Department of Physics, College of Science Mustansiriyah University

Department of Physics, College of Science
Mustansiriyah University
NANOTECHNOLOGY FOR SCIENTISTS

Master Degree Course
Emad H. Hussein
Dr. rer. nat. Nano-Experimental Physics HU-Berlin
Asst. Prof. Mustansiriyah University
1
Department of Physics, College of Science, Mustansiriyah University
Master of Science, Nanotechnology Course
Dr. Emad H. Hussein
Chapter_1
Nanoscience and Nanotechnology: An Overview
What are nanoscience and nanotechnology?
In 1959, Richard Feynman gave a talk to the American Physical Society in which he laid out some of the consequences
of measuring and manipulating materials at the nanoscale. In that talk, “There is plenty of room at the bottom, “is
reproduced in its entirety ………………………..
Nanoscience is about all phenomena happening in materials having one, two or three dimensions that are reduced
to a nanoscale. They are interdisciplinary field of physics, chemistry and biology.
A wide broad area of nanoscience and nanotechnology: Nanoelectronics

1. Two-dimensional electron gas
1. Nano-electronics
2. Quantum wires
2. Nano-optics
3. Quantum dots
3. Nano-photonics
Novel materials
4. Nano-magnetism
1. Carbon nanotubes
5. Spintronics
2. Graphene
6. Nano-mechanics
3. Superconductivity: quantum computation
7. Quantum transport
4. Spintronics: electron spin
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Dr. Emad H. Hussein
𝟏 𝒏𝒎 = 𝟏𝟎−𝟗 𝒎
Intel processor: no. transistor 1.5 × 108 transistors in 2004

DRAM (4 GB): 109 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟/𝑐𝑚2 on 90 nm scale
I. The principles of classic physics are applied to micron-sized

materials as bulk.
II.The principles of classic physics are no longer capable of

describing the behavior (movement, energy, etc.). At these dimensions, the principles of quantum mechanics are
required.
III.The same material (e.g. gold) at the nanoscale can have properties Main trends of Nanophysics
(e.g. optical, mechanical and electrical) which are very different from
the properties the material has at the macroscale (bulk).
3
Dr. Emad H. Hussein
❑ Nanotechnologies are design, production, characterization, and application of structures, devices and systems by
controlling shape and size at the nanometer scale.
❑ The upper limit of nanomaterial is normally 100 nm, but this is a “floating limit”: often objects with greater
dimensions (even 200 nm) are defined as nanomaterials.
Why nanoscience is 100 nm and no more?

The reason is that nanoscience is not just the science of the small, but the science in which materials with small
dimension show new physical phenomena, definitely called quantum effects, due to the influence of small dimensions.
Fundamental of Nano-effect
The properties of materials (melting point, boiling point, conductivity, etc.) can be thought as they are size-dependent.
1 mole of water = 18 gm of water
➢ When the boiling point of one mole of water is determined, in reality the estimated value is related to billions of
molecules of water. But, this is not correct for a nanoscale material.
➢ Gold in macro or microscale is golden but the colloid of gold nanoparticles is no longer golden but ruby-red.
4
Dr. Emad H. Hussein
Gold nanoparticles plasmon resonance peak

https://www.phornano.com/4ngold
Surface of nanomaterials
Whether the material is bulk or nanomaterial, its physical and chemical properties depend on the surface properties
which allow the flow of a material or energy across an interface.
When a bulk material is subdivided into an ensemble of individual nanomaterials, the total volume remains the same,
but the collective surface area is greatly increased.
5
Dr. Emad H. Hussein
What is the surface area of the shape F?
Example-1: A silicon cube of 1 cm long is divided to sub cubes

of 100 nm side. What is the ratio between the total surface area
of the small cubes to the big one?
Sol:
1 𝑐𝑚
Each side of the big cube = = 105 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠
100 𝑛𝑚
From bulk to nanoscale materials
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑖𝑔 𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑒 = 1 𝑐𝑚3
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑒 = 106 𝑛𝑚3
1 𝑐𝑚3
𝑁𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑒𝑠 = = 1015 𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑒𝑠
1003 𝑛𝑚3
𝑆𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑖𝑔 𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑒 = 6 𝑐𝑚2
𝑂𝑛𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑒 = 104 𝑛𝑚2

𝑆𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑒 = 6 × 104 𝑛𝑚2
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑒𝑠 = 6 × 104 𝑛𝑚2 × 1015
= 6 × 105 𝑐𝑚2
6×105 𝑐𝑚2
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 = = 105
6 𝑐𝑚2 6
Dr. Emad H. Hussein
Example-2: A silicon cube of 1 cm long is divided to sub cubes of 100 nm side.

What is the total surface-to-volume ratio of the nanomaterials?
Sol:
7
Dr. Emad H. Hussein
Example-3: Calculate the surface-to-volume ratio of nanoparticles whose radius is R= 3 nm, 10 nm and 30 nm.
Sol:
4
𝑆𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 4𝜋 𝑅 , 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 𝜋 𝑅3
2
3
𝑆 4𝜋𝑅2 3
= =
𝑣 (4/3)𝜋 𝑅3 𝑅
❑ If R= 3 nm, ratio of the particles on surface = 50 %

❑ If R= 30 nm, ratio of the particles on surface = 5 %
❑ If R= 90 nm, ratio of the particles on surface = 1.6 %
✓ As chemical reactions occur between particles that are on the surface, nanomaterials will be much more reactive
than bulk particles. This means the inert material in the bulk form becomes reactive at the nanoparticle form.
Spherical particles
Powders of spherical particles of a radius R, the surface is given by:
3
S𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 = , where 𝜌 is the density of a material.
𝜌𝑅
3
If spherical particles of 100 nm radius with densities of 10 g/cm3, then S𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 =
𝜌𝑅
3 𝑚2
= 𝑔 =3
10 × 100 × 10 −9 𝑔
𝑐𝑚3 × 10−6 8

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Department of Physics, College of Science

NANOTECHNOLOGY FOR SCIENTISTS

A wide broad area of nanoscience and nanotechnology: Nanoelectronics

Intel processor: no. transistor 1.5 × 108 transistors in 2004

I. The principles of classic physics are applied to micron-sized

II.The principles of classic physics are no longer capable of

Why nanoscience is 100 nm and no more?

Gold nanoparticles plasmon resonance peak

What is the surface area of the shape F?

Example-1: A silicon cube of 1 cm long is divided to sub cubes

𝑂𝑛𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑒 = 104 𝑛𝑚2

Example-2: A silicon cube of 1 cm long is divided to sub cubes of 100 nm side.

❑ If R= 3 nm, ratio of the particles on surface = 50 %

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