Physics Investigatory Project Draft1

GVN-THE GLOBAL SCHOOL
Physics Investigatory Project

To study the earth's magnetic field using a compass needle -
bar magnet by plotting magnetic field line and
tangent galvanometer
SUBMITTED BY:
PARYUL CHAUDHARI
XII G
R.NO-
Certificate
This is to certify that, Paryul Chaudhari of Class XII G

of GVN-The Global School, has completed his project
under my supervision, during the academic year
2022-23. He has taken proper and utmost sincerity in
the completion of the project.
The Principal Teacher in charge
Internal Examiner External Examiner

Acknowledgement
In the accomplishment of the project successfully,
would like to thank my principal Mrs. Maninder Bhatia
and Physics Teacher Mrs. Surabhi Raghuvanshi whose
valuable guidance has helped me make this project a
foolproof success. Her suggestions and instructions
have have served as major contributors towards the
completion of the project. Also, I would like to thank my
parents and friends who have helped me throughout.
Contents
*Overview
*Aim of the Project
*Apparatus and Materials required
*Theory
*Procedure
*Procedure for performing the experiment
*Observation
*Graph
*Result
*Precautions
*Source of error’s
*Applications
OVERVIEW
The tangent galvanometer was first described in an 1837 by

Claude-Servais- Mathias Pouillet, who later employed this sensitive
form of galvanometer to verify Ohm’s law. To use the
galvanometer, it is first set up on a level surface and the coil
aligned with the magnetic north-south direction. This means that
the compass needle at the middle of the coil is parallel with the
plane of the coil when it carries no current. The current to be
measured is now sent through the coil, and produces a magnetic
field, perpendicular to the plane of the coil and is directly
proportional to the current.
The magnitude of the magnetic field produced by the

coil is B; the magnitude of the horizontal component the Earth’s
magnetic field is B’. the compass needle aligns itself along the
vector sum of B and B’ after rotating through an angle Ø from its
original orientation. The vector diagram shows that tan Ø = B/B’.
since the magnetic field of the Earth is constant, and B depends
directly on the current, the current is thus proportional to the
tangent of the angle through which the needle has turned.
AIM OF THE PROJECT
The aim of the project is to study the Earth’s Magnetic and find its
value (BH) using a tangent galvanometer.
Tangent galvanometer made by Top view of a tangent

galvanometer J.H. BunnellCo.around1890. made about 1950
APPARATUS AND
MATERIALS REQUIRED
* Tangent galvanometer (TG),
* commutator (C),
* rheostat (R),
* battery (E),
* ammeter (A),
* key (k).
TANGENT GALVANOMETER PLUG KEY

BATTERY ELIMINATOR
RHEOSTAT
THEORY
Tangent galvanometer is an early measuring instrument for small
electric currents. It consists of a coil of insulated copper wire
wound on a circular non-magnetic frame. Its working is based on
the principle of the tangent law of magnetism. When a current is
passed through the circular coil, a magnetic field (B) is produced at
the center of the coil in a direction perpendicular to the plane of
the coil.
The working of tangent galvanometer is based on the tangent

law. It is stated as when a magnet is suspended freely in magnetic
field F and H, the magnet comes to rest making an angle θ with
the direction H such that,
F=Htanθ →(1)
When a bar magnet is suspended in two magneticbfields B and Bh,
it comes to rest making an angle θ with the directions of Bh.
Let a current I be passed through the coil of radius R, having

turns N. the magnetic field produced at the centre of the coil is,
F= μ02 πIN/4 πR →(2)

Let H is the horizontal component of earth’s magnetic field and
the magnetic needle comes to rest at angle θ with the direction of
H, then according Eq.(1),
Htanθ= μ02 πIN/4πR

-17
Htanθ=10 *2πIN/R
H=2π*10-17IN/Rtanθ →(3)
By substituting the value of current I, from Eq.(3),
Tanθ/I=( μ0/4π)*( 2πN/RH) →(4)
Radius of coil of galvanometer R, deflection θ and N, the value of

H can be calculated.
Procedure
Connections are made as shown in the figure given below, where
K is the key, E is the battery, A is the ammeter, R is the rheostat, C
the commutator, and T.G is the tangent galvanometer. The
commutator can reverse the current through the T.G coil without
changing the current in the rest of the circuit. Taking the average
of the resulting two readings for deflection averages out, any small
error in positioning the T.G coil relative to the earth’s magnetic
field H.
PROCEDURE FOR PERFORMING THE
EXPERIMENT
1. Make the circuit connections in accordance with the circuit
diagram.
2. Using spirit level, level the base and the compass needle in
compass box of tangent galvanometer by adjusting the
leveling screw,
3. Now rotate the coil of the galvanometer about its vertical
axis, its image in the plane mirror fixed at the base of the
compass box and the coil, I.e., all
4. These three lie in the same vertical plane. In this setting,
5. The ends of the aluminium pointer should read zero-zero. If
this is not so, rotate the box without disturbing the position
of the coil till at least one of the ends of the pointer stands at
the zero marks.
6. By closing the key K, the current flow in the galvanometer.
Read the both ends of the pointer. Now reverse the direction
of current by using the reversing key. When the mean values
of both deflections shown by the pointer in the two
cases(i.e., before and after reversing the current) differ by
more than 10, then turn slightly the vertical coil until the two
values agree. This will set the plane of the coil exactly in the
magnetic meridian.
7. By adjusting the rheostat, bring the deflection in
galvanometer around 450. The deflection should not be
outside the range(300-600).
8. Record the readings of the ammeter and the deflection of the
compass needle in the box shown by two ends of pointer on
the scale.
9. Reverse the current in the coil of galvanometer and again
record the current and deflection of needle.
10. By changing the value of current, take four or more set
of readings and plot the graph between I and tanθ. The graph
will be a straight line.
11. Measure the inner and the outer diameter of the coil with a
half meter scale at least three times.
OBSERVATIONS
1. Range of the ammeter -
2. least count of ammeter -
3. zero error in ammeter -
4. Number of turns used(N) –
TABLE 1. FOR VARIATION OF θ WITH I
Value of deflection θ mean tan θ Ammeter

s.no reading
(degree)
(A)
For direct For reverse
current current
θ1 θ2 θ3 θ4 Obs corrected
1. 35 35 35 35 35 0.70 0.15 0.15

2. 49 47 60 64 53.6 1.36 0.20 0.20
3. 36 36 55 58 46.25 1.04 0.25 0.25
4. 50 50 65 68 58.2 1.61 0.30 0.30
5 45 45 64 65 53.8 1.37 0.27 0.27
table 2. for radius of tangent
galvanometer
s.no Inner Outer Mean Mean
diameter diameter diameter radius
d1 (cm) (cm) d (cm)
1. 16.0 x 10-2 16.40 x 10-2 16.20 x 10-2 8.10 x 10-2
2. 16.16 x 10-2 16.08 x 10-2 16.12 x 10-2 8.06 x 10-2
3. 16.06 x 10-2 16.10 x 10-2 16.08 x 10-2 8.04 x 10-2
Mean radius of coil R=8.04 x 10-2

GRAPH
Slope of straignt line=BC/AC

m= tanθ /I
Now substitute the m in Eq.(4),
m=(μ0*2πN)/(4πRH)
Then,
H=7.6867 x 10-8T
Result
The value of earth’s magnetic field by using a tangent
galvanometer is
H=7.6867 x 10-8T
Precautions
1. The battery should be freshly charged.
2. The magnetic needle should swing freely in the horizontal
plane.
3. The plane of coil must be set in magnetic meridian.
4. There should be no parallax in noting down the readings of
ammeter and deflections.
5. All the readings should be adjusted between 300 and 600.
Sources of error
1. There may a magnetic material around apparatus.
2. The plane of coil will not be exactly in the magnetic
meridian.
Applications
1. T.G can be used to measure the magnitude of the
horizontal component of the geomagnetic field.
2. The principle can be used to compare the galvanometer
constants.

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GVN-THE GLOBAL SCHOOL

Physics Investigatory Project

This is to certify that, Paryul Chaudhari of Class XII G

The Principal Teacher in charge

Internal Examiner External Examiner

*Aim of the Project

*Apparatus and Materials required

*Procedure for performing the experiment

The tangent galvanometer was first described in an 1837 by

The magnitude of the magnetic field produced by the

Tangent galvanometer made by Top view of a tangent

TANGENT GALVANOMETER PLUG KEY

The working of tangent galvanometer is based on the tangent

Let a current I be passed through the coil of radius R, having

F= μ02 πIN/4 πR →(2)

Htanθ= μ02 πIN/4πR

By substituting the value of current I, from Eq.(3),

Tanθ/I=( μ0/4π)*( 2πN/RH) →(4)

Radius of coil of galvanometer R, deflection θ and N, the value of

2. least count of ammeter -

3. zero error in ammeter -

4. Number of turns used(N) –

TABLE 1. FOR VARIATION OF θ WITH I

Value of deflection θ mean tan θ Ammeter

1. 35 35 35 35 35 0.70 0.15 0.15

1. 16.0 x 10-2 16.40 x 10-2 16.20 x 10-2 8.10 x 10-2

2. 16.16 x 10-2 16.08 x 10-2 16.12 x 10-2 8.06 x 10-2

3. 16.06 x 10-2 16.10 x 10-2 16.08 x 10-2 8.04 x 10-2

Mean radius of coil R=8.04 x 10-2

Slope of straignt line=BC/AC

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