2021 Class-Unit 5 Natural Resources Part 1,2 and 3
2021 Class-Unit 5 Natural Resources Part 1,2 and 3
2021 Class-Unit 5 Natural Resources Part 1,2 and 3
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3) Transportation Land Use
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4) Institutional Land Use
The part of land that is occupied by schools,
hospitals, government offices, and places of
worship.
Source : sassywire.wordpress.com
Source :
http://www.greendiary.com/three-
disastrous-effects-mining-has-on-our-
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environs.html
AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES
Agricultural activities like over
irrigation
and the use of chemical
fertilizers increase
the salinity and alkalinity of the
land
OVER IRRIGATION
Source :
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrigation
Source : www.allaboutbell.com
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IRRIGATION
SOURCE : www.worldwildlife.org
Deforestation is the permanent destruction of forests
in order to make the land available for other uses. An
estimated 18 million acres (7.3 million hectares) of
forest — roughly the size of Panama — are lost each SOURCE : www.pinterest.com
year, according to the United Nations' Food and
Agriculture Organization (FAO).
Without trees, forest lands can quickly become
barren land.
Overgrazing can reduce ground cover, enabling erosion and compaction of the land by wind and
rain.. This reduces the ability for plants to grow and water to penetrate, which harms soil microbes
and results in serious erosion of the land.
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Source:elawspotlight.wordpress.com URBAN
TRANSFORMATION
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SOIL DEGRADATION
THE UNDERSTORY
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THE FOREST FLOOR
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TYPES OF FOREST
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Source- http://bouchillonlifescience2.wikispaces.com/
Desertification of land
More landslides.
Disturbance of livelihoods
to millions.
The first known dam was built in 2900 B.C. across the
Nile River to protect the city of Memphis from
flooding. Dam build was continued into the time of
the Roman empire, after which dam construction was
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literally lost until the 1800s.
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Advantages
Majority of the dams are constructed for multiple purposes. The dams
help to serve an array of household and economic benefits arising out of
one investment.
1. Hydroelectric Power generation
Itaipu Dam on the Paraná River in South America generates 14 GW and supplied 93%
of the energy consumed by Paraguay and 20% of that used by Brazil as of 2005.
2. Water supply
by series of dams and reservoirs.
3. Irrigation
the Berg Strait dam can help to stabilize or restore the water levels of inland lakes and
seas such as the Aral Sea.
4. Flood prevention
Dams such as the Blackwater Dam of Webstar, New Hampshire .
5. Land reclamation
Dykes or levees used to prevent ingress of water.
6. Water diversion and recreation
used3/6/2021
to divert water to another drainage or reservoir to increase flow and improve59
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water use in that particular area.
Disadvantages
1. Displacement relating indigenous people (discussed later)
2. Resettlement and relocation issues
3. Deforestation
4. Soil erosion
5. Loss of other flora and fauna
6. Changes in spawning behaviour of fishes
7. Reservoirs can be the breeding grounds of vectors
8. Exertion of enormous pressure induces reservoir induced
seismicity (RIS)
9. Environmental concerns
10. Sedimentation and siltation issues
11. Safety aspects
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environmental impacts
Construction of large dams completely change the relationship of water and land,
destroying the existing ecosystem balance which, in many cases, has taken thousands
of years to create.
Currently there are around 40,000 large dams which obstruct the world's rivers,
completing changing their flow systems.
Throughout the past few years, the negative impacts of dams have become so well
known that most countries have stopped building them altogether and are now forced to
invest their money into fixing the problems created by existing dams.
2. Archaelogical and historical places in company with geological and topographical places
that are rare with their exeptional beauties, disappear after lying under the reservoir.
3. Reproduction of migrating fishes is hindered by the floods that harm the egg beds. Or the
egg gravel beds can be destructed while the excavation and coating works in the stream
beds.
5. Normal passing ways of territorial animals are hindered since the dam works as a barrier.
Meantime the upstream fish movement aiming ovulation and feeding is prevented and thus
fish population dicreases. The fishes can be damaged while passing trough the floodgates,
turbines.
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environmental impacts
7. There will be serious changes in the water quality as a result of drainage water returning
from irrigation that was done based on the irrigation projects. In other words, over transfer
of food and the increase in salt density; can raise water lichens and may change water living
species.
8. The species may change parallel to the erosion caused by the human activities or the
permanent increase in the water turbidity as an outcome of the dam construction.
9. Discharge of toxic matters (pesticides, toxic metals etc.) and their condensation in food
chain may affect sensitive animals immadiately; all living organisms may expire when the
stream becomes unable to recover itself.
10. The water regime may change as a result of destruction of nature, unexpected floods
may occur and consequently vegetation and natural structures in the riverbanks can be
damaged.
11. Some increase in earthquakes may occur because of filling of big dam reservoirs.
12. Rise in evaporation loses may be expected as a result of the increase in the
water surface area.
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environmental impacts
13. Microclimatic and even some regional climate changes may be observed related to the
changes in air moisture percentage, air temperature, air movements in big scale and the
changes in the region topography caused by the stagnant, big scaled mass of water
14. Water-soil-nutrient relations, which come into existence downstream related to the
floods occurring from time to time in a long period of time, change. Depending on this fact,
compulsory changes come into existence in the agricultural habits of the people living in this
region and also in the flora and fauna.
15. Dams may cause increases in water sourced illnesses like typhus, typhoid
fever, malaria and cholera.
16. Dams affect the social, cultural and economical structure of the region considerably.
Especially forcing people, whose settlement areas and lands remain under water to migrate,
affect their psychology negatively.
This can:
Mekong.
For 23 migratory fish species, the dam will
block a vital migration route.
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Mahua Basu, B.Com, SXC Carp fish in a dam at Big Warrambool67
IMPACTS OF MINING
• Environmental issues can include erosion, formation of sinkholes, loss of
biodiversity, and contamination of soil, groundwater and surface water
by chemicals from mining processes. In some cases, additional forest
logging is done in the vicinity of mines to create space for the storage of
the created debris and soil.
• Ore mills generate large amounts of waste, called tailings. For example, 99
tons of waste are generated per ton of copper, with even higher ratios in
gold mining. These tailings can be toxic. Tailings, which are usually
produced as a slurry, are most commonly dumped into ponds made from
naturally existing valleys.
• Water Pollution (both surface and ground)Mining also causes water pollution
which includes metal contamination, increased sediment levels in streams,
and acid mine drainage. Erosion of soils and mine wastes into surface waters.
• Damage to Land, change in pH.
Source: http://panos.org.uk/press-releases/displaced-the-
human-cost-of-development-and-resettlement-2/
India is the third largest dam building country with over 3600
large dams and more than 700 under construction Among the
dams built in India by 1947 which led to a high level of involuntary
resettlement we can mention the Pong, Hirakud, Balimela and
Sardar Sarovar dams.
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• Against the research estimates of
1.8 lakhs the official estimates for
displacement in Hirakud project
was only 1.1 lakh.
• Farakka project claims no affected
ones while World Bank gives the
number of 63,325.
• Number of displaced families for
Sardar Sarovar rose from 6,000 in
1979, 12,000 in 1987, 27,000 in
1991 to 40,000 in 1992.
• NBA estimates it to be 85,000 Source:http://www.environmentportal.in/content/5659/big-
families or 50,000 lakh people. dams-more-displacement
Marginalization
Food insecurity
comprises
the task of planning,
systematizing, recruiting and
training crews, leading,
administering and supervising.
It involves multiple organizations, which
must work concertedly in order to avert
(prevent), alleviate (mitigate), prepare for
(arrange), respond to (react) and recover
(recuperate) from the effects of disaster.
And obviously -
served
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as paradigm programmes.
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Emergence of Institutional Arrangement in
India
• It was in the Tenth Five Year Plan (2002-2007) that for the
first time an entire chapter “Disaster Management: The
Development Perspective” was included.
• Landslides, typhoons,
cyclones and cloudburst
also causes flood.
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I. FLOODS
• Floods are an
overflow of huge
amounts of water
onto the normal dry
land.
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• Floods occur when the overfull
water immerses land leading to
deluge. It follows - an intense
and prolonged rainfall spell,
remarkably high coastal and
estuarine waters due to storm Floods are an excess of water
surges, seiches, etc. that covers land that is
normally dry.
• Floods are often devastating,
damaging and deadly. It kills lot
of people, damages houses and
crops, and cause extensive
destruction.
2. Economic consequences
in crucial croplands it can cause extensive mutilation to crops and loss of
livestock. Loss of crops through rainfall, water logging, and deferrals in harvesting
are additionally exaggerated by transport systems and damaged infrastructure.
INUNDATION
INTERACTION WITH
HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
STRUCTURAL/CONTENTS
FLOODS DAMAGE FROM WATER
CONTAMINATION OF GROUND
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Preventive Measures and flood management
1. Some of the major steps of flood disaster management are :
2. Flood Forecasting - The Central Water Commission (CWC) started flood
forecasting in November 1958. 166 flood forecasting stations on various rivers in
the country .
3. Reduction of Runoff- by inducing and increasing infiltration of the surface water
into the ground in the catchment area. This can be done by large scale
afforestation particularly in the catchment area.
4. Reducing Flood Peaks by Volume Reduction- by Constructing Dams and
Detention Basins
5. Reducing Flood Levels
(i) Stream Channelisation:
(ii) Channel Improvement: done by deepening, widening, straightening, lining
and cleaning out of vegetation and debris from the river channel.Flood Diversion:
(iii) Flood Diversion: by diverting the flood water in marshes, lakes, the
depressions and spreading it thinly over paddy fields and desert drylands.
1. Hydrological Drought-
Many watersheds 3. Agricultural Drought-
experience reduced When moisture in the soil
becomes scare or
quantity of accessible dehydrates, the agro-
water due to lack of water industry is in deep distress
in riverine systems and with drought.
storage systems.
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Impacts of DROUGHTS
1. Economic impacts of drought
are heavy damages in agricultural
production.
2. Social impacts
can be reflected as
coincidental
encounter over
fertile land, and
water sources.
• Extra tropical cyclones occur in temperate zones and high latitude regions, though
they are known to originate in the Polar Regions.