Electricity Magnetism and Electromagnetism
Electricity Magnetism and Electromagnetism
Electricity Magnetism and Electromagnetism
electromagnetism
Unit 1
Misconceptions
• All metals are magnetic materials.
Bar magnet
Demagnetise a magnet
• by dropping or banging randomly
• by heating
• by applying a diminishing AC current
Magnetic induction
A permanent magnet can induce temporary magnetism
in a ‘soft’ magnetic material.
• This causes attraction, but cannot cause repulsion.
• Use repulsion to test if an object is already magnetised.
Magnetic field of a straight wire
NB: Here
field lines
are closed
loops.
N S
Length of a solenoid is L
• Use iron or steel core (increasing permeability, )
• Increase the current, I
• Increase wraps or turns of solenoid, N.
N
B I
L
Uses of electromagnetism
• loudspeaker
• moving coil microphone
• motors of various designs
• electric bell or buzzer (can be made in class, URLS below)
• moving coil galvanometer (ammeter)
Fleming’s
left hand
rule
Model loudspeaker
http://www.nuffieldfoundation.org/practical-physics/model-
loudspeaker
homopolar motor
Parallel currents
mo I1I 2
F=
2πr
The ampere defined
1 ampere: the steady current
which, when flowing in two
straight parallel wires of infinite
length and negligible cross-
section, separated by a distance
of one metre in free space,
produces a force between the
wires of
2 × 10-7 newtons per metre of
length
Electromagnetic induction
(‘Dynamo effect’)
Faraday’s law: Relative motion of a wire and a magnetic field will induce
an e.m.f. (voltage). If there is a complete circuit, a current will be induced
too.
– magnet stationary, coil moves
– coil stationary, magnet moves,
– coil stationary, magnetic field lines changing
Induced EMF is proportional to ‘the rate at which field lines are cut’.
SEP unit
Transformer
Vp N p
the ‘turns-ratio equation’ =
Vs N s
Ideal transformer
power in primary coil = power in secondary coil
I pVp = IsVs
Is Vp
=
I p Vs
F q E v B
has two components:
E, electric field due to stationary charge(s).
B, magnetic field due to moving charge(s) - currents - with
relative velocity v.
• can be superposed e.g. E = E1 + E2 + …
• electric & magnetic fields store energy
• Maxwell’s equations: laws that describe the structure of the
electromagnetic field. E and B fields can exist without a circuit
and test magnetic dipole.
Electromagnetic waves
J. Clerk Maxwell (1865), ‘A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic
Field’ Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond.