KWAME NKRUMAH UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF PETROLEUM ENGINEERING
CENG 291: ENGINEERING IN SOCIETY

SHORTAGE OF WATER DUE TO FREQUENT CUTS IN PIPE-WATER SUPPLY

IN JUANSA; DRILLING OF A BORE-HOLE AND CONSTRUCTION OF A WATER
RESERVOIR TO STORE WATER.

BY; FRANCIS ANYAMESEM KWAKU FRIMPONG.

INDEX NUMBER; 9285917.
JULY 2018

1 CENG 291 (ENGINEERING IN SOCEITY).

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to thank the almighty God for his abundant grace, immense wisdom, the
understanding and knowledge he gave in doing this project.
I will also thank my family for the support and encouragement they gave me in completing
this project.
I am also grateful to the Provost of the College of Engineering for this initiative, as well as
the CENG 291 supervisors for their guidance in the completion of this report.
I acknowledge the technical advice, criticisms and suggestions of some officials who are into
borehole and reservoir construction.

2 CENG 291 (ENGINEERING IN SOCEITY).

 1.0 ABSTRACT
Since the establishment of the community of Juansa, water has been a major problem whiles
its dependence is very high especially in the field of farming. With an estimated population of
about two hundred and fifty thousand people, eighty-five percent of populates are into
farming whereas the other fifteen percent are into industry work and trading.
This report details the findings generated on a major challenge faced by the people of Juansa
and my proposed solution to their issue as well.
The identified problem as the frequent cuts in pipe-water supply leading to shortage of water
in the community of Juansa, which is slowly crippling their farming business. Furthermore,
aside the emphasise on the usage of water in farming activities the people of Juansa depend
solely on this supplied water for domestic use, hence this shortage doesn’t only affects their
farming activities but also affects them in their various homes.
To amend this social gauntlet by the application of the engineering approach to problem
solving, which involves:
 Research
 Observation
 In depth analysis
Coupled with my knowledge in petroleum engineering, the idea of drilling a bore-hole which
can be easily accessed by every member of the community and constructing a water reservoir
close to their farm lands to prevent them from walking long distances to get water to use in
their various farms was conceived.

3 CENG 291 (ENGINEERING IN SOCEITY).

 Table of Contents
1.0 ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................. 3
2.0 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................... 6
2.1 Background to the course ........................................................................... 6
2.2 Objectives of the assignment...................................................................... 6
3.0 METHODOLOGY .................................................................................................... 7
3.1 Problem Identification................................................................................ 7
3.2 Map preparation ........................................................................................ 7
3.3 Collection of data ....................................................................................... 9
3.4 Results of Survey ........................................................................................ 9
3.5 Perspective ................................................................................................ 9
4.0 DISCUSSION OF RESULTS ..................................................................................... 11
4.1 Description of community ........................................................................ 11
4.2 Nature of problem ................................................................................... 11
4.3 Description of petroleum engineering ................................................................. 13
i. Upstream sector ............................................................................................ 13
ii. Downstream sector ....................................................................................... 13
iii. Midstream sector .......................................................................................... 13
4.3.1 Branches of petroleum engineering .......................................................... 14
i. Drilling engineering........................................................................................ 14
ii. Production engineering .................................................................................. 14
iii. Reservoir engineering .................................................................................... 14
iv. Pipeline engineering ...................................................................................... 14
4.4 How problem is related to field ................................................................ 15
4.5 Solution to problem ................................................................................. 16
4.5.1 Construction of water borehole ................................................................ 16
4.5.2 Water borehole drilling process ................................................................ 16
4.5.3 Installation of water borehole pump ........................................................ 16
4.6 Construction of water reservoir ................................................................ 19
4.6.1 The service reservoir ................................................................................ 19
4.6.2 Capacity/Volume of the reservoir ............................................................. 20
4.6.3 Installation of reservoir pump and piping ................................................. 20
5.0 CONCLUSION AND RECCOMENDATION ................................................................ 23

4 CENG 291 (ENGINEERING IN SOCEITY).

 5.1 Conclusion ............................................................................................... 23
5.2 Recommendation ..................................................................................... 23
6.0 REFERENCES ........................................................................................................ 24
7.0 APPENDICES ........................................................................................................ 25
7.1 Questionnaire .......................................................................................... 25
7.2 Additional map ........................................................................................ 27
7.3 Letter of introduction ............................................................................... 28

TABLE OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Location of Juansa on the Ghana map........................................................................ 8
Figure 2: Map of Juansa............................................................................................................. 9
Figure 3: A dry maize farm due to water crisis ....................................................................... 12
Figure 4: Sectors of petroleum engineering ............................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 5: A group of engineers drilling for oil ........................................................................ 15
Figure 6: A water borehole pump ............................................................................................ 17
Figure 7: The valley – dammed reservoir ................................................................................ 18
Figure 8: The bank side reservoir ............................................................................................ 18
Figure 9: The service reservoir ................................................................................................ 19
Figure 10: Pressure as a function of flow rate for a typical piping system (A) and a typical
centrifugal pump(B) ................................................................................................................. 21
Figure 11: Diagram of a positive – displacement pump. ......................................................... 21
Figure 12: A centrifugal pump. ................................................................................................ 22
Figure 13: Additional detail map of Juansa. ............................................................................ 27

5 CENG 291 (ENGINEERING IN SOCEITY).

 CHAPTER 1

2.0 INTRODUCTION

2.1 Background to the course

Course name: Engineering in Society (CENG 291)
CENG 291, an initiative of the Provost of the KNUST College of Engineering aims at
encouraging engineers-in-training to positively affect their communities with the knowledge
and skills they are being seasoned with in lecture halls. Whiles it enables them generate ideas
to solve societal problems using the infamous engineering approach, it is a horrendous
attempt to instil a sense of nationalism and duty in engineers by creating the awareness that
the task of bettering the lives of everyday people is not entirely the responsibility of the
government, but rather, their way of giving back to society and the nation at large.
In addition to this, Engineering in Society gives a deeper appreciation of the various fields in
one’s engineering field of study and how though they work in harmony, each of them has its
unique features that distinguish them from each other and makes engineering an exhilarating
discipline.
2.2 Objectives of the assignment.
The purpose of the assignment is to:
 Identify a challenge faced by inhabitants of Juansa and why it needs to be addressed
urgently.
 Apply my knowledge in petroleum engineering in generating a solution to the
identified problem.
2.3 Contents of report.
This report consists of:
 An identified problem in Juansa community
 Description of the map
 Method used in collecting data about the identified problem
 Structure and nature of the identified problem
 Branches of petroleum engineering
 Solution to the identified problem
 Conclusion
 Recommendation
 Appendices

6 CENG 291 (ENGINEERING IN SOCEITY).

 CHAPTER 2

3.0 METHODOLOGY
3.1 Problem Identification
On my way returning home for the long vacation, I realized the plants and farmlands have
become so dry and I queried myself thoughtfully because the community, Juansa which I
reside in are skilled farmers so I wondered what could have been the cause of this
unprecedented disability in the plant growth because I quite recall that when I was leaving for
school as a freshman, the community was enriched with beautiful green leaves like that of the
rainforest. So on my arrival, I met some elders of the community so I decided to query them
on the unfortunate crippling of growth of our plants. The elders then explained how the
community has been facing the issue of infrequent pipe born water supply which has affected
and slowed the pace at which they farm in the community. After further interactions with the
elders, I then took it as a task to analyse this problem and deduce and suggest the best
solution to solve it by applying my field of knowledge as a petroleum engineer.

3.2 Map Preparation.

Juansa is a town in the Ashanti Region of Ghana, specifically in Asante Akyem. A
geographical view of the town was obtained using Google earth and Google search engine in
obtaining a pictorial view of the town I searched for Juansa using Google earth. The outcome
was a very big map hence I zoomed in to get a clear view of the community, then I took
screenshots.

7 CENG 291 (ENGINEERING IN SOCEITY).

 Figure 1: Location of Juansa on the Ghana map

8 CENG 291 (ENGINEERING IN SOCEITY).

 Figure 2: Map of Juansa

3.3 Collection of Data.

Data was acquired through series of steps. In finding a solution to the problem questionnaires
were given to random citizens of the community, also random farmers were interviewed as
well as the staff of the community water supply unit. Also, additional data was obtained from
the internet.
3.4 Results of Survey.
A survey was conducted to find out how often people use water at the farm and/or at home.
Also, people were interviewed to find out other means they use to obtain water for home use
and/or farm use.
3.5 Perspective.
Every individual in the community agreed that there is frequent cuts in the pipe born water
supply consequently leading to shortage of water in the community.
Eighty-five percent of the community inhabitants use water at home and/or at the farm very
often.

9 CENG 291 (ENGINEERING IN SOCEITY).

 Eighty-five percent of the community inhabitant’s trip to neighbouring towns in order to get
water for home use, whereas the other fifteen percent who don’t have the will and energy to
trip long distances manage on water they stored when the pipes are open and rain water. The
entire community solely depend on rain water to irrigate their farms during the period of
shortage.

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 CHAPTER 3

4.0 DISCUSSION OF RESULTS

4.1 Description of the Community.
Juansa is a small predominantly Asante-Akyem North settlement along the Agogo road in the
Ashanti Region of Ghana. The primary occupation of the people is farming. Juansa has a
semi youthful population with an estimated total of 1000 inhabitants. Within the community
are a hospital, a police station, a primary school, Ghana water house company, soap making
factory and settlements of farm lands.
Economic background: The community has fertile soils for agricultural purposes. The prime
settlers of this community claimed a lot of lands for farming purposes due to the rich nature
of the soil hence, till date, the settlements of this community could be counted has one of the
best producers of the various Ghanaian crops and vegetables. The major income of this
community is farming.
4.2 Nature of the problem
The problem of frequents cuts in the supply of pipe-born water is an embracive one because,
finding the best solution to solve this social canker is consequently going to have a positive
impact in other areas of the community.
From the survey conducted it can be deduced that, water is the primary support in the Juansa
community, the inhabitants solely depend on water not only for catering themselves but also
in order to get income from their crops.
The nature of this particular problem in this community is one that is very shocking because
such has never occurred before, many had their beliefs including resorting to the fact that a
curse has been placed on the land, but in the 21st century everything can be proven
scientifically.
Having interactions with the staffs of Ghana Water Company which supplies water to the
community, it disclosed that, unlike before when the community had an estimated population
of about 300 inhabitants, water supply wasn’t an issue in the community, then as every year
passed the community begun to grow bigger and bigger consequently creating a stress on the
pumping machinery due to the overload caused by the overwhelming population hence, the
pumping machine is not able to disperse enough water to every housing unit. The company is
lacking modernised structures to support and replace the old machinery which pumps water
to every house in the community and though government has been notified concerning their
lack of modern machinery they haven’t received any response yet.
The pumping machine was installed with an operational range to supply water to an estimated
population of about 500 – future increment in population including. But currently, the
population of the community is about 1000 and still counting. However, the water crisis
affected their farming activities and also brought hunger upon them. It also drove away some

11 CENG 291 (ENGINEERING IN SOCEITY).

 investors who planned on building agricultural factories to process some of the crops in
making other foods. In my research, I consulted the kingship whether alternative ways of
providing water in the community was proposed and most of the citizens proposed the
construction of a water bore hole.

Figure 3: A dry maize farm due to water crisis

12 CENG 291 (ENGINEERING IN SOCEITY).

 4.3 Description of Petroleum Engineering.
Petroleum engineering is a branch of engineering that involves the development and
exploitation of crude oil and natural gas fields, also this branch of engineering is concerned
with the activities related to the production of hydrocarbons which can either be crude oil or
natural gas. Energy is a key component in our everyday lives and the production of crude oil
is one the vital commodities in the energy sector. Exploration and production are deemed to
fall within the upstream sector of the oil and gas industry. Petroleum engineering is the oil
and gas industries two main subterranean disciplines that focuses on increasing economic
recoupment of hydrocarbons from subsurface reservoirs. The aim of the petroleum engineer
is to extract liquid and gaseous hydrocarbon products from the earth.
Petroleum engineering is divided into three main sectors, namely; downstream, upstream and
midstream.

Figure 4: Sectors of petroleum engineering

i. Upstream sector
This sector is also known as the exploration and production (E&P) sector because it
encompasses activities related to searching for, recovering and producing crude oil and
natural gas. The upstream sector includes searching for potential underground or underwater
crude oil and natural gas fields, drilling exploratory wells, and subsequently drilling and
operating the wells that recover and bring the crude oil or raw natural gas to the surface.
ii. Midstream sector.
As its name alludes, the midstream oil and gas segment encompasses facilities and processes
that sit between the upstream and the downstream oil and gas segments. Activities can
include processing, storage and transportation of crude oil and natural gas. The midstream
activities take place after the initial production phase, known as upstream.
iii. Downstream sector.
This is the portion of the oil and natural gas industry that is responsible for the refining,
distributing, and retail of petroleum products. This portion industry includes oil refineries,
petrochemical plants, petroleum products distributors, and natural distribution companies.

13 CENG 291 (ENGINEERING IN SOCEITY).

 The different sectors within the downstream industry include; distributors, retail outlets and
production plants.

4.3.1 Branches of Petroleum Engineering.

The petroleum engineering field has many branches but here, we will discuss about four
branches; they include, drilling engineering, production engineering, reservoir engineering
and pipeline engineering.
i. Drilling Engineering.
The drilling engineer is in charge of drilling the well to produce oil or gas. Drilling engineers
also develop, plan, cost and supervise operations necessary for drilling oil and gas wells.
They are involved from the initial stages of designing the well, through to testing, completion
and eventually, abandonment. Drilling engineers are typically involved in estimating the
value and accessibility cost of the reserve, acquiring necessary property by lease, conducting
a geological survey, designing a wellbore plan and providing a layout of the type of
equipment required to reach the depth of the well.
ii. Production Engineering.
The production engineer’s job involves, designing and selecting the equipment that will get
the well to produce oil and gas after it is filled. They also coordinate the installation,
maintenance and operation of the mining and oilfield equipment and manage the boundary
between the well and the reservoir by using perforations, sand control, artificial lift and
downhole control, the production engineer will then oversee the well to ensure it is making
oil or gas and continues to be economically viable.
iii. Reservoir Engineering.
The reservoir engineer is in charge of assessing oil and gas deposits. Reservoir engineers
firstly estimate the size of a reservoir, then determine how much oil and gas reserves are in
the reservoir and finally work out how to maximize the economic return from extracting
them. Since it is usually not possible to physically ascertain what is under ground, a reservoir
engineer needs to find other ways to establish what is there. They work together with
geologists and geophysicists to find the reserves of the oil and gas while relying on the basic
laws of physics and chemistry. These include applying the behavioural effects of liquid and
vapour phases of oil, natural gas and water in rock. The ultimate responsibility of the
reservoir engineer is to maximise the output of the reservoir without causing overproduction.
Overproduction implies producing more than storage, transport, processing and selling
capacity at any given time. This will gradually lead to wasted resources and shortens the
lifespan of the reservoir.
iv. Pipeline Engineering.
Pipeline engineers in oil and gas industry are responsible for the design, construction,
operation, quality, control and maintenance of pipelines and pipeline transportation systems.
Pumping stations, storage terminals, manifolds and control system are just a few of the
facilities where the technical expertise of a pipeline engineer are required. Pipelines consists

14 CENG 291 (ENGINEERING IN SOCEITY).

 of pumps, valves and control devices to carry liquids and gases over long distances, therefore
requiring multi-disciplinary engineering knowledge to handle any issues or improvements as
needed
4.4 How problem is related to field of study.
In the oil and gas industry, oil is extracted from earth by drilling deep into the ground and
pumping the oil out of the ground. Geologists and geophysicists use seismic surveys to search
for geological structures that may form oil reservoirs. Extracting crude oil normally starts
with drilling wells into an underground reservoir. When an oil has been tapped, geologists,
known on the rigs as the mud logger, will note its presence.

 Drilling.
The oil well is created by drilling a long hole into the earth with an oil rig. A steel pipe is
placed in the hole, to provide structural integrity to the newly drilled well bore.

 Oil extraction and recovery.

While the underground pressure in the oil reservoir is sufficient to force oil to the surface, all
that is necessary is to place a complex arrangement of valves on the well head to connect the
well to a pipeline network for storage and processing. Also, sometimes pumps, such as beam
pumps and electrical submersible pumps (ESP’s), are used to bring the oil to the surface;
these are known as artificial lifting mechanisms.

Figure 5: A group of engineers drilling for oil

15 CENG 291 (ENGINEERING IN SOCEITY).

 4.5 Solution to the problem (Applying knowledge in petroleum engineering).
4.5.1 Construction of a water borehole
In finding a solution or an alternate source of water for the people of the Juansa community,
we will apply the drilling process in the petroleum field so as to obtain water underground.

 Water borehole drilling.

Water borehole drilling involves drilling and casing a hole to access groundwater. Two broad
classes of water borehole drilling are shallow or unconfined wells completed within the
uppermost saturated aquifer at that location, and deep or confined wells, sunk through an
impermeable stratum into an aquifer beneath.
4.5.2 Water borehole drilling process.
Water borehole drilling involves four steps; they are,

 Hydro-geologists site the borehole.

The very first thing that needs to be determined is where the water is, and how we are going
to get it. That’s why the hydro-geologists, who makes use of a variety of borehole frilling
methods to assess the geophysics properties of the underlying area. They also ensure that the
drilling machines are not drilled into natural hazards such as faults or fractures or manmade
structures such as pipelines, cables, phone lines etc.

 Drilling and construction.

Once the hydro-geologists have helped us prep a bath for borehole drilling, we follow
through and construct the borehole. It’s not as easy as Moses and the rock, unfortunately,
and, contrary to popular belief, an endless supply of water won’t just surge to the surface
following the drilling of the borehole; there are still steps to follow and processes to be
completed. Once the borehole has been drilled the necessary unstable lengths of the borehole
are steel cased in an effort to reinforce the tube.

 Determining the yield of the borehole.

In order to most accurately gauge the yield of a domestic water borehole an aquifer test is
performed. This involves installing a test pump and pumping borehole water for a fixed set of
variables; a given time at a given rate, and then assessing the test’s impact on the water level
in the borehole. Maximum yield is achieved by increasing the abstraction rate, ensuring
optimum drawdown of water in the borehole.
4.5.3 Installation of water borehole pump.
The kind of pumping system and piping installed in your new domestic water borehole will
largely depend on the intended use of the borehole water. After the water borehole has been
drilled, we have to factor the type of water pump that must be used in pumping water out of
the well to the various facilities. The pump will be used in supplying water for household use

16 CENG 291 (ENGINEERING IN SOCEITY).

 and filling a reservoir for farm application. Whatever the application, two primary factors
must be considered – the amount of water to be moved and the pressure that must be
generated to get the water to where it is needed. Taking into consideration the purpose of the
borehole water, a water borehole pump with an excellent flow rate pressure will be needed to
be able to fill the reservoir and disperse from the reservoir to various homes of the Juansa
community.

Figure 6: A water borehole pump

4.6 Construction of water reservoir.

A water reservoir will be constructed to store water received from the water borehole and
dispersed to various homes and farmlands as well.

 What is a reservoir?
A reservoir is a man – made lake or large freshwater body of water. Reservoirs provide a
supply of water when naturally occurring bodies like lakes or rivers run dry.
 Types of reservoirs.
There are basically three main types of reservoir, they are; the valley – dammed reservoir, the
bank side reservoir and the service reservoir, but we will factor only the service reservoir.

17 CENG 291 (ENGINEERING IN SOCEITY).

 Figure 7: The valley – dammed reservoir

Figure 8: The bank side reservoir

18 CENG 291 (ENGINEERING IN SOCEITY).

 hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh hhhhh

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Figure 9: The service reservoir

4.6.1 The service reservoir.
This reservoir is entirely man made. They are usually stored in concrete basins above or
below ground. In some areas, people dig cisterns, or service reservoirs that are underground
and others at a higher depth which are referred to as the watch towers.

 Nature and characteristics of the service reservoir

Service reservoirs require the construction of a roof structure. Where the roof is to be
connected to the top of the walls, they should be able to resist against pressures caused by the
expansion of the roof slab, such measures include,
 A layer of compressibility material, such as foamed plastic, placed between the tank
walls and the ground.
 A roof slab rested on sliding joints made of bituminous material, stainless steel, multi
– layer rubber, and so on.
 Cantilevered from columns, allowing roof and walls to move freely.
 The floors of reservoirs and tanks must be constructed so as to control and reduce
shrinkage. The techniques used in control of shrinkage include;
 Laying a floor in alternate bays squares, with intervals in between.
 Allowing the slab to move freely on a sliding layer of synthetic material with
adequate expansion joints.
 Restraining the slab on a rough concrete sub floor, restricting shrinkage cracks.
Continuity is provided at the joints by rebar.
 The reservoir can be waterproofed by using a variety of materials such as; asphalt,
plastic sheeting, paints, rendering which contain a waterproofing additive and
geomembranes such as high and low density polythene, butyl, EPDM, PVC, and
synthetic rubbers.

19 CENG 291 (ENGINEERING IN SOCEITY).

 4.6.2 Capacity/volume of the reservoir
In accordance with engineering standards of care, reservoirs are to be designed to provide
stability and durability, as well as protect the quality of the stored water. For any particular
project they may be more than one acceptable reservoir design concept.th reservoir design
criteria are not intended to establish any particular design approach, but rather to ensure water
system adequacy, reliability, and compatibility with existing future facilities.
Considering the purpose of the water reservoir and the frequent water shortages, a large
reservoir will be suitable for the community. The volume of the reservoir can’t just be
guessed hence, mathematics must be applied in getting an efficient and most suitable
reservoir to satisfy every individual and purpose in the community, the volume of the
reservoir can be calculated by using; 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑜𝑖𝑟 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 𝑡 × 𝑛 × 𝑞 × 𝑒𝑇, where “𝑡”
represents the length of the dry season, “𝑛” represents the number of people using the water
stored in the water reservoir, “𝑞” represents the daily consumption per person and “𝑒𝑇”
represents the loss through evaporation during the dry season.
4.6.3 Installation of reservoir pump and piping.
Many kinds of pumps are used in distribution systems. Most water distribution pumps are of
the centrifugal type, in which a rapidly rotating impeller adds energy to the water and raises
the pressure inside the pump casing. The flow rate through a centrifugal pump depends on the
pressure at which it operates. The higher the pressure, the lower the flow of discharge.
Another type of pump is the positive – displacement type. This pump delivers a fixed
quantity of water with each cycle of a rotor. The water is literally displaced from the pump
casing. The flow capacity of a positive – displacement pump is unaffected by the pressure of
the system in which it operates.
Before selecting a suitable pump for the reservoir some considerations must be taken, they
include;
 The total head or pressure against which it must operate.
 The desired flow rate.
 The suction lift.
 Characteristics of the fluid.
Aquaculture operations imply that you will be pumping water hence you need to know things
like the temperature range, the corrosiveness and how much and what kind of debris such as
dirt or sand may be in the water. The total head, suction lift and flow rate are dependent upon
the piping system and the pumps characteristics. The piping system and the pump interact to
determine the operating point of the pump – flow rate and pressure. The pump cannot
independently control these parameters. As the flow rate is increased the work to move each
unit of water or total dynamic head the pump must produce increases, as shown in curve A in
figure 9. A pump will typically have reduced capacity as the pressure or head it’s pumping
against increases. This sketched as curve B. the operating point of the system occurs when
the two curves cross.
In order to obtain a pumping system that will meet the requirements and meet them in an
efficient manner, you must match the pump to the piping system and required flow rate. The

20 CENG 291 (ENGINEERING IN SOCEITY).

 manufacturers should be able to supply a pump curve that shows the performance of the
pump and the allowable operating ranges. The application must favour the operating ranges,
if not, it could lead to the destruction of the pump.

Figure 10: Pressure as a function of flow rate for a typical piping system (A) and a typical
centrifugal pump(B)

Figure 11: Diagram of a positive – displacement pump.

21 CENG 291 (ENGINEERING IN SOCEITY).

 Figure 12: A centrifugal pump.

22 CENG 291 (ENGINEERING IN SOCEITY).

 CHAPTER 4

5.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Conclusion
The challenge of shortage of water due to the frequent cuts in pipe borne water supply from
the Ghana Water Company has been identified and meticulously analysed and proposition of
a solution has been rendered to solve this problem.
The residents of the Juansa community incurred great loss due to this shortage of water. Their
farm produce withered and traders incurred a great financial loss.
Pipe – water scarcity, is now a challenge that the people of the Juansa community will never
experience again. An alternative means of deriving water has been made available and I have
high hopes that this proposed solution will go a long to even attract more investors to pervade
throughout the lands of Juansa and build more infrastructure in the community to promote
their farming business and other disciplines. There is therefore no incertitude that this system
will impregnate new ideas into the community of Juansa.
5.2 Recommendation
The installation or drilling of a water borehole and construction of a water reservoir, would
cut down these losses by a huge margin. The community must make it a mandate to preserve
this alternative water source so as to never experience this drought again. The community
would be able to generate enough money on time to focus on infrastructural development.

23 CENG 291 (ENGINEERING IN SOCEITY).

 CHAPTER 5

6.0 REFERENCES

 Reservoir construction – designing buildings,

https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Reservoir_construction
 What is a Reservoir? - Definition, Formation & Characteristics
 https://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-a-reservoir-definition-formation-
characteristics.html

 ACF (Action Contre la faim) : Extract from the very well-documented book of 743
pages "Eau-assainissement-Hygiène pour les populations à risques" published on the
PSEau site. This book, in terms of "borehole execution methods and equipment"
(pages 253 to 312) is genuine practical guide, illustrated by diagrams and numerous
examples, for initiation into miscellaneous design, execution, equipment and
development techniques for boreholeshttp https://www.pseau.org/outils/ouvrage
 AFD : Methods guide to build and manage boreholes fitted with a human-operated
pump in Subsaharian Africa :http://www.afd.fr/webdav/site/afd/s
 Knowledge of underground water capture methods applied to manual boreholes
http://www.unicef.org/wash/files/04
 PSAC. (June 11, 2015). Industry Overview [Online]. Available:
http://www.psac.ca/business/industry-overview/
 Created internally by a member of the Energy Education team. Careers in Oil and
Gas. (June 12, 2015). Downstream Industry [Online]. Available:
http://www.careersinoilandgas.com/build-your-career/about-the-industry/industry-
overview/downstream-petroleum-industry.aspx#.VXnzaM9Viko
 E. La Rovere, J. Mariano. (June 12, 2015). Environmental Impacts of the Oil Industry
[Online]. Available: http://www.eolss.net/sample-chapters/c08/e6-185-18.pdf
 Environment Canada. (July 28, 2015). Air Pollutant Emissions [Online]. Available:
http://ec.gc.ca/inrp-npri/donnees-data/ap/index.cfm?lang=En
 Reservoir construction – designing buildings,E31 – boreholes, https://wikiwater,fr/e-
31-boreholes

24 CENG 291 (ENGINEERING IN SOCEITY).

 7.0 APPENDICES

7.1 Questionnaire
This questionnaire is designed for a research on frequent cuts in pipe borne water supply due
to the overload of the population stressed on the machinery used in pumping water to various
residents. The information provided will be treated with reverence.it was prepared by Francis
Anyamesem K.F a student of Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology
reading Petroleum Engineering. It was developed for the CENG 291 research project.
NB: tick your preferred option.
SECTION A: BIO DATA
1. Gender
[ ] Male [ ] Female
2. Age
[ ] Less than 18 [ ] More than 18
3. Educational background
[ ] No formal education [ ] Tertiary education [ ] Primary
education [ ] Junior High school.
4. Occupation.
[ ] farmer [ ] trader [ ] staff of GWC
Please state if not in options provided.
……………………………………………………………………………
SECTION B; WATER SUPPLY.
5. What is your main source of water?
[ ] rain water [ ] government water (GWC) [ ] hand dug well
6. How often the pipes are open?
[ ] very often [ ] often [ ] not often [ ] not at all
7. What alternate means do you use in getting water?
[ ] rain water [ ] hand dug well [ ] rive
Please state if not in option provided.
…………………………………………………………………………….
8. How often do you use water?
[ ] very often [ ] often [ ] not often [ ] not at all
9. In which of the following does frequent cuts in pope water supply affect you?
[ ] farm [ ] house/domestic use [ ] both
Please state if not in options provided.
…………………………………………………………………………….

SECTION C: SUGGESTIONS.
10. What alternative do you suggest the community should invest in order to obtain
water?
…………………………………………………………………………....

25 CENG 291 (ENGINEERING IN SOCEITY).

 ……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………
SECTION D; TO THE STAFF OF GHANA WATER COMPANY.
11. How often do you supply water to residents of Juansa?
[ ] very often [ ] often [ ] not often [ ] not at all
12. What is the problem with the water supply?
Please state,
………………………………………………………………..
13. Have you resorted to government to resolve the issue?
[ ] yes [ ] no
14. Do you wish for an alternative source of water supply?
[ ] yes [ ] no
15. Do you think drilling a borehole and constructing a service reservoir to store water
will be excellent?
[ ] yes [ ] no
16. Do you have other suggestion? If yes, please state.
………………………………………………………………...

26 CENG 291 (ENGINEERING IN SOCEITY).

 7.2 Additional Map.

Figure 13: Additional detail map of Juansa.

27 CENG 291 (ENGINEERING IN SOCEITY).

 7.3 Letter of Introduction.

28 CENG 291 (ENGINEERING IN SOCEITY).

29 CENG 291 (ENGINEERING IN SOCEITY).