Department of Physics, College of Science Mustansiriyah University
Department of Physics, College of Science Mustansiriyah University
Department of Physics, College of Science Mustansiriyah University
Mustansiriyah University
Emad H. Hussein
Dr. rer. nat. Nano-Experimental Physics HU-Berlin
Asst. Prof. Mustansiriyah University
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Department of Physics, College of Science, Mustansiriyah University
Master of Science, Nanotechnology Course
Dr. Emad H. Hussein
Chapter_1
Nanoscience and Nanotechnology: An Overview
What are nanoscience and nanotechnology?
In 1959, Richard Feynman gave a talk to the American Physical Society in which he laid out some of the consequences
of measuring and manipulating materials at the nanoscale. In that talk, “There is plenty of room at the bottom, “is
reproduced in its entirety ………………………..
Nanoscience is about all phenomena happening in materials having one, two or three dimensions that are reduced
to a nanoscale. They are interdisciplinary field of physics, chemistry and biology.
𝟏 𝒏𝒎 = 𝟏𝟎−𝟗 𝒎
III.The same material (e.g. gold) at the nanoscale can have properties Main trends of Nanophysics
(e.g. optical, mechanical and electrical) which are very different from
the properties the material has at the macroscale (bulk).
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Department of Physics, College of Science, Mustansiriyah University
Master of Science, Nanotechnology Course
Dr. Emad H. Hussein
❑ Nanotechnologies are design, production, characterization, and application of structures, devices and systems by
controlling shape and size at the nanometer scale.
❑ The upper limit of nanomaterial is normally 100 nm, but this is a “floating limit”: often objects with greater
dimensions (even 200 nm) are defined as nanomaterials.
Fundamental of Nano-effect
The properties of materials (melting point, boiling point, conductivity, etc.) can be thought as they are size-dependent.
1 mole of water = 18 gm of water
➢ When the boiling point of one mole of water is determined, in reality the estimated value is related to billions of
molecules of water. But, this is not correct for a nanoscale material.
➢ Gold in macro or microscale is golden but the colloid of gold nanoparticles is no longer golden but ruby-red.
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Department of Physics, College of Science, Mustansiriyah University
Master of Science, Nanotechnology Course
Dr. Emad H. Hussein
Surface of nanomaterials
Whether the material is bulk or nanomaterial, its physical and chemical properties depend on the surface properties
which allow the flow of a material or energy across an interface.
When a bulk material is subdivided into an ensemble of individual nanomaterials, the total volume remains the same,
but the collective surface area is greatly increased.
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Department of Physics, College of Science, Mustansiriyah University
Master of Science, Nanotechnology Course
Dr. Emad H. Hussein
Sol:
1 𝑐𝑚
Each side of the big cube = = 105 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠
100 𝑛𝑚
From bulk to nanoscale materials
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑖𝑔 𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑒 = 1 𝑐𝑚3
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑒 = 106 𝑛𝑚3
1 𝑐𝑚3
𝑁𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑒𝑠 = = 1015 𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑒𝑠
1003 𝑛𝑚3
𝑆𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑖𝑔 𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑒 = 6 𝑐𝑚2
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Department of Physics, College of Science, Mustansiriyah University
Master of Science, Nanotechnology Course
Dr. Emad H. Hussein
Example-3: Calculate the surface-to-volume ratio of nanoparticles whose radius is R= 3 nm, 10 nm and 30 nm.
Sol:
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𝑆𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 4𝜋 𝑅 , 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 𝜋 𝑅3
2
3
𝑆 4𝜋𝑅2 3
= =
𝑣 (4/3)𝜋 𝑅3 𝑅
✓ As chemical reactions occur between particles that are on the surface, nanomaterials will be much more reactive
than bulk particles. This means the inert material in the bulk form becomes reactive at the nanoparticle form.
Spherical particles
Powders of spherical particles of a radius R, the surface is given by:
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S𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 = , where 𝜌 is the density of a material.
𝜌𝑅
3
If spherical particles of 100 nm radius with densities of 10 g/cm3, then S𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 =
𝜌𝑅
3 𝑚2
= 𝑔 =3
10 × 100 × 10 −9 𝑔
𝑐𝑚3 × 10−6 8