Basic Automobile Engineering
Basic Automobile Engineering
Basic Automobile Engineering
ASSIGNMENT-I
NAME: Gautam Prajapat
Roll no.: IU2241230417
SUBJECT: BAE
FACULTY: JINESH KAMDAR
VEHICLES ?
2. Based on capacity
• Heavy motor vehicle
• Light motor vehicle
• Medium motor vehicle
First stroke:
• The spark plug ignites the compressed petrol and
air mixture
• The high pressure combustion gases force the
piston downwards
• The piston performance the power stroke till it
covers the exhaust port
• As soon as piston uncovers the transfer port, the
fresh air fuel mixture flows from crankcase in to the
cylinder
• This drives out of the exhaust gases by the
incoming fresh charge is called scavenging
• Piston moves from top dead centre to bottom dead
centre
Second stroke:
• In this stroke piston moves from bottom dead
centre to top dead centre
• The piston covers the transfer port; air fuel mixture
is cut off, suction stops
• Further movement of the piston will compress the
air fuel mixture in the cylinder
• The ratio of compression is from 1:8 to 1:12
• At end of compression stroke air fuel get ignited
[Q-5] FOUR STROKE DIESEL ENGINE ?
Ans- Diesel engines may be designed as either
two stroke or four stroke cycles. The four stroke
Diesel engine is an internal combustion (IC)
engine in which the piston completes four
separate strokes while turning a crankshaft. A
stroke refers to the full travel of the piston along
the cylinder, in either direction. Therefore each
stroke does not correspond to single
thermodynamic process given in chapter Diesel
Cycle – Processes.
Compression stroke
An after completing this downward travel when the
Piston starts traveling up from BDC to TDC It closes
the inlet and exhaust port and the air which is
trapped in the cylinder starts getting compress.
Due to the high compression ratio the temperature
and pressure of air rise very high.
At soon as the Piston reaches near TDC diesel fuel is
spray in a fine atomizer from to the highly
compressed gases.
Power stroke
Flat belt: This belt has a rectangular cross-section. These belts are
capable of transmitting power over long distances between pulley
centres. The efficiency of this drive is around 98% and produce little
noise.
V-belts: v-belts also used with grooved pulleys, V-belts are trapezoidal
in crosssection. These belts permit large speed ration and can transmit
higher power. Multiple drives are possible.
Circular: This type of belt has a circular cross-section and is used with
the grooved pulleys.
Types of Belt Drives The following are the 5 main types of Belt Drives:
● Open belt drive, Crossbelt drive ,Stepped cone pulley or speed cone
drive,Fast and loose pulleys , Jockey pulley drive.
● It is important to note that, both the gears which are engaged, always
rotate in opposite direction. Gear drive consists of two wheels. The
smaller wheel is called pinion and The larger wheel is called as gear.
● In gear, the slip is absent. Therefore, It gives exact and uniform
velocity ratio. Due to this ability of maximum power transmission and
exact velocity ratio, gear is called perfect positive drive.
● Gears are generally used for one of four different reasons:
1. To increase or decrease the speed of rotation
2. To change the amount of force or torque.
3. To move rotational motion to a different axis (i.e. parallel, right
angles, rotating, linear etc.)
4. To reverse the direction of rotation.
● Gears are the main components of gear drives. Different types are
available such as spur, helical, herringbone, bevel, worm, and face gear.
● Gear drives are designed according to their application. Common
designs are parallel, right angle, inline, worm, planetary, and cyclo gear
drives.
Components of Car AC
Vehicles are found to have primarily three different types of air
conditioning systems. While each of the three types differs, the
concept and design are very similar to one another. The most
common components which make up these automotive systems
are the following:
1. Compressor –
It is also known as the heart of the AC system. The AC cycle
starts with the compressor compressing the low-pressure
gaseous refrigerant. The refrigerant leaves the compressor as a
high-pressure gaseous refrigerant. The compressor is the central
component of the AC system. A compressor provides pressure
rise to the refrigerant to convert the vapor refrigerant into liquid
refrigerant which in turn enables the further flow of the
refrigerant through the condenser. The compressor of the car air
conditioning system is driven by the crankshaft of the engine
through the belt drive.
2. Condenser –
It is the device looks like a small radiator and is used after the
compressor as it provides condensing i.e. lowers the
temperature, of the high pressure and high-temperature liquid
refrigerant sent by the compressor through forced convection
provided either by radiator fan or by separated fan used with the
condenser.
As hot compressed gasses are introduced into the top of the
condenser, they are cooled off. As the gas cools, it condenses
and exits the bottom of the condenser as a high-pressure liquid.
3. Expansion valve-
It is a device used in car air conditioning system to expand the
high pressure, low-temperature liquid refrigerant sent by the
condenser in order to release the pressure of the refrigerant
before sending it to the evaporator for the further process.
4. Evaporator –
It is a device that looks like another heat exchanger and is placed
just behind the AC vent over a dashboard of a car, an evaporator
takes heat from the passenger’s compartment and convert the
liquid refrigerant sent by the expansion valve into vapor, which
in turn provides cooling through the fan inside a passenger’s
cabin.
5. Receiver-Dryer-
It is a safety catch used in an automobile or car air conditioning
system as there is a chance that instead of vapors some liquid
also flows towards the compressor which can damage the
compressor, so the receiver dryer is used in between evaporator
and compressor to convert that remaining liquid into vapors
before sending it to compressor for compression.
[Q-14] SHORT NOTE ON AIR BAGS.
Ans- The Working Of The Airbag System In Your Car
The airbag system is perhaps the most important part of your
vehicle when it comes to safety components. Airbags are
essentially the difference makers in the case of a car crash. Timely
airbag deployment helps you dodge any major injuries or death as
a result of the accident. Thousands have been through the
deployment of airbags over the years. The system used here is a
little complex as the airbags have to be deployed within a few
milliseconds after the crash. This will ensure that the driver and
passenger are protected during the crash.
• The airbag system has a crash sensor that makes sure the airbags do
not inflate when the car goes over a pothole, a bump, or even in the
case of minor collision.
How it works:
1. The crash sensors present in the front of the car detects sudden
decelerations and sends electrical signals to activate an initiator.
2. A thin wire provided in the initiator heats up and penetrates the
propellant chamber. This results in the chemical propellant inside the
inflator to undergo a rapid chemical reaction. This reaction is often
referred to as a pyrotechnic chain.
3. This reaction produces nitrogen gas that fills the air bag. This
expanding gas inflates the airbag in less than one-twentieth of a
second.
4. This opens up the plastic module cover and inflates it in front of the
person seated in the car. The bag is inflated for just one-tenth of a
second and deflated three-tenths of a second after impact.
5. The inner side of the airbag is provided with a coating of cornstarch
or talcum powder which is released from the bag as it is opened.
• Speed sensors
• Pump
• Valves
• Controller
Valves There is a valve in the brake line of each brake controlled by the
ABS. On some systems, the valve has three positions: In position one,
the valve is open; pressure from the master cylinder is passed right
through to the brake.
• In position two, the valve blocks the line, isolating that brake from the
master cylinder. This prevents the pressure from rising further should
the driver push the brake pedal harder.
• In position three, the valve releases some of the pressure from the
brake. Pump Since the valve is able to release pressure from the
brakes, there has to be some way to put that pressure back. That is
what the pump does; when a valve reduces the pressure in a line, the
pump is there to get the pressure back up.
Controller: The controller is a computer in the car. It watches the
speed sensors and controls the valves. ABS Working There are many
different variations and control algorithms for ABS systems.
We will discuss how one of the simpler systems works. The controller
monitors the speed sensors at all times. It is looking for decelerations
in the wheel that are out of the ordinary.
The result is that the tire slows down at the same rate as the car, with
the brakes keeping the tires very near the point at which they will start
to lock up. This gives the system maximum braking power.
When the ABS system is in operation you will feel a pulsing in the brake
pedal; this comes from the rapid opening and closing of the valves.
Some ABS systems can cycle up to 15 times per second.
[Q-16] EBD ( ELECTRONIC BRAKE DISTRIBUTION ).
Ans- The safety and regulatory hardware used by an electronic brake
force distribution system is much the same as the hardware used by an
antilock braking system without EBD.
Speed sensors: To determine the slip ratio of a wheel, the EBD system
needs two pieces of information:
the speed at which the wheel is rotating and the speed of the car. If the
speed at which the wheel is rotating is slower than the speed at which
the car is moving, then the wheel is slipping and a skid can result. A
sensor is placed at each wheel to determine wheel speed. There is no
specific sensor to measure the forward motion of the car. Instead, the
speed measurements from all four wheels are averaged to create an
estimate of the vehicle's overall speed.
Most EBD systems also include a yaw sensor, which detects the rotation
of the vehicle as it turns. This can be compared with the angle of the
steering wheel by using a steering wheel angle sensor to detect
oversteer (too much rotation relative to the angle of the wheel) or
understeer (not enough rotation relative to the angle of the wheel).
EBD can then correct the steering by activating one of the rear brakes.
For instance, if the car begins to understeer, the inner rear brake is
activated to increase the car's rotation. If the car begins to oversteer,
the outer rear brake is activated to decrease the car's rotation. The yaw
sensor can also be used in conjunction with electronic stability control
(ESC) to prevent rollover accidents.
Activated TCS prevents the vehicle's drive wheels from slipping when
starting, accelerating, cornering, poor road conditions and fast lane
changes. Let's consider the principle of operation of the TCS, its
components and general structure, as well as the pros and cons of its
operation.
How TCS works
The traction control system deals with slippage in the following ways:
Interacts with the ABS / TCS control unit. The traction control system
connects it to work if the speed of the car is more than 80 km / h. The
engine management system receives data from sensors and sends
control signals to the actuators. Wheel speed sensors. Each wheel of
the machine is equipped with this sensor. The sensors register the
rotational speed, and then transmit signals to the ABS / TCS control.
[Q18]. CRUISE CONTROL .
Ans- The CCS (Cruise Control System) automatically regulates the throttle valve-
opening angle to drive the vehicle at the speed which is set by the driver.
Therefore, the driver does not have to keep depressing the accelerator pedal.
The vehicle also can drive at the set speed even uphill or downhill with CCS.
The cruise control system actually has a lot of functions other than
controlling the speed of your car. For instance, the cruise control
pictured below can accelerate or decelerate the car by 1 mph with the
tap of a button. Hit the button five times to go 5 mph faster. There are
also several important safety features -- the cruise control will
disengage as soon as you hit the brake pedal, and it won't engage at
speeds less than 25 mph (40 kph)
The system pictured above has five buttons: On, Off, Set/Accel, Resume
and Coast. It also has a sixth control -- the brake pedal, and if your car
has a manual transmission the clutch pedal is also hooked up to the
cruise con
• The on and off buttons don't actually do much. Hitting the on button
does not do anything except tell the car that you might be hitting
another button soon. The off button turns the cruise control off even
if it is engaged. Some cruise controls don't have these buttons;
instead, they turn off when the driver hits the brakes, and turn on
when the driver hits the set button.
• The set/accel button tells the car to maintain the speed you are
currently driving. If you hit the set button at 45 mph, the car will
maintain your speed at 45 mph. Holding down the set/accel button
will make the car accelerate; and on this car, tapping it once will
make the car go 1 mph faster.
• If you recently disengaged the cruise control by hitting the brake
pedal, hitting the resume button will command the car to accelerate
back to the most recent speed setting.
• Holding down the coast button will cause the car to decelerate, just
as if you took your foot completely off the gas. On this car, tapping
the coast button once will cause the car to slow down by 1 mph.
• The brake pedal and clutch pedal each have a switch that disengages
the cruise control as soon as the pedal is pressed, so you can shut off
the cruise control with a light tap on the brake or clutch.
[Q-19] GIVE THE TYPE AND APPLICATION OF FERROUS
METAL AND NON-FERROUS METAL IN AUTOMOBILE.
Ans-: A single plate clutch has one clutch plate. This clutch works on
the principle of friction. It is the most common type of clutch used in
motor vehicles.
These two shafts are parallel and concentric with each other; one shaft
is fixed to its housing while the other is splined so that it can move
axially. The driving torque can increase by increasing the effective
radius of contact.
• The clutch consists of different parts for proper working. They are
arranged in a systematic order.
• Mainly it consists of a clutch plate with both side friction lining and
some other parts which help in the proper functioning of a clutch like
a flywheel, pressure plate, thrust bearing, hub, springs, and input
mechanism for engagement and disengagement of the clutch.
• The clutch plate attaches to the hub between the flywheel and the
pressure plate, it moves axially on the driven shaft.
• In a single plate clutch, the clutch plate should have both side friction
lining because it mounts between the pressure plate and flywheel,
friction is responsible for the torque transmission.
• The pressure plate engages with the flywheel and springs. Pressure
plate helps to push the clutch plate with the flywheel.
Construction of Differential:
The standard differential mainly consists of 3 parts – 1.
The pinion gear
2. The ring gear &
3. The spider gear
The pinion gear transfers the power from engine to the ring gear.
The spider gear lies at the inner edge of the ring gear. The spider
gear is free to rotate on 2 axes-
WORKING OF DIFFRENTIAL:
So, first the power is transferred from engine’s drive shaft to
pinion gear, since the pinion gear & ring gear are meshed, power
flows to ring gear.As the spider gear is connected with the ring
gear, power flows to it. Finally from the spider gear, power gets
transferred to both the side gears.
–When the vehicle moves straight, the spider gear doesn’t spin &
will make BOTH the side gears rotate at same speed.
–When the vehicle moves on a curve road, the spider gear itself
spins & either of the side gears move slower or faster than other
one. Which will be faster & which will be slower is decided by the
turn.
Make sure you watch the video. I assure you a 100% guarantee of
understanding the whole thing.
2. To cope with the difference in line with the level of the gear box
output shaft & the differential input pinion shaft..
Advantages:
• Smooth and Noise free shifting of gears which is most suitable for
cars.
Disadvantages:
• It is extortionate due to its high manufacturing cost and the number
of moving parts.
• When teeth make contact with the gear, the teeth will fail to engage
as they are spinning at different speeds which causes a loud grinding
sound as they clatter together.
The working principle of fluid can be easily explained by the taking two
fans in which one is connected to the power supply and other is not.
When the power switch is on, the air from the first fan starts to blow
towards the second fan (which is not connected to the power source).
Initially, when the first fan is blowing at lower speed, it is not able to
drive the second fan. But as the speed of the powered fan increases,
the speed of air striking the blades of second fan also increases and it
starts to rotate.
• Spur gears
• Helical gears
• Gear rack
• Bevel gears
• Miter gears
• Worm gears
• Screw gears
• Internal gears
SPUR GEARS: Spur gears transmit power through shafts that are
parallel. The teeth of the spur gears are parallel to the shaft axis. This
causes the gears to produce radial reaction loads on the shaft, but not
axial loads. Spur gears tend to be noisier than helical gears because they
operate with a single line of contact between teeth. While the teeth are
rolling through mesh, they roll off of contact with one tooth and
accelerate to contact with the next tooth. This is different than helical
gears, which have more than one tooth in contact and transmit torque
more smoothly.
HELICAL GEARS : Helical gears have teeth that are oriented at an angle
to the shaft, unlike spur gears which are parallel. This causes more than
one tooth to be in contact during operation and helical gears can carry
more load than spur gears. Due to the load sharing between teeth, this
arrangement also allows helical gears to operate smoother and quieter
than spur gears. Helical gears produce a thrust load during operation
which needs to be considered when they are used. Most enclosed gear
drives use helical gears.
● Spur, helical, and herringbone gears are used for this type of gear
drive.
● Their input and output shaft axes are coplanar and intersecting.
Right angle gear drives feature output shafts that extend in one
direction or both. In terms of its orientation, it can be horizontal or
vertical.
● Worm gear drives have two main components: the screw and the
wheel. The screw, or worm, is the driver gear while the wheel, or worm
gear, is the driven gear.
● Like inline gear drives, they also have concentric input and output
shafts. Other shaft axes configurations are achieved by using it in
tandem with bevel and parallel gear sets.
2. Toroidal
3. Ratcheting
4. Hydrostatic/Hydraulic
5. Electric
6. Cone
7. Epicyclic
Some timbers are more suitable for vehicle bodywork than others
because of their superior strength, resistance to wear, decay and fire,
or appearance. Although timber is used in many forms, it is all obtained
from either soft wood trees or temperate or tropical hardwoods.
TYPES OF TIMBER :
• Softwoods
• Hardwoods :
1. Tropical .
2. Temperate Manufactured panels.
• Plywood
• Block board
• Chipboard
Nano coatings are sealants with better chemistry thus they form
stronger bonds at the molecular level and last longer with a durability
> 12 months. Ceramic coatings are the most difficult to apply but will
last the longest and are typically harder and more durable than your
car paint’s clear coat, but they can still be scratched and swirled and if
that happens, they must be compounded and polished like a normal
clear coat. Ceramic coatings are extremely chemical resistant and has
excellent UV resistance, which prevents the paint from oxidation. Best
ceramic coatings endures the look of your car by giving a glossy look
and enhance the intensity of the paint work. These protective coatings
are extremely chemical & scratch resistant which help to prevent swirls
and scratches. These glass coatings have excellent UV resistance, which
stops the car paint from oxidation and hence the fading. A quartz
coating can seal your car from external abuse and prevent any
contaminants from bonding into the paint surface.
TYPES OF GLASS:
1. LEMINATED
2. TEMPERED
In the late 1980s and early 1990s, demand for batteries, mainly
nickelmetal-hydride and lithium-ion batteries, caused an increase in
graphite demand. Portable electronics like portable CD players and
power tools have driven this growth. Products such as laptops, mobile
phones, tablets and smartphones have increased battery demand.
Batteries for electric vehicles increased the demand for graphite. For
example, in a fully electric Nissan Leaf, a lithium -ion battery contains
almost 40 kg of graphite. Brake Linings
For heavier (non-automotive) vehicles, natural amorphous and fine
flake graphite is used in brake linings or brake shoes and has become
important with the need to replace asbestos. This use has been
important for a long time, but organic non-asbestos (NAO)
compositions are starting to reduce the market share of graphite. There
was no benefit in a brake-lining industry shake-out with some plant
closures, nor was there an indifferent automotive market.
Fuel Efficiency:
Due to their reduced weight, the inclusion of plastics in vehicle design
boosts fuel efficiency and lowers emissions overall. Today, plastics
make up nearly half of a vehicle’s volume but only 10 percent of its
weight.
Sustainability:
Fuel efficiency on its own lends to sustainability in the form of reduced
emissions, but beyond that, as auto manufacturers create new
renewable plastics to use in vehicle design, energy savings and car
performance will increase. A large number of automobile
manufacturers are already making use of recycled plastic for many of
their applications such as seat cushions, replacement bumpers, splash
guards, and wheel liners.
Safety:
The safety features in your car such as airbags and seatbelts are made
from durable polyester. In an accident these polymer-based safety
features and exterior items such as car door cladding and bumpers can
take an impact far better than metal, often leading to a better outcome
for you and your vehicle.
Weather Resistance:
Weather constantly takes a toll on your vehicle, which is why synthetic
coatings on metal surfaces are used to reduce the chance of corrosion
due to salt damage, extreme heat, and water exposure. Even glass
windshields are coated with plastic film to improve weather
resistance, wear and tear, and reduce the chance of shattering. Under
the hood, car parts are either coated or made entirely from plastics
such as polyurethane which is heat-resistant, abrasion-resistant, yet