal
trouble-free operation in any force, tends to pile up on the outside of
double-suction type centrifugal pump. the elbow. If the liquid enters the pump
suction directly in this condition, it will not
If an elbow is required at the pump be evenly distributed between the two
suction flange, it should always be in a inlets of the double suction impeller. This
vertical position. Where, because of unbalance will cause noise and generally
space limitations or other peculiarities of unsatisfactory operation of the pump (see
the installation, an elbow must be used Figure 20).
near the pump suction flange in any
position except vertical, it should never be A device for relieving this condition is
installed unless there is a minimum of two illustrated in Figure 21. It is a simple
diameters of straight pipe between the baffle that can be made in any shop.
elbow and the pump flange (see Figures Inserted in the straight length of pipe
18 and 19). adjacent to the pump flange, it will

(cont'd)

18
equalize the flow and assist materially in
improving pump performance.

Figure 18 Figure 19

Figure 20

Figure 21

19
USE A THERMOMETER TO MEASURE BEARING
TEMPERATURES
Pump bearing temperatures are which can be dissipated is dependent on
frequently estimated by placing a hand the cooling area of the bearing housing
lightly against the bearing housing or and the temperature and motion of the
shell. If the bearing is “cool” or “warm,” surrounding air. The net result is a stable
we feel assured. If it feels “hot,” we may operating temperature. Once this
become concerned and spend temperature has been established, it will
considerable time and effort to reduce the remain constant until one or more of the
temperature until the housing feels only variables changes. A stable temperature,
“warm” without any clear idea of the no matter how hot it may feel to the
actual operating temperature. human hand, is not necessarily an
indication of danger so long as it does not
Unfortunately, the human hand is not an exceed the upper limit of the lubricant.
accurate thermometer and can give a The temperature should be established
danger signal falsely. A temperature accurately by thermometer and recorded
which feels “hot” varies from 120° to in a convenient location.
130°F depending on the individual.
Above this temperature the human hand A pronounced increase in temperature is
is worthless in estimating temperature. an indication of danger and a signal to
Grease lubricated ball and roller bearings investigate. One shot of grease should be
can be operated safely at temperatures added to the bearing, but if this does not
up to at least 200°F. In fact, the upper reduce the temperature immediately, no
operating limit on anti-friction bearings is additional grease should be added. The
determined solely by the temperature at unit should be checked for unnecessary
which the lubricant fails and begins to loads, such as coupling misalignment, or
carburize. Bearing temperatures up to improper packing adjustment. A
160°F are extremely safe. Operation of temperature increase may not be an
bearings at this temperature is not at all indication of impending bearing failure or
undesirable, as a better flow of lubricant excessive load, but could be due entirely
can be expected. This gives a clear to an increase in temperature of the liquid
indication of why a thermometer is being pumped, or to an increase in the
necessary to determine bearing surrounding temperature during the warm
temperature. summer months. Heat transfer due to
increased liquid temperature can be
All bearings operate at some temperature minimized by connection of a quenching
above that of the surrounding gland with cold water from the plant
atmosphere, unless cooled. Heat is supply line.
generated within the bearing due to rolling
friction of the balls or rollers, and by the Bearing temperatures are frequently
drag of the ball or roller separator cage. increased by lubrication practices.
Some heat may be added by conduction Excessive or over-greasing which results
along the pump shaft from the liquid within in complete packing of the bearing shell
the pump and from external sources in with grease greatly increases the
close proximity. The amount of heat resistance to rotation and the amount of
(cont'd)

20
heat generated. Removal of excessive Occasionally when pumps are first started
grease from the bearing housing will lower the bearings seem to run extremely hot.
the bearing temperature considerably. This high temperature is frequently
Most pumps handling hot liquids are caused by the grease seals not the
equipped with quenching glands and bearings. As soon as the seals are
water cooled bearings so that the actual seated, the temperature will drop to a
operating temperature within the bearing normal level.
may be lower than the ambient
temperature of the surrounding air. High
temperature greases should not be used
with water cooled bearings as poor
grease fluidity and inadequate lubrication
may likely result.

NPSH
The most maligned of all pump criteria is vapor occupies about 10,000 times the
actually a simple physical phenomenon. volume of an equal mass of water.
NPSH, net positive suction head, is
defined by the Hydraulic Institute as “the Figure 22 is a profile and end view of a
total suction head in feet of liquid typical open impeller. An impeller is
absolute, determined at the suction nozzle essentially a spinning wheel and as such
and corrected to datum, less the vapor centrifugal force creates a low pressure
pressure of the liquid in feet absolute.” area at the center point “A”. In addition,
pressure is lost due to liquid friction
The key to the problem is vapor pressure. between the suction nozzle and the
Every liquid exerts a pressure on its entrance to the vane. One other source
surroundings which is dependent on of pressure loss is due to the shock of the
temperature. When this pressure is equal vane hitting into the liquid stream.
to the pressure of its environment, the liquid
is said to boil or turn to vapor. For example,
at sea level a pan of water on a stove will
boil at 212°F. This means that the vapor
pressure of water at 212°F is equal to the
atmospheric pressure 14.7 psia.
The amount of space a liquid occupies is
very small compared to the amount of
space occupied by the equivalent amount
of liquid converted into vapor. For
example, 1 pound of water at 50° F
occupies a space equal to about a pint
(16 oz.) of soda. One pound of water
vapor at 50° F would occupy a space of
over 1,700 cubic feet, nearly the size of a
15’ x 15’ x 8’ room. One pound of water Figure 22

(cont'd)

21
If the pressure at point “A” is lower than When the vapor bubbles collapse on the
the vapor pressure of the liquid being vane surface, energy is released in the
pumped, the liquid boils or vaporizes. form of an implosion which will take
When this occurs, the vapor occupies particles of metal out of the surface. This
many times the volume of the liquid, causes the familiar pitting of the vane.
consequently the performance in terms of
mass flow is greatly decreased. Thus, NPSH required is simply the
amount of pressure necessary to keep the
When the vapor enters the vane area, liquid from vaporizing at the “eye” or
condensation or collapse of the vapor center of the impeller. It is made up of the
bubble occurs as soon as the pressure is losses due to friction and shock plus the
higher than the vapor pressure. Since the natural pressure reduction due to
pressure is generated by the vane centrifugal force.
working on the liquid or vapor, the
collapse always happens at the surface of
the vane. The crackling noise associated
with cavitation is this collapse taking
place.

PACKED STUFFING BOX LUBRICATION

Shaft sealing is the necessary evil to generated in the bearing surface area
centrifugal pump operation. Mechanical may cause flashing with the resultant loss
seals and packing are the two methods of lubricating properties.
used to accomplish a seal.
Figure 23 illustrates the most common
It must be understood that while these method of supplying lubrication to the
sealing devices act in different ways to do packing. The pumpage is simply
the same job, there is work being done by-passed from the discharge volute into
which generates friction and heat. the stuffing box. This is used when the
Because of this, they require both cooling liquid and operating conditions are such
and lubrication. that the pumpage will provide adequate
lubrication. Part A in Figure 23 is the
Packing does not and should not cage ring. Its function is to provide an
completely eliminate leakage, but rather annular channel for even distribution of
throttles it to a tolerable limit. There the lubricant.
should always be some drippage from the
gland for good packing lubrication. Figure 24 illustrates a method of
lubrication used when the pumpage is
The choice of stuffing box lubricant heavy or thick, such as paper stock. In
depends on the pumpage, temperature this case, the cooling fluid is supplied to a
and pressure. Obviously, if the liquid cage or lantern ring which is placed in the
pumped is a poor lubricant or contains back of the stuffing box. This method
abrasive solids, the packing will be prevents the pumpage from entering the
severely damaged. Should the liquid be throat bushing and will minimize wear and
at or near its vapor pressure, the heat clogging. The cooling fluid is forced into
(cont'd)

22
the stuffing box at a higher pressure than
is in the area between the back of the
impeller and the stuffing box with a portion
entering the pumpage through the throat
bushing. The remainder of the cooling
fluid is forced along the shaft to cool and
lubricate the packing.
Care must be exercised in the choice of
Figure 23
external lubricant. The primary concern
will be compatibility with the pumpage. In
most cases water will suffice for
lubrication, but serious product damage
may result if a chemical reaction occurs.
If water is undesirable, grease oil or a
liquid with good lubricity and chemical
compatibility should be selected.
Figure 24

ARE YOU INCREASING YOUR STUFFING BOX PACKING

PROBLEMS?
Normal stuffing box leakage usually drawn into the packing. If enough air
ranges from 40 to 60 drops per minute enters the pump through the packing it is
which is adequate to cool and lubricate possible for the unit to lose its prime or
the packing. Stuffing boxes for pumps seize the pump altogether. A liquid
with very large shaft diameters may need barrier such as seal water, helps to
to leak as much as a small stream to prevent this.
provide sufficient cooling and lubrication.
On units handling clear liquids, the The sealing liquid is piped externally to
pumpage itself becomes the coolant and the stuffing box and distributed between
lubricant. A seal flush line is piped up the rows of packing through a seal cage
from a point on the pump casing to the or lantern ring. Some of the sealing liquid
seal water inlet. As the unit is operated, will be drawn into the pump, and the
pumpage flows naturally to the stuffing remainder will trickle out of the stuffing
box. An external sealing liquid is needed box. In this case, the sealing liquid acts
if the pressure at the stuffing box is as a coolant, a lubricant and a barrier
negative, as in a Suction Lift situation, or if against the entrance of air as well. If the
the liquid being pumped has suspended liquid pumped has solids in suspension,
solids, or is highly volatile with poor the stuffing box should be sealed with
lubricating qualities. clean water from the plant water supply or
some other source. The use of plant
If the pressure at the stuffing box is water assures a positive seal on the
negative, air in the atmosphere will be stuffing box during the priming period.

(cont'd)

23
If the pressure at the stuffing box is The pressure of the seal water supply, at
positive and the liquid is clean, the natural the stuffing box connection, should be
flow of liquid trying to escape to the between 5 and 10 PSIG above the
atmosphere will cool and lubricate the pressure acting on the stuffing box. This
packing. In this case it is not necessary to will insure a flow of liquid along the shaft
connect either a flush line from the pump sleeve and into the pump helping to
casing or an external supply of seal water. prevent the entrance of solids.
The additional pressure of the supply will
increase the pressure at the stuffing box If the pumpage is toxic, volatile or cannot
unnecessarily and require the packing to be contaminated, a non-soluble lubricant
be tightened further to control the may be introduced at the seal cage or
leakage. lantern ring. A quench type gland is
often used to dilute and carry away any
If the pumpage contains suspended leakage of the pumped liquid which might
solids special consideration needs to be escape past the packing.
given to both the type of packing being
used and the supply of seal water. If Recommendations for stuffing box sealing
allowed to leak, the solids in the pumped liquids are tabulated below. They should
liquid will collect on the rings of packing be used as a guide for new pump
and score the shaft sleeve. External installations and when reviewing existing
sealing with clean plant water is installations.
recommended.

STUFFING BOX PACKING

Packing is generally a rope-like material grease and graphite flakes. This packing
containing some type of lubricant, usually is best suited for low speed, low
grease and graphite, Teflon™, mica or temperature and low pressure
some other lubricating substance. The applications on cold water and general
initial impregnation is intended to serve as services. It has a pH range of 4 to 10
the primary lubricant for the start-up and which enables it to withstand mildly acidic
break-in period. After start-up other or alkaline solutions. It’s the least
lubrication must be provided to prolong expensive of the packing types available.
packing life. This lubrication is most often
provided by the pumpage. Special

Packing supplied by ITT Industries Fluid A. Chemical and Solvent Applications

Technologies can be broken down into A wide variety of packing is available for
two primary classifications: general and severe chemical or solvent applications.
special. Typical types include Teflon™
General impregnated vegetable fiber packing,
pure Teflon™, Grafoil™ and pure
Packing supplied for general service graphite, Kevlar™, lead packing, various
applications is braided, long filament combinations of these and other
vegetable fiber material impregnated with materials. Your choice of packing should
(cont'd)

24
be based on the nature and concentration Often consultation with your ITT Industries
of the chemicals or solvents being Sales Representative or local packing
pumped. supplier can provide alternative solutions
to what may be considered an impossible
B. High Pressure or Temperature situation.
Applications
Packings of varied materials and
arrangements can be supplied for most
applications involving high pressures
and/or temperatures. Combination sets of
various types of foil, plastic or braided
natural and man-made fibers are common Goulds Model 3196 with non-cooled stuffing box
for use with these applications. Your w/quench type gland. Standard configuration with
choice should be based on shaft speeds 5 rings of packing and lantern ring illustrated.
and the severity of the pressures and Figure 25
temperatures involved.

STUFFING BOX COOLING FOR HIGH TEMPERATURE

APPLICATIONS
High temperature applications present Because they eliminate this leakage,
certain inherent problems which do not mechanical seals have largely replaced
arise when pumping lower temperature packing for these sorts of applications.
fluids. Special attention must be given to However, when using mechanical seals,
the stuffing box and packing arrangement care must be taken to be sure that there
to assure a long and useful life. be liquid film between the seal faces at all
times. If the liquid separating the seal
In centrifugal pumps fitted with packing, face surfaces were to flash to vapor and
there are high temperature options allow the faces to touch, seal failure is
available, such as jacketed stuffing boxes, nearly guaranteed.
to help extend the life of the packing. As
the temperature and pressures increase There are several ways to help keep the
or as the pumpage becomes more seal faces and sealing fluid cool:
volatile, corrosive or toxic, packing
becomes more of a problem. Since 1. Cooling liquid can be circulated
stuffing boxes need to leak to provide the through a Jacketed stuffing box
cooling and lubrication for the packing, which is an option for many of our
this leakage can cause serious safety and models, including the 3196. The
health issues in the plant. In some chart on the next page shows the
applications the few drops of leakage can cooling water required for various
vaporize harmlessly into the atmosphere. application temperatures.
In others, there can be no leakage to the
2. A cool compatible liquid from an
environment at all.
outside source can be injected
directly into the seal chamber.

(cont'd)

25
 3. The pumpage can be cooled in a
heat exchanger and returned to the
seal chamber.
Either (2) or (3) can be used by
themselves or in combination with (1).

Figure 26

TYPE 4 TYPE 5
TaperBore™ PLUS Seal Chamber Jacketed BigBore™ Seal Chamber

Maintains proper
temperature control
(heating or cooling)
of seal environment.

Figure 27

26
MECHANICAL SEALS . . . PART I - THE BASIC SEAL
A mechanical seal is a sealing device that O-ring to effect sealing and prevent
provides a seal between rotating and rotation.
stationary parts, thus keeping the liquid
being pumped inside the pump. Today, 2. Rotation seal part-positioned on
the design of liquid handling equipment the shaft by the O-ring. The O-ring
with rotating parts usually include the seals between it and the shaft and
features necessary for the use of a provides resiliency.
mechanical seal. Some of the
advantages mechanical seals offer over 3. The mating faces - The faces are
conventional packing include: precisioned lapped for a flatness of
3 light bands and a surface finish of
1. Reduced friction and power losses 5 microinches.
because of lower drag in the
stuffing box. 4. Spring Assembly - Rotates with the
shaft and provides pressure to
2. Reduced leakage from the stuffing keep the mating faces together
box. during periods of shut down or lack
of hydraulic pressure.
3. Reduced shaft or sleeve wear.
5. Driving member positions the
4. Reduced maintenance. spring assembly and the rotating
face. It also provides the positive
The wide variety of styles and designs
drive between shaft and the other
together with extensive experience allows
rotating parts.
the use of seals on practically any sealing
problem. 6. End movement - As wear takes
A mechanical seal must seal at three place between the mating faces,
points: the rotating face must move along
the shaft to maintain contact with
1. Static seal between the stationary stationary face. The "O" ring must
part and the housing. be free to move.

2. Static seal between the rotary part The principle of operation of a mechanical
and the shaft. seal is fairly straight forward: Liquid
pressure in the seal chamber along with
3. Dynamic seal between the rotating some type of spring arrangement forces
seal face and the stationary seal the faces together. Due to capillary
face. action, a thin film of lubricant separates
them and keeps them from touching
Figure 28 shows a basic seal with these under normal circumstances. The
components: pressure of the liquid, the spring pressure
1. Stationary seal part-positioned in and this very thin layer of liquid between
the housing with preload on the the faces reduces the leakage of the
pumped fluid past the seal to a point near
zero. These basic components are a part
(cont'd)

27
of every seal, secondary sealing systems The form, shape, style and design will
consisting of “O” rings, “V” rings, gaskets, vary greatly depending upon the service
etc. complete the assembly. and manufacturer. The basic theory,
however, remains the same.

Figure 28

MECHANICAL SEALS . . . PART II - TYPES

Mechanical seals can be classified into The pumpage is in direct contact with all
the general types and arrangements parts of the seal and provides the
shown below. Understanding these lubrication for the faces. The full force of
classes provides the first step in proper pressure in the box acts on the faces
seal selection. providing good sealing to approximately
200 PSIG. This is the most widely used
Single Seals type for services handling clear liquids. A
Inside, outside, unbalanced, balanced circulation or by-pass line connected from
Double seals the volute to the stuffing box provides
Unbalanced or balanced continual flushing of the seal chamber.

Single Seals, Inside Unbalanced Single Seals, Outside Unbalanced

(Figure 29) (Figure 30)

The single inside seal mounts on the shaft This type mounts with the rotary part
or sleeve within the stuffing box housing. outside of the stuffing box. The springs
and drive element are not in contact with
(cont'd)

28
the pumpage, thus reducing corrosion
problems and preventing product
accumulation in the springs. Pressures
are limited to the spring rating, usually 35
PSIG. Usually the same style seal can be
mounted inside or outside. The outside
seal is easier to install, adjust and
maintain.
Single Seals, Balanced
(Figure 31)
Balancing a seal varies the face loading Double Seals
exerted by the box pressure, thus
extending the pressure limits of the seal. Double seals use two seals mounted back
A balanced rotating part utilizes a stepped to back in the stuffing box. The box is
face and a sleeve. Balanced seals are pressurized with a clear liquid from an
used to pressures of 200 PSIG. Their use outside source. This arrangement is often
is also extensive on light hydrocarbons used on slurry service or where there can
which tend to vaporize easily. be no release of the pumpage to the
environment because the condition of the
Balanced outside seals allow box inner seal can be monitored by checking
pressure to be exerted toward the seal the characteristics of the seal flush liquid.
faces, thus allowing pressure ranges to
above 150 PSI as compared to the PSIG Balanced and unbalanced designs are
limit for the unbalanced outside seal. available to meet specific pressures.
Cartridge Seals
Recent advancements in sealing
technology have made Cartridge Type
Seals the preferred type for many
applications. The advantages include that
they are available in all of the previously
mentioned configurations, they are self
contained, completely assembled on their
own shaft sleeve, can accommodate pump
impeller adjustments and are significantly
easier to install. The problems of having to
assemble the pump, mark the seal
chamber location on the shaft or sleeve,
disassemble the unit, install the seal and
re-assemble the pump are eliminated. A
further advantage is that you do not need
to handle the delicate sealing faces or
other components.

29
 Manufacturers offer different
configurations for different applications. A
seal chamber suitable for a clear liquid
application maybe totally unacceptable for
a viscous application or one containing
abrasive solids. Usually as the
effectiveness of the seal chamber in
cooling and lubricating the seal goes up,
so does the cost of that design. That
added cost can easily be more than offset
by a reduction in the number of seal
failure in the pump’s life time.
Figure 32
Split Seals
Tape Bore VPE
Sealing technology has advanced even
further in the area of Split Seals. Split
seals are usually a cartridge type seal
with the added advantage of being split
horizontally at the centerline. Since the
seal can be separated into halves, placed
around the shaft and reassembled, taking
the pump apart to install it is unnecessary.
The primary disadvantages are that the
seal components need to be very
accurately aligned and, since you are
handling many of the individual parts of
the seal, extra care needs to be taken to Figure 33
prevent damaging any of the components.
Seal Chambers
Seal life can be significantly extended by
the proper selection of the seal
environment. By providing better cooling
and lubrication by increasing the circulation
near the seal faces, the life of the seal is
greatly increased. The design of the
chamber can be as simple as just
increasing the bore diameter in the area of
the seal to increase the liquid capacity or
as complicated as adding a taper to the
sides and including ribs, vanes or fins to
further induce circulation around the faces.

30
MECHANICAL SEALS . . . PART III - SELECTION
The proper selection of a mechanical seal Temperature – The temperature will, in
can be made only if the full operating part, determine the material of the other
conditions are known. These conditions sealing members. Synthetic rubbers are
are as follows: used to approximately 250°F, Teflon™ to
500°F. and other, more exotic elastomers
1. Liquid to 750°F and above. Cooling the liquid in
the seal chamber by use of cooling
2. Pressure
jackets or heat exchangers to cool
3. Temperature flushing liquid , often extends seal life and
allows for a wider selection of materials.
4. Characteristics of liquid
Characteristics of Liquid – Liquids
5. Pump model containing abrasive solids can create
excessive wear and shorten seal life.
Liquid – Identification of the exact liquid Double seals, very hard faces and clear
to be handled provides the first step in liquid flushing from an external source
seal selection. The metal parts must be allows the use of mechanical seals on
resistant to the effects of the pumpage. these difficult applications. On light
These parts are available in steel, bronze, hydrocarbons, balanced seals are often
stainless steel, Hastelloy and a wide used even though pressures are low to
variety of other alloys to meet specific promote longer seal life.
needs.
Pump Model – Mechanical seal selection,
The seal faces must be able to resist installation and application varies with the
both corrosion and wear. Carbon, various pump model. Not all seals fit all pumps.
types of ceramics, Stellite, silicon carbide Seal chamber configuration, pump
and tungsten carbide are a few of the discharge pressures and temperatures
variety of materials which offer both may not present ideal design conditions
excellent wear properties and corrosion for the seal. Consult your ITT/FTC Pump
resistance. Sales Engineer for selection of the proper
pump and seal for the service.
The elastomers in the seal can be made
of any number of different compounds
including Teflon™, Viton, Buna N which
completes the proper materials selection.
Pressure – the proper type of seal
configuration, unbalanced or balanced, is
based on the pressure that the seal will be
subjected to. Unbalanced seals are used
in applications with pressures up to
approximately 200 PSI. Balanced seals
are usually required for pressures above
200 PSI.

(cont'd)

31
MECHANICAL SEALS … PART IV - TROUBLESHOOTING
When discussing mechanical seal near their vapor pressure. To insure
problems, the following analogy may be lubrication and dissipate heat, flushing
made: Mechanical seals behave very must be provided at the seal faces.
much like bearings. Conditions that lead
to bearing failure also lead to mechanical Be sure seal flush piping is used when
seal breakdown. Let’s consider these employing balanced seals - the type
conditions. usually recommended for liquids having
low specific gravities. The slight
Misalignment - One of the main causes additional cost of bypass piping is a good
of mechanical seal failure is misalignment. investment when handling liquids near
This commonly occurs when seals are their vapor pressure.
installed by personnel not trained in
proper mechanical seal installation Overheating - In some types of
practices. If the seal is installed so that mechanical seal failures, overheating and
the mating faces are not parallel to each lack of lubrication go hand in hand. This is
other and perpendicular to the shaft, the especially true during the hard face heat
rotating face will try to square itself with checks. On examining a hard face that
the seal causing uneven wear on the has heat checked you can see that the
mating faces. stress cracks are confined to the surface
in direct contact with the carbon mating
To prevent this problem, check to be sure face. These surface cracks are caused
that the seal is properly installed. The when there is an intense heat buildup on
rotary unit must run parallel with the shaft the surface of the hard metal, while the
and the stationary seat must be subsurface of the part remains at ambient
perpendicular to the shaft. Be sure the temperature. Since the surface metal is
gland is drawn up evenly. This will not allowed to expand in a lineal direction
eliminate the possibility of the improperly because of the subsurface temperature,
aligned stationary seat. Do not overtighten the surface buckles upward and cracks.
the gland - little more than finger tight is The edges of the cracks, which are
all that is generally needed in low slightly raised above the face, begin to
pressure applications. Make sure all shave material from the carbon mating
gaskets and/or O-Rings are properly face.
installed.
Other symptoms of overheating are
Lack of Lubrication - To operate damaged elastomers (O-rings). This
properly, the mechanical seal mating condition is easily recognized because the
faces must run on a liquid film. If there is elastomers will show cracking on the
no film, the seal will overheat and fail. surface and harden.
Because this failure can occur in a matter
of seconds, it is extremely important that To eliminate this type of failure, be sure
the liquid film be present whenever the the seal is operated in an environment
pump is in operation or about to be put having a lower temperature than the limits
into operation. Lack of lubrication at the of any of its component parts.
seal faces is commonly experienced when
handling hot water or light hydrocarbons
(cont'd)

32
Abrasive Damage - Abrasive damage is Corrosion - Corrosion failure is easily
a common cause of seal failure. When recognized in most cases. Metal parts
minute abrasive particles work their way show signs of pitting, or the sections are
between the seal faces, they can groove totally corroded away. We will not attempt
the mirror finish of the faces or they can to go into a discussion of corrosion, but it
leave deposits from evaporation of the should be remembered that the metal
liquid. When these deposits build up on sections of mechanical seals are usually
the shaft they will freeze the sealing much smaller than the metal section of a
elements to the shaft and eliminate all pump. Therefore, they can withstand
seal flexibility. This condition can be much less corrosion attack. It is a good
particularly acute when teflon sealing rule not to downgrade the metallurgy of
wedges are incorporated in the seal. the seal from that of the pump. When in
Abrasive particles may become imbedded doubt, select the more noble metal for the
in the teflon, and can cause shaft wear seals. (This is a general rule and does not
directly under the sealing member. hold true for all applications.)
Abrasive liquids must be kept out of the
stuffing box if at all possible.

QUENCH GLANDS
A gland is a device used to compress the as it passes, it collects heat from the shaft
pump packing or provide support for a and packing. Quenching in this manner
mechanical seal face in the stuffing box permits pumping liquids at temperatures
of rotating or reciprocating machinery. much higher than those normally allowed
by the limits of bearing and packing
In particular, on centrifugal pumps, the lubrication. The quench lowers the
primary function of a gland is to exert the temperature of the shaft at the packing
necessary pressure on soft packing to and where it enters the bearing to
hold it in place and to control the leakage permissible limits.
of fluid from the stuffing box. It’s also
used to prevent air from entering the The same quench gland may be used to
pump casing through the stuffing box. In prevent the escape of toxic or volatile
the case of a mechanical seal, the gland liquid into the environment. Again water,
acts as a clamp holding the stationary oil or some other suitable fluid is fed
seal face in concentric alignment with the through the gland, flushing away the
shaft axis and in perpendicular alignment undesirable leakage to a waste receiver.
with the rotating seal face.
In some cases the gland is just used as a
The quench gland has a hollow portion collector for the stuffing box leakage.
adjacent to the shaft outside the stuffing There is no flushing connection - only a
box. This hollowed area can serve drain line to carry away any leakage from
several purposes. the stuffing box.
The gland can be used to remove heat Because of the quenching, flushing or
from the shaft. Water, oil or other cooling collecting function, a quench gland must
is passed through the hollow portion and be made to fit the shaft closely on the

(cont'd)

33
outboard end. If not close fitting, liquid Second, the clearance may be
would be allowed to spray or splash out established by using a replaceable
along the shaft. Three separate methods bushing machined as above and pressed
may be used to achieve the close fit. into a bored fit in the gland. This will allow
First, the clearance between shaft and restoring the clearance by changing only
gland may be established by holding the the bushing but would not compensate for
I.D. of the outboard end of the gland to a any wear on the sleeve or the shaft.
close tolerance in comparison to the O.D. Third, auxiliary packing may be used.
of the shaft in that area. This type of This may consist of a single ring of
clearance cannot be restored without packing, a series of “V” rings and/or “O”
using a complete new gland and possibly rings - these are normally held in place by
a new shaft or new sleeve. fitting them into a machined groove - or it
may consist of several rings held in place
by an auxiliary gland.

CONSTANT LEVEL OILERS - OPERATION AND

ADJUSTMENT
ITT Industries oil lubricated pumps come oiler bottle mouth and therefore the oil
with a variety of methods of distributing level in the bearing housing. The oil
the oil to the bearings. Some, such as the setting must be checked in the field. To
“X series” power frames use a flood oil check setting remove oiler bottle – dust
arrangement with a sight glass mounted cap assembly, and lift leveling bar
in the side of the bearing frame for assembly from oiler body (see Figure 35).
checking the level. Others use the sight Setting should be the same as that shown
glass and oil rings to pick the oil up from in the pump instruction book. The oiler is
the sump and distribute it to the bearings. usually set so that the oil either:
Still some current models and many of the
older models use a bottle - type constant 1. covers half of the lowest ball in a
level oiler. flood oil lubricated ball bearing, or

A cutaway of these oilers is shown in 2. is ¼” above the bottom of the oil

Figure 34. The oil stays in the bottle as ring in a ring oiled bearing.
long as the oil level in the bearing housing
The level must be set carefully. Too
is level with the mouth of the bottle.
much oil is almost as bad as no oil at all.
When the oil level drops, air enters the
bottle allowing oil to flow out until the oil Be sure the oiler is clean when it is
level in the bearing housing is again up to installed in the pump. Piping from the
the mouth of the bottle. The oil level in oiler to the pump must be level. If the
the bearing housing therefore stays oiler sags, the oil level in the housing will
constant. drop which could possibly ruin the
bearing. Fill the oiler bottle with the
The oiler bottle rests on a leveling bar that
proper oil, and place in the oiler body.
can be screwed up or down and locked in
The bearing housing is filled when the
place. Raising the leveling bar raises the
(cont'd)

34
bubbles of air entering the oiler stop and
the level in the bottle remains constant.
Never pour oil directly into the oiler body
since you could easily overfill it.

Figure 35

Figure 34

BALL BEARINGS – HANDLING, REPLACEMENT AND

MAINTENANCE SUGGESTIONS
Ball and roller bearings are carefully 1. Do not open bearing housings
designed and made to watch-like unless absolutely necessary.
tolerances. They give long, trouble-free
service when properly handled and 2. Spread clean plastic, newspapers
maintained. They will not stand up to or rags on the work benches and at
abuse. the pump. Set your tools and the
bearings on these covered
Keep Clean surfaces only.
Dirt getting into the bearing during 3. Wash your hands. Wipe dirt, chips
installation causes probably 90% of early and grease off tools.
bearing failures. Cleanliness is a must
when working with bearings. Some
things that will help are:

(cont'd)

35
 4. Keep the bearings, housings, and services, replace the bearings at
shaft covered with clean plastic or each overhaul.
cloths whenever they are not being
worked on. 4. Check the condition of the shaft.
Bearing surfaces should be
5. Do not open the boxes or unwrap smooth and free from burrs.
new bearings until you’re ready to Smooth burrs with emery cloth and
install them. polish with crocus cloth. Shaft
shoulders should be square, free
6. Flush the shaft and housings with from nicks and burrs and smooth at
clean solvent before reassembly. the radii where smaller sections
join larger sections.
Pull Bearings Carefully
Check New Bearings
1. Use a sleeve or puller which
contacts just the inner race of the Be sure the replacement bearing is of
bearing. (The only exception to correct size and type. An angular
this is some double suction pumps contact bearing may be dimensionally
which use the housing to pull the interchangeable with a deep groove
bearing.) bearing and may fit perfectly in the pump.
However, the angular contact bearing is
2. Never press against the balls or not suitable for end thrust in both
ball cages, only against the races. directions, and will probably fail quickly.
Also check to see that the shields (if any)
3. Take care not to cock the bearing.
are the same as in the original unit. Refer
Use a sleeve which is cut squarely,
to the pump bulletins and instruction book
or puller which is adjusted to draw
for the proper bearing to use and any
the bearing off the shaft squarely.
notes regarding installation.
Inspect Bearings and Shaft
Install Carefully
1. Examine the bearing carefully.
1. Oil the bearing surfaces on the
Scrap it if there are any flat spots,
shaft lightly.
nicks or pits on the balls or races.
Bearings should be in perfect 2. Shielding, if any, must face in the
condition to be reused. proper direction. Angular contact
bearings, on pumps where they are
2. Turn the bearing over slowly by
used, must also be oriented in the
hand. It should turn smoothly and
proper direction. Duplex bearing
quietly. If not, scrap the bearing.
arrangements must be mounted
3. Whenever in doubt about the with the proper faces together.
condition of a bearing, scrap it. Mounting arrangements vary from
The relatively few dollars invested model to model. Consult the
in new bearings may prevent bulletin and instruction book for
serious loss from downtime and specific pump model.
pump damage. In severe or critical

36
 3. Press the bearing on the shaft 5. Be sure the snap rings, if used, are
squarely. Be sure that the sleeve properly installed, flat side against
used to press the bearing on is bearing, and that the gap at the
clean, free from burrs, is square cut ends of the ring align with the oil
and contacts the inner race only. return channel in the bearing
housing to provide an open path for
4. Press bearing firmly against shaft the oil to travel back into the
shoulder. The shoulder helps housing. Make sure the lock nuts
locate the bearing on the shaft, are tight.
support the inside race and square
the bearing. 6. Lubricate properly. Consult the
instruction manual for specific
information regarding lubrication
requirements.

GREASE LUBRICATION
ITT Industries grease lubricated pumps air flow around the pump are only a few.
are designed for simple foolproof It is expected that the bearing
maintenance. Only one lubricant is temperature will stabilize at some level
required for a large variety of services. between 130° and 180°F which is
The correct lubricant is a premium ball, perfectly acceptable for a grease or oil
roller and plain bearing grease, which is lubricated assembly. For most people
oxidation resistant, has a wide anything above 120°F is uncomfortable to
temperature range and has a lithium soap touch, so it is not unusual to have a
base. The oil viscosity should be 200 – properly lubricated, aligned, and operating
250 SSU at 100°F. This would bearing assembly which is too hot to hold
correspond to NLGI Grade 2 Grease. your hand on.
“Filled” greases such as those with
molybdeum, graphite, Teflon™ and other On the other hand, a sudden temperature
fillers should be avoided. rise without a corresponding rise in
ambient or pumpage temperature can be
This one type of grease will suffice for a warning sign that there is something
nearly all applications; hot and cold; wet going wrong.
and dry; clean and dirty.
Grease should be added to the bearing
after each 2000 hours of operation, or
about every three months. More frequent
lubrication can lead to shorten bearing
life due overheating.
The normal bearing temperature depends
on many variables, the ambient
temperature in the area of the unit, the
temperature of the liquid being pumped,
the speed of the shaft and the amount of
Figure 36

37
FLEXIBLY MOUNTED BASEPLATES
The flexibly mounted baseplate was first acid proof brick foundation required, no
used in chemical plants in the mid 1950s. grouting required, the pump can easily be
At that time, special extra heavy bases adjusted to line up with piping. Lower
were used to provide adequate rigidity. maintenance costs – uniform flange
Historically, pump and other rotating loads will move the pump, base and motor
equipment suppliers have recommended as a unit reducing both the possibility of
a grouted base to provide a suitable coupling misalignment and the seal
platform to insure a permanent means of problems normally associated with excess
establishing and maintaining alignment flange loading. The raised base can be
between the rotating machine and its easily hosed to remove corrosives and
driver. debris for simplified housekeeping and
longer baseplate life. A successful
The permanent grouted base is still installation requires that the base have
recommended for large units where flange sufficient rigidity to permit initial alignment
loads can be adequately limited, and and to maintain alignment over the
where the base can be suitably operational life of the equipment. Goulds
maintained. In many chemical plants offers the flexibly mounted base
atmospheric corrodents make baseplates arrangement as an option on our ANSI
and foundations expensive and difficult to Family units and many other pump types.
maintain. As a result, after a short time, The standard cast iron or structural steel
the baseplate can deteriorate to a point base normally furnished on the ANSI
where it no longer is able to maintain Family X-Series units have proved
suitable alignment. satisfactory under actual plant conditions
Under adverse environmental conditions a up to 100 HP at 3550 RPM.
well engineered flexibly mounted base Users report that the elimination of the
can provide an economical solution to expensive foundation enables them to use
difficult problems. The flexible mounting a standard horizontal ANSI type pump at
system offers the following advantages: the same installation cost as a vertical
Reduced installation costs – no tiled or inline unit.

Figure 37

38
IMPELLER CLEARANCE
The open impeller centrifugal pump offers 1. Loosen the jam nuts and bolts
several advantages over units equipped (370D) located at the bearing
with other types of impellers. It is housing (111).
particularly suited to applications where
the liquid contains abrasive solids. 2. Tighten the bolts (370C) evenly
while slowly rotating shaft, until the
Abrasive wear on an open impeller is impeller (101) just contacts the
distributed over the diametrical area casing (100).
swept by the vanes. The resulting total
wear has less effect on performance than 3. Snug all the bolts (370C) against
the same total wear concentrated on the the bearing housing (111). Loosen
radial ring clearance of a closed impeller. each bolt (370C) until a .015” feeler
gauge can be placed between the
Because of the impeller adjustment bearing housing and the underside
feature, the open impeller permits of the head of the bolt (370C).
restoration of nearly “new pump” running
clearance after wear has occurred without 4. Be sure the jam nuts on the bolts
expensive parts replacement. (370D) are loose. Tighten each bolt
(370D) one flat at a time until the
A well designed open impeller pump will
bearing housing is tight against the
feature a simple positive means for axial
bolts (370C). Be sure all the bolts
adjustment without necessity of
(370C and 370D) are tight. Tighten
disassembling the unit to add shims or
the jam nuts on bolts (370D).
gaskets.
Figure 38, with these typical instructions, 5. The rotating element and
shows one method employed on ITT consequently the impeller has been
Goulds open impeller centrifugal pumps moved .015” away from the casing
for making this adjustment. Other thus giving the required clearance
methods using Dial Indicators, etc, may between these two parts.
be used. Since the actual impeller
clearance varies with pump type and
temperature, consult the specific
Operating Instruction for your pump for
the proper settings. On units equipped
with mechanical seals, follow the seal
manufacturers instructions for the care of
the seal during the impeller adjustment
process.

Figure 38

(cont'd)

39
PUMP VIBRATION ANALYSIS

Figure 39

Pump users have become increasingly Depending on the instrument and the
aware of vibration and the use of vibration settings used, the amplitude may be
analysis in detecting problems, predicting displayed in terms of peak-to-peak
failures and scheduling equipment vibration, which would be the maximum
outages. values present or various methods of
averaging such as RMS. Displacement is
The vibration analyzer shown in Figure 39 indicated in mils where 1 mil equals 1
is used to measure and indicate the one-thousandth of an inch, Velocity in
amplitude, frequency and phase values of Inches per Second and Acceleration in
vibration. Furthermore, when vibration “G’s”.
occurs at several frequencies, it separates
one frequency from another so that each Many machines today have graphical
individual vibration characteristics can be displays for an immediate indication of
identified and evaluated. both the amplitude and frequency of the
vibration present and some have printers
The vibration pickup, or transducer, (A) built into them to print out the information
senses the motion of the machine and right on the spot. Often the units include
converts it into an electrical signal. This a down loading feature so that the
signal may represent the amount of information collected may be saved on a
movement, which would be displacement, PC or disk for later analysis.
the velocity at which the machine is
moving as it vibrates or the acceleration Most instruments are equipped with a
required to produce the particular velocity. device to indicate frequency which gives a
The analyzer receives this signal and direct readout of the predominant
converts it to the corresponding frequency of the vibration. Other
amplitude and frequency. instruments have tunable filters (C) which
allow scanning the frequency scale and

(cont'd)

40
reading amplitudes at any particular The first step in vibration analysis is to
frequency. determine the severity of the vibration,
then, if the vibration is serious, a complete
The strobe light (D) is used to determine set of vibration readings should be taken
the phase of the vibration which can be of before attempting to analyze the cause.
great value when dealing with Figure 40 is a severity chart based on
complicated vibration signatures and in amplitude, frequency and velocity. Figure
depth analysis. The strobe can be made 41 is a general guide for centrifugal
to flash at the predominant frequency of pumps as published by the Hydraulic
the vibration or at any frequency setting Institute.
using an internal oscillator to fire it.
A reference mark on a rotating part
viewed under the strobe flashing at the
vibration frequency may appear as a
single mark, multiple marks and either
stationary or rotating. The number of
marks viewed and whether they are
rotating or stationary is useful in
determining the source of the vibration.
The relationship between the location of
the mark on the part and where it is
illuminated by the strobe can be
determined and that information can be Figure 40
used when balancing rotating parts.

Figure 41

(cont'd)

41
The severity of vibration is a function of For example, assume that axial vibration
amplitude and frequency; however, it is 50% or more of the horizontal or vertical
should be noted that a change in severity vibration and the predominant frequency
over a period of time is usually an is the same as the RPM of the pump. The
indication that the condition of the chart indicates the most probable cause is
machine is deteriorating. This change is misalignment or a bent shaft. Coupling
often more important than the actual misalignment is probably the most
vibration values themselves. Vibration common single cause of pump vibration
levels in the “slightly rough” or “rough” and is one of the easiest to check. If,
ranges that do not change with time after checking, the alignment is found to
maybe be perfectly acceptable. The be within acceptable limits, then an
opposite is also true; a machine that inspection for excessive flange loading is
exhibits vibration in the “Very Smooth” warranted. Flange loading beyond the
area but moves to the “Very Good” area in limits allowed can cause distortion and
a short period of time may be very close misaligment inside the pump leading to
to failure. higher than expected vibration levels. If
that inspection does not reveal the source
Complete pump vibration analysis then the next step is to check for a bent
requires taking vibration readings at each pump shaft.
bearing in three planes (horizontal,
vertical and axial). Readings at the pump Cavitation in a pump can cause serious
suction and discharge flanges may also vibration. Vibration caused by it usually
be useful in some cases. appears at random frequencies but it is
most often identified by a loud crackling
After all data has been tabulated, it can be noise in the suction area of the pump
analyzed to determine the most likely rather than by any characteristic vibration.
cause or causes of the vibration. Vibration at random frequencies can also
Figure 42 lists the most common causes be caused by hydraulic disturbances in
of vibration and the identifying poorly designed suction or discharge
characteristics of each. systems.
By analyzing the tabulated vibration data Vibration analysis, while a relatively new
with the reference to the identification field, has rapidly gained acceptance in
chart, one or more causes may be found. industry as a valuable tool in preventive
Each possibility must be checked, usually and predictive maintenance and as a
starting with the most likely cause or general troubleshooting tool.
easiest or least expensive to correct.

(cont'd)

42
 Vibration Identification Chart

Cause Amplitude Frequency Phase Remarks

Unbalance Largest in radial 1 X RPM Single reference

direction. mark
Proportional to
unbalance.

Misalignment of Axial direction 1 X RPM Single, double, or Easily recognized

coupling or vibration 50% or normally triple by large axial
bearings and bent more of radial vibration.
shaft Excessive flange
loading can
contribute to
misalignment.

Bad anti-friction Unsteady Very high. Erratic Largest

bearings Several times high-frequency
RPM. vibration near the
bad bearing.

Mechanical 2 X RPM Two reference Check grouting and

looseness marks. Slightly baseplate bolting.
erratic

Bad drive belts Erratic or pulsing 1, 2, 3, & 4 X Unsteady Use strobe light to
RPM of belts freeze faulty belt.

Figure 42

PUMP MAINTENANCE RECORDS PAY DIVIDENDS

Too often plant records of pumps are little accessible location, are invaluable in
more than an inventory record for diagnosing pump failure, in ordering repair
accounting and insurance purposes listing parts and in establishing lubrication and
not much more than the pump size and maintenance schedules. In addition these
manufacturer. In other plants, maintenance record cards are helpful in
maintenance records may be kept as part determining a pump’s suitability for new
of a pump lubrication schedule. In either requirements due to process changes.
case complete pump records could be Notations of pump failures and the repairs
kept with very little additional effort. With required may be used to define the
the wide spread use of PC’s in industry optimum period of any given pump before
and the development of inexpensive Data complete inspection and overhaul is
Base programs more and more required. If a unit has been on an annual
organizations are going to Maintenance overhaul program and the pump
Tracking Systems in an effort to reduce Maintenance record indicates that no
downtime, lost production and failures have occurred over a period of
maintenance costs. Complete years, perhaps a longer period between
maintenance records, filed in an inspections would be warranted.

43
On other pumps, the records may indicate
frequent failures. This may suggest that
semi-annual inspections and repairs are
required. It may also suggest that there is
a need to take a closer look at this unit.
Something may be wrong with the unit
itself, its assembly, the application, the
operation or the installation.
The chronological notation of pump
repairs can be used to develop a proper
spare parts inventory and may, in some
cases reduce inventory and the costs
associated with it. Frequent replacement
of a part subject to abrasive wear may
indicate a different material selection
would be more economical.
Simple maintenance records for each
pump, in both primary and secondary
service, are much less expensive than
trial and error solutions.

44
ITT INDUSTRIES / FTC OFFERS A COMPLETE LINE OF
PUMPS TO MEET EVERY INDUSTRIAL NEED
ANSI Process Magnetic Drive
Model 3196 Model 3298
This is the original ANSI pump that has The 3298 is designed specifically to handle
become the standard of the industry. Over moderate to severe corrosives with or without
600,000 installations attest to the remarkable solids. As a sealless design, it’s an effective
performance of the 3196. alternative to pumps with mechanical seal
problems. Meets strictest EPA regulations.

Abrasive Slurry In-Line ANSI Process

Model SRL Model 3996
SRL rubber lined pumps are designed For corrosives, abrasives
specifically for handling abrasive and corrosive and high temperatures.
slurries found in the mining and mineral Fully open impeller, back
process industries, and in pulp and paper, pull-out design, heavy
aggregate, pollution control and chemical duty construction. Field
applications. alignment not required.

45
 Splitcase Double Suction Vertical Industrial
Model 3420 Model VIT (Turbine)
For a wide range of industrial, municipal,
marine services .. cooling tower, raw water A wide range
supply, booster, fan pump, high/low lift, fire of hydraulic
pump, pipelines. conditions
allows meeting
requirements of
virtually every
pump service.
These pumps
are designed to
meet custom
user specifi-
cations.
Model VIC
can-type turbine
meets API-610
specifications.

Model VIC (Can-type)

Paper Stock Process Vertical Sump and Process

Model 3180
Model 3171
All customer requirements were considered
Vertical industrial pumps for
in the design of this paper stock/process
wide range liquid handling
pump. The result is a true world class pump
capabilities. For drainage
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and general sump, tank
unloading and transfer,
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outside tank mounting,
high temperature
service.

46
 ISO Lined Sealless
General Industry
Model Richter PCK
Model 3355
The ICK is designed to handle moderate to
sever corrosives, providing excellent service in Goulds Model 3355 is a multi-stage ring section
a variety of process plants worldwide. pump designed for high-pressure services
including: boiler feed, reverse osmosis, shower
service, pressure boosting, plus much more. Its
modular design and multiple configurations
make it ideal for your system.

Multi-Stage API-610 (8th Edition) Process

Model 3600
Model 3700
Advanced design with proven operating history.
High temperature and high pressure process
Axially split, with many enhanced features that
pumps designed to meet the requirements of
make it an extremely reliable, high
API-610 (8th Edition). Centerline support for
performance, pump well suited to a wide range
high temperature stability, maximum rigidity.
of services.
Tangential discharge for maximum hydraulic
efficiency.

47
 Nature of Pumpage

Solids

500°F (260°C) or Greater

Pump Category Goulds Pump

Water & Wastewater

Model Type

Mining & Minerals

Power Generation

High Temperature
Food & Beverage
Gas Processing

Fibrous/Stringy
Primary Metals
Oil Refining &

Non-Abrasive
Pulp & Paper

Corrosive
Chemical

Abrasive
PumpSmart® Process Pumping System z q m & x x x x x
PRO Services™ Repair & Service of all Rotating Equipment Types of Manufacture
3196 ANSI Chemical Process z q m ( / — o & x x x
LF 3196 Low Flow ANSI Process z q ( / & x x x
IC ISO Chemical Process z q m ( / — o & x x x
NM 3196 FRP Process z q — x x
3796 Self-Priming Process z q m / — o x x x
3996 In-Line Process z q m ( / — o & x x x
3296 Magnetic Drive Process z q / x x
3298/SP3298 Tefzel® Lined Sealless z q / — o & x
V 3298 Tefzel® Lined Sealless z q / — o & x
3299 PFA Lined Sealless z q / — o & x x
Chemical Process MPB/F Peripheral with Magnetic Drive z q / — o & x x
MNK Lined Sealless z q / — o & x x
MDK Lined Sealless z q / — o & x
PCK/SCK Lined/Heavy Duty Lined Process z q / — o & x x
3198 PFA Teflon® Process z q / — o & x x
3200 Light Duty Sealless z q / — o & x x
CV 3196 Non-Clog Process z q m / — o x x x x
AF Axial Flow z q ( / o x x
3171 Vertical Sump & Process z m ( / o x
NM 3171 FRP Vert. Sump/Process z o x
3175 Paper Stock/Process z q m ( / — o & x x x
Paper Stock/ 3180/3185 Paper Stock/Process z q m ( / — o & x x x
Process 3181/3186 High Temperature z q x x x
3500 Heavy Duty Paper Stock q x x
3700/3710 API-610 Process z q ( / o x x
3910 API 610-In-Line z ( / o x x
API Process 3620 High Temp. Double Suction ( / x
3640 High Temp. Two-Stage / x
CPR API Process z q ( / o & x x
JC Medium Duty Abrasive Slurry z q m ( — o x x
SRL Rubber-Lined Abrasive Slurry z q m ( — o x x x x
Abrasive 5000/RX Side Suction Abrasive Slurry m ( — o x x x
Slurry/Solids Slurry Pro Heavy Duty Abrasive Slurry m ( — o x x x
Handling (
5500 Severe Duty Abrasive Slurry m — o x x x
HS Non-Clog Solids Handling z q m ( / o & x x x x
3310H High Pressure Multi-Stage z q m ( / o x
3600 Heavy Duty Multi-Stage m ( / — x
3335 z q m ( / o & x
Diffuser Type Multi-Stage (
3935 z q m / o & x
3316 Two-Stage z q m ( / o x
3408 z q m ( / — o & x
Multi-Stage & 3409 z q m ( / — o & x
Double Suction (
3410 z q m / — o & x
Single-Stage, Double Suction (
3415 z q m / — o & x
3420 z q m ( / — o & x
3498 z q m ( / — o & x
MP Multi-Stage z q m ( / — o & x
P Multi-Stage z q m ( / — o & x
Whirl-Flo Vortex z q m — o & x x x
Prime Line Industrial Self-Priming z q m ( / o & x x x
Trash Hog Solids Handling, Self-Priming z q m o & x x x
VHS z q m ( / — o x x x x
5100 z q m ( / — o x x x x
Sump/ Vertical Cantilever
Abrasives/ 5150 z q m ( / — o x x x x
Solids Handling VJC z q m ( / — o x x x x
HSU z q m ( / o & x x x x
HSUA z q m ( / o & x x x x
Submersible (
HSUL z q m / o & x x x x
JCU z q m ( / o & x x x x
3100 General Service z q m — o & x x x
VIT & VIC Vertical Turbine/Can Type z q m ( / — o & x x
General
Service/Vertical VMF/VAF Mixed Flow/Axial Flow z q ( o x
Turbine VMP Vertical Marine o x
VIS Vertical Submersible m / o x

x Ideally Suited for Service Indicated

® Tefzel® and TEFLON are registered trademarks for fluorpolymer resins, films and
fibers made by DuPont.

48
NOTES

49
NOTES

50
Visit our website at www.gouldspumps.com

© 2002 Goulds Pumps PRINTED IN U.S.A.

Form # BRCARE 9/2002