BASIC AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING

ASSIGNMENT-I
NAME: Gautam Prajapat
Roll no.: IU2241230417
SUBJECT: BAE
FACULTY: JINESH KAMDAR

[Q-1] GIVE CLASSIFICATION OF AUTOMOBILE ENGINE ?

Ans- Engines are of mainly two types based on
the where combustion takes place-
1. Internal Combustion Engine (IC Engine)
2. External Combustion Engine (EC Engine)

Internal Combustion Engine-

• Internal combustion engines are those in which
combustion takes place inside the engine. The heat
generated due to combustion is used directly to exert
pressure on the piston.
• Every vehicle you can see on the road, all comes under
the IC engines, where fuel burns inside the cylinder.
For example, petrol engine or diesel engine.
• Now, Let’s jump to the classification of IC engines
or types of ic engines where we will classify the IC
engine according their terms.
 Classification of engine according to the
type of fuel to be used-
• Petrol Engine
• Diesel Engine
• Gas Engine
• Petrol Engine– Petrol engines are those where
petrol is used to fire the combustion chamber.
• Diesel Engine– Diesel engines are those where
Diesel is used to firing the combustion chamber.
• Gas Engine- Gas engines are those where Gas or
CNG is used to fire the combustion chamber.

Classification of engine according to

the number of strokes per cycle-
• Two Stroke Engine
• Four Stroke Engine

Two-stroke Engine- Two-stroke engines are

those where suction and compression takes place
two times to complete the single working cycle or
to fully rotate the crank mechanism, known as
two-stroke engines.
Four Stroke Engine- Four-stroke engines are
those where suction and compression takes place
four times to complete the cycle or reciprocating
of piston four times to complete the single
working cycle, known as a four-stroke engine.
Four-stroke engines are known to be lesser
pollutant engines than two-stroke engines.

[Q-2] GIVE THE CLASSIFICATION OF AUTOMOBILE

VEHICLES ?

Ans-Automobiles can be classified into several

types based on many criteria. A brief
classification of automobiles is listed below:
1. Based on Purpose
• Passenger vehicle
• Commercial Vehicle

2. Based on capacity
• Heavy motor vehicle
• Light motor vehicle
• Medium motor vehicle

Based on Engine Location

• Front Engine Front Wheel

• Front Engine Front Wheel
• Front Engine Rear Wheel
• Rear Engine Rear Wheel Drive
• Front Engine All wheel drive

[Q-3] FOUR STROKE PETROL ENGINE ?

Ans-Principle of a Four Stroke Petrol Engine
The principle used in a four stroke petrol engine is
commonly known as Otto Cycle. It states that there would
be one power stroke for every four strokes. Such engines
use a spark plug which is used for the ignition of the
combustible fuel used in the engine. Most of the cars,
bikes and trucks use a 4 stroke engines

Working of a Four Stroke Petrol Engine

A stroke is the movement of the piston from the top, to
the bottom of the cylinder. As the name suggest the Four
Stroke Petrol Engine uses a cycle of four strokes and petrol
as the fuel. Each cycle includes 2 rotations of the
crankshaft and four strokes, namely:
1.An Intake Stroke
2.A Compression Stroke
3.A Combustion Stroke also called Power Stroke
4.An Exhaust Stroke
The steps involved are as follows:
1.Intake Stroke: As the name suggests in this stroke the
intake of fuel takes place. When the engine starts, the
piston descends to the cylinder's bottom from the top.
Thus the pressure inside the cylinder reduces. Now the
intake valve opens and the fuel and air mixture enters the
cylinder. The valve then closes.
2.Compression Stroke: This stroke is known as
compression stroke because the compression of the fuel
mixture takes place at this stage. When the intake valve
closes (exhaust valve is already closed), the piston forced
back to the top of the cylinder and the fuel mixture gets
compressed. The compression is around 1/8th of the
original volume. An engine is considered more efficient if
its compression ratio is higher.
3.Combustion/Power Stroke: Now in case of petrol
engine when the fuel mixture compresses to the
maximum value the spark plug produces spark which
ignites the fuel mixture. The combustion leads to the
production of high pressure gases. Due to this
tremendous force the piston is driven back to the
bottom of the cylinder. As the piston moves
downwards, the crankshaft rotates which rotates
the wheels of the vehicle.

4.Exhaust Stroke: As the wheel moves to the

bottom the exhaust valve opens up and due to the
momentum gained by the wheel the piston is pushed
back to the top of the cylinder. The gases due to
combustion are hence expelled out of the cylinder
into the atmosphere through the exhaust valve. The
exhaust valve closes after the exhaust stroke and
again the intake valve opens and the four strokes are
repeated.

[Q- 4]. TWO STROKE PETROL ENGINE ? Ans-

1. First Stroke
2. Second Stroke

First stroke:
• The spark plug ignites the compressed petrol and
air mixture
 • The high pressure combustion gases force the
piston downwards
• The piston performance the power stroke till it
covers the exhaust port
• As soon as piston uncovers the transfer port, the
fresh air fuel mixture flows from crankcase in to the
cylinder
• This drives out of the exhaust gases by the
incoming fresh charge is called scavenging
• Piston moves from top dead centre to bottom dead
centre

Second stroke:
• In this stroke piston moves from bottom dead
centre to top dead centre
• The piston covers the transfer port; air fuel mixture
is cut off, suction stops
• Further movement of the piston will compress the
air fuel mixture in the cylinder
• The ratio of compression is from 1:8 to 1:12
• At end of compression stroke air fuel get ignited
 [Q-5] FOUR STROKE DIESEL ENGINE ?
Ans- Diesel engines may be designed as either
two stroke or four stroke cycles. The four stroke
Diesel engine is an internal combustion (IC)
engine in which the piston completes four
separate strokes while turning a crankshaft. A
stroke refers to the full travel of the piston along
the cylinder, in either direction. Therefore each
stroke does not correspond to single
thermodynamic process given in chapter Diesel
Cycle – Processes.

The four stroke engine comprises:

• The intake stroke – The piston moves from
top dead center (TDC) to bottom dead center
(BDC) .In this stroke the intake valve is open
 while the piston pulls air (without a fuel) into
the cylinder by producing vacuum pressure
into the cylinder through its downward
motion.
• The compression stroke – The piston
moves from bottom dead center (BDC) to top
dead center (TDC). In this stroke both the
intake and exhaust valves are closed, resulting
in adiabatic air compression (i.e. without heat
transfer to or from the environment). During
this compression, the volume is reduced, the
pressure and temperature both rise. At the
end of this stroke fuel is injected and burns in
the compressed hot air. At the end of this
stroke the crankshaft has completed a full 360
degree revolution.
• The power stroke – The piston moves from
top dead center (TDC) to bottom dead center
(BDC). In this stroke both the intake and
exhaust valves are closed. At the beginning of
the power stroke, a near isobaric combustion
occur In this interval the pressure remains
constant since the piston descends, and the
volume increases. The cylinder contains gas at
a higher temperature. In this stroke the piston
is
 driven towards the crankshaft, the volume in
increased, and the work is done by the gas on
the piston.
• The exhaust stroke. The piston moves from
bottom dead center (BDC) to top dead center
(TDC In this stroke the exhaust valve is open
while the piston pulls an exhaust gases out of
the chamber. At the end of this stroke the
crankshaft has completed a second full 360
degree revolution.

[Q-6] TWO STROKE DIESEL ENGINE.

Ans- In the work of a 2-stroke diesel engine, all the work
induction compression, power, and exhaust are completed
in 2-stroke.
That time fuel diesel oil is injected in this burning hot air in
find optimise from which gets ignited.
The burning of finely atomized fuel with hot air causes
abnormal pressure on the piston as the piston is the only
moving part in the cylinder it moves down due to pressure
on top of it and we get power stroke. Intake & Exhaust
stroke
In the 2-stroke diesel engine both port intake and
exhaust, are made in the cylinder as shown in the
image and the Piston use is also dome type. When
the Piston travels down the exhaust port gets and
covered by the Piston.
When the Piston Travels a little more down in the
inland port also get and covered by the Piston from
where, the fresh air finds its way in the cylinder.

Compression stroke
An after completing this downward travel when the
Piston starts traveling up from BDC to TDC It closes
the inlet and exhaust port and the air which is
trapped in the cylinder starts getting compress.
Due to the high compression ratio the temperature
and pressure of air rise very high.
At soon as the Piston reaches near TDC diesel fuel is
spray in a fine atomizer from to the highly
compressed gases.

Power stroke

A stated about due to the spring of atomizer diesel on highly

compressed air there are spontaneous combustion gases
expand rapidly causing pistons to travel from TDC to BDC
giving us power stroke.
As soon as the Piston reaches near BDC the exhaust gases
escape out through the exhaust port and covered by the
Piston thereby relieving the Piston on top of just cause by
expanded gases.
In the meantime, the inland port also opens causing air to
come into the cylinder.
This air also helps in sweeping out the exhaust gases and
thus, the cycle continues.

[Q-7] WRITE THE NOTE ON TRANSMISSION

SYSTEM OF VEHICLES?
Ans- Transmission system is the system by means of which
power developed by the engine is transmitted to road wheels to
propel the vehicle. In automobiles, the power is developed by the
engine which is used to turn wheels. Therefore, the engine is to
be connected to the transmission systems for transmitting power
to wheels.
The engines employed in automobiles are of very high speed.
Hence, a speed reduction is necessary to reduce the speed to
moderate level as well as to get the required high torque while
moving from rest. The power is transmitted to the differential unit
through another universal joint.

[Q-8] Write the NOTE ON Transmission SYSTEM OF THE POWER

AND MOTION WITH THE HELP OF SHAFT AND AXEL ?
Ans- Power transmission is a process to transmit motion from one shaft
to another by using some connection between them like belt, rope, chain,
and gears. To connect the shafts, mainly two types of connectors are
used, one is flexible and other is rigid. The transmission system,
therefore, should fulfill the following requirements
• Enable the engine to keep disconnected from the road wheels. These
should be connected only ‘when desired.’
• Enable the engine, when running, to be connected smoothly and
gradually without jerk to the road wheels.
• Enable the leverage between the engine and the road wheels.
• Enable the reduction in the engine speed.
• Turn the drive through 90 degrees.
• It should enable the running of inner and outer road wheels at different
speeds when the vehicle moves on a curved path.
• It should provide the relative motion between the engine and the road
wheels when they move up and down due to the uneven road surface.
2. Propeller shaft:

• The third component of the automobile transmission system,

which transfers motion from the gearbox end to the
differential end. The distance between the two can be large,
and therefore, it is a shaft which is thin and long to connect
the two.
3. Live axle:
• The axle where motion from the crankshaft of the engine is
transferred is known as a live axle. The other axle takes up only
the load of the vehicle and therefore is termed as dead axle or
simply the axle.
• The motion is generally transferred to the rear axle, but it
can be transferred to the front axle or both the axles. When the
motion is transferred to both the axles, it is known as fourwheel
drive.
• Finally, motion is transferred to the road wheels at the two
ends of the live axle.

[Q-9]. WRITE NOTE ON TRANMISSION OF MOTION AND

POWER WITH THE HELP OF BELT DRIVE .
Ans- Belt Drives are a type of frictional drives used for transmitting
powers from one shaft to another by means of pulleys which rotate at
the same speed or at the different speed.
● It consists of two pulleys over which an endless belt it passed over
them. The mechanical power or rotary motion is transmitted from
the driving pulley to the driven pulley because of the frictional grip
that exists between the belt and the pulley surface.
● The portion of the belt which is having less tension is called slack side
and the one which has higher tension is called tight side. The
effective pulling power of the belt that causes the rotation of the
driven pulley is the difference in tension on the slack and tight side.
● The tensions in the tight and slack sides of the belt depend on the
angle of contact, the belt drives have to be arranged such that the
slack side comes above and the tight side comes below the pulleys.
● This arrangement increases the angled contact of the belt on the
driven side. Sometimes in a belt-drive, there is always a possibility of
some slipping taking place between the belt and the pulleys which
cause the driven pulley to rotate at a lesser speed, consequently
reduces the power transmission. Hence belt drives are said to be not
a Positive type of power transmission system Types of Belts There
are four commonly used types of belts are:
● Flat belt
● V belt
● Circular

Flat belt: This belt has a rectangular cross-section. These belts are
capable of transmitting power over long distances between pulley
centres. The efficiency of this drive is around 98% and produce little
noise.

V-belts: v-belts also used with grooved pulleys, V-belts are trapezoidal
in crosssection. These belts permit large speed ration and can transmit
higher power. Multiple drives are possible.

Circular: This type of belt has a circular cross-section and is used with
the grooved pulleys.
Types of Belt Drives The following are the 5 main types of Belt Drives:
● Open belt drive, Crossbelt drive ,Stepped cone pulley or speed cone
drive,Fast and loose pulleys , Jockey pulley drive.

[Q-10] WRITE NOTE ON TRANMISSION OF MOTION AND

POWER WITH THE HELP OF CHAIN DRIVE .
Ans- The chains are mostly used to transmit motion and power
from one shaft to another, when the centre distance between
their shafts is short such as in bicycles, motor cycles, agricultural
machinery, conveyors, rolling mills, road rollers etc. The chains
may also be used for long centre distance of upto 8 metres. The
chains are used for velocities up to 25 m / s and for power upto
110 kW. In some cases, higher power transmission is also
possible.
● A chain drive consists of a chain and sprockets. The sprockets
are the teethed wheels over which an endless chain s fitted.
Types of chains Roller
chain:
● Roller chain is commonly used in bicycles, motor cycles,
machine tools etc.
Silent chain:
● silent chain is inverted tooth chain which is used for smooth
and noiseless operations at low speeds.
Advantages:
● It is non-slip drive (positive).
● Efficiency is very high (upto 99%).
● It can be used for shafts which are at small and medium center
distances.
● It can transmit higher power than belt drives.
● It occupy less space and more compact than belt drives.
Disadvantages:
● The operation is noisy.
● Initial cost is high. It requires more lubrication

[Q-11] WRITE NOTE ON TRANMISSION OF MOTION AND

POWER WITH THE HELP OF FRICTION DRIVE .
Ans- Here power and motion transmission occurs by means of
friction between two parts.
• Frictional shafts consists of two wheels their friction surface. The
driving and driven wheel are in contact with sufficient pressure
between them. The driving wheel drives the driven wheel by virtue
of friction between them. The friction wheel does not give a
positive drive and slip occur for a large power transmission.
• If there is no slip, the surface speed of both wheels will be equal.

[Q-12] WRITE NOTE ON TRANMISSION OF MOTION AND

POWER WITHTHE HELP OF GEAR DRIVE.
Ans- Gears are also used for power transmission. This is accomplished
by the successive engagement of teeth. The two gears transmit motion
by the direct contact like chain drive. Gears also provide positive drive .

● It is important to note that, both the gears which are engaged, always
rotate in opposite direction. Gear drive consists of two wheels. The
smaller wheel is called pinion and The larger wheel is called as gear.
● In gear, the slip is absent. Therefore, It gives exact and uniform
velocity ratio. Due to this ability of maximum power transmission and
exact velocity ratio, gear is called perfect positive drive.
● Gears are generally used for one of four different reasons:
1. To increase or decrease the speed of rotation
2. To change the amount of force or torque.
3. To move rotational motion to a different axis (i.e. parallel, right
angles, rotating, linear etc.)
4. To reverse the direction of rotation.

● Gears are the main components of gear drives. Different types are
available such as spur, helical, herringbone, bevel, worm, and face gear.
● Gear drives are designed according to their application. Common
designs are parallel, right angle, inline, worm, planetary, and cyclo gear
drives.

[Q-13] WRITE A NOTE ON DESCRIBING AIR CONDITION OF

VEHILCLE .

Ans- The aim of automotive air conditioning is to

control the temperature and humidity of the atmospheric

air and circulate the same in the automobile.
• The automotive air conditioning system consists of a
refrigeration system, air circulation, and distribution
system and a control system.
• The refrigeration system cools down the air which
includes many other parts like compressor,
condenser, etc
• The air circulating system circulates this cooled air
into the car which includes blower, air duct, etc.
 • The controlling system used to control the
temperature of the car by sensing it and control the
refrigerating system

Air conditioning has two main purposes:

1. Cools the air entering the passenger compartment 2.
Removes the moisture from the air so it feels more
comfortable inside the vehicle.

Components of Car AC
Vehicles are found to have primarily three different types of air
conditioning systems. While each of the three types differs, the
concept and design are very similar to one another. The most
common components which make up these automotive systems
are the following:

The components used in automobile AC are-

1. Compressor –
It is also known as the heart of the AC system. The AC cycle
starts with the compressor compressing the low-pressure
gaseous refrigerant. The refrigerant leaves the compressor as a
high-pressure gaseous refrigerant. The compressor is the central
component of the AC system. A compressor provides pressure
rise to the refrigerant to convert the vapor refrigerant into liquid
refrigerant which in turn enables the further flow of the
refrigerant through the condenser. The compressor of the car air
conditioning system is driven by the crankshaft of the engine
through the belt drive.

2. Condenser –
It is the device looks like a small radiator and is used after the
compressor as it provides condensing i.e. lowers the
temperature, of the high pressure and high-temperature liquid
refrigerant sent by the compressor through forced convection
provided either by radiator fan or by separated fan used with the
condenser.
As hot compressed gasses are introduced into the top of the
condenser, they are cooled off. As the gas cools, it condenses
and exits the bottom of the condenser as a high-pressure liquid.

3. Expansion valve-
It is a device used in car air conditioning system to expand the
high pressure, low-temperature liquid refrigerant sent by the
condenser in order to release the pressure of the refrigerant
before sending it to the evaporator for the further process.

4. Evaporator –
It is a device that looks like another heat exchanger and is placed
just behind the AC vent over a dashboard of a car, an evaporator
takes heat from the passenger’s compartment and convert the
liquid refrigerant sent by the expansion valve into vapor, which
in turn provides cooling through the fan inside a passenger’s
cabin.

Its primary duty is to remove heat from the inside of your

vehicle. A secondary benefit is a dehumidification. As warmer air
travels through the aluminum fins of the cooler evaporator coil,
the moisture contained in the air condenses on its surface.

Note – Thermal expansion valve is used in vehicles that enable

the passenger to change the temperature according to the
requirement, by just adjusting the knob provided over a
dashboard in passenger’s cabin.

5. Receiver-Dryer-
It is a safety catch used in an automobile or car air conditioning
system as there is a chance that instead of vapors some liquid
also flows towards the compressor which can damage the
compressor, so the receiver dryer is used in between evaporator
and compressor to convert that remaining liquid into vapors
before sending it to compressor for compression.
[Q-14] SHORT NOTE ON AIR BAGS.
Ans- The Working Of The Airbag System In Your Car
The airbag system is perhaps the most important part of your
vehicle when it comes to safety components. Airbags are
essentially the difference makers in the case of a car crash. Timely
airbag deployment helps you dodge any major injuries or death as
a result of the accident. Thousands have been through the
deployment of airbags over the years. The system used here is a
little complex as the airbags have to be deployed within a few
milliseconds after the crash. This will ensure that the driver and
passenger are protected during the crash.

What are airbags and how do they work?

An airbag is an inflatable safety device designed to protect the occupants

of a car in case of a collision. The airbags are part of an occupant restraint
system and are also referred to as air cushion restraint system. Airbags
supplement the basic protection offered by seat belts. They are also
referred to as airbag supplemental restraint system due to this very reason.
The effectiveness of the airbags directly depends on the seatbelt.
The seatbelt has to hold the occupant in the car in place during the impact
to ensure maximum efficiency of the airbag. In the event of an accident,
the airbag fills up very quickly and provides a cushion for the people in the
car to ensure they are protected during the crash.
 • The airbags generally consist of a diagnostic monitoring unit, a
steering wheel connecting coil, an air bag module, an indicator lamp,
and crash sensors. All of these parts are interconnected and are
powered by the battery in the car.
• A backup power is provided for the airbags to function even after the
battery has been disconnected. Components required for the
operation of airbags are generally dormant for years. An internal self-
test is performed during each startup to ensure the airbags are
functional.

• The airbag system has a crash sensor that makes sure the airbags do
not inflate when the car goes over a pothole, a bump, or even in the
case of minor collision.

How it works:

1. The crash sensors present in the front of the car detects sudden
decelerations and sends electrical signals to activate an initiator.
2. A thin wire provided in the initiator heats up and penetrates the
propellant chamber. This results in the chemical propellant inside the
inflator to undergo a rapid chemical reaction. This reaction is often
referred to as a pyrotechnic chain.
3. This reaction produces nitrogen gas that fills the air bag. This
expanding gas inflates the airbag in less than one-twentieth of a
second.
4. This opens up the plastic module cover and inflates it in front of the
person seated in the car. The bag is inflated for just one-tenth of a
second and deflated three-tenths of a second after impact.
5. The inner side of the airbag is provided with a coating of cornstarch
or talcum powder which is released from the bag as it is opened.

[Q-15] ABS (ANTI-LOCK BRAKING SYSTEM).

Ans- The theory behind anti-lock brakes is simple. A skidding wheel
(where the tire contact patch is sliding relative to the road) has less
traction than a non-skidding wheel. If you have been stuck on ice, you
know that if your wheels are spinning you have no traction. This is
because the contact patch is sliding relative to the ice. By keeping the
wheels from skidding while you slow down, anti-lock brakes benefit you
in two ways: You'll stop faster, and you'll be able to steer while you
stop.

There are four main components to an ABS system:

• Speed sensors
• Pump
• Valves
• Controller

Speed Sensors :The anti-lock braking system needs some way of

knowing when a wheel is about to lock up. The speed sensors, which
are located at each wheel, or in some cases in the differential, provide
this information.

Valves There is a valve in the brake line of each brake controlled by the
ABS. On some systems, the valve has three positions: In position one,
the valve is open; pressure from the master cylinder is passed right
through to the brake.

• In position two, the valve blocks the line, isolating that brake from the
master cylinder. This prevents the pressure from rising further should
the driver push the brake pedal harder.

• In position three, the valve releases some of the pressure from the
brake. Pump Since the valve is able to release pressure from the
brakes, there has to be some way to put that pressure back. That is
what the pump does; when a valve reduces the pressure in a line, the
pump is there to get the pressure back up.
Controller: The controller is a computer in the car. It watches the
speed sensors and controls the valves. ABS Working There are many
different variations and control algorithms for ABS systems.

We will discuss how one of the simpler systems works. The controller
monitors the speed sensors at all times. It is looking for decelerations
in the wheel that are out of the ordinary.

Right before a wheel locks up, it will experience a rapid deceleration. If

left unchecked, the wheel would stop much more quickly than any car
could. It might take a car five seconds to stop from 60 mph (96.6 kph)
under ideal conditions, but a wheel that locks up could stop spinning in
less than a second.

The ABS controller knows that such a rapid deceleration is impossible,

so it reduces the pressure to that brake until it sees an acceleration,
then it increases the pressure until it sees the deceleration again. It can
do this very quickly, before the tire can actually significantly change
speed.

The result is that the tire slows down at the same rate as the car, with
the brakes keeping the tires very near the point at which they will start
to lock up. This gives the system maximum braking power.

When the ABS system is in operation you will feel a pulsing in the brake
pedal; this comes from the rapid opening and closing of the valves.
Some ABS systems can cycle up to 15 times per second.
[Q-16] EBD ( ELECTRONIC BRAKE DISTRIBUTION ).
Ans- The safety and regulatory hardware used by an electronic brake
force distribution system is much the same as the hardware used by an
antilock braking system without EBD.

For the purposes of EBD, three different pieces of hardware are

necessary: sensors that can determine the slip ratio of each wheel,
valves that can modulate the amount of brake force that goes to each
wheel and an electronic control unit that can calculate the amount of
force required.

Speed sensors: To determine the slip ratio of a wheel, the EBD system
needs two pieces of information:

the speed at which the wheel is rotating and the speed of the car. If the
speed at which the wheel is rotating is slower than the speed at which
the car is moving, then the wheel is slipping and a skid can result. A
sensor is placed at each wheel to determine wheel speed. There is no
specific sensor to measure the forward motion of the car. Instead, the
speed measurements from all four wheels are averaged to create an
estimate of the vehicle's overall speed.

Brake force modulators: Brake force is applied to the wheels

hydraulically, with brake fluid pumped into brake lines in such a way as
to pneumatically activate the brake cylinders. The EBD system can
modulate the amount of brake fluid going to each wheel through
electrically actuated valves. Electronic Control Unit (ECU): The ECU is a
small computer embedded in the antilock braking system. It receives
input from the speed sensors, calculates the slip ratio of the wheels,
and uses the brake force modulators to apply an appropriate amount
of force to keep the slip ratio of each wheel within a reasonable range.

Most EBD systems also include a yaw sensor, which detects the rotation
of the vehicle as it turns. This can be compared with the angle of the
steering wheel by using a steering wheel angle sensor to detect
oversteer (too much rotation relative to the angle of the wheel) or
understeer (not enough rotation relative to the angle of the wheel).
EBD can then correct the steering by activating one of the rear brakes.
For instance, if the car begins to understeer, the inner rear brake is
activated to increase the car's rotation. If the car begins to oversteer,
the outer rear brake is activated to decrease the car's rotation. The yaw
sensor can also be used in conjunction with electronic stability control
(ESC) to prevent rollover accidents.

[Q-17] TCS ( TRACTION CRONTOL SYSTEM ) .

Ans- Traction control is a collection of mechanisms and electronic
components of a car that are designed to prevent slipping of the driving
wheels

Activated TCS prevents the vehicle's drive wheels from slipping when
starting, accelerating, cornering, poor road conditions and fast lane
changes. Let's consider the principle of operation of the TCS, its
components and general structure, as well as the pros and cons of its
operation.
How TCS works

The general principle of operation of the Traction Control System is

quite simple: sensors included in the system register the position of the
wheels, their angular speed and the degree of slippage. As soon as one
of the wheels starts to slip, TCS instantly removes the loss of traction.

The traction control system deals with slippage in the following ways:

Braking of skidding wheels. The braking system is activated at a low

speed - up to 80 km / h.

Reducing the torque of the car engine. Above 80 km / h, the engine

management system is activated, which changes the amount of
torque.
 Combining the first two methods.

Note that Traction Control System is installed on vehicles with antilock

braking system (ABS - Antilock Brake System). Both systems use the
readings of the same sensors in their work, both systems pursue the
goal of providing the wheels with maximum grip on the ground. The
main difference is that ABS limits wheel braking, while TCS, on the
contrary, slows down a rapidly rotating wheel. Device and main
components Traction Control System is based on anti-lock braking
system elements. The anti-slip system uses an electronic differential
lock as well as an engine torque management system. The main
components required to implement the functions of the TCS traction
control system: Brake fluid pump. This component creates pressure in
the vehicle's braking system.
Changeover solenoid valve and high pressure solenoid valve. Each drive
wheel is equipped with such valves. These components control braking
within a predetermined loop. Both valves are part of the ABS hydraulic
unit. ABS / TCS control unit. Manages the traction control system using
the built-in software.

The engine control unit.

Interacts with the ABS / TCS control unit. The traction control system
connects it to work if the speed of the car is more than 80 km / h. The
engine management system receives data from sensors and sends
control signals to the actuators. Wheel speed sensors. Each wheel of
the machine is equipped with this sensor. The sensors register the
rotational speed, and then transmit signals to the ABS / TCS control.
[Q18]. CRUISE CONTROL .

Ans- The CCS (Cruise Control System) automatically regulates the throttle valve-
opening angle to drive the vehicle at the speed which is set by the driver.
Therefore, the driver does not have to keep depressing the accelerator pedal.
The vehicle also can drive at the set speed even uphill or downhill with CCS.

This system is helpful especially when driving on the highway or on a

wide country road without taking a rest for a long time. As a result, the
driver can relax and drive comfortable.

The cruise control system actually has a lot of functions other than
controlling the speed of your car. For instance, the cruise control
pictured below can accelerate or decelerate the car by 1 mph with the
tap of a button. Hit the button five times to go 5 mph faster. There are
also several important safety features -- the cruise control will
disengage as soon as you hit the brake pedal, and it won't engage at
speeds less than 25 mph (40 kph)

The system pictured above has five buttons: On, Off, Set/Accel, Resume
and Coast. It also has a sixth control -- the brake pedal, and if your car
has a manual transmission the clutch pedal is also hooked up to the
cruise con

• The on and off buttons don't actually do much. Hitting the on button
does not do anything except tell the car that you might be hitting
another button soon. The off button turns the cruise control off even
if it is engaged. Some cruise controls don't have these buttons;
instead, they turn off when the driver hits the brakes, and turn on
when the driver hits the set button.
• The set/accel button tells the car to maintain the speed you are
currently driving. If you hit the set button at 45 mph, the car will
maintain your speed at 45 mph. Holding down the set/accel button
will make the car accelerate; and on this car, tapping it once will
make the car go 1 mph faster.
• If you recently disengaged the cruise control by hitting the brake
pedal, hitting the resume button will command the car to accelerate
back to the most recent speed setting.
• Holding down the coast button will cause the car to decelerate, just
as if you took your foot completely off the gas. On this car, tapping
the coast button once will cause the car to slow down by 1 mph.
• The brake pedal and clutch pedal each have a switch that disengages
the cruise control as soon as the pedal is pressed, so you can shut off
the cruise control with a light tap on the brake or clutch.
[Q-19] GIVE THE TYPE AND APPLICATION OF FERROUS
METAL AND NON-FERROUS METAL IN AUTOMOBILE.
Ans-: A single plate clutch has one clutch plate. This clutch works on
the principle of friction. It is the most common type of clutch used in
motor vehicles.

The clutch primarily consists of two members, one mounted on the

driving shaft and the other on the driven shaft.

These two shafts are parallel and concentric with each other; one shaft
is fixed to its housing while the other is splined so that it can move
axially. The driving torque can increase by increasing the effective
radius of contact.

CONTRUCTION OF SINGLE PLATE CLUTCH:

• The clutch consists of different parts for proper working. They are
arranged in a systematic order.

• Mainly it consists of a clutch plate with both side friction lining and
some other parts which help in the proper functioning of a clutch like
a flywheel, pressure plate, thrust bearing, hub, springs, and input
mechanism for engagement and disengagement of the clutch.
• The clutch plate attaches to the hub between the flywheel and the
pressure plate, it moves axially on the driven shaft.

• In a single plate clutch, the clutch plate should have both side friction
lining because it mounts between the pressure plate and flywheel,
friction is responsible for the torque transmission.

• The pressure plate engages with the flywheel and springs. Pressure
plate helps to push the clutch plate with the flywheel.

• A lever attaches to thrust bearings with some mechanism on the

driven shaft which transmits input and output motion from the
clutch pedal.

[Q-21].EXPLAIN TOURQUE CONVERTER IN DETAIL WITH

FIGURE.
ANS: A torque converter is a type of fluid coupling that transfers
rotating power from a prime mover, like an internal combustion
engine, to a rotating driven load. In a vehicle with an automatic
transmission, the torque converter connects the power source to the .
It is usually located between the engine's flexplate and the
transmission. The equivalent location in a manual transmission would
be the mechanical clutch.

The main characteristic of a torque converter is its ability to increase

torque when the output rotational speed is so low that it allows the
fluid coming off the curved vanes of the turbine to be deflected off the
stator while it is locked against its one-way clutch, thus providing the
equivalent of a reduction gear. This is a feature beyond that of the
simple fluid coupling, which can match rotational speed but does not
multiply torque and thus reduces power.

[Q-22]. EXPLAIN WORKING AND CONSTRUCTION OF

DIFFRENTIAL.
ANS: So if we drive or supply power to both the wheels, the outer
wheel had to cover more distance than the inner one while taking
a turn. This is why we need differential – to drive both the wheels
at different speeds!

Construction of Differential:
The standard differential mainly consists of 3 parts – 1.
The pinion gear
2. The ring gear &
3. The spider gear
The pinion gear transfers the power from engine to the ring gear.
The spider gear lies at the inner edge of the ring gear. The spider
gear is free to rotate on 2 axes-

1. along with the rotation of ring gear &

2. on its own axis(spin)

Also the spider gear is connected to two more side gears.

WORKING OF DIFFRENTIAL:
So, first the power is transferred from engine’s drive shaft to
pinion gear, since the pinion gear & ring gear are meshed, power
flows to ring gear.As the spider gear is connected with the ring
gear, power flows to it. Finally from the spider gear, power gets
transferred to both the side gears.

–When the vehicle moves straight, the spider gear doesn’t spin &
will make BOTH the side gears rotate at same speed.

–When the vehicle moves on a curve road, the spider gear itself
spins & either of the side gears move slower or faster than other
one. Which will be faster & which will be slower is decided by the
turn.

Make sure you watch the video. I assure you a 100% guarantee of
understanding the whole thing.

[Q-23]. EXPLAIN PROPELLER SHAFT IN DETAIL.

ANS: Propeller shaft is a circular shaft which is used to transmit the
power or rotational motion from the gear box to the final drive.” The
propeller shaft as the name suggest “ propels the vehicle.” It also
includes the U- joints and slip or slider joint to adjust the length of a
shaft when the vehicle is on bump

The propeller shaft performs the following two functions:-

1. To receive the power from the gear box output shaft & without
any change in speed transmit to the input shaft of the differential for
onward transmission to the rear axle & wheels.

2. To cope with the difference in line with the level of the gear box
output shaft & the differential input pinion shaft..

• It can transmit power at a different elevation like if the gearbox

output shaft is at 1 meter from the ground and differential is at 0.5
meters from the ground.
• The shaft can adjust itself while the vehicle runs through obstacles
such as a speed breaker.

[Q-24]. EXPLAIN SYNCROMESH GEAR BOX WITH NEAT

FIGURE .
ANS: Synchromesh gearbox is the latest version of Constant mesh type.
It is a manually operated transmission in which, change of gears takes
place between gears that are already revolving at the same speed. In
this type of gearbox, gears can rotate freely or it are locked on layout
shaft. Synchromesh is really an improvement on dog clutch. The
synchronizer is the main part of this gearbox that stabilizes the speed.

A synchronizer is a kind of clutch which lets components turning at

different speeds. To synchronize the speeds cone friction is used. This
synchronizer consists two parts, Synchro cone and Baulk ring. Cone is
the part of a gear and ring is the part of the synchronizer. The baulk ring
prevents the gears engaging before they are rotating at correct speeds.
While engaging, the ring will gradually slide into the cone and the
friction will slow or speeds up the gear wheel. Finally, it stabilizes the
speed of synchronizer and gear and thus revolves at the same speed.
The gears on the layshaft are fixed to it while those on the main shaft
are free to rotate on the same.

Advantages:
• Smooth and Noise free shifting of gears which is most suitable for
cars.

• No loss of torque transmission from the engine to the driving wheels

during gear shifts.

• Double clutching is not required.

• Less vibration.
• Quick shifting of gears without the risk of damaging the gears.

Disadvantages:
• It is extortionate due to its high manufacturing cost and the number
of moving parts.

• When teeth make contact with the gear, the teeth will fail to engage
as they are spinning at different speeds which causes a loud grinding
sound as they clatter together.

• Improper handling of gear may easily prone to damage.

• Cannot handle higher loads.

[Q-25]. EXPLAIN FLUID COUPLING IN DETAIL WITH FIGURE

.
ANS: Fluid coupling also known as hydraulic coupling is a hydrodynamic
device which is used to transfer rotational power from one shaft to
another by the use of transmission fluid comprised of three main
elements:
1. Driving impeller mounted on the input shaft.

2. Driven impeller mounted on the output shaft.

3. Cover, flanged to the output impeller, with an oil-tight seal.

The Working Principle of Fluid Coupling

The working principle of fluid can be easily explained by the taking two
fans in which one is connected to the power supply and other is not.
When the power switch is on, the air from the first fan starts to blow
towards the second fan (which is not connected to the power source).
Initially, when the first fan is blowing at lower speed, it is not able to
drive the second fan. But as the speed of the powered fan increases,
the speed of air striking the blades of second fan also increases and it
starts to rotate.

[Q-26]. EXPLAIN TYPES OF GEARS AND EXPLAIN SPUR

GEAR AND HELICAL GEAR.
ANS: Types of gears are as follow :

• Spur gears
• Helical gears
• Gear rack
• Bevel gears
• Miter gears
• Worm gears
• Screw gears
• Internal gears

SPUR GEARS: Spur gears transmit power through shafts that are
parallel. The teeth of the spur gears are parallel to the shaft axis. This
causes the gears to produce radial reaction loads on the shaft, but not
axial loads. Spur gears tend to be noisier than helical gears because they
operate with a single line of contact between teeth. While the teeth are
rolling through mesh, they roll off of contact with one tooth and
accelerate to contact with the next tooth. This is different than helical
gears, which have more than one tooth in contact and transmit torque
more smoothly.

HELICAL GEARS : Helical gears have teeth that are oriented at an angle
to the shaft, unlike spur gears which are parallel. This causes more than
one tooth to be in contact during operation and helical gears can carry
more load than spur gears. Due to the load sharing between teeth, this
arrangement also allows helical gears to operate smoother and quieter
than spur gears. Helical gears produce a thrust load during operation
which needs to be considered when they are used. Most enclosed gear
drives use helical gears.

[Q-27]. EXPLAIN DIFFERENT TYPES OF GEAR DRIVE .

ANS: ● Gears are the main components of gear drives.
Different types are available such as spur, helical, herringbone, bevel,
worm, and face gear.
● Gear drives are designed according to their application. Common
designs are parallel, right angle, inline, worm, planetary, and cyclo gear
drives.

Common Gear Drives Parallel

Gear Drives:
● Parallel gear drives use gear sets that transmit power through
shafts with parallel axes.

● Spur, helical, and herringbone gears are used for this type of gear
drive.

● Parallel gear drives have higher power transmission efficiency

than other configurations.

Right-angle Gear Drives:

● Right-angle gear drives, or simply right-angle drives, are power
transmission systems that use gears that transfer shaft power at a 90°
angle.

● Their input and output shaft axes are coplanar and intersecting.
Right angle gear drives feature output shafts that extend in one
direction or both. In terms of its orientation, it can be horizontal or
vertical.

Inline Gear Drives:

● Inline gear drives or inline gear reducers have input and output
shafts that align into the same axis. Since the shafts have the same
centerline, these drives are also called concentric gear drives.

● Applications of these mechanisms have different designs and use

multiple stages of speed reduction. They are primarily used in systems
that require speed reduction or torque amplification without changing
the orientation and position of the shaft.
Worm Gear Drives:
● Worm gears are devices that transmit power through
nonintersecting, non-parallel shafts. They are primarily used for
highspeed reduction.

● Worm gear drives have two main components: the screw and the
wheel. The screw, or worm, is the driver gear while the wheel, or worm
gear, is the driven gear.

Planetary Gear Drives:

● Planetary gear drives or planetary gearboxes are an assembly of
internal and external gears that can achieve multiple speed reduction
ratios.
● Planetary gear drives are much more versatile compared to other
gear drives.

Cyclo Gear Drives:

● Cyclo gear drives or cyclo reducers are mechanisms that reduce
the speed of a mechanical power transmission system.

● Like inline gear drives, they also have concentric input and output
shafts. Other shaft axes configurations are achieved by using it in
tandem with bevel and parallel gear sets.

[Q-28]. EXPLAIN CONTINOUS VERIABLE TRANSMISSION.

ANS: A continuously variable transmission (CVT) is an automatic
transmission that can change seamlessly through a continuous range of
gear ratio. This contrasts with other transmissions that provide a
limited number of gear ratios in fixed steps. The flexibility of a CVT with
suitable control may allow the engine to operate at a constant RPM
while the vehicle moves at varying speeds.

CVTs are used in cars, tractors, side-by-side, motor scooters,

snowmobiles, bicycles, and earth moving equipment.
The most common type of CVT uses two pulleys connected by a belt or
chain; however, several other designs have also been used at times.
TYPES OF CVT:
1. Pulley-based

2. Toroidal

3. Ratcheting

4. Hydrostatic/Hydraulic

5. Electric
6. Cone

7. Epicyclic

[Q-29]. EXPLAIN PLANETARY GEAR SET.

ANS: Planetary Gear Drives:

Planetary gears are at the heart of modern engineering and

are used in basic plant machinery to electric vehicles. These
are also known as epicyclic gears, consist of two gears so that
the center of one gear rotates around the center of the other.

A carrier is placed to connect the centers of the two gears and

rotates planet and sun gear mesh so that their pitch circles roll
without slipping. A point on the pitch circle of the planetary
gear outlines an epicycloid curve. In this case, the sun gear is
fixed and the planet gears rotate around the sun gear.

Parts of Planetary Gear Set

Following are the main parts of a planetary gear set:

1. Sun gear (central gear)

2. Multiple planet gears
 3. Ring gear (outer gear)
4. Planet carrier

[Q-30]. USE OF TIMBER IN AUTOMOBILE.

ANS: Before the introduction of plastics, timber was used in vehicle
body construction, because it is readily available, easily worked and
economically competitive, so far as the smaller manufacturer.

Many types of timber are used in commercial truck bodywork today,

and it is used in a variety of different forms ranging from sections for
framing, chipboard for partitions, to faced plywood for decorative
panels. Manufactured timber panels are also used in conjunction with
other materials such as aluminum and plastics to produce panels for
special purposes which and the weather.

Some timbers are more suitable for vehicle bodywork than others
because of their superior strength, resistance to wear, decay and fire,
or appearance. Although timber is used in many forms, it is all obtained
from either soft wood trees or temperate or tropical hardwoods.
TYPES OF TIMBER :
• Softwoods
• Hardwoods :

1. Tropical .
2. Temperate Manufactured panels.
• Plywood
• Block board
• Chipboard

[Q-31]. USE OF SILICA IN AUTOMOBILE.

ANS: Automotive spark plug wires are insulated by multiple layers
of silicone to prevent sparks from jumping to adjacent wires,
causing misfires. Silicone tubing is sometimes used in automotive
intake systems (especially for engines with forced induction).
• Sheet silicone is used to manufacture gaskets used in
automotive engines, transmissions, and other applications.
• Automotive body manufacturing plants and paint shops avoid
silicones, as they may cause “fish eyes”, small, circular
craters in the finish.
• Additionally, silicone compounds such as silicone rubber are
used as coatings and sealants for airbags; the high strength
of silicone rubber makes it an optimal adhesive/sealant for
high impact airbags. Recent technological advancements
allow convenient use of silicone in combination with
thermoplastics to provide improvements in scratch and mar
resistance and lowered coefficient of friction

[Q-32]. USE OF CERAMIC IN AUTOMOBILES.

ANS: True ceramic coatings are long-term exterior automotive paint
protectant that is applied in liquid form and cures to form a hard glass-
like layer on top of the paint. They create a solid transparent, slick and
highly self-cleaning protective layer once cured.

Ceramic Coatings are synthetic chemical based product made of a Silica

or a Quartz-Silane-based compound. They are considered permanent
coatings because they cannot be removed unless you remove them by
compounding/polishing or you purposefully neglect them. True
ceramic coatings are long-term exterior automotive paint protectant
that is applied in liquid form and cures to form a hard glass-like layer
on top of the paint. They create a solid transparent, slick and highly self-
cleaning protective layer once cured.

Nano coatings are sealants with better chemistry thus they form
stronger bonds at the molecular level and last longer with a durability
> 12 months. Ceramic coatings are the most difficult to apply but will
last the longest and are typically harder and more durable than your
car paint’s clear coat, but they can still be scratched and swirled and if
that happens, they must be compounded and polished like a normal
clear coat. Ceramic coatings are extremely chemical resistant and has
excellent UV resistance, which prevents the paint from oxidation. Best
ceramic coatings endures the look of your car by giving a glossy look
and enhance the intensity of the paint work. These protective coatings
are extremely chemical & scratch resistant which help to prevent swirls
and scratches. These glass coatings have excellent UV resistance, which
stops the car paint from oxidation and hence the fading. A quartz
coating can seal your car from external abuse and prevent any
contaminants from bonding into the paint surface.

[Q-33]. USE OF GLASS IN AUTOMOBILES.

ANS: Glass has various applications deepening on the requirements of
the area or the object. The glass used in automobiles vastly differs from
the regular home windows. A car’s windshield is manufactured with
exhaustive tests and technologies to render it suitable for harsh
conditions. Auto glass, especially the windshield gives structural
support to the roof of the car apart from protection against the
exteriors.

TYPES OF GLASS:
1. LEMINATED
2. TEMPERED

1.LEMINATED: Laminated glass has been used for almost a century

since the 1920s. It is simply two sheets of glass that are stuck together
with a layer of plastic known as poly-vinyl buytrl (PVB), kind of like a
sandwich. These layers are infused together using high temperatures.
The glass is manufactured to provide maximum strength and it doesn’t
shatter in case of an accident. While it may break upon impact, the PVB
layer keeps the glass intact and sharp pieces of glass don’t fly around
during an accident that may add to the injury. During head-on
collisions, when a passenger might be thrown towards the windshield,
laminated glass acts as a cushion. It is usually used for the front and
rear windshield of the car.

2.TEMPERED: Tempered glass is used for the side windows in the

car. Curved glass is heated to high temperatures and suddenly cooled
to create tempered glass. This process renders it 10 times stronger than
regular glass. In an event where the glass is hit with something, it
shatters into small dull-edged pebblelike pieces instead of shards that
may harm the passengers. Tempered glass, unlike laminated glass,
cannot be repaired in an accident since it breaks entirely. And since it
cannot provide the cushion like laminated glass, it is not used for the
windshields. Just like laminated glass, tempered glass has found uses
beyond the automobile industry. Tempered glass is perfect for glass
used to cook or to make phone screen.

[Q-34]. USE OF GRAPHITE IN AUTOMOBILES.

ANS: USE OF GRAPHITE:
Batteries
In the last 30 years, the use of graphite in batteries has increased. The
anode of all major battery technologies is constructed using natural and
synthetic graphite. Approximately twice as much graphite as lithium
carbonate is used by the lithium -ion battery.

In the late 1980s and early 1990s, demand for batteries, mainly
nickelmetal-hydride and lithium-ion batteries, caused an increase in
graphite demand. Portable electronics like portable CD players and
power tools have driven this growth. Products such as laptops, mobile
phones, tablets and smartphones have increased battery demand.
Batteries for electric vehicles increased the demand for graphite. For
example, in a fully electric Nissan Leaf, a lithium -ion battery contains
almost 40 kg of graphite. Brake Linings
For heavier (non-automotive) vehicles, natural amorphous and fine
flake graphite is used in brake linings or brake shoes and has become
important with the need to replace asbestos. This use has been
important for a long time, but organic non-asbestos (NAO)
compositions are starting to reduce the market share of graphite. There
was no benefit in a brake-lining industry shake-out with some plant
closures, nor was there an indifferent automotive market.

[Q-35]. USE OF PLASTIC AND POLYMERS IN AUTOMOBILES.

ANS: Plastics have been used widely in vehicle claddings to improve fuel
efficiency by making vehicles lighter and reducing corrosion due to salt
and water on metal surfaces. Although plastics have been used for
decades both externally and internally, many automotive
manufacturers have now switched to making bioplastics and polymers,
instead of relying on fossil-based plastics, to improve their carbon
footprint and promote sustainability.

Modern exterior body panels, many internal mechanics, and vehicle

interiors consist of nearly 100% plastic components. This switch is due
in part to the invention of synthetic plastic by Leo Baekeland – BAKELIT
1907, that was marketed as a lightweight, durable, nonconductive, and
heat resistant. It was lauded as a solution that could revolutionize the
small parts manufacturing process. In the automotive industry, Bakelite
began to be used in instrument panels, controls surfaces, and in parts
under the hood since it was heat resistant and non-conductive.

Although the use of plastics in automobile manufacturing debuted

before WW2, by the 1950s most cars were still made entirely out of
steel. However, over the decades that followed, plastics became
favourable due to their lowcost, lighter weight, and increased safety
during an accident compared to an all-steel frame.

Fuel Efficiency:
Due to their reduced weight, the inclusion of plastics in vehicle design
boosts fuel efficiency and lowers emissions overall. Today, plastics
make up nearly half of a vehicle’s volume but only 10 percent of its
weight.

Innovation & Design:

External plastic vehicle cladding allows car designers the ability to
create innovative concepts that may not be possible when shaping
metal. The use of plastics also reduces production and manufacturing
costs, passing those savings on to the buyer. Additionally, when it
comes to scrapes and dents it’s much easier to repair or replace a
plastic bumper or plastic car door cladding than metal, which rusts
when scraped.

Sustainability:
Fuel efficiency on its own lends to sustainability in the form of reduced
emissions, but beyond that, as auto manufacturers create new
renewable plastics to use in vehicle design, energy savings and car
performance will increase. A large number of automobile
manufacturers are already making use of recycled plastic for many of
their applications such as seat cushions, replacement bumpers, splash
guards, and wheel liners.
Safety:
The safety features in your car such as airbags and seatbelts are made
from durable polyester. In an accident these polymer-based safety
features and exterior items such as car door cladding and bumpers can
take an impact far better than metal, often leading to a better outcome
for you and your vehicle.

Weather Resistance:
Weather constantly takes a toll on your vehicle, which is why synthetic
coatings on metal surfaces are used to reduce the chance of corrosion
due to salt damage, extreme heat, and water exposure. Even glass
windshields are coated with plastic film to improve weather
resistance, wear and tear, and reduce the chance of shattering. Under
the hood, car parts are either coated or made entirely from plastics
such as polyurethane which is heat-resistant, abrasion-resistant, yet

flexible. Thank you