Load Flow - Autumn 2021 - PPT - PDF
Load Flow - Autumn 2021 - PPT - PDF
Load Flow - Autumn 2021 - PPT - PDF
in
Power System
Load Flow: Introduction
Matrix Representation
Now by replacing:
For 𝑖 = 1,2
Now for two-bus cases:
• 𝒀𝒊𝒌 = 𝒀𝒌𝒊
Characteristics of 𝑌𝐵𝑈𝑆
• 𝑌𝐵𝑈𝑆 is symmetric
Example:
• ‘4n’ variables
2. PV buses
• Power balance
• Variable types
Variable types and limits
• Variable limits
Gauss-Seidel for Power Flow Solution
1. Known Quantities:
2. Build 𝑌𝐵𝑈𝑆
3. Initialize voltages
Gauss-Seidel solution technique
4. PQ buses
At iteration (r+1):
Limits:
Gauss-Seidel solution technique
6. Stop criterion
7. If no convergence, go to step 4
Vector form:
Per iteration:
PV buses: iteration (r+1) : Bus-2
where
where
Stopping criterion:
If convergence:
Line losses:
Final results
(11 iterations needed to attain the solution)
Final solution
The Newton-Raphson solution technique
General Formulation:
Matrix form:
The Newton-Raphson solution technique
Load flow case:
Using Taylor Expansion:
Matrix notation:
Jacobian matrix:
Jacobian dimension:
2. Specify
3. Initialize
4. Compute
5.
6. Compute sub-matrices
7. Solve
8. Update
9. Go to step 4..
Example:
Bus1: Slack
Bus 2: PV
Bus 3: PQ
Now 𝑌𝐵𝑈𝑆
Initialization:
Residuals:
Checking:
Jacobian:
First iteration:
Residuals:
No convergence.
Residuals:
Tolerance OK
Jacobian iteration 3:
Final power values:
Decoupled Newton-Raphson Technique
• The second and most important simplification arises by considering the weak
coupling between active powers and voltage magnitudes, on the one hand,
and reactive power and phase angles, which translates into numerical values
of matrices 𝑵 and 𝑱 being significantly smaller than those of the diagonal
blocks 𝑯 and 𝑳
• There are two reasons : (a) phase angle differences between adjacent buses
are rather small, implying that 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝜹𝒊 − 𝜹𝒋 ) ≈ 𝟏 and 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝜹𝒊 − 𝜹𝒋 ) ≈ 𝟎and
(b) for high-voltage transmission networks the ratio r/x= g/b1≪ 𝟏 (for 220
and 400 kV levels, this ratio lies between 1/5 and 1/10).
Assume:
We have
Now
• Initialization:
Flow Diagram:
• Compute
• Calculate P and Q:
No convergence
• First iteration:
• Residuals:
• Residuals:
Approximate solution.
Two simplifications:
1. In network model: do not consider series resistances and shunt
admittances
2. Assume 𝑽𝒊 =1 at all buses
• Approximate analytical solution
Assuming
Approximate analytical solution..
where
Solution:
Example:
Now:
Yik
Regulating Transformer connected to the power
system:
Y- BUS Elements:
Y-BUS matrix:
Load-Flow study:
Load-Flow study:
Example:
Load-Flow study:
Load-Flow study:
Load-Flow study:
Load-Flow study:
Load-Flow study:
Load-Flow study:
Load-Flow study: