LEA II: COMPARATIVE POLICING = The process of creating transnational 4.

ISLAMIC SYSTEM
SYSTEM markets, politics, and legal systems in an effort = based more on the concept of natural justice
to form and sustain a global economy. or customary law or tribal traditions.
POLICE ex: Military Globalization
=refers to a body of civil authority, which is THEORIES OF POLICE SERVICES
tasked to maintain peace and order, enforce EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION TO LAW 1. CONTINENTAL
the law, protect lives and properties and ENFORCEMENT = is the theory of police service which
ensure public safety. =law enforcers are expected to be the maintains that police officers are servants of
= A public official with an extraordinary power protector of the people……Unaccountable higher authorities. This theory prevails in the
to make an arrest and perform direct police flow of migration and open markets present continental countries like France, Italy and
functions. new threats to state-based human rights Spain.
regimes - great challenges to law enforcement. 2.HOME RULE
COMPARATIVE = the theory of police services which states
= is degree of likeness and unlikeness of two TYPES OF POLICE SYSTEM that police officers are servants of the
police models 1. COMMON LAW SYSTEM community or the people. This theory prevails
= usually exists in English speaking countries of in England and the United States.
SYSTEM the world
= is a complex whole consisting of = there is a strong adversarial system and rely CONCEPT OF POLICE SERVICES
interdependent parts whose operations are upon the oral system of evidence in which the 1. OLD POLICE SERVICE
directed towards goals and which are public trial is a main focal point. = states that the yardstick of police efficiency
influenced by the environment within which =also known as "Anglo-American Justice" relies on the number of arrests made.
they function 2. CIVIL LAW SYSTEMS 2.MODERN POLICE SERVICE
= distinguished by strong inquisitorial system = states that the yardstick of police efficiency
THREATS TO LAW ENFORCEMENT where less right is granted to the accused and relies on the absence of crime.
● Increasing volume of human rights the written law is taken as gospel and subject
violations as evidence by genocide to little interpretation EVOLUTION OF POLICING SYSTEM
and mass killing. = also known as "Continental Justice or •PRAETORIAN GUARDS
● Conflict between nations Romano-Germanic Justice" =military bodies who serve as guardians of
● Transnational criminal networks for 3. SOCIALIST SYSTEM peace in ancient Rome in which the idea of
drug trafficking, money laundering, =distinguished by procedures designed to policing is said to have originated.
terrorism. rehabilitate the offender •Officer de la Paix
=known as Marxist-Leninist Justice and exist in = a French term which claimed to be the origin
GLOBALIZATION places such as Africa and Asia of the term Police Officer.
 About 700 AD, the people living in of a "3rd Degree"). The word "ordeal" was tasked to travel through and hear criminal
England in small rural towns used the derived from the Medieval Latin word “ Dei cases. This was the first instance of the division
Anglo-Saxon System. Ten families in a town Indicum" which means "a miraculous decision". of the police and judicial powers.
(tun) equaled a tithing. Each tithing elected a
leader who was known as the Tithingman. 2. Norman Period of Policing System C. Legis Henrici
Since 10 tithings amounted to 100, the leader This system of policing existed during the time An act that was enacted during this period
of the 100 families was named reeve. Both the of Norman William, The Conqueror (King of with the following features:
tithingman and reeve were elected officials. France). When he invaded and conquered •Offenses were classified as against the king
They possessed judicial power as well as police England, a military regime of conquers and and individual.
authority. dictators began and changed the concept of • Police becomes public servant
crime being committed against the state. •The police and citizens have the broad power
1. Anglo-Saxon Period of Policing System to arrest. It introduced a system called 'citizen's
(Ancient England) A. Shire-Rieve arrest'.
Shire-Rieve was a policing system during the •Grand Jury was created to inquire on the facts
A. Tun Policing System Norman Period when England was divided into of the law. A system which made inquisition
A system of policing emerged during the fifty-five (55) military areas, each headed by a into the facts of a crime and eliminated the
Anglo-Saxon period whereby all male residents ruler called Rieve (head-man or lieutenant of 'Anglo-Saxon Trial' or 'Trial by Ordeal System'.
were required to guard the town (tun) to the army). The fifty-five (55) military divisions
preserve peace and protect the lives and in England are called shires. The shire-rieve had D. Frankpledge System
properties of the people. absolute powers that no one could question A system of policing whereby a group of ten
his or her actions. neighboring male residents over twelve years
B. Hue and Cry of age were required to guard the town to
A village law started in Britain which provided Two "Constabuli" or "The Keepers of the preserve peace and protect the lives and
methods of apprehending a criminal by an act Horse" were appointed to each village to aid properties of the people.
of the complainant to shout and call all male the Rieve in his duties. It became the source of
residents to assemble and arrest the suspect. the word Constable. 3. Westminster Period of Policing System
It is called by this name because the laws
C. Trial by Ordeal The term "Shire-Reeve" is said to be the origin governing policing came out of the capital of
A judicial practice where in the guilt or of the word "Sheriff". England, which at the time was Westminster.
innocence of the accused is determined by This period has the following features:
subjecting him to an unpleasant, usually B. Travelling Judge or Circuit Judge • Guards were appointed and the duties of the
dangerous, experience. (In present A judge selected to hear cases which were constables at night (watch) and in daytime
terminologies, it would mean an employment formerly being judged by the Shire-Rieve and (ward) were defined.
• Statue of Westminster of 1285, a collection of 5. King Charles II of England (1663) 1. Guardilleros
regulations aimed at keeping the peace. King Charles II passed an act which established = a body of rural police organized in each town
or promoted the employment of watchmen or established by Royal decree of January 08,
B. Statue of 1295 bellmen to be on duty from sunset to sunrise. 1836. It mandates that 5% of the able bodied
The law that marks the beginning of the curfew male inhabitants of each province were to be
hours which demanded the closing of the gates 6.The Magna Carta or "The Great Charter" enlisted in this police organization for 3 years.
of London during sundown. A law promulgated by King John of England Their services are originally not paid or
upon the demand of the Knights of the Round gratuitous subject to some privileges although
C. Justice of the Peace (1361) Table forcing the King to sign the same with in some provinces they received a
Three or four men who were learned in the law the following features: proportionate pay ranging from 4.00 to 8.00
of the land were given authority to pursue, •No freeman shall be taken, imprisoned, depending on the revenue collection.
arrest, chastise and imprison violators of law. banished or exiled except by legal judgement
They handled felonies, misdemeanors and of his peers. 2. Carabineros De Seguridad Publica
infractions of city or village ordinances. This •No person shall be tried for murder unless Organized in 1712 for the purpose of carrying
was later abolished about 75 years after. there is a proof of the body of the victim. the regulations of the Department of State.
This was armed and considered as the
D. Star Chamber Court (1487) PHILIPPINE POLICING SYSTEM mounted police who later discharged the
A special court designed to try offenders A. During the Spanish Regime duties of a port, harbor and river police. It was
against the state. The room set-up is formed in Maintenance of law and order is a part of the later given special commission by Royal decree
the shape of a star and judges were given military system for the defense of the colony. of December 20, 1842 and it was called -
great powers such as the power to force Locally organized police forces although Cuerco De Seguridad Publica (Corps of
testimony from a defendant leading to a great performing civil duties is a direct adjunct of the Crabbiness for Public Security).
abuse of power or brutality on the part of the colonial military establishments (Policemen in
judges. the appearance yet colonial soldiers in the 3. Guardia Civil
ultimate sense) = Created by Royal decree on Febuary 12,
4. Keepers of the Peace Police Functions: 1852, to partially relieve the Spanish peninsula
A proclamation issued by King Richard of a. Suppression of brigandage by patrolling troops of their works in policing towns. It
England sometime in 1195 that required the unsettled areas; consists of a body of Filipino policemen
appointment of knights to keep the king's b. Detection of local or petty uprising by spying organized originally in each of the provincial
peace by standing as guards on bridges and upon the work and movements of people; and capital of the province of Luzon under Alcalde
gates while checking the people entering and c. The enforcement of tax collection including Mayor.
leaving the cities and towns church revenues.
B. American Period
The Americans established the United States RA 4864 - otherwise known as the Police Department of the Interior and Local
Philippine Commission headed by General Professionalization Act of 1966, enacted on Government Act of 1990, enacted on
Howard Taft as its first governor-general. On September 08, 1996; created the Police December 13, 1990; reorganized the DILG and
January 09, 1901, the Metropolitan Police Commission (POLCOM) as a supervisory agency established the Philippine National Police,
Force of Manila was organized pursuant to Act to oversee the training and professionalization Bureau of Fire Protection, Bureau of Jail
No. 70 of the Taft Commission. This has of the Local Police Forces under the Office of Management and Penology and the Philippine
become the basis for the celebration of the the President; Later POLCOM was renamed Public Safety College.
anniversary of the Manila's Finest every into National Police Commission (NAPOLCOM)
January 9th. R.A. 8551 – otherwise known as the Philippine
D. Martial Law Period National Police Reform and Reorganization Act
1. ACT NO. 175 - entitled "An Act Providing for PD 765 - otherwise known as the Integration of 1998, enacted on February 25, 1998; this
the Organization and Government of an Insular Act of 1975, enacted on August 08, 1975; law amended certain provisions of RA 6975.
Constabulary" enacted on July 18, 1901 established the Integrated National Police (INP)
composed of the Philippine Constabulary (PC) RA 9708 - law amending the provisions of RA
CAPT. HENRY ALLEN - the first chief of the as the nucleus and the integrated local police 6975 and RA 8551 on the minimum
Philippine Constabulary on 1901 forces as components, under the Ministry of educational qualification for appointment to
National Defense. the PNP and adjusting the promotion system;
2. ACT NO. 183 - created the Manila Police = transferred the NAPOLCOM from the Office approved on 12 August 2009.
Department, enacted on July 31, 1901 of the President to the Ministry of National
Defense. “AN ACT EXTENDING FOR FIVE (5) YEARS THE
CAPT. GEORGE CURRY - the first chief of Police REGLEMENTARY PERIOD FOR COMPLYING
of Manila Police Department in 1901. E. Post Martial Law Regime WITH THE MINIMUM EDUCATIONAL
• Executive Order No. 1012 - transferred to QUALIFICATION FOR APPOINTMENT TO THE
3. ACT NO. 255 -the act that renamed the the city and municipal government that PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE (PNP) AND
Insular Constabulary into Philippine operational supervision and direction over all ADJUSTING THE PROMOTION SYSTEM
Constabulary, enacted on October 03, 1901. INP units assigned within their locality; issued THEREOF, AMENDING FOR THE PURPOSE
on July 10, 1985. PERTINENT PROVISIONS OF REPUBLIC ACT NO.
4. Executive Order 389 -ordered that the •Executive Order No. 1040 - transferred the 6975 AND REPUBLIC ACT NO. 8551 AND FOR
Philippine Constabulary be one of the four administrative control and supervision of the OTHER PURPOSES”
services of the Armed Forces of the Philippines, INP from the Ministry of National Defense to
enacted on December 23, 1940 the National Police Commission. IMPORTANT FILIPINO PERSONALITIES IN THE
EVOLUTION OF PHILIPPINE POLICING
C. Post- American Period R.A. 6975 – otherwise known as the 1. BGEN RAFAEL CRAME - the first Filipino chief
of the Philippine Constabulary on 1917 police force in the world, in the sense that they As of 1 October 2006, the age criteria (at the
2. COL ANTONIO TORRES - the first Filipino were not government controlled and were time of application) is as follows:
chief of police of the Manila Police Department responsible for the prevention of crime. 18-62 and one half years old
in 1935 = Police Community Support Officers
3. COL LAMBERTO JAVALERA - the first chief of LONDON 1829 (BEGINNING OF MODERN 18-57 years old
police of the Manila Police Department after POLICING) = Special Constables
the Philippine Independence from the United • Sir Robert Peel = appointed as Home = New constables and experienced officers
States of America in 1946 Secretary in 1822 Police Staff = 16 years, except where the role
4. P/DIR GEN CESAR NAZARENO - the first • METROPOLITAN POLICE FORCE involves shift work where the minimum age
chief of the Philippine National Police = organized in 1829 by Sir Robert Peel under will be 18 years.
the Metropolitan Police Act of 1829. Volunteers = 18+
LONDON POLICING PRIOR TO 1829 = the largest of the police services that operate
• Henry Fielding in greater London (the others include the City SUPERVISION
= appointed as Magistrate in 1748, introduced of London Police and the British Transport • The Metropolitan Police Authority (MPA) was
the first detective force, known as the Bow Police) the police authority responsible for supervising
Street Runners. = finest police force around the world. the Metropolitan Police Service, the police
• Bow Runners • TOTAL POLICING force for Greater London.
= a group of men organized by Henry Fielding = motto of London Metropolitan Police • It consisted of 23 members; 12 London
and named by his brother John Fielding task to Assembly members, appointed by the Mayor
catch thieves and robbers. IMPORTANT DATES of London in accordance with political balance
=identified by carrying a Tipstaff with the Royal • 1833 = Coldbath Fields Riot (Grays Inn Road). in the Assembly, four magistrates and seven
Crown A major crowd disturbances dealt with by the independents. The MPA was set up in 2000 as
= made up of eight constables who also Metropolitan Police with controversial use of a functional body of Greater London Authority,
investigated crimes handed over to them by force. by the Greater London Authority Act 1999.
the volunteer constables and watchmen. • 1836 = The Metropolitan Police absorb the Previously control of Metropolitan Police had
Bow Street Horse Patrol into its control. vested entirely in the Home Secretary.
1798 = Marine Police Force was established, • 1838 = incorporates Marine Police and Bow • The MPA was disbanded on 6th January 2012
salaried constables were being paid by local Street Runners into the Metropolitan Police when the functions of the MPA were
magistrates and the disbandment of the Bow Street Office transferred to the Mayor's Office for Policing
= initially made up of 220 Constables assisted and other Offices. These were all agreed and and Crime (MOPC)
by 1,000 registered dock workers, and was put into effect.
responsible for preventing the theft of cargo.
=widely regarded as being the first modern MPF Age Criteria