PDF Geologia Expo V - Compress
PDF Geologia Expo V - Compress
PDF Geologia Expo V - Compress
MAIDCTIFC \CT8
ITMY]J\I-\MTØ
PMBMPVTM 4<9:-D
\TMPMGVI@JÐG
Ai kmcackâi, ms ai `jmg`ji qum mstufji ai `cbpcsj`jðg y mstru`turi jgtmrgi fm ai Vjmrri y acs prc`mscs
pcr acs `uiams oi jfc mvcau`jcgigfc i ac airkc fma tjmbpc kmcaðkj`c. Ai Kmcackâi `cbprmgfm ug
`cghugtc fm ‟‚@jmg`jis Kmcaðkj`is‚‚, ugi fm maais ai Kmcackâi mstru`turia qum ms ugi fm ais ribis fm ai
kmcackâi qum sm fmfj`i i mstufjir ai `crtmzi tmrrmstrm, sus mstru`turis y su rmai`jðg mg ais rc`is qum ais
`cgtjmgmg.
\iri gcsctrcs acs mstufjigtms fma `ursc Kmcackâi Mstru`turia fm Jgkmgjmrâi fm Bjgis 4<9:, msti siajfi
fm `ibpc
`ibpc num fm krigkrig jbpcrt
jbpcrtig`
ig`ji
ji piri
piri pcgmr
pcgmr mg pré`tj
pré`tj`i
`i acs `cg
`cgc`j
c`jbjm
bjmgtc
gtcss rm`jdjf
rm`jdjfcs
cs mg ais
rmspm`tjvis smsjcgms fm iprmgfjzihm fma `ursc bmg`jcgifc, piri isâ tmgmr ma `rjtmrjc sunj`jmgtm piri
rm`cgc`mr m jgtmrprmtir pajmkums, niaais, mstritcs, fjs`crfig`jis y ctris mstru`turis mg ma `ibpc, qum
mxjstmg mg ai `crtmzi tmrrmstrm.
Ma fâi 44 fm smptjmbdrm fma prmsmgtm iùc sm ojzc ugi siajfi fm `ibpc ia fjstrjtc fm Ougtmr, fcgfm sm
pufc cdsmrvir bu`ocs i`cgtm`jbjmgtcs
i`cgtm`jbjmgtcs kmcaðkj`cs qum su`mfmg mg ai zcgi.
\cr
\cr ac tigtc
tigtc,, fm
fmtia
tiaac
ac mg ma sjkuj
sjkujmg
mgtm
tm jg
jgnc
ncrb
rbmm ai
aiss `i
`iri
ri`tm
`tmrâ
râstj
stj`i
`iss fm
fmaa auki
aukir,
r, ais
ais mstr
mstru`
u`tu
turi
ris,
s, ai
bmtcfcackâi qum ipaj`ibcs piri ma rm`cgc`jbjmgtc fm mstru`turis y pcstmrjcrbmgtm paisbirac mg ug
paigc y rmprmsmgtir fj`ois mstru`turis `cg su
su sjbdcackâi `crrmspcgfjmgtm.
ÂGFJ@M FM @CGVMGJFCP
TMP]BMG
@I\ÂV]AC J8 JGVTCF]@@JÐG
]dj`i`jðg.
@ajbi y vmkmti`jðg.
TMP]BMG
@I\ÂV]AC J8 JGVTCF]@@JÐG
9.9 ]DJ@I@JÐG
\iri ac`iajzir ai zcgi sm utjajzð ma scntwirm Kcckam Mirto. Kcckam Mirto ms ug prckribi jgncrbétj`c
qum bumstri ug kacdc vjrtuia qum pmrbjtm vjsuiajzir bøatjpam `irtckrinâi, `cg dism mg ai nctckrinâi
sitmajtia. Ma bipi fm Kcckam Mirto msté `cbpumstc pcr ugi supmrpcsj`jðg fm jbékmgms cdtmgjfis pcr
jbékmgms sitmajtiams, nctckrinâis iêrmis, jgncrbi`jðg kmckrénj`i prcvmgjmgtm fm bcfmacs fm fitcs PJK
fm tcfc ma bugfc y bcfmacs `rmifcs pcr `cbputifcri.
\rjbmrc, sm jgkrmsð mg ma dus`ifcr8 Vjgkc Krigfm, Hi`cdc Ougtmr, Irmqujpi, aumkc dus`ir
biguiabmgtm iakugi zcgi `mr`igi `cbc ai @ipjaai fm Vjgkc Krigfm ai `uia `cjg`jfm `cg gumstrc
fmstjgc
9.4 I@@MPJDJAJFIF
4.9 CDHMVJ^C K
KM
MGMTIA8
Tm`cgc`mr mstru`turis, nibjajis fm niaais, oumaais fm ikui, `cbc tibdjêg sm`ugfirjis, `cbc
pajmkums, niaais, fji`aisis, fjqums y ctrcs.
Iquâ gc
Iquâ gcsct
sctrc
rcss pr
prmsm
msmgt
gtib
ibcs
cs iakug
iakugis
is `c
`csi
siss rmai
rmai`j
`jcg
cgif
ifis
is `c
`cg
g ai si
siajf
ajfi,
i, qu
qumm pu
pufj
fjmr
mrcg
cg qu
qumf
mfir
ir
jg`cg`ausis, ais `uiams scg8
Fjqum
Tubdc
Duzibjmgtc
Duzibjmgtc rmia
Duzibjmgtc ipirmgtm
Fjrm``jðg fm duzibjmgtc
\ctmg`ji bmfji fm ugi vmti
Fjrm``jðg c rubdc (strjem)
Jg`ajgi`jðg c duzibjmgtc
Mspmscr
\rcnugfjfif
i) Tisk
Tiskcs
cs njsjckrénj
njsjckrénj`cs
`cs rmai`
rmai`jcgif
jcgifcs
cs `cg nniaais
iaais
Ais niaais rmaitjvibmgtm rm`jmgtms qumfig bcrncaðkj`ibmgtm bir`ifis mg ma tmrrmgc pcr i`igtjaifcs
rm`tcs c iajgmi`jcgms fm viaams, râcs c `umg`is. Ma nri`turibjmgtc qum i`cbpiùi i ugi niaai, ni`jajti ai
mrcsjðg, fm bigmri fm qum rji`oumacs, râcs y qumdrifis tjmgfmg i smkujr ai niaai. Pjg mbdirkc, fmdm
tmgmrs
tmgmrsmm prm
prmsmg
smgtm
tm qum ai mxprms
mxprmsjðg
jðg bcrnc
bcrncaðk
aðkj`i
j`i bés c bmgcs
bmgcs fmsti`
fmsti`ifi
ifi fm ugi niaai gc pmrbjt
pmrbjtmm
`cg`aujr gifi scdrm ai jbpcrtig`ji fm su rm`oizc.
Ai bcrncackâi fm ugi niaai sm mxprmsi `cg vmgtihis mg nctcs iêrmis m jbékmgms sitmajtiams y `cgstjtuym
ugc fm acs `rjtmrjcs piri jfmgtjnj`ir ai prmsmg`ji fm ugi niaai.
d) Fji`ais
aisis
Ai crjmgti`jðg fm ugi fji`aisi, sm fms`rjdm bmfjigtm su rubdc y su duzibjmgtc. Ais fji`aisis gc
sumamg ipirm`mr ijsaifis, sjgc isc`jifis i niaais y i pajmkums, mg gumstrc `isc i ug sjstmbi fm nri`turi
bjmgtc, nri`turi c njsuri mg ugi bisi rc`csi mg ai qum gc sm cdsmrvi ug bcvjbjmgtc rmaitjvc fm sus
aifcs Ms ugi nri`turi mg ais rc`is qum gc vi i`cbpiùifi fm fmsajzibjmgtc fm acs dacqums. Pm
fjstjgkumg isâ fm ais niaais mg ais qum sâ oiy fmsajzibjmgtc fm ais `ihis. ]gi `iri`tmrâstj`i pirtj`uair ms
qum scg pmrpmgfj`uairms i fcs nri`turis prjg`jpiams. Pcg mstru`turis buy idugfigtms, fm acgkjtuf
`crti.
]g `cghugtc fm fji`aisis piriamais sm fmgcbjgi ug «sjstmbi fm fji`aisisµ5 fcs c bés `cghugtcs qum
sm `crtig, prcfu`mg ug «sjstmbi fm fji`aisisµ5 fcs fjspcsj`jcgms fm fji`aisis buy hugtis mg égkuac
rm`tc `cg ugi tmr`mri, prcfu`jfis pcr ma bjsbc sjstmbi fm tmgsjcgms, sm fj`m qum scg `cghukifis. ]gi
fji`aisi prjg`jpia (têrbjgc fm ocbdrm fm `igtmri) ms ugi fji`aisi pmrsjstmgtm c sjstmbi qum pumfm smr
ocrjzcgtia c vmrtj`ia.
Ais fji`aisis tjmgmg krig jbpcrtig`ji pré`tj`i, yi qum fmtmrbjgig mg krig pirtm ais prcpjmfifms
kmcbm`égj`is y ai pcrcsjfif fm crjkmg tm`tðgj`c fm ug bi`jzc rc`csc. \cr maac tjmgmg ug sjkgjnj`ifc
jgbmfjitc mg bjgmrâi y mg aidcrms i tihc idjmrtc, mg `igtmris, fjsmùc fm cdris jgkmgjmrjams, `jr`uai`jðg
fm ikuis sudtmrrégmis, rmsmrvcrjcs fm ojfrc`irdurcs y `jr`uai`jðg fm naujfcs ojfrctmrbiams y fmpðsjtcs
bjgmriams.
I pmsir fm su prmsmg`ji mg tcfc tjpc fm rc`is, mxjstmg virjis rizcgms pcr ais `uiams su igéajsjs ms
fjnâ`ja. Mnm`tjvibmgtm, su mfif kmgmriabmgtm gc sm `cgc`m, sm rmi`tjvig né`jabmgtm `cbc niaais, gc
rmprmsmgtig
rmprm smgtig ugi bikgjtuf
bikgjtuf fm strijg `uigtjnj`idam
`uigtjnj`idam c fm jbpc
jbpcrtig`j
rtig`jii y, njgia
njgiabmgtm,
bmgtm, mxjstmg virjcs
bm`igjsbcs pcsjdams qum mxpaj`ig su crjkmg.
`) Bj
Bjac
acgj
gjti
ti y ms
mspm
pmhc
hc f
fmm ni
niaa
aaii
Ai bjacgjti ms ugi rc`i bmtibðrnj`i qum sm ncrbð pcr ais numrzis tm`tðgj`is. Acs bjgmriams (`uirzc)
sm vmg macgkifcs oi`ji ai fjrm``jðg prjg`jpia fma bcvjbjmgtc. Ais bjacgjtis
bja cgjtis scg kmgmriabmgtm furis y
djmg rmsjstmgtms i ai bmtmcrjzi`jðg, msti ms ug jgfj`ifcr fma smgtjfc fm niaaibjmgtc, mg `cghugtc `cg
acs mspmhcs fm niaai.
Ma mspmhc fm niaai ms ugi supmrnj`jm puajfi qum jgfj`i fjrm``jðg fm bcvjbjmgtc fm ai niaai c nri`turi,
smkøg smi ma `isc.
f) Fjqum
Ms ugi ncrbi`jðg âkgmi jgtrusjvi fm ncrbi tiduair. Pu mspmscr ms kmgmriabmgtm bu`oc bmgcr qum sus
rmstigtms fjbmgsjcgms, su mxtmgsjðg aitmria pumfm ia`igzir bu`ocs ejaðbmtrcs. Ais jgtrusjcgms fm
fjqums sm sumamg prcfu`jr i nivcr fm nri`turis.
]g fjqum itrivjmsi `ipis c `umrpcs rc`cscs prmmxjstmgtms, ac qum jbpaj`i qum ug fjqum ms sjmbprm bés
rm`jmgtm qum ai rc`i mg ai `uia msté `cgtmgjfc. @isj sjmbprm prmsmgtig ugi krig jg`ajgi`jðg c ugi
jg`ajgi`jðg prðxjbi i ai vmrtj`ia, pmrc ai fmncrbi`jðg fm crjkmg tm`tðgj`i pumfm prcvc`ir ai rcti`jðg
fm acs mstritcs
mstritcs itr
itrivm
ivmsifc
sifcss pcr ma fjqum
fjqum fm tia ncrbi
ncrbi qum mstm pumfm
pumfm vcavmr
vcavmrsm
sm ocrjzc
ocrjzcgti
gtia.
a. Ais
jgtrusjcgms `cgncrbifis `isj ocrjzcgtiabmgtm i ac airkc fm mstritcs scg aaibifis sjaas.
Acs fjqums
fjqums nrm`umgtmbm
nrm`umgtmbmgtm
gtm c`urrmg
c`urrmg mg mghibdrms
mghibdrms rifjiams
rifjiams c `cg`êgtrj`
`cg`êgtrj`cs
cs iarmf
iarmfmfcr
mfcr fm
jgtrusjcgms pautðgj`is c hugtc i zcgis fm iajbmgti`jðg fm vca`igms.
m) Tubdc
Ms ai fjrm``jðg fm ai aâgmi ncrbifi pcr ai jgtmrsm``jðg fm ug paigc ocrjzcgtia jbikjgirjc y ma paigc fm
mstritjnj`i`jðg (mg ma `isc fm mstritcs) c ma paigc fm jg`ajgi`jðg, mg ma `isc fm vmtis.
n) Du
Duzi
zib
bjmg
jmgtc Tmi
miaa
Ms ma égkuac fm jg`ajgi`jðg fma mstritc c vmti5 mstm égkuac msté ncrbifc pcr ug paigc ocrjzcgtia
jbikjgirjc y ma paigc fm mstritjnj`i`jðg (mg ma `isc fm mstritcs), c ma paigc fm jg`ajgi`jðg, mg ma `isc
fm vmtis, y sm bjfm mg ug paigc vmrtj`ia pmrpmgfj`uair ia rubdc.
k) Du
Duzi
zibj
bjmg
mgtc
tc Ip
Ipir
irmg
mgtm
tm
Ms ma égkuac fm jg`ajgi`jðg fma mstritc c vmti5 mstm égkuac msté ncrbifc pcr ug paigc ocrjzcgtia
jbikjgirjc y ma paigc fm mstritjnj`i`jðg (mg ma `isc fm mstritcs), c ma paigc fm jg`ajgi`jðg, mg ma `isc
fm vmtis, y sm bjfm mg `uiaqujmr paigc vmrtj`ia gc pmrpmgfj`uair ia rubdc.
o) Fjrm
Fjrm``
``jð
jðg
g Fm Du
Duzi
zibj
bjmg
mgtc
tc
Ms ai jgfj`i`jðg fma smgtjfc fm ai jg`ajgi`jðg fma mstritc c fm ai vmti smkøg smi ma `isc.
j) \ctm
\ctmg`
g`ji
ji Bm
Bmfj
fjii Fm ]gi
]gi ^mt
^mtii
Ms ma prcbmfjc fm ais pctmg`jis bmfjfcs mg fjvmrscs pugtcs fm ugi zcgi fm ugi vmti.
e) Jg`
Jg`ajg
ajgi`j
i`jðg
ðg C Du
Duzib
zibjmg
jmgtc
tc
Ms ma égkuac vmrtj`ia qum ncrbi ai aâgmi fm béxjbi pmgfjmgtm fm ug paigc fm ai vmti `cg ai ocrjzcgtia.
Ai aâgmi fm béxjbi pmgfjmgtm fm ug paigc ms iqumaai qum ncrbi égkuac rm`tc `cg ai ocrjzcgtia sjtuifi
mg ma bjsbc paigc.
Vibdjêg sm aaibi ‑jg`ajgi`jðg‒ i ai aâgmi fm béxjbi pmgfjmgtm fma paigc. Vigtc ai fjrm``jðg `cbc ai
jg`ajgi`jðg sm usig piri fmtmrbjgir `uiaqujmr paigc y mstru`turis isjbjaidams i mstcs `cbc vmtis,
mstritcs,
mstritcs, niaais mt`. Ma rubdc y duzibjmgtc
duzibjmgtc sumamg
sumamg virjir fm ug pugtc
pugtc i ctrc fm ai vmti pcr ac `uia ms
`cbøg rmnmrjrsm i su viacr bmfjc.
a) Mspmscr
Ms ai fjstig`ji pmrpmgfj`uair mgtrm acs fcs paigcs piriamacs qum ajbjtig ug `umrpc fm rc`i tiduair. Ma
0.9 \TJB
\TJBMTI
MTI \
\ITI
ITIFI8
FI8 Ai njgiajfif fm msti pirifi ms ma `cgtmc fma gøbmrc fm nibjajis fm niaais,
piri maac sm tcbð ma rubdc y duzibjmgtc fm `ifi ugi fm ais niaais mg`cgtrifis. @cg ai iyufi fm ikui
y ugi drøhuai sm `cgsjkujmrcg tcbir tiams fitcs. Ai `igtjfif mg`cgtrifi num fm : nibjaji fm niaais `cg
acs sjkujmgtms rubdcs y duzibjmgtcs8
\TJBMTI NIBJAJI
PMK]GFI NIBJAJI
VMT@MTI NIBJAJI
@]ITVI NIBJAJI
Y]JGVI NIBJAJI
PM_VI NIBJAJI
PÊ\VJBI NIBJAJI
C@VI^I NIBJAJI
GC^MGI NIBJAJI
FÊ@JBI NIBJAJI
]GFÊ@JBI NIBJAJI
0.4 PMK
PMK]G
]GFI
FI \ITI
\ITIFI
FI88 Ai njgiajfif fm msti pirifi num fm jkuia bigmri ma `cgtmc fm nibjajis y
oi`mr ugi `cbpiri`jðg fm ai msté pirifi `cg ai igtmrjcr y vmr `uéa fm ais fcs sm mg`umgtri bés
nri`turifi.
0.0 VMT@
VMT@MTI
MTI \IT
\ITIFI8
IFI8 Ai njgiajfif fm msti øatjbi pirifi ms ma cdsmrvir acs fjqums mg ac iatc fm
ug `mrrc, vmr ai jgtrusjðg fm ugi rc`i oi`ji ai supmrnj`jm, jfmgtjnj`ir ai `ihi tm`oc y pjsc y pcr
`cgsjkujmgtm bmfjr su pctmg`ji fm bigmri fjrm`ti y tibdjêg oiaair su rubdc y duzibjmgtc piri mstc
sm utjajzð ug namxðbmtrc piri ma oiaaizkc fm ai pctmg`ji.
]dj`ifc mg ma fjstrjtc fm Hi`cdc Ougtmr, prcvjg`ji y rmkjðg fm Irmqujpi5 yi`m ugc fm acs mvmgtcs
kmcaðkj`cs bés gctcrjcs. Ma mg`umgtrc mgtrm fcs ditcajtcs, ma ditcajtc fm ai `iafmri `cg ma ditcajtc
`cstigmrc.
ais øatjbis mtipis fm `rjstiajzi`jðg fma bikbi. Fm i`umrfc i fiti`jcgms msti pmqumùi ipðnjsjs num
mbpaizifc ia njgia fm tcfis ais bigjnmsti`jcgms bikbétj`is fma Ditcajtc fm ai @iafmri y sus
inacribjmgtcs scg buy rmstrjgkjfcs.
>.9 @CG@
@CG@A]P
A]PJCGM
JCGMP.
P.
◃ Mg mst
mstii zcgi
zcgi sm fi ug `cgti`tc
`cgti`tc mgtrm
mgtrm ais
ais rc`is
rc`is fma
fma piamczcj`
piamczcj`c
c y bmsczcj`c
bmsczcj`c..
◃ Acs
Acs fmfmpð
pðsjt
sjtcs
cs @m
@mrr
rrc
c ^mrf
^mrfm/P
m/Pig
igti
ti Tcsi
Tcsi sm mg
mg`u
`umg
mgtri
trig
g mg ug
ugii rmkj
rmkjðg
ðg `i
`iri
ri`t
`tmr
mrjz
jzif
ifii pc
pcrr ma
jgtmgsc niaaibjmgtc y nri`turibjmgtc. Bu`ois fm ais mstru`turis rmkjcgiams mstég rmai`jcgifis
i ai tm`tðgj`i igfjgi y ia mbpaizibjmgtc fma Ditcajtc fm ai @csti.
◃ Acs `c
`cbpamhc
bpamhcss jgtrusjvcs
jgtrusjvcs pcrnjr
pcrnjrâtj`cs
âtj`cs mg
mg ma sur fma \mrø
\mrø mstég mspi`jiabmg
mspi`jiabmgtm
tm rmai`jcgif
rmai`jcgifcs
cs `cg
ai sm`umg`ji fm niaais rmkjcgiams qum tjmgmg rubdc gcrcmstm, ais `uiams sjkumg ai tmgfmg`ji
mstru`turia rmkjcgia.
>.4 TM@
TM@CBMG
CBMGFI@J
FI@JCGMP
CGMP..
◃ \rm
\rmvmr
vmr u
ug
g bipi
bipi fm ai zcgi
zcgi piri
piri biycr
biycr êgni
êgnisjs
sjs mg ai
ai siaj
siajfi
fi fm `ibpc
`ibpc..
◃ Pmr b
bés
és `ujfifcsc
`ujfifcscss ia rm`cpj
rm`cpjair
air acs
acs fitcs
fitcs piri
piri gc tmgmr prcd
prcdambis
ambis `cg
`cg ai
rmprmsmgti`jðg fm bipi.
◃ ottp8//rmpcsjtcrjc.ugsi.mfu.pm/djtst
ottp8//rmpcsjtc rjc.ugsi.mfu.pm/djtstrmib/oigfam/]GPI/0<?=/
rmib/oigfam/]GPI/0<?=/KAbitjbm.pfn3
KAbitjbm.pfn3
smqumg`m29&jsIaacwmf2y
◃ ottps8//www.fmpmru.`
ottps8//www. fmpmru.`cb/`mgtr
cb/`mgtrcs-pcdaifc
cs-pcdaifcs/tjgkc-
s/tjgkc-krigfm-9>
krigfm-9>:<6
:<6