Learning management system - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learning_management_system#cite_not...

Learning management system

A learning management system (LMS) is a software application for the administration,
documentation, tracking, reporting, automation, and delivery of educational courses, training
programs, materials or learning and development programs.[1] The learning management
system concept emerged directly from e-Learning. Learning management systems make up the
largest segment of the learning system market. The first introduction of the LMS was in the late
1990s.[2] Learning management systems have faced a massive growth in usage due to the
emphasis on remote learning during the COVID-19 pandemic.[3]

Learning management systems were designed to identify training and learning gaps, using
analytical data and reporting. LMSs are focused on online learning delivery but support a range
of uses, acting as a platform for online content, including courses, both asynchronous based and
synchronous based. In the higher education space, an LMS may offer classroom management
for instructor-led training or a flipped classroom.[4] Modern LMSs include intelligent
algorithms to make automated recommendations for courses based on a user's skill profile as
well as extract metadata from learning materials to make such recommendations even more
accurate.[5]

Contents
Characteristics
Purpose
History
Correspondence teaching
Multimedia teaching: The emergence and development of the distance learning idea
Telematic teaching
Teaching through the internet: The appearance of the first LMS
Technical aspects
Features
Managing courses, users and roles
Online assessment
User feedback
Synchronous and Asynchronous Learning
Learning Analytics
Learning management industry
Advantages and disadvantages
Advantages
Disadvantages
COVID-19 and Learning Management Systems
See also
References

1 of 11 10/24/2022, 4:47 PM
Learning management system - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learning_management_system#cite_not...

Bibliography
Further reading

Characteristics

Purpose

An LMS delivers and manages all types of content, including video, courses, workshops and
documents. In the education and higher education markets, an LMS will include a variety of
functionality that is similar to corporate but will have features such as rubrics, teacher and
instructor-facilitated learning, a discussion board, and often the use of a syllabus. A syllabus is
rarely a feature in the corporate LMS, although courses may start with heading-level index to
give learners an overview of topics covered.

History

There are several historical phases of distance education that preceded the development of the
LMS:

The first LMS was created in 1924 when Sidney Pressey invented the first ‘teaching machine’.
This machine similar to a type writer with the window showing the questions. From then on
continuous technological development has contributed to vast changes to LMS with the latest
update in 2012 where the LMS is hosted in a cloud, hence freeing companies from the burden of
maintaining in-house systems.[6]

Correspondence teaching

The first known document of correspondence teaching dates back to 1723, through the
advertisement in the Boston Gazette of Caleb Phillips, professor of shorthand, offering teaching
materials and tutorials.[7] The first testimony of a bi-directional communication organized
correspondence course comes from England, in 1840, when Isaac Pitman initiated a shorthand
course, wherein he sent a passage of the Bible to students, who would send it back in full
transcription. The success of the course resulted in the foundation of the phonographic
correspondence society in 1843. The pioneering milestone in distance language teaching was in
1856 by Charles Toussaint and Gustav Langenscheidt, who began the first European institution
of distance learning. This is the first known instance of the use of materials for independent
language study.[8]

Multimedia teaching: The emergence and development of the distance learning idea

The concept of e-learning began developing in the early 20th century, marked by the
appearance of audio-video communication systems used for remote teaching.[9] In 1909, E.M.
Forster published his story 'The Machine Stops' and explained the benefits of using audio
communication to deliver lectures to remote audiences.[10]

In 1924, Sidney L. Pressey developed the first teaching machine which offered multiple types of
practical exercises and question formats. Nine years later, University of Alberta's Professor M.E.
Zerte transformed this machine into a problem cylinder able to compare problems and

2 of 11 10/24/2022, 4:47 PM
Learning management system - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learning_management_system#cite_not...

solutions.[11]

This, in a sense, was "multimedia", because it made use of several media formats to reach
students and provide instruction. Later, printed materials would be joined by telephone, radio
broadcasts, TV broadcasts, audio, and videotapes.[12]

The earliest networked learning system was the Plato Learning Management system (PLM)
developed in the 1970s by Control Data Corporation.

Telematic teaching

In the 1980s, modern telecommunications started to be used in education. Computers became

prominent in the daily use of higher education institutions, as well as instruments to student
learning. Computer aided teaching aimed to integrate technical and educational means. The
trend then shifted to video communication, as a result of which Houston University decided to
hold telecast classes to their students for approximately 13–15 hours a week. The classes took
place in 1953, while in 1956, Robin McKinnon Wood and Gordon Pask released the first
adaptive teaching system for corporate environments SAKI.[13] The idea of automating teaching
operations also inspired the University of Illinois experts to develop their Programmed Logic for
Automated Teaching Operations (PLATO) which enabled users to exchange content regardless
of their location.[13] In the period between 1970 and 1980, educational venues were rapidly
considering the idea of computerizing courses, including the Western Behavioral Sciences
Institute from California that introduced the first accredited online-taught degree.

Teaching through the internet: The appearance of the first LMS

The history of the application of computers to education is filled with broadly descriptive terms
such as computer-managed instruction (CMI), and integrated learning systems (ILS),
computer-based instruction (CBI), computer-assisted instruction (CAI), and computer-assisted
learning (CAL). These terms describe drill-and-practice programs, more sophisticated tutorials,
and more individualized instruction, respectively.[14] The term is currently used to describe a
number of different educational computer applications.[15] FirstClass by SoftArc, used by the
United Kingdom's Open University in the 1990s and 2000s to deliver online learning across
Europe, was one of the earliest internet-based LMSs.[16][17]

The first fully-featured Learning Management System (LMS) was called EKKO, developed and
released by Norway's NKI Distance Education Network in 1991.[18] Three years later, New
Brunswick's NB Learning Network presented a similar system designed for DOS-based
teaching, and devoted exclusively to business learners.

Technical aspects
An LMS can be either hosted locally or by a vendor. A vendor-hosted cloud system tends to
follow a SaaS (software as a service) model. All data in a vendor-hosted system is housed by the
supplier and accessed by users through the internet, on a computer or mobile device. Vendor-
hosted systems are typically easier to use and require less technical expertise. An LMS that is
locally hosted sees all data pertaining to the LMS hosted internally on the users′ internal
servers. Locally hosted LMS software will often be open-source, meaning users will acquire
(either through payment or free of charge) the LMS software and its code. With this, the user is
able to modify and maintain the software through an internal team. Individuals and smaller
organizations tend to stick with cloud-based systems due to the cost of internal hosting and

3 of 11 10/24/2022, 4:47 PM
Learning management system - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learning_management_system#cite_not...

maintenance.[19]

There are a variety of integration strategies for embedding content into LMSs, including AICC,
xAPI (also called 'Tin Can'), SCORM (Sharable Content Object Reference Model) and LTI
(Learning Tools Interoperability).[20][21]

Through an LMS, teachers may create and integrate course materials, articulate learning goals,
align content and assessments, track studying progress, and create customized tests for
students. An LMS allows the communication of learning objectives, and organize learning
timelines. An LMS perk is that it delivers learning content and tools straight to learners, and
assessment can be automated. It can also reach marginalized groups through special settings.
Such systems have built-in customizable features including assessment and tracking. Thus,
learners can see in real time their progress and instructors can monitor and communicate the
effectiveness of learning.[22][23] One of the most important features of LMS is trying to create a
streamline communication between learners and instructors. Such systems, besides facilitating
online learning, tracking learning progress, providing digital learning tools, managing
communication, and maybe selling content, may be used to provide different communication
features.[24]

Features

Managing courses, users and roles

Learning management systems may be used to create professionally structured course content.
The teacher can add, text, images, videos, pdfs, tables, links and text formatting, interactive
tests, slideshows etc. Moreover, they can create different types of users, such as teachers,
students, parents, visitors and editors (hierarchies). It helps control which content a student can
access, track studying progress and engage student with contact tools. Teachers can manage
courses and modules, enroll students or set up self-enrollment.[25]

Online assessment

An LMS can enable instructors to create automated assessments and assignments for learners,
which are accessible and submitted online. Most platforms allow a variety of different question
types such as: one/multi-line answer; multiple choice answer; ordering; free text; matching;
essay; true or false/yes or no; fill in the gaps; agreement scale and offline tasks.[22]

User feedback

Students' exchange of feedback both with teachers and their peers is possible through LMS.
Teachers may create discussion groups to allow students feedback, share their knowledge on
topics and increase the interaction in course. Students' feedback is an instrument which help
teachers to improve their work, helps identify what to add or remove from a course, and ensures
students feel comfortable and included.[2]

Synchronous and Asynchronous Learning

Students can either learn asynchronously (on demand, self-paced) through course content such
as pre-recorded videos, PDF, SCORM (Sharable Content Object Reference Model) or they can

4 of 11 10/24/2022, 4:47 PM
Learning management system - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learning_management_system#cite_not...

undertake synchronous learning through mediums such as Webinars.

Learning Analytics

Learning management systems will often incorporate dashboards to track student or user
progress. They can then report on key items such as completion rates, attendance data and
success likelihood. Utilising these metrics can help facilitators better understand gaps in user
knowledge.[26]

Learning management industry

In the relatively new LMS market, commercial providers for corporate applications and
education range from new entrants to those that entered the market in the 1990. In addition to
commercial packages, many open source solutions are available.

In the U.S. higher education market as of spring 2021, the top three LMSs by number of
institutions were Canvas (38%), Blackboard (25%), and Moodle (15%).[27] Worldwide, the
picture was different, with Moodle having over 50% of market share in Europe, Latin America,
and Oceania.[28]

Many users of LMSs use an authoring tool to create content, which is then hosted on an LMS. In
some cases, LMSs that do use a standard include a primitive authoring tool for basic content
manipulation. More modern systems, in particular SaaS solutions have decided not to adopt a
standard and have rich course authoring tools. There are several standards for creating and
integrating complex content into an LMS, including AICC, SCORM, xAPI and Learning Tools
Interoperability. However, using SCORM or an alternative standardized course protocol is not
always required and can be restrictive when used unnecessarily.[29]

Evaluation of LMSs is a complex task and significant research supports different forms of
evaluation, including iterative processes where students' experiences and approaches to
learning are evaluated.[30]

Advantages and disadvantages

Advantages

There are six major advantages of LMS which in themselves constitute the concept of LMS.[22]

Interoperability: Data standards on LMS allow information to be exchanged from one system
to another
Accessibility: The consistent layout using on LMS provides students with disabilities better
opportunity to access web content.[31]
Reusability: Reusability refers to the LMS system's ability to be reused for educational
content. A critical aspect in lowering the high expenses of developing educational
experiences in e-learning settings.[32]
Durability: Due to the rising adoption of technology into academics, the growth of LMS
market is expected to reach a CAGR of 17.1% by 2028.[33]
Maintenance ability: LMS allows developers to continually enhance their software and better
adapt them to their user base.[34]

5 of 11 10/24/2022, 4:47 PM
Learning management system - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learning_management_system#cite_not...

Adaptability: LMS is always improving, updating, and learning new behaviours quickly. LMS
has been active since 1990s and keeps adjusting to the changing society today.[35]

Disadvantages
Teachers have to be willing to adapt their curricula from face-to-face lectures to online
lectures.[25]
There is the potential for instructors to try to directly translate existing support materials into
courses which can result in very low interactivity and engagement for learners if not done
well.

COVID-19 and Learning Management Systems

The suspension of in-school learning caused by the COVID-19 pandemic started a dramatic shift
in the way teachers and students at all levels interact with each other and learning materials.
UNESCO estimated that as of May 25, 2020, approximately 990,324,537 learners, or 56.6% of
the total enrolled students have been affected by COVID-19 related school closures.[36] In many
countries, online education through the use of Learning Management Systems became the focal
point of teaching and learning. For example, statistics taken from a university’s LMS during the
initial school closure period (March to June 2020) indicate that student submissions and
activity nearly doubled from pre-pandemic usage levels.[37]

Student satisfaction with LMS usage during this period is closely tied to the information quality
contained within LMS modules and maintaining student self-efficacy.[38] From the teacher
perspective, a study of K-12 teachers in Finland reported high levels of acceptance for LMS
technology, however, training support and developing methods for maintaining student
engagement are key to long-term success.[39] In developing nations, the transition to LMS usage
faced many challenges, which included a lower number of colleges and universities using LMSs
before the pandemic, technological infrastructure limitations, and negative attitudes toward
technology amongst users.[40]

See also
Authoring system – Interactive educational software
Competency management system
Content creation – Activity of the contribution of information to any media
Educational technology – Use of technology in education to improve learning and teaching
(e-learning)
Intelligent tutoring system
LAMS – Learning Activity Management System
Learning objects
Learning Record Store (LRS)
List of learning management systems
Student information system
Virtual learning environment – Online study or teaching platform
Massive open online course
Moodle

6 of 11 10/24/2022, 4:47 PM
Learning management system - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learning_management_system#cite_not...

References
1. Ellis, Ryann K. (2009), (https://web.archive.org/web/2
0140824102458/http://www.astd.org/~/media/Files/Publications/LMS_fieldguide_20091),
ASTD Learning Circuits, archived from the original (http://www.astd.org/~/media/Files/Public
ations/LMS_fieldguide_20091) on 24 August 2014, retrieved 5 July 2012
2. Davis, B., Carmean, C., & Wagner, E. (2009). "The Evolution of the LMS : From
Management to Learning". . 24.
3. Raza SA, Qazi W, Khan KA, Salam J (April 2021). "Social Isolation and Acceptance of the
Learning Management System (LMS) in the time of COVID-19 Pandemic: An Expansion of
the UTAUT Model" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7509242).
. 59 (2): 183–208. doi:10.1177/0735633120960421 (http
s://doi.org/10.1177%2F0735633120960421). ISSN 0735-6331 (https://www.worldcat.org/iss
n/0735-6331). PMC 7509242 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7509242).
4. Phillipo, John (27 June 2018). "LMS: The Missing Link and Great Enabler" (https://nanopdf.c
om/download/lms-the-missing-link-and-great-enabler_pdf). . Retrieved 10 May
2022.
5. Aldahwan, Nouf; Alsaeed, Nourah I. (August 2020). "Use of Artificial Intelligent in Learning
Management System (LMS): A Systematic Literature Review" (https://www.researchgate.net
/publication/346970541_Use_of_Artificial_Intelligent_in_Learning_Management_System_L
MS_A_Systematic_Literature_Review).
(August 2020): 16–26 – via researchgate.net.
6. "History of LMS (Learning Management Systems) | Easy LMS" (https://www.easy-lms.com/k
nowledge-center/lms-center/history-of-lms/item10401#:~:text=The%20first%20LMS%20wa
s%20developed,the%20first%20%27teaching%20machine%27.). .
Retrieved 25 August 2022.
7. "A Brief History of Online Education" (https://web.archive.org/web/20190213224631/http://b
ear.warrington.ufl.edu/tutorials/going-the-distance/). . Archived from
the original (http://bear.warrington.ufl.edu/tutorials/going-the-distance/) on 13 February
2019. Retrieved 26 April 2018.
8. "History of Distance Learning" (https://web.archive.org/web/20190216222852/http://www.go
distancelearning.com/history-of-distance-learning.html). .
Archived from the original (http://www.godistancelearning.com/history-of-distance-learning.h
tml) on 16 February 2019. Retrieved 26 April 2018.
9. Hubackova, Sarka (June 2015). "History and Perspectives of Elearning" (https://doi.org/10.1
016%2Fj.sbspro.2015.04.594). . 191: 1187–1190.
doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.04.594 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.sbspro.2015.04.594).
10. E.M. Forster, "THE MACHINE STOPS" (http://archive.ncsa.illinois.edu/prajlich/forster.html)
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140515194710/http://archive.ncsa.illinois.edu/prajli
ch/forster.html) 15 May 2014 at the Wayback Machine, .
11. Solomon Arulraj DAVID, "A Critical Understanding of Learning Management System" (http
s://www.academia.edu/3681177/A_Critical_Understanding_of_Learning_Management_Syst
em), .
12. "Interactions: Selection and Use of Media for Open and Distance Learning" (http://web.world
bank.org/archive/website00236B/WEB/INT_02.HTM).
13. Solomon Arulraj DAVID, " Teaching Machines" (http://teachingmachin.es/),
.

7 of 11 10/24/2022, 4:47 PM
Learning management system - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learning_management_system#cite_not...

14. Parr, Judy M.; Fung, Irene (3 October 2006). "A Review of the Literature on Computer-
Assisted Learning, particularly Integrated Learning Systems, and Outcomes with Respect to
Literacy and Numeracy" (https://web.archive.org/web/20070309042941/http://www.minedu.g
ovt.nz/index.cfm?layout=document&documentid=5499&indexid=6920&indexparentid=1024).
New Zealand Ministry of Education. Archived from the original (http://www.minedu.govt.nz/in
dex.cfm?layout=document&documentid=5499&indexid=6920&indexparentid=1024) on 9
March 2007. Retrieved 13 February 2013.
15. Watson, William R. (2007). "An Argument for Clarity: What are Learning Management
Systems, What are They Not, and What Should They Become?" (http://hal.archives-ouverte
s.fr/docs/00/69/20/67/PDF/Watson-2007.pdf) (PDF). . 51 (2): 28–34.
doi:10.1007/s11528-007-0023-y (https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11528-007-0023-y).
S2CID 17043075 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17043075). Retrieved
13 February 2013.
16. "History and Trends of Learning Management System (Infographic)" (http://www.oxagile.co
m/company/blog/history-and-trends-of-learning-management-system-infographics). Oxagile.
12 April 2016.
17. Ashok Sharma (4 May 2015). "The History of Distance Learning and the LMS" (http://www.el
earnhub.org/the-history-of-distance-learning-and-the-lms/). ELH Online Learning Made
Simple.
18. "The NKI Internet College: A review of 15 years delivery of 10,000 online courses" (http://ww
w.irrodl.org/index.php/irrodl/article/view/17/354), ,.
19. Peter, Berking (2016). "Choosing an LMS" (https://web.archive.org/web/20210709181251/ht
tps://qrisnetwork.org/sites/default/files/conference-session/resources/210ChoosingAnLMS.P
DF) (PDF). Archived from the original (https://qrisnetwork.org/sites/default/files/conference-s
ession/resources/210ChoosingAnLMS.PDF) (PDF) on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 30 June 2021.
20. Lin, Sandi (16 November 2015). "SaaS Learning Management System: Is your LMS Truly
SaaS? - eLearning Industry" (https://elearningindustry.com/saas-learning-management-syst
em-lms-truly-saas). . Retrieved 4 February 2017.
21. "Standard support LMS" (https://aristeksystems.com/blog/custom-lms-vs-ready-made/#com
mon-features). Retrieved 4 February 2022.
22. Long, Phillip D. (2004). "Learning Management Systems (LMS)" (http://sk.sagepub.com/refe
rence/distributedlearning/n99.xml). . Thousand Oaks:
SAGE Publications, Inc. pp. 291–293. doi:10.4135/9781412950596.n99 (https://doi.org/10.4
135%2F9781412950596.n99). ISBN 9780761924517.
23. Wang, Qiyun; Woo, Huay Lit; Quek, Choon Lang; Yang, Yuqin; Liu, Mei (9 June 2011).
"Using the Facebook group as a learning management system: An exploratory study".
. 43 (3): 428–438.
doi:10.1111/j.1467-8535.2011.01195.x (https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-8535.2011.01195.
x). ISSN 0007-1013 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0007-1013).
24. Chaiprasurt, Chantorn; Esichaikul, Vatcharaporn (5 July 2013). "Enhancing motivation in
online courses with mobile communication tool support: A comparative study" (https://doi.or
g/10.19173%2Firrodl.v14i3.1416).
. 14 (3): 377–401. doi:10.19173/irrodl.v14i3.1416 (https://doi.org/10.1917
3%2Firrodl.v14i3.1416). ISSN 1492-3831 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1492-3831).
25. Schoonenboom, Judith (February 2014). "Using an adapted, task-level technology
acceptance model to explain why instructors in higher education intend to use some
learning management system tools more than others". . 71:
247–256. doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2013.09.016 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.compedu.2013.
09.016). ISSN 0360-1315 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0360-1315).

8 of 11 10/24/2022, 4:47 PM
Learning management system - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learning_management_system#cite_not...

26. Jones, Kyle M. L. (2 July 2019). "Learning analytics and higher education: a proposed
model for establishing informed consent mechanisms to promote student privacy and
autonomy" (https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-019-0155-0).
. 16 (1): 24. doi:10.1186/s41239-019-0155-0 (ht
tps://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs41239-019-0155-0). hdl:1805/21571 (https://hdl.handle.net/180
5%2F21571). ISSN 2365-9440 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2365-9440).
S2CID 195766461 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:195766461).
27. (https://edutechnica.com/2021/06/21/lms-data-spring-2
021-updates/), 2021.
28. "Academic LMS Market Share: A view across four global regions" (https://eliterate.us/acade
mic-lms-market-share-view-across-four-global-regions/). . 29 June 2017. Retrieved
30 May 2019.
29. "SCORM is dead – what are the alternatives to SCORM?" (https://plume.co.uk/scorm-is-sta
gnant-heres-what-to-use-instead/). . 22 August 2018. Retrieved 21 February 2019.
30. Ellis, R.; Calvo, R.A. (2007), "Minimum indicators to quality assure blended learning
supported by learning management systems" (http://sydney.edu.au/engineering/latte/docs/0
7-ETS-EllisCalvo.pdf) (PDF),
31. "How do learning management systems differ on accessibility? | AccessComputing" (https://
www.washington.edu/accesscomputing/how-do-learning-management-systems-differ-acces
sibility#:~:text=One%20accessibility%20benefit%20of%20using,presented%20using%20a%
20consistent%20layout.). . Retrieved 25 August 2022.
32. González, Jorge Fontenla; Rodríguez, Manuel Caeiro; Llamas, Martín (October 2009).
"Enhancing Reusability in learning management systems through the integration of third-
party tools" (https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5350672).
: 1–6. doi:10.1109/FIE.2009.5350672 (https://doi.org/10.1109%2FFIE.
2009.5350672).
33. Reports, Valuates. "Learning Management System (LMS) Market to Grow USD 40360
Million by 2028 at a CAGR of 17.1% | Valuates Reports" (https://www.prnewswire.com/news
-releases/learning-management-system-lms-market-to-grow-usd-40360-million-by-2028-at-a
-cagr-of-17-1--valuates-reports-301588142.html). . Retrieved
25 August 2022.
34. Malavolta, Ivano; Verdecchia, Roberto; Filipovic, Bojan; Bruntink, Magiel; Lago, Patricia
(September 2018). "How Maintainability Issues of Android Apps Evolve" (https://ieeexplore.i
eee.org/document/8530041).
: 334–344. doi:10.1109/ICSME.2018.00042 (https://doi.org/10.1109%
2FICSME.2018.00042).
35. Santos, Lara Cristina de Paiva Lourenço dos Santos (2008). "Adaptability support in a
learning management system" (https://repositorio.ul.pt/handle/10451/14037).
36. Toquero, Cathy Mae (16 April 2020). "Challenges and Opportunities for Higher Education
amid the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Philippine Context" (https://www.pedagogicalresearch.c
om/article/challenges-and-opportunities-for-higher-education-amid-the-covid-19-pandemic-t
he-philippine-context-7947). . 5 (4): em0063. doi:10.29333/pr/7947 (h
ttps://doi.org/10.29333%2Fpr%2F7947). ISSN 2468-4929 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/24
68-4929). S2CID 218823128 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:218823128).
37. Prat, Joana; Llorens, Ariadna; Salvador, Francesc; Alier, Marc; Amo, Daniel (6 May 2021).
"A Methodology to Study the University's Online Teaching Activity from Virtual Platform
Indicators: The Effect of the Covid-19 Pandemic at Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya" (htt
ps://doi.org/10.3390%2Fsu13095177). . 13 (9): 5177. doi:10.3390/su13095177
(https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fsu13095177).

9 of 11 10/24/2022, 4:47 PM
Learning management system - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learning_management_system#cite_not...

38. Alzahrani, Latifa; Seth, Kavita Panwar (1 November 2021). "Factors influencing students'
satisfaction with continuous use of learning management systems during the COVID-19
pandemic: An empirical study" (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-021-10492-5).
. 26 (6): 6787–6805. doi:10.1007/s10639-021-10492-5 (https://
doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10639-021-10492-5). ISSN 1573-7608 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/
1573-7608). PMC 8023780 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8023780).
PMID 33841029 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33841029).
39. Dindar, Muhterem; Suorsa, Anna; Hermes, Jan; Karppinen, Pasi; Näykki, Piia (2021).
"Comparing technology acceptance of K-12 teachers with and without prior experience of
learning management systems: A Covid-19 pandemic study" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
pmc/articles/PMC8447015). . 37 (6): 1553–1565.
doi:10.1111/jcal.12552 (https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjcal.12552). ISSN 1365-2729 (https://ww
w.worldcat.org/issn/1365-2729). PMC 8447015 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/P
MC8447015). PMID 34548732 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34548732).
40. Cavus, Nadire; Mohammed, Yakubu; Yakubu, Mohammed Nasiru (6 May 2021).
"Determinants of Learning Management Systems during COVID-19 Pandemic for
Sustainable Education" (https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fsu13095189). . 13 (9):
5189. doi:10.3390/su13095189 (https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fsu13095189).

Bibliography
Levensaler, Leighann; Laurano, Madeline (2009), (http://
www.bersin.com/Lib/Rs/Details.aspx?Docid=103311599), Bersin & Associates

Further reading
Connolly, P. J. (2001). A standard for success. InfoWorld, 23(42), 57-58. EDUCAUSE
Evolving Technologies Committee (2003). Course Management Systems (CMS). Retrieved
25 April 2005, from http://www.educause.edu/ir/library/pdf/DEC0302.pdf
A field guide to learning management systems. (2005). Retrieved 12 November 2006, from
http://www.learningcircuits.org/NR/rdonlyres/BFEC9F41-66C2-42EFBE9D-E4FA0D3CE1CE
/7304/LMS_fieldguide1.pdf
Gibbons, A. S., Nelson, J. M., & Richards, R. (2002). The nature and origin of instructional
objects. In D. A. Wiley (Ed.), The instructional use of learning objects: Online version.
Retrieved 5 April 2005, from http://reusability.org/read/chapters/gibbons.doc
Gilhooly, K. (2001). Making e-learning effective. Computerworld, 35(29), 52-53.
Hodgins, H. W. (2002). The future of learning objects. In D. A. Wiley (Ed.), The instructional
use of learning objects: Online version. Retrieved 13 March 2005, from http://reusability.org
/read/chapters/hodgins.doc
Wiley, D. (2002). Connecting learning objects to instructional design theory: A definition, a
metaphor, and a taxonomy. In D. A. Wiley (Ed.), The instructional use of learning objects:
Online version. Retrieved 13 March 2005, from http://reusability.org/read/chapters/wiley.doc

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Learning_management_system&oldid=1115627398"

This page was last edited on 12 October 2022, at 11:24 (UTC).

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0; additional terms may apply. By
using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the

10 of 11 10/24/2022, 4:47 PM
Learning management system - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learning_management_system#cite_not...

Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.

11 of 11 10/24/2022, 4:47 PM