Sigmund Freud: Psychoanalysis

● His psychoanalytic theory formed the basis for many current psychodynamic
theories
● Freud was the first to discuss the unconscious mind and its role in human
behavior
● Freud believed that there were three levels of consciousness, first is the
unconscious mind which exists outside of your awareness at all times, second is
the pre-conscious mind which includes all information that you're not currently
aware of but that can be recalled, finally the conscious mind is your current state
of awareness
● There are three parts to personality these are the id, ego and super-ego and the
it'd is the first to develop
● You now know how our consciousness interacts to determine behavior
according to Freud, but what motivates our behavior? The answer to this is that
we are motivated by our instincts.
● There are two types of instinct described by Freud: life instincts which
includes sexual instincts, the drive to live, and basic instinctual impulses such as
thirst and hunger and death instincts is the human tendency to destructive, risky
or otherwise negative behavior.
● Freud also formed a developmental theory he called psychosexual
development. This theory includes five stages of chronological development.
● Freud postulates five stages of chronological development that begin in
infancy. These stages are oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital.
● Freud believed the first three stages are the most important. These three stages
occur before the age of six and form the foundation for personality development.
● Lesson Summary Freud's theories, especially his idea of the unconscious mind,
have had a lasting impact on the field of psychology. He described three levels of
consciousness: the unconscious, the preconscious, and conscious. He also
described three parts of the personality. The first part of the personality to
develop is the id, the ego develops next, and the superego develops last. These
personality components work together to determine behavior. Behavior is
motivated by instinct.

Carl Jung: Analytical Psychology

● Carl Jung, is  perhaps one the greatest and most capable minds  
that has ever attempted to do this—to explore  itself from the inside and
conceptualize a complete understanding of this sort of  internal navigation
system from the top-down.
● The psyche here simply refers to the complete personality of the individual,
including  feelings, thoughts, and behaviors—the combination of the unconscious
and conscious mind.
● There is a constant interplay between the unconscious and conscious realms of
the psyche, which combine to create our  complete personality.
● But much of this happens and lives in the unconscious, outside of our conscious
awareness and control. As a result, a sizable percentage of who we truly are,
what we truly like and are capable of, and the motivations behind our actions
remain hidden or inaccessible to us.
● And so, in order to come into  a more authentic and complete state of being,
the individual must attempt to make this portion of the psyche conscious by
tapping into it and integrating it into the whole of their awareness. Jung would
call this process Individuation.
● He divided it starting with  the broader dimensions, into
consciousness, personal unconsciousness, and  collective unconsciousness.
● Consciousness is the realm of  personal awareness where one identifies
explicitly and knowingly with themselves.
● The ego sits at the center of consciousness and provides a sense of personal
distinction, creating the story one tells themselves about themselves in order to
maintain continuity in their identity.
● The ego is called the Persona, which is the outward efforts of appearance,
which the individual actively displays to the world.  
● This persona, however, is often disjointed from  the individual’s true self as it
displays the character that one thinks or wants to be according  to what the ego
deems is appropriate to a particular society and role, and not what is true  to
who the individual actually is.
● To maintain this suitable appearance and  self-esteem, the ego filters various
components of personal experience and self hood either into  or away from the
conscious dimension. What it filters away and restricts, it represses  and sends
down into the unconscious realm. 
● He separated  the unconscious into two distinct structures: the personal
unconscious and the collective unconscious.
● Similar concepts previously acknowledged and put out by Freud and others at
the time are where the individual unconscious fits in. After the ego suppresses
and ignores negative parts of experience and self hood, these aspects are stored
and hidden here, just below the level of ordinary consciousness.
● The collective unconscious, however, differs from the personal unconscious
and other earlier theories of the psyche in that it contains and facilitates
universal elements that are inherited through the entirety of human history, in a
manner that is somewhat analogous to how biological evolution works.
● Finding recurring patterns in his patients' cases, as well as his historical and
mythological research, led him to the discovery that the same motifs, symbols,
and themes that appeared in his patients' unconscious also appeared frequently
and consistently in literature, myths, and artwork from various cultures and
historical periods—often without these cultures ever having even interacted.
● In Jung’s view, these shared motifs, symbols, and themes were expressions of
the various  psychic structures consistent across humanity, which he called
archetypes.
● By inducing certain cognitive tendencies, these archetypes serve as the
foundation of the individual's personality in Jung's model of the psyche. The
repressed, rejected, and unknown material that the ego does not wish to
associate with is referred to by Jung as the Shadow inside the collective
unconscious.
● The anima/animus represents another archetype. The "anima/animus" is the
polar opposite of our biological sex, which is represented by the unconscious
feminine side in men and the tendency toward masculinity in women.
● Shadow refers to our animal nature (like the id in Freud). It is where we get
both our constructive and destructive energy from. It's possible that Jung's
archetypes represent predispositions that once served a purpose in terms of
survival, in keeping with evolutionary theory
● According to Jung, all of the aforementioned psyche's structural elements
interact with one another in a continuous flow to finally create the Self, which is
the integrated, real sum of the unconscious and conscious.
● This Self is what a person really is, what they really want, what they really like,
what they really are capable of, etc.

Karen Horney's Psychoanalytic Social Theory

● Karen horney was built on the assumption that social and cultural conditions
especially childhood experiences are responsible for shaping personality.
● People who do not have their needs for love and affection satisfied during
childhood develop basic hostility toward their parents and as a consequence
suffer from basic anxiety.
● Three fundamental styles of relating to others: moving toward people, moving
against people, moving away from people.
● Compulsive behavior generates a basic "intrapsychic conflict". The idealized
self-image is expressed: neurotic search for glory, neurotic claims, neurotic
pride.
● Athough horney did not overlook the importance of genetic factors she
repeatedly emphasized cultural influences as the primary basis for both neurotic
and normal personality development.
● Modern culture is based on competition among individuals.
● Importance of childhood Experiences believed that neurotic conflict could stem
from almost any developmental stage but childhood is the age from which the
vast majority of problems arise and hypothesized that a difficult childhood is
primarily responsible for neurotic needs.
● Compulsive drives according to horney neurotic individuals have the same
problems that affect normal people except neurotics experience them to a greater
degree horney insisted that neurotics do not enjoy misery and suffering.
● Their compulsive needs to reduce basic anxiety led to behaviors that
perpetuate low self-esteem, generalized hostility inappropriate, striving for
power inflated feelings of superiority, and persistent apprehension.
● 10 Neurotic Needs 1.)The neurotic need a affection and approval. 2.)The
neurotic need for a powerful partner. 3.) The neurotic needs to restrict one's life
within narrow borders. 4.)The neurotic need for power. 5.) The neurotic need to
exploit others. 6.) The neurotic need for social recognition or prestige. 7.) The
neurotic need for personal admiration. 8.) The neurotic need for ambition and
personal achievement. 9.) The neurotic need for self-sufficient and independence.
10.) The neurotic need for perfection and unassailability.
● Neurotic Trends- the list of 10 neurotic needs could be grouped into three
general categories, each relating to a person's basic attitude toward self and
others.
● In healthy children as horney would have us believe these three drives are not
necessarily incompatible but the feelings of isolation and helplessness that
Hornet described as basic anxiety drive some children to act compulsively

Erickson's Eight Stages of Psychosocial Development

● Erickson is convinced that personality develops in a series of stages .
● Erickson's eight stages of psychosocial development focus on the resolution of a
specific crisis that one encounters in each stage of its development as a person
Erikson argues that this conflict must be resolved for a child to develop into a
healthy and well-adjusted adult which in turn makes her a contributing member
of society.
● Ego strength or Ego quality and according to erickson if the person fails to
overcome this crisis she will emerge with a sense of inadequacy.
● Erikson expanded freud's psychosexual theory by highlighting the cultural
aspect of personal development.
● Erikson's eight stages of psychosocial development
● 1. Trust Vs. Mistrust
Infancy (Birth to 12 Months) - dependent on the parents.
If the parents are consistent the infant develops a sense of trust while if parents,
are inconsistent a sense of mistrust will develop on the part of infant.
● 2. Autonomy vs Shame and doubt
Early childhood (1- 3 Years) - the child develops a sense of personal control and
starts to gain a little independence.
If the parents allow their children to make choices of their own, children will
develop a sense of autonomy while who do not left with a sense of inadequacy
results in a feeling of shame and self doubt.
● 3. Initiative vs Guilt
Preschool (ages3- 6 Years) -children who are successful in this stage feel capable
and able to lead others. When such initiatives do not yield the desired results
children may feel guilt.
● 4. Industry vs. Inferiority
School-age (ages 6- 12 Years) - through social interactions, children begin to
develop a sense of pride.
If children are encouraged and commended, they develop a sense of competence
and belief in their skills. If children don't get support of parents they will doubt
their abilities to be successful.
● 5. Identity vs Role confusion
Adolescent (age 12- 18) - explore their independence and develop a sense of self.
When adolescent receive proper encouragement in their personal exploration
they will emerge with a strong sense of identity while those who do not receive
will develop a weak sense of identity and experience role confusion.
● 6. Intimacy vs Isolation
Young adulthood (20s- early 40s) - ready to shares his life with others.
Those who are successful in this stage are able to establish intimate relationships
which results in the development of a virtue known as love. If people failed
establish intimate relationships with others, they develop a sense of isolation.
● 7. Generativity vs. Stagnation
Middle adulthood (from mid 60s to end life) - When a person make a significant
contribution a sense of generativity or a sense of productivity and accomplished
ensues. Those who failed to fulfill nay experience stagnation and feel
unproductive and uninvolved.
● 8. Ego Integrity vs. Despair
Maturity (from mid 60s to end life) - As people get older their productivity slows
down.
● They contemplate on their accomplishments and when they are proud of them,
they feel a sense of Integrity. Those who failed to fulfill their task may feel that
their life has been wasted and look back on their life with many regrets results in
despair.