Two Marks-Nghv PDF
Two Marks-Nghv PDF
Two Marks-Nghv PDF
4. What are the different types of hybrid vehicles and give one example?
ADVANTAGES:
There is no mechanical link between the combustion engine and the wheels. The
engine-generator group can be located everywhere.
Series hybrids are relatively the most efficient during stop-and-go city driving
DISADVANTAGES:
The total weight, cost and size of the powertrain can be excessive.
The power from the combustion engine has to run through both the generator
and electric motor. During long-distance highway driving, the total efficiency is
inferior to a conventional transmission, due to the several energy conversions.
8. Explain Parallel hybrid vehicle in brief?
Parallel hybrid systems have both an internal combustion engine (ICE) and an electric
motor in parallel connected to a mechanical transmission.
Most designs combine a large electrical generator and a motor into one unit
The battery can be recharged during regenerative breaking, and during cruising,as there
is a fixed mechanical link between the wheels and the motor (no clutch).
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
Combined hybrid systems have features of both series and parallel hybrids.
There is a double connection between the engine and the drive axle: mechanical and
electrical.
Power-split devices are incorporated in the powertrain.
The power to the wheels can be either mechanical or electrical or both.
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
ADVANTAGES:
DISADVANTAGES
Maglev trains are not compatible with conventional track, and therefore require custom
infrastructure for their entire route.
Maglev trains are little affected by snow, ice, severe cold, rain or high winds.
Conventional fuel economy is more as they are used in various blended proportions.
No separate fuel tanks is need for the conventional fuel and the fuel to be blended as
like in dual fuel injection
Nox emissions is less as compared to conventional diesel engine.
ADVANTAGES:
Zero Emissions
High efficiency
High power density
LIMITATIONS:
2. What are the possible ways to increase the concentration and temperature of
charge?
Variable compression ratio
Variable induction temperature
Variable exhaust gas%
Variable valve actuation
Variable fuel ignition quality.
To minimize the heat loss to coolant by providing the heat resistance heat
flow to coolant.
Higher thermal efficiency
Advantages
Higher thermodynamic efficiency
Low exhaust emission
Greater fuel flexibility.
Disadvantages
For the given engine size, charge stratification results in reduced power
output.
Manufacturing cost is higher.
15. What are the different methods for the charge stratification?
Energy density:
It is the measure of how much energy a battery can hold.
Higher the energy density the longer it will last before needing to be
recharged.
Power density:
It is the measure of how much power is delivered by battery on demand.
By how quickly it can release its energy or can be recharged.
1. Why computer (ECU) is used for pollution and noise control in a vehicle?
When the system is controlled by ECU (computer), the vehicle will have a
precise timing control or response time.
When the fuel injects at correct timing with accurate metering, then
the emission of UHC can be reduced and leads to complete combustion.
Depending upon the exhaust gas pressure contribution, the vehicle noise
is also controlled by ECU
2. Name some of the possible ways to reduce the emission and noise?
Emission:
EGR
Secondary Air injection
Catalytic convertor (2-way/3-ǁay) etc…
Noise:
Muffler/Resonator
ABS
Insulation of Mechanical linkages etc.
3. Define transducers?
Transducer is a device that is capable of converting the physical quantity
into a proportional electrical quantity such as voltage or current.
Eg.Pressure voltage
TRANSDUCERS
Active Passive
Hence they are called as Self Hence they are not a Self
generating device which operate generating device.
under energy conversion
principle.
Eg: Thermistor,Strain guage
Eg: Piezo electric
Repeatability:
It is a measure of a system to achieve the same or identical results across a
multiple test.
12. List out the various types of sensors used to control the vehicle motion?
Coolant Temperature sensor
Knock sensor
MAF sensor and Throttle position sensor
Oxygen sensor etc...
14. List out the advantages and disadvantages of Transducer and actuator?
Advantages:
Accurate timing control
High performance and accurate.
Improved efficiency
Simplicity and low cost.
Disadvantages:
Due to involvement of electronics, it will leads to environmental
disturbance.
15. How the vehicle does attain the optimum speed and direction?
Optimum Speed:
Cruise control
Adoptive cruise control
Automatic braking system
Direction:
GPS
Lane departure warning system etc…
UNIT IV VEHICLE AUTOMATED TRACKS
1. List out the requirements for the preparation of proper road network?
Short
Safe
Easy
Economic
3. List out the factors for controlling the proper road network?
5. List out the objectives of maintenance and its types for proper road network?
OBJECTIVES:
Safety
Economics of transport
Types:
Routine maintenance- Filling and repairing
Periodic maintenance-renewal coating
Rehabilitation and strengthening- Reconstruction or overlaying.
6. Explain automated highway system (AHS) in brief?
The AHS is a vehicle and road based system that can drive the vehicle
automatically.
This can be achieved with the help of sensor and actuator for controlling
the steering, braking, acceleration.
AHS vehicle will often communicate to other vehicles for data collection.
12. What is the development made for fast and safe travel using the satellite
information?
The one of the best method for obtaining the fast and safe travel is ITS
(intelligent transportation system).
It has been developed mainly to mitigate traffic congestion problem
because the road space and infrastructure have not been improved as per
traffic.
It has been mainly reflected in economic losses.
Vehicle level:
It includes sensors, information process and display information to driver.
Infrastructure level:
Sensors on and side of vehicle will collect information about the traffic in
order to manage them better.
Co-operative level:
Communication between vehicle and infrastructure and vehicle involves
the safety and easy travel.
15. Write a brief note on GPS?
UNIT V suspension, brakes, aerodynamics and safety
The compensator consists of control arm and link rod and lifting bellow.
The axles can be simply or rapidly raised or lowered to the ground
without having to make major structural changes in sir spring
This can be achieved by raising the rear most of two axles from ground by
tilting the balance beam anticlockwise.
Advantages:
It prevents the wheel locking while braking, so that the vehicle will tends
to steer easily.
Reduce the risk of multiple crashes by 18%
It decreases the stopping distance in slippery surfaces.
Disadvantages:
ABS tends to increase the braking distance in gravel, sand, deep snow.
4. Explain Retardars?
Brake Retarder
In conventional braking system, the brake converts the kinetic energy into
heat energy via friction which in turn it is wasted.
In Regenerative braking system, it is reclaimed and stored as tic energy in a
reusable manner.
Many electric vehicle and hybrid vehicle are using this type of system.
Advantages:
Disadvantages:
Occupant size
Seat position
Seat belt use of occupant
Crash severity
10.Explain the working of air bag?
When the viscous air flows over and past a solid form (car), vortices are
created at the rear causing the flow to deviate smooth streamline.
The air flow pressure in front of vehicle will be higher than atm. Pressure
and behind will be lower tends to drag the vehicle in the direction of air
movement.
When a car travel along a road, the air stream moving over the upper
surface of body from front to rear has to move further than underside of
air stream.
If it exceeds the vertical air pressure generated between the upper and
under surface produce an up trust force cause an lift.