Skeletal System

What is
the
skeletal
system?

The skeletal system is composed of 206 bones that,

along with cartilage, tendons, and ligaments, make
up the framework or skeleton of the body.
 What are the 5
Functions of the
Skeletal System?
Muscle attached to bones!! 1. Movement: Skeletal system
provides points of
attachment for muscles.
Your legs and arms move
when the muscles pull on
the bones.

2. Support: The backbone is

the main support center for
the upper body. It holds your
head up and protects your
spinal cord.
 What are the 5
Functions of the
Skeletal System?
3. Protection: The bones of
your skull protect your
brain. Your ribs protect
your lungs and heart from
injury.

4. Makes Blood: Red and

white blood cells are
formed by tissue called
marrow, which is in the
center of the bone.
 What are the 5
Functions of the
Skeletal System?

5. Storage: Bones store

minerals, such as
calcium and phosphorus,
for use by the body
Axial skeleton…
The skeleton can be
divided into two main
parts. The axial
skeleton consists of
80 bones. The primary
bones of the axial
skeleton are the skull,
spine, ribs and
sternum (thorax).
Anterior means front;
posterior means back.
This is an anterior
view of the skeleton.
Appendicular skeleton…
The appendicular
skeleton consists of
126 bones. The
primary bones of this
skeleton are the
shoulder or pectoral
girdle, arms, hands,
pelvic girdle, legs,
and feet.
Classifications of
bones by shape…
Bones can be
classified by shape.
4 of those
classifications are:

LONG bones include the

femur (thigh), tibia (larger
shin), fibula (smaller shin
bone), humerus (upper arm),
radius (larger forearm), and
ulna (smaller forearm).
Classifications of bones by
shape… Bones can be classified by shape.
4 of those classifications are:

SHORT bones include the carpals of the wrist

and tarsals of the ankle.
Classifications of bones by
shape… Bones can be classified by shape.
4 of those classifications are:

FLAT bones include the skull,

sternum (breastbone), and
scapula (shoulder bone).
Classifications of bones by
shape… Bones can be classified by shape.
4 of those classifications are:

IRREGULAR bones include the vertebrae (spine),

and pelvic.
 Bone The features in this long bone
illustrate those found in all bones.
structure…
Epiphysis (ĭ PIF ah siss) -
growing end
Diaphysis (dye AF ah siss) -
shaft
Periosteum (peri OSS tee um) -
outside covering
Medullary (MED ul air ee)-
inner space containing
bone marrow
Endosteum (en DOS tee um)-
lining of medullary cavity
What is the Structure ►  Typical Four Layers:
of Bone? §  Periosteum: Covers
Bones
§  Compact Bone: Lies
beneath the
periosteum
§  Spongy Bone: Lies
beneath the
compact bone
§  Bone Marrow: Fills
the gaps between
the spongy bone
 §  Bones are complex
What is the living structures that
Structure of Bone? undergo growth and
development.
§  A thin tough outer
membrane covers
the bone.
§  Beneath the outer
membrane is a layer
of compact bone
(hard and dense,
but not solid – it is
filled with holes and
has small canals for
blood vessels and
nerves).
What is the §  Inside the
Structure of compact bone is
Bone? a layer of spongy
bone.
§  It has many small
spaces, is light
weight, but
strong.
§  Spongy bone is
also found at the
ends of bones.
What is the §  In the spaces of many
Structure of bones there is a soft
connective tissue
Bone? called marrow.
§  Two types of Marrow:
► Red
► Yellow
§  Red Marrow
produces most
of the body’s
blood cells.
§  Yellow Marrow
stores fat that
can serve as an
energy reserve.
How Strong are §  The structure of
Bones? bones make it
both strong and
light weight.
§  20 % of an adults
body weight is
bone.
§  Bone is made up
of 2 minerals:
► Calcium
► Phosphorus
 §  As an infant, most of your
How Do Bones skeleton is cartilage.
Develop? §  Cartilage is a strong
flexible tissue.

§  Over time the cartilage is

replaced by solid bone,
usually complete by the
time you stop growing.

§  Not all cartilage is

replaced in adults. Many
joints contain cartilage,
protecting the ends of
bones (ears and the end
of the nose is also
cartilage).
 Clavicle or Collarbone
►  The clavicle, or collar
bone, holds the
shoulder joint away
from the rest of the
upper body and is only
as thick as your little
finger.
 Scapula
►  The scapula is located
on the back side of the
ribcage and helps
provide part of the
shoulder joint and
movement for the
arms.
 Vertebral Column or Spinal Cord
1) The cervical region (neck
bones)

2) The thorasic region (what the

ribs attach to)

3) The lumbar region (the lower

part of the back)
Coccyx and Sacrum
Humerus (Upper Arm Bone)
 Radius and Ulna
► Radius on Top

► Ulna on Bottom
Carpals or (Wrist Bones)
Metacarpals (Top of Hands)
Phalanges (Little Fingers)
Rib Cage
Sternum (Breastbone)
Pelvis
 Femur
(Largest Bone in the Body)
The Tibia and Fibula
Tarsals
Metatarsals
Phalanges
What are •  A joint is a place
where two bones
Joints? come together.

•  Joints allow the

bones to move in
different ways.

•  Two types of joints:

•  Immovable
•  Movable
Joints… A joint is a place where two or more
bones connect. The manner in which
they connect determines the type of
movement allowed at that joint.

A synarthrosis
(sĭn ahrTHROW siss)
is a joint that
allows no
movement. An
example would be
a cranial suture.
 A amphiarthrosis
(am fee ahr THROW siss) is Joints…
a joint that allows slight
movement. An example
would be a vertebra.

A diarthrosis (dye ahr THROW siss) is a joint that

allows free movement in a variety of directions,
such as knee, hip, elbow, wrist, and foot.
 •  Most of the joint are
What are movable joints.
•  Allow the body to move
Movable Joints? in a wide range of
movements.
•  Bones in movable
joints are held together
by strong connective
tissue called
ligaments.
•  Four types of movable
joints:
•  Hinge
•  Ball-and-socket
•  Pivot
•  Gliding
 ►  Round end of bone
What is a fitting snuggly within
another bone.
Ball-and- §  Ex. Shoulder and
Socket Joint? Hip
►  Allows the greatest
range of motion.
§  The ball-and-socket
joint allows you to
swing your arm
freely in a circle.
 ►  Movement in one
What is a direction like a door.
§  Ex. Knee and Elbow
Hinge Joint? ►  Allows forward or
backward motion.
 ►  Bone resting atop
another bone permitting
What is a Pivot free movement.
Joint? §  Ex. Neck, Wrist and
Ankles
►  Allows one bone to
rotate around another.
§  Allows you to turn your
head
 ► Allows one bone to
What is a Gliding slide over another.
Joint? §  Ex. Knuckles,
wrist, ankle
► Allows your to
bend and flex as
well as make
limited side to side
motions.
Types of body movements at
diarthrotic joints…

Flexion:
Abduction: moving a body bending a limb
part away from the middle. Extension:
Adduction: moving a body straightening a
part toward the middle. flexed limb
Types of body movements at
diarthrotic joints…

Supination: lying supine or

face upward; or turning the Circumduction:
palm or foot upward. moving a body
Pronation: lying prone or part in a circular
face downward; or turning motion
the palm downward.
Types of body movements at
diarthrotic joints…

Dorsiflexion:
Protraction: moving a body
bending a body
forward.
part backwards.
Retraction: moving a body
part backward.
Types of body movements at
diarthrotic joints…

Rotation:
Inversion: turning inward. moving a body
Eversion: turning outward. part around a
central axis
Types of body movements at
diarthrotic joints…

Trendelenburg

Lateral
Fowler’s position: sitting recumbent:
straight up or reclining slightly; lying on your left
legs straight or bent. or right side
Trendelenburg position:
(TREN duh len burg) lying
supine with head lower than feet.
 ► Connects bone to
What is a bone.
Ligament?
 ►  Attaches
What is a muscles to
Tendon? bones.