Composite Construction

COMPOSITE CONSTRUCTION COMPOSITE DECK SLAB
Composite construction refers to two-load carrying structural members

that are integrally connected and deflect as a single unit. Composite floor system consists of steel beams, metal decking and
concrete. They are combined in a very efficient way so that the best
properties of each material can be used to optimize construction
techniques. The most common arrangement found in composite floor
systems is a rolled or built-up steel beam connected to a formed steel
deck and concrete slab. The metal deck typically spans unsupported
between steel members, while also providing a working platform for
concreting work. The composite floor system produces a rigid horizontal
diaphragm, providing stability to the overall building system, while
distributing wind and seismic shears to the lateral load-resisting
systems.
Composite action increases the load carrying capacity and stiffness by

factors of around 2 and 3.5 respectively. The concrete forms the
compression flange – the steel provides the tension component and
Figure 1: Steel-concrete composite frame shear connectors ensure that the section behaves compositely. Beam
spans of 6 to 12 m can be created giving maximum flexibility and
The primary structural components use in composite construction division of the internal space. Composite slabs use steel decking of 46
consists of the following elements. to 80 mm depth that can span 3 to 4.5 m without temporary propping.
Slab thicknesses are normally in the range 100 mm to 250 mm for
1. Composite deck slab
shallow decking, and in the range 280 mm to 320 mm for deep decking.
2. Composite beam Composite slabs are usually designed as simply supported members in
the normal condition, with no account taken of the continuity offered by
3. Composite column
any reinforcement at the supports.
4. Shear connector
between concrete slab and steel beam the slip can be minimized or
even eliminated altogether. If slip at the interface is eliminated or
COMPOSITE BEAM
drastically reduced, the slab and steel member will act together as a
In conventional composite construction, concrete slabs rest over steel composite unit. Slip is zero at mid-span and maximum at the support of
beams and are supported by them. Under load these two components the simply supported beam subjected to uniformly distributed load.
act independently and a relative slip occurs at the interface if there is no Hence, shear is less in connectors located near the centre and
connection between them. With the help of a deliberate and appropriate maximum in connectors located near the support. Composite beams
connection provided between them can be eliminated. In this case the are often designed under the assumption that the steel beam supports
steel beam and the slab act as a “composite beam” and their action is the weight of the structural steel or wet concrete plus construction
similar to that of a monolithic Tee beam. Though steel and concrete are loads. This approach results in considerably less number of connectors
the most commonly used materials for composite beams, other than they are required to enable the maximum bending resistance of
materials such as pre-stressed concrete and timber can also be used. the composite beam to be reached. However the use of such partial
Concrete is stronger in compression than in tension, and steel is shear connection results in reduced resistance and stiffness.
susceptible to buckling in compression. By the composite action
ADVANTAGES OF COMPOSITE BEAMS
between the two, we can utilize their respective advantage to the fullest
extent. Generally in steel concrete composite beams, steel beams are 1. Keeping the span and loading unaltered, more economical steel
integrally connected to prefabricated or cast in situ reinforced concrete section in terms of depth and weight) is adequate in composite
slabs. construction compared with conventional non-composite construction.
COMPOSITE ACTION IN BEAMS 2. Encased steel beam sections have improved fire resistance and
corrosion.
Composite beams, subjected mainly to bending, consist of section
action composite with flange of reinforced concrete. To act together, 3. It satisfied requirement of long span construction a modern trend in
mechanical shear connectors are provided to transmit the horizontal architectural design.
shear between the steel beam and concrete slab, ignoring the effect of
4. Composite construction is amenable to fast track construction
any bond between the two materials. These also resist uplift forces
because of use of rolled steel sections.
acting at the steel concrete interface. If there is no connection between
steel beam and concrete slab interface, a relative slip occurs between 5. Composite sections have higher stiffness than the corresponding
them when the beam is loaded. Thus, each component will act steel sections and thus the deflection is lesser.
independently. With the help of deliberate and appropriate connection 6. Permits easy structural repairs/ modification.
7. Provides considerable flexibility in design and ease of fabrication. constant over a number of floors in a building, thus simplifying the
construction and architectural detailing.
8. Enables easy construction scheduling in congested sites.
7) Erection of high rise building in an extremely efficient manner.
9. Reduction in overall weight of the structure and there by reduction in
foundation cost. 8) Formwork is not required for concrete filled tubular sections.
10. Suitable to resist repeated earthquake loading which requires high SHEAR CONNECTOR
amount of resistance and ductility. The total shear force at the interface between concrete slab and steel
beam is approximately eight times the total load carried by the beam.
COMPOSITE COLUMN Therefore, mechanical shear connectors are required at the steel-
concrete interface. These connectors are designed to
A steel concrete composite column is a compression member,
(a) Transmit longitudinal shear along the interface, and
comprising either of a concrete encased hot rolled steel section or a
concrete filled hollow section of hot rolled steel. It is generally used as a (b) Prevent separation of steel beam and concrete slab at the interface.
load bearing member in a composite framed structure. Composite There are three main types of shear connectors; rigid shear connectors,
flexible shear connectors and anchorage shear connectors.
members are mainly subjected to compression and bending.
THE ADVANTAGES OF COMPOSITE COLUMNS

TYPES OF SHEAR CONNECTORS
1) Increased strength for a given cross sectional dimension.
1. RIGID TYPE
2) Increased stiffness, leading to reduced slenderness and increased As the name implies, these connectors are very stiff and they
bulking resistance. sustain only a small deformation while resisting the shear force.
They derive their resistance from bearing pressure on the
3) Good fire resistance in the case of concrete encased columns.
concrete, and fail due to crushing of concrete. Short bars,
4) Corrosion protection in encased columns. angles, Tsections are common examples of this type of
5) Significant economic advantages over either pure structural steel or connectors. Also anchorage devices like hoped bars are
reinforced concrete alternatives. attached with these connectors to prevent vertical separation.
6) Identical cross sections with different load and moment resistances

2. FLEXIBLE TYPE
can be produced by varying steel thickness, the concrete strength and
Headed studs, channels come under this category. These
reinforcement. This allows the outer dimensions of a column to be held
connectors are welded to the flange of the steel beam. They
derive their stress resistance through bending and undergo
large deformation before failure. The stud connectors are the
types used extensively. The shank and the weld collar adjacent
to steel beam resist the shear loads whereas the head resists
the uplift.
3. BOND OR ANCHORAGE TYPE

It is used to resist horizontal shear and to prevent separation of
girder from the concrete slab at the interface through bond.
These connectors derived from the resistance through bond and
anchorage action.

Composite Construction

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COMPOSITE CONSTRUCTION COMPOSITE DECK SLAB

Composite construction refers to two-load carrying structural members

Composite action increases the load carrying capacity and stiffness by

THE ADVANTAGES OF COMPOSITE COLUMNS

6) Identical cross sections with different load and moment resistances

3. BOND OR ANCHORAGE TYPE

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