1 - Introduction
1 - Introduction
1 - Introduction
ME 331
Heat & Mass Transfer
Reference Books
Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer
Frank P. Incropera (Author), David P. DeWitt (Author) 7th Edition
Heat Transfer
J.P Holman (8th Edition)
Sizing Problem
To determine the size of the system capable of transferring heat
at specified rate and at the specified temperature difference.
Differential Equation/s
(6)
(5) Apply applicable Apply boundary and
solution initial conditions
techniques
(7)
Solution of the Problem
10/21/2020 Lecture by Asst. Prof. NAEEM 10
ME-331
(Heat & Mass Transfer)
Introductory Concepts
System 1 System 2
When both kettles are switched on at the same time, Why the water in
kettle “Q” takes longer time to boil compared to water in kettle “P”???
With the same temperature a drop of tea cause less injury compared to
the full cup of tea. Isn’t it?
Larger the mass of the object, more heat it can store (more heat
capacity)!
10/21/2020 Lecture by Asst. Prof. NAEEM 15
Heat Capacity and Specific Heat Capacity
A B C
2 kg 4 kg 4 kg
Aluminum Aluminum Copper
Need 1800 J Need 3600 J Need 1540 J
of heat to of heat to of heat to
increase 1oC increase 1oC increase 1oC
of Temp of Temp of Temp
(b)
(c)
The net change (increase or decrease) in the total energy of the system
during a process is equal to the difference between the total energy
entering and the total energy leaving the system during that process:
The teapot is 0.5 kg and has an average specific heat of 0.7 kJ/kg·°C.
Determine how long it will take for the water to be heated ????/
PV=mRT
P(V/m)=RT
P/ = RT
=P/RT
Qloss mC p T
0.2615*1.007 *(60 54)
Qloss 1.58 kJ / s kW
Heat flow
Conductor
Insulator
Mathematically:
For example, cp= 4.18 kJ/kg·°C for water and cp= 0.45 kJ/kg·°C for iron
at room temperature.
Which indicates that water can store almost 10 times the energy that iron
can per unit mass
Thermal Conductivity
k = 0.608 W/m·°C for water and k = 80.2 W/m·°C for iron at room
temperature.
This indicates that iron conducts heat more than 100 times faster than
water can.
Thus we say that water is a poor heat conductor relative to iron, although
water is an excellent medium to store thermal energy
10/21/2020 Lecture by Asst. Prof. NAEEM 39
Thermal Conductivity
Engineering Challenge: If we are keeping hot water in a
cup and want to keep the temperature for a long time,
what should be our consideration for the thermal
conductivity and specific heat capacity of the cup???
The heat must not be given out by the cup.
So the thermal conductivity of the material of the cup must have a
low value.
The specific heat capacity of the water is very high.
In comparison with that the specific heat capacity of the material
of the cup must be very low.
Resultantly: the inside of the cup will quickly come to an
equilibrium temperature by taking a small amount of heat
from water and hence it will not cool water quickly.
10/21/2020 Lecture by Asst. Prof. NAEEM 40
Thermal Conductivity
The thermal conductivity of a
substance is normally highest in
the solid phase and lowest in
the gas phase.
Unlike gases, the thermal
conductivities of most liquids
decrease with increasing
temperature, (water is a notable
exception)
Like gases, the conductivity of
liquids decreases with
increasing molar mass.
Figure 1–26 (text)
The temperatures of the inner and the outer surfaces of the roof one night
are measured to be 15°C and 4°C, respectively, for a period of 10 hours.
Determine:
Assumptions:
1. Steady operating conditions exist during the entire night since the
surface temperatures of the roof remain constant at the specified
values.
2. Constant properties can be used for the roof
Qemitted _ max AsTs4
Black Body
• A black body is an idealized object that absorbs all
electromagnetic radiation it comes in contact with.
• It then emits thermal radiation in a continuous spectrum
according to its temperature.
• Also blackbody refers to an opaque object that emits thermal
radiation.
• A perfect blackbody is one that absorbs all incoming light and
does not reflect any.
• At room temperature, such an object would appear to be
perfectly black (hence the term blackbody).
• A blackbody is an idealized object which absorbs and emits all
frequencies.
Qemitted AsTs4
II. The inner and outer surface temperatures of the ice chest remain
constant at 0oC and 8oC, respectively, at all times.
IV. Heat transfer from the base of the ice chest is negligible.
4420 cm 2 0.442 m 2
Dimensions are:
(30 cm 40 cm 40 cm)
The rate of heat transfer to the ice chest is Thickness = 3-cm
T (8 0)C
Q kA (0.033 W/m.C)(0.442 m 2 )
L 0.03 m
??????
4.72 W
T 2 (8 0)C
Q kA (0.033 W/m.C)(0.4420 m )
L 0.03 m
?????
4.72 WW
Then transferring this much heat to the cooler to melt the
ice completely will take
Q 13,348,000 J
t ?????s
2828000 s = 785.6 hrs
Q ?????J/sJ/s
4.72
10/21/2020 Lecture by Asst. Prof. NAEEM 68
Problem 1–41 (2nd Ed)
Properties
The specific heat of air at room 120 kg/min AIR
temperature is Cp = 1.007 kJ/kg·C
·
Q
10/21/2020 Lecture by Asst. Prof. NAEEM 69
Problem 1–41 (2nd Ed)
Assumptions
• The kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible
• Constant specific heats at room temperature can be used for air.
• This assumption results in negligible error in heating and air-
conditioning applications.
Take the heating duct as the system. This is a control volume since mass
crosses the system boundary during the process.
We observe that this is a steady-flow process since there is no change
with time at any point and thus:
mCV 0 and ECV 0 120 kg/min AIR
Energy Balance:
Assumptions
I. Steady operating conditions exist and thus the rate of heat
loss from the wire equals the rate of heat generation in the
wire as a result of resistance heating.
III. Heat losses from the water in the tank are negligible.
Q Egenerated 800 W
This is equal to the rate of heat gain by water.
Noting that this is the only mechanism of energy transfer, the time it takes to raise
the water temperature from 20C to 80C is determined to be:
Qin mC (T2 T1 )
Qin t mC (T2 T1 )
mC (T2 T1 )
t
Qin
(60 kg)(4180 J/kg.C)(80 20)C
18,810 s 5.225 h
800 J/s
Q hAs (Ts T )
Assuming all the heat loss from the wire to occur by convection, the convection
heat transfer coefficients at the beginning and at the end of the process are
determined to be:
Q 800 W
h1 1020 W / m 2
.C
As (Ts T1 ) (0.00785 m )(120 20)C
2
Q 800 W
h2 2550 W / m 2
.C
As (Ts T 2 ) (0.00785 m 2 )(120 80)C
A larger heat transfer coefficient is needed to dissipate heat through a smaller temperature
difference for a specified heat transfer rate compared to the larger temperature difference
10/21/2020 Lecture by Asst. Prof. NAEEM 78
End of Lecture