Mfsk-Mpsk-Qam

Chapter Four Digital Communication
QPSK, MPSK, MFSK, QPSK & MQAM BY: Dr. AHMED ALKHAYYAT
Chapter four
Layout: 10 Hrs.
1. High order modulation (M-ary Modulation or Multi-Level Modulation).
2. QPSK
3. MPSK
4. MFSK
5. MQAM
6. MATLAB programs.
1
Lecture One
Digital Modulation
ASK, PSK & PSK
Digital to Analog Converting (DAC)
Objective of Lecture:
Understand the way by which we convert the bit sequences into analog signals.
Behavioral goals:
 Student will be able to covert bit into analog signal.
 Differentiate between different digital modulations scheme.
 Use appropriate digital modulation technique according to given data
This lecture answer important questions which are:

What is PCM?
Why PCM is important?
How is PCM done?
Where can you exploit PCM?
What are the problems in PCM?
2
4.6. High Order Modulation (M-ary Modulation or Multi-Level Modulation)
In recent year, we have been trying to obtain more and more communication services out
of limited amount of the spectrum as result, channelization in the various system is
becoming bandlimited. Sampling process is another issue, where sampling frequency
choosing at least two times of signal frequency.
In any attempt to improve this scarcity, high order modulation method has been used which
offer greater bandwidth efficiency. The improvement in the bandwidth efficiency come
from allocating more bits per signal carrier frequency or greater bits per symbol (level). It
clears the advantage of high order modulation can be increased the bandwidth efficiency
compared to binary digital modulation technique. Disadvantage of M-ary modulations is
that they are more complex and more susceptible to noise than compare to binary
modulation technique.
In the binary digital modulation number of bits per symbol (carrier) is 𝑛 = 1, it mean
number of distinct symbol is 𝑀 = 21 = 2 symbols rather than high order modulation,
number of bits 𝑛 ≥ 2 which mean number of symbols are 𝑀 = 2𝑛 . The relation between
number of bits and number of distinct symbols are given as:
𝑛 = log 2 𝑀 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑀 = 2𝑛
(1)
Transmission speed (data rate or transmission rate) using high order modulation
become 𝑛 times of binary modulation, where transmission speed in bit per second
expressed as
𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑏𝑜𝑙
𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑏𝑝𝑠 = 𝑛 × 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛
𝑠
(2)
3
4.6.1. M-ary Phase Shift Keying
The M-ary PSK modulation allocate more than single bit to each carrier symbol uses
different phase at each carrier symbol. The difference (or distance) between each carrier
symbol is determined by
360𝑜
𝑑=
𝑀
Now let justify our discussion with example, suppose a channel can be pass frequencies in
range 50𝑘𝐻𝑧 ≤ 𝑓 ≤ 250𝑘𝐻𝑧, hence the carrier frequency is the center frequency of range
50 𝑘𝐻𝑧 𝑡𝑜 250 𝑘𝐻𝑧 (i.e. 50 100 150 200 250). Assume the 1101100001 is data used to
be transmitted over Bandpass channel at transmission speed 𝟓𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒔𝒚𝒎𝒃𝒐𝒍/𝒔𝒆𝒄 using
4PSK digital modulation. Find transmission speed in bps?
 first we determine number of distinct level which is M = 4

 Then we find number of bits per each symbol, 𝑛 = log 2 𝑀 → 𝑛 = log 2 22 → 𝑛 =
2 𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑠.
 Now we find distance between each phase of symbols, which is given as
360𝑜 360
𝑑= = = 90𝑜
𝑀 4
 We allocate each two bits to distinct symbol as follow:
00 → 𝐴 sin(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + ∅0 = 450 )
00 → 𝐴 sin(2𝜋150,000𝑡 + ∅0 = 450 )
01 → 𝐴 sin(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + ∅1 = 1350 )
01 → 𝐴 sin(2𝜋150,000𝑡 + ∅1 = 1350 )
10 → 𝐴 sin(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + ∅2 = 2250 )
10 → 𝐴 sin(2𝜋150,000𝑡 + ∅2 = 2250 )
11 → 𝐴 sin(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + ∅3 = 3150 )
11 → 𝐴 sin(2𝜋150,000𝑐 𝑡 + ∅3 = 3150 )
4
 Number of cycle within bit period (bit duration), and it is given as:
𝑓𝑐 (𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦)
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 =
𝑇𝑆 (𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑)
150,000
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 = = 3 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑏𝑜𝑙
50,000
 Bit duration in PSK modulation, it given as:
1 1
𝑇𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑏𝑜𝑙 = = = 20 𝜇𝑠
𝑇𝑠 50,000
 Transmission speed in bps = 𝑛 × transmission speed in
𝑠
Transmission speed in bps = 2 × 50,000 = 100,000 𝑏𝑝𝑠
𝑠
Figure: 4PSK representation
4.6.2. M-ary Frequency Shift Keying
The M-ary FSK modulation allocate more than single bit to each carrier symbol uses
different frequency at each carrier symbol. In his case, we can create different symbol with
different frequencies. The symbols divided into two groups; first group of symbols (carrier)
are frequencies up and second group of symbols are down. Carrier frequencies is given as:
𝑀
𝑢𝑝 𝑓𝑟𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑠 {𝑓𝑐 + ∆𝑐 ,𝑓𝑐 + 2∆𝑐 , 𝑓𝑐 + 3∆𝑐 , 𝑓𝑐 + ∆
2 𝑐
5
𝑀
𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑓𝑟𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑠 {𝑓𝑐 − ∆𝑐 ,𝑓𝑐 − 2∆𝑐 , 𝑓𝑐 − 3∆𝑐 , 𝑓𝑐 − ∆
2 𝑐
(3)
50 𝑘𝐻𝑧 𝑡𝑜 250 𝑘𝐻𝑧 (i.e. 75 ← 175 → 275). Assume the 1101100001 is data used to be
transmitted over Bandpass channel at transmission speed 𝟓𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒔𝒚𝒎𝒃𝒐𝒍/𝒔𝒆𝒄 using
4PSK digital modulation, frequency offset ∆𝑐 = 25 𝑘𝐻𝑧. Find transmission speed in bps?

2 𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑠.
 Carrier frequencies of four groups are given as:
𝑢𝑝 𝑓𝑟𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑠 {200000, 225000}
𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑓𝑟𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑠 {150000, 125000}
00 → 𝐴 sin(2𝜋(𝑓𝑐 + ∆𝑐 )𝑡 )
00 → 𝐴 sin(2𝜋200000𝑡 )
01 → 𝐴 sin(2𝜋(𝑓𝑐 + 2∆𝑐 ) 𝑡)
01 → 𝐴 sin(2𝜋225,000𝑡 )
10 → 𝐴 sin(2𝜋(𝑓𝑐 − ∆𝑐 )𝑡 )
10 → 𝐴 sin(2𝜋150,000𝑡 )
11 → 𝐴 sin(2𝜋(𝑓𝑐 − 2∆𝑐 )𝑡 )
11 → 𝐴 sin(2𝜋125,000𝑐 𝑡 )
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝟎𝟎 =
6
200,000
50,000
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝟎𝟏 =
225,000
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 = = 4.5 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑏𝑜𝑙
50,000
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝟏𝟎 =
150,000
50,000
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝟏𝟏 =
125,000
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 = = 2.5 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑏𝑜𝑙
50,000

1 1
𝑇𝑠 50,000
𝑠
𝑠
Figure: 4FSK representation
7
4.6.3. Quaternary Phase Shift Keying (QPSK)
In exiting 4PSK, we see that each of the four symbols can be decomposed into tow signals:
one corresponding to a Sine (In-phase component) at carrier frequency and the other
corresponding to the Cosine (Quadrature component) at given carrier frequency, in such,
4PSK named as QPSK. Mathematically it represented as:
𝑆𝑖 (𝑡 ) = 𝐴 sin(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 𝜃𝑖 ) 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑖 = 0,1, … . . , 𝑀
𝑆𝑖 (𝑡 ) = 𝐴
⏟sin(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 ) × cos( 𝜃𝑖 ) + 𝐴
⏟sin(𝜃𝑖 ) × cos( 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡)
𝐼𝑛−𝑃ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑄𝑎𝑢𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡
(4)
50 𝑘𝐻𝑧 𝑡𝑜 250 𝑘𝐻𝑧 (i.e. 50 100 150 200 250). Assume the 1101100001 is data used to
be transmitted over Bandpass channel at transmission speed 𝟓𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒔𝒚𝒎𝒃𝒐𝒍/𝒔𝒆𝒄 using
4PSK digital modulation. Find transmission speed in bps?

2 𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑠.
360𝑜 360
𝑑= = = 90𝑜
𝑀 4
 We allocate each two bits to distinct symbol as follow:
𝐴 𝐴
00 → 𝐴 sin(2𝜋150,000𝑡 + 450 ) → sin (2𝜋150,000𝑡 ) + cos(2𝜋150,000𝑡 )
√2 √2
−𝐴 𝐴
01 → 𝐴 sin(2𝜋150,000𝑡 + 1350 ) → sin(2𝜋150,000𝑡 ) + cos(2𝜋150,000𝑡 )
√2 √2
8
−𝐴 −𝐴
10 → 𝐴 sin(2𝜋150,000𝑡 + 2250 ) → sin (2𝜋150,000𝑡 ) + cos(2𝜋150,000𝑡 )
√2 √2
−𝐴 −𝐴
11 → 𝐴 sin(2𝜋150,000𝑡 + 3150 ) → sin(2𝜋150,000𝑡 ) + cos(2𝜋150,000𝑡 )
√2 √2
9
150,000
50,000
1 1
𝑇𝑠 50,000
𝑠
𝑠
4.6.3. M-ary Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (MQAM)
We know that carrier can have three parameters which are variable to represent different
kind of modulation. These parameters are Amplitude which produce ASK modulation,
Phase which produce PSK modulation and Frequency which produce FSK modulation.
So far, we have developed digital modulation Bandpass modulation technique that vary
only one parameters of the carrier signal (amplitude, frequency and phase). The question
come to our mind, is it possible to vary two parameters at same time? Of course yes,
with multi-parameters approach modulation system can provide good performance from
receiver point of view.
One of the most popular multi-parameters modulation is Quadrature Amplitude
Modulation (QAM). In the QAM, we use Amplitude and Phase to represent each pair of
bits. QAM mathematically represented as:
𝑆𝑖 (𝑡) = 𝐴 𝑎𝑖 cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡) − 𝐴 𝑏𝑖 sin(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡) 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑖 = 0,1, … . . , 𝑀
(5)
In which, 𝑎𝑖 is amplitude of the In-phase component, 𝑏𝑖 is the amplitude of the Quadrature

component. The coefficient 𝑎𝑖 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏𝑖 are given as:
10
(𝑎𝑖 , 𝑏𝑖 )
(−𝐿 + 1, 𝐿 − 1) (−𝐿 + 3, 𝐿 − 1) ⋯ (𝐿 − 3, 𝐿 − 1) (𝐿 − 1, 𝐿 − 1)
= (−𝐿 + 1, 𝐿 − 3) (−𝐿 + 3, 𝐿 − 3) ⋯ (𝐿 − 3, 𝐿 − 1) (𝐿 − 1, 𝐿 − 3)
⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮
(−𝐿 + 1, − 𝐿 + 1) (−𝐿 + 3, − 𝐿 + 1) ⋯ (𝐿 − 3, − 𝐿 + 1) (𝐿 − 1, −𝐿 + 1)
( )
In fact, 4QAM is same as 4PSK, therefore we consider 8QAM and 16QAM.
50 𝑘𝐻𝑧 𝑡𝑜 250 𝑘𝐻𝑧 (i.e. 50 100 150 200 250). Assume the 110 111 000 101100 010
011 001 → is data used to be transmitted over Bandpass channel at transmission speed
𝟓𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒔𝒚𝒎𝒃𝒐𝒍/𝒔𝒆𝒄 using 8QAM digital modulation. Find transmission speed in bps?
 =
3 𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑠.
360𝑜 360
𝑑𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 = = = 45𝑜
𝑀 8
150,000
50,000
1 1
𝑇𝑠 50,000
𝑠
11
𝑠
Figure: 8QAM Constellation.
𝟎𝟎𝟎 → 𝟏 sin(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 ) + 𝟏 cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 ) → 𝟏 sin(2𝜋150000𝑡 ) + 𝟏 cos(2𝜋150000𝑡 )
𝟎𝟎𝟏 → 𝟐 sin(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 ) + 𝟏 cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 ) → 𝟐 sin(2𝜋150000𝑡 ) + 𝟏 cos(2𝜋150000𝑡 )
𝟎𝟏𝟎 → −𝟏 sin(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 ) + 𝟏 cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 ) → −𝟏 sin(2𝜋150000𝑡 ) + 1 cos(2𝜋150000𝑡 )
𝟎𝟏𝟏 → −𝟐 sin(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 ) + 𝟏 cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 ) → −𝟐 sin(2𝜋150000𝑡 ) + 𝟏 cos(2𝜋150000𝑡 )
𝟏𝟎𝟎 → −𝟏 sin(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 ) − 𝟏 cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 ) → −𝟏 sin(2𝜋150000𝑡 ) − 𝟏 cos(2𝜋150000𝑡 )
𝟏𝟎𝟏 → −𝟐 sin(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 ) − 𝟐 cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 ) → −𝟐 sin(2𝜋150000𝑡 ) − 𝟐 cos(2𝜋150000𝑡 )
𝟏𝟏𝟎 → 𝟏 sin(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 ) − 𝟏 cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 ) → 𝟏 sin(2𝜋150000𝑡 ) − 𝟏 cos(2𝜋150000𝑡 )
𝟏𝟏𝟏 → −𝟐 sin(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 ) + 𝟐 cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 ) → −𝟐 sin(2𝜋150000𝑡 ) + 𝟐 cos(2𝜋150000𝑡 )
12
HW: suppose a channel can be pass frequencies in range 50𝑘𝐻𝑧 ≤ 𝑓 ≤ 250𝑘𝐻𝑧, hence
the carrier frequency is the center frequency of range 50 𝑘𝐻𝑧 𝑡𝑜 250 𝑘𝐻𝑧 (i.e. 50 100
150 200 250). Assume the 0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001 1010
1011 1100 1101 1110 1111 → is data used to be transmitted over Bandpass channel at
transmission speed 𝟓𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒔𝒚𝒎𝒃𝒐𝒍/𝒔𝒆𝒄 using 16QAM digital modulation. Find
transmission speed in bps?
13

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Chapter Four Digital Communication

This lecture answer important questions which are:

4.6. High Order Modulation (M-ary Modulation or Multi-Level Modulation)

4.6.1. M-ary Phase Shift Keying

 first we determine number of distinct level which is M = 4

Figure: 4PSK representation

4.6.2. M-ary Frequency Shift Keying

 first we determine number of distinct level which is M = 4

 Bit duration in PSK modulation, it given as:

Figure: 4FSK representation

4.6.3. Quaternary Phase Shift Keying (QPSK)

𝑆𝑖 (𝑡 ) = 𝐴 sin(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 𝜃𝑖 ) 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑖 = 0,1, … . . , 𝑀

 first we determine number of distinct level which is M = 4

4.6.3. M-ary Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (MQAM)

One of the most popular multi-parameters modulation is Quadrature Amplitude

𝑆𝑖 (𝑡) = 𝐴 𝑎𝑖 cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡) − 𝐴 𝑏𝑖 sin(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡) 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑖 = 0,1, … . . , 𝑀

In which, 𝑎𝑖 is amplitude of the In-phase component, 𝑏𝑖 is the amplitude of the Quadrature

In fact, 4QAM is same as 4PSK, therefore we consider 8QAM and 16QAM.

Figure: 8QAM Constellation.

𝟎𝟎𝟎 → 𝟏 sin(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 ) + 𝟏 cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 ) → 𝟏 sin(2𝜋150000𝑡 ) + 𝟏 cos(2𝜋150000𝑡 )

𝟎𝟎𝟏 → 𝟐 sin(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 ) + 𝟏 cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 ) → 𝟐 sin(2𝜋150000𝑡 ) + 𝟏 cos(2𝜋150000𝑡 )

𝟎𝟏𝟎 → −𝟏 sin(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 ) + 𝟏 cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 ) → −𝟏 sin(2𝜋150000𝑡 ) + 1 cos(2𝜋150000𝑡 )

𝟎𝟏𝟏 → −𝟐 sin(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 ) + 𝟏 cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 ) → −𝟐 sin(2𝜋150000𝑡 ) + 𝟏 cos(2𝜋150000𝑡 )

𝟏𝟎𝟎 → −𝟏 sin(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 ) − 𝟏 cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 ) → −𝟏 sin(2𝜋150000𝑡 ) − 𝟏 cos(2𝜋150000𝑡 )

𝟏𝟎𝟏 → −𝟐 sin(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 ) − 𝟐 cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 ) → −𝟐 sin(2𝜋150000𝑡 ) − 𝟐 cos(2𝜋150000𝑡 )

𝟏𝟏𝟎 → 𝟏 sin(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 ) − 𝟏 cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 ) → 𝟏 sin(2𝜋150000𝑡 ) − 𝟏 cos(2𝜋150000𝑡 )

𝟏𝟏𝟏 → −𝟐 sin(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 ) + 𝟐 cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 ) → −𝟐 sin(2𝜋150000𝑡 ) + 𝟐 cos(2𝜋150000𝑡 )

transmission speed in bps?

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