Gee 13
Gee 13
Gee 13
Engineering
Lesson 4,5
Specific Objectives
Discuss the process of hydrologic cycle and identify the methods of water treatment
Duration
1. Evaporation - The transformation of water from liquid to gas phases as It moves from the
ground or bodies of water into the overlying atmosphere.
2. Sublimation - The state change directly from solid water (snow or ice) to water vapor.
3. Transpiration - The release of water vapor from plants and soil into the air. Water vapor
is a gas that cannot be seen.
4. Transportation - Movement of water through the atmosphere, specifically from over the
oceans to over land.
5. Condensation - The transformation of water vapor to liquid water droplets in the air,
creating clouds and fog.
7. Precipitation - condensed water vapor that falls to the Earth's surface. Most precipitation
occurs as rain, but also includes snow, hail, fog drip, graupel, and sleet.
8. Infiltration - Water soaks into subsurface soils and moves into rocks through cracks and
pore spaces.
9. Percolation - Water flows horizontally through the soil and rocks under the influence of
gravity.
Evaporation and transpiration are the two ways water reenters the atmosphere. They are often
combined into a single term, evapotranspiration, or the total water loss to the atmosphere by
both evaporation and transpiration.
Surface Water – are bodies of water surface of earth that is exposed to the atmosphere.
Surface waters include rivers, lakes, oceans, etc. Through the process of percolation, some
surface water (especially during a precipitation event) seeps into the ground and becomes
groundwater. Both groundwater and surface water can be used as sources of water for
communities.
Groundwater – waters that are found beneath Earth’s surface and fills the pores in sediments
or the cracks in underground rocks.
III. WATER TREATMENT
Water Treatment – is any process that improves the quality of water to make it more
acceptable for a specific end-use. Many other uses, including being safely returned to the
environment.
1. Softening - the process of removing the dissolved calcium and magnesium salts that cause
hardness in water.
2. Coagulation & Flocculation - used to separate the suspended solids portion from the
water. Coagulation and flocculation are two separate processes, used in succession, to
overcome the forces stabilizing the suspended particles. While coagulation neutralizes the
charges on the particles, flocculation enables them to bind together, making them bigger, so
that they can be more easily separated from the liquid.
3. Settling - the process by which particulates settle to the bottom of a liquid and form a
sediment.
4. Filtration - process used to separate solids from liquids and gases using a filter medium
that allows the fluid to pass through but not the solid. The fluid that passes through the filter
is called filtrate.
5. Disinfection - the removal, deactivation or killing of pathogenic microorganisms
accomplished by using disinfectants.
WASTEWATER TREATMENT
Uses of water:
Drinking
Commercial Navigation
Recreation
Fish Propagation
Waste Disposal
Waste water - term used to describe waste material that includes liquid waste and sewage
waste that is collected in towns and urban areas and treated at wastewater treatment plant.
Sewer - an artificial subterranean conduit to carry out sewage and sometimes surface water
(as from rainfall).
Inflow - Additional flow to the wastewater sewers from storm water.
Infiltration – Additional flow to wastewater from groundwater.
3. Secondary Treatment - The water leaving the primary clarifier has lost much of the
suspended organic matter but still contains a high demand for oxygen due to the dissolved
biodegradable organics. This demand for oxygen must be reduced (energy expended) if the
discharge is to avoid creating unacceptable conditions in the watercourse. The objective of
secondary treatment is to remove BOD while, by contrast, the objective of primary treatment
is to remove solids.
4. Tertiary Treatment - A final cleaning process that improves wastewater quality before it
is reused, recycled or discharge in the environment. Ensure that the treated water which is to
be released on the environment is biologically accepted by all other fresh water organisms
such as weeds and algae. Tertiary treatment is the next wastewater treatment process after
secondary treatment. This step removes stubborn contaminants that secondary treatment
was not able to clean up. Wastewater effluent becomes even cleaner in this treatment
process through the use of stronger and more advanced treatment systems.
5. Sludge Treatment and Disposal – The slurries produced as underflows from the settling
tanks, from both primary treatment and secondary treatment, must be treated and eventually
disposed.
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