Outline

• The importance of Measurement

Chapter.1 Introduction • Definition of Metrology
• Types of Metrology
• Objects of Metrology
• Metrology Terminology
Quoc-Nguyen Banh, PhD • Characteristics of Measurement
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology
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Why Measurement? The importance of Measurement

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 Metrology definition Types of Metrology
Scientific or Fundamental Metrology

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Types of Metrology Types of Metrology

Applied, Technical or Industrial Metrology Legal Metrology
• The activities which result from statutory
• Applied measurement science to
requirements
manufacturing processes and their use in the
• Legal requirements of measurement
society
processes, units of
• Ensure the suitability of measurement measurement, measuring instruments and
instruments methods of
• Emphasis in this area of metrology is on the measurement
measurements themselves, and traceability of • Establishment of necessary rules and
the calibration of the measurement devices to regulations on qualities and
ensure confidence in the measurements control of measuring instruments and their use.
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 Metrology and Innovation Objectives of Metrology
• Metrological instruments are used in various sections of a manufacturing
organization: tool room, machine shop, foundry unit, standards room, press
• To develop new products and processes, shop,
paint shop, assembly shop, R&D, etc. In such a big organization, the
companies need to measure metrology
will have many objectives:
quantity, quality and performance • To determine the type of measuring instrument needed by the plant and
• Manufacturing of precision engineering ensure that
they are well maintained in the plant by periodical calibration
components, used in aircrafts • To find the process capabilities of newly developed processes
and space crafts, have tight specifications • Standardization of the measuring methods used, with reference to the
prevailing
standards
• To provide proper solution to the measurement problem arising at the shop
floor
• Design of gages and special inspection fixtures
• Application of Statistical Quality Control Techniques
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Need of Measurement/Inspection Need of Measurement/Inspection

• To ensure that the products supplied to the
• • Difference between measurement and customer are within the agreed
inspection specifications.
• Measurement is the process at which any • To monitor the process performance. This
material(feature) will ensure that the number of rejects
can be quantified or can know its value. (defects) is as small as is economically
• Inspection is the process by which one checks practicable.
the content • To ensure that the raw materials, purchased
whether it is ok or not ok parts and components conform to the
In industrial sense both of the terminologies purchasers’ specifications.
are used identically.
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 Need of Measurement/Inspection Classification of Inspection
• Depending upon the labor involved
• To meet the interchangeability concept ( i.e. the
diverse components produced in mass • Manual inspection
must be fit and mate if any component is chosen at • Visual inspection
random) • Automatic inspection – contact, noncontact
• To evaluate the possibility of rework of defective parts type
• To exclude sources of error, deficiencies in the • Depending upon area of inspection
processes • Receiving inspection
• To establish limit gaging.
• CAD to part analysis/first piece inspection
• To achieve reverse gaging
• To augment the reputation of the manufacturer, and to • Process inspection
help him to become a world • Batch inspection
class manufacturer • Final inspection
13 • Tool and gage inspection 14
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Metrology Terminologies General Measurement Concepts

• Measure to determine the quality of the component(feature)
manufactured.
• Accuracy VS Precision • Quantitative information of a physical object/process has to be
• Sensibility, Resolution, and Readability acquired by comparison with a reference
• Measurand: physical quantity or property to be measured
• Abbe’s law
• Comparator: compare the measurand with a known standard
• Zero Error for evaluation
• Parallax Error • Reference: physical quantity or property to which quantitative
comparisons
• Range
are to be made, which is internationally accepted.

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 Structure of Measurement systems Characteristics of Measurement
• Sensing element: contact the process and gives and output which depends on System/Device
the variable to be measured. Ex: thermocouples, Strain gage, orifice plate
• Signal conditioning element: takes the output of the sensing element and
converts it into a form more suitable for further processing. Ex: deflection bridge • Range: the input range of an element is
converts an impedance change into a voltage change; amplifier amplifies
millivolts to volts; oscillator converts impedance change into a variable frequency
specified by the minimum
voltage and maximum value of Input, i.e. Imin to Imax.
• Signal processing element: takes the output of the conditioning element and
converts it into a form more suitable for presentation. Ex: ADC converts a voltage The output range is
into a digital form; computer calculates the measured value from the incoming
digital data specified by the minimum and maximum value
• Data presentation element: presents the measured value in a form which can be
easily recognized by the observer. Ex: single pointer – scale indicator, chart
of Output, i.e. Omin to
recorder, Visual Display Unit (VDU) O
max. Ex: A Pressure Transducer has input
range: 0 to 104 Pa, and
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Characteristics of Measurement Accuracy VS Precision

• Error is the difference between the true value and the
System/Device indicated value of the measured quantity.
• Span: is the maximum variation in Input or • Accuracy of measurement system is the degree of
Output, i.e. Imax – Imin closeness of measurements of a quantity to that
• Ideal straight line: an element is said to be quantity’s actual (true) value
linear if corresponding • Precision of a measurement system, related to
reproducibility and repeatability, is the degree to which
values of I and ) lie on a straight line.
repeated measurements under unchanged conditions
• Non-linearity show the same results

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 Accuracy vs Cost Methods of Measurement
• Direct method in which the value of the
• The requirement of Accuracy quantity is obtained directly without any
increases, the cost increases calculations. Ex: Measurement of length by a
exponentially Venier caliper.
• Increasing accuracy make the
measuring equipment
unreliable
• The desired/required accuracy
to cost considerations depends
on the quality and reliability of
the component/product and
inspection cost
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Methods of Measurement Comparison Method

The value of the quantity to be measured is compared
• Indirect method in which the value of the with a known value of the same quantity or another
quantity is obtained by measuring other related quantity. In this
quantities which are related with the required method, only deviations from master gages are
quantity. Ex: Angle measurement using sine bar. recorded. Ex: Use of dial indicator as a comparator.

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 Contact vs Non-contact Method
• Contact Method The surface to be measured is
THANK YOU
touched by the sensor of measuring tip of the instrument. FOR YOUR ATTENTION!
Ex: using Micrometer, Vernier Caliper, and dial Indicator
• Non-contact (contactless) Method: There is no direct
contact with the surface to be measured. Ex: Optical
Instrument, tool maker’s microscope, and profile
projector.
• Composite Method The actual contour of a component
to be checked is compared with its maximum and
minimum tolerance limit. This method is very reliable to
ensure interchangeability and is usually effected through
the use of composite GO gages.
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