EE3

DIGITAL PROTECTION OF CATEGORY L T P CREDIT

221EEE019 POWER SYSTEMS PROGRAM 3 0 0 3
ELECTIVE 2

Preamble:
The objective of this course is to deliver advanced techniques in relaying and protection. It
covers different relay protection schemes for various applications such as protection of
transmission lines, bus bars, transformer and generator. It is also explaining the load shedding
schemes and principles of protection of ac, dc and hybrid micro grid.

Prerequisites: Nil
Course Outcomes:
After the completion of the course the student will be able to
CO 1 Identify the different relay protective schemes for various applications.

CO 2 Understand the practical considerations for selection of various algorithms in digital

relay protection schemes.
CO 3 Understand the protection of transmission lines, bus bar and transformer
CO 4 Explain load shedding and frequency relaying schemes
CO 5 Describe the principles of protection of ac, dc and hybrid microgrid

Mapping of course outcomes with program outcomes

PO 1 PO 2 PO 3 PO 4 PO 5 PO 6 PO 7
CO 1 2 1 2 2 3 3 2
CO 2 2 1 3 2 3 3 2
CO 3 2 1 3 2 3 3 2
CO 4 2 1 3 2 3 3 2
CO 5 2 1 3 2 3 3 2

Assessment Pattern
End Semester Examination

Apply 30%
Analyse 40%
Evaluate 30%
Create

Mark distribution
Total CIE ESE ESE
Marks Duration
100 40 60 3 hours

Continuous Internal Evaluation Pattern:

Preparing a review article based on peer reviewed originalpublications (minimum 10
publications shall be referred): 15 marks
EE3

Course based task/Seminar/Data collection and interpretation: 15 marks

Test paper, 1 no. : 10 marks

Test paper shall include minimum 80% of the syllabus.

End Semester Examination Pattern:

The end semester examination will be conducted by the respective College. There will be two
parts; Part A and Part B. Part A will contain 5 numerical/short answer questions with 1 question
from each module, having 5 marks for each question (such questions shall be useful in the
testing of knowledge, skills, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis, evaluation and
understanding of the students). Students should answer all questions. Part B will contain 7
questions (such questions shall be useful in the testing of overall achievement and maturity of
the students in a course, through long answer questions relating to theoretical/practical
knowledge, derivations, problem solving and quantitative evaluation), with minimum one
question from each module of which student should answer any five. Each question can carry
7 marks.

Note: The marks obtained for the ESE for an elective course shall not exceed 20% over the
average ESE mark % for the core courses. ESE marks awarded to a student for each elective
course shall be normalized accordingly. For example if the average end semester mark % for a
core course is 40, then the maximum eligible mark % for an elective course is 40+20 = 60 %
EE3
Model Question Paper

E
APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
FIRST SEMESTER M.TECH DEGREE EXAMINATION, MONTH YEAR
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
Streams: POWER SYSTEMS
221EEE019 DIGITAL PROTECTION OF POWER SYSTEMS
Max. Marks: 60 Duration:2.5 Hours

Part A
Answer ALL Questions
1 Why is percentage differential relay more stable than simple differential relay (5)
2 With the help of a block diagram explain the basic components of a digital relay. (5)
3 Explain the power swing detection and blocking technique in digital distance (5)
Relays.
4 Explain the hazards and risk of islanding. (5)
5 What are the challenges in protection of dc microgrids. (5)
(5x5=25 marks)
Part B
Answer any FIVE full Questions

6 What are the various overcurrent protective schemes? Discuss their merits, (7)
demerits and field of application.
7 Explain the full cycle window algorithm and half cycle window algorithm. What (7)
is the difference between these two algorithms?
8 a) In what way is the distance protection superior to over current protection for (3)
the protection of transmission lines.
b) Explain the differential protection used for the protection of a transformer. (4)
9 What are the factors to be considered in load shedding (7)
10 What are the features of digital frequency relays (7)
11 a) What are the challenges in the protection of dc mico grid (3)
b) Why travelling based protection schemes are used for the protection of (4)
transmission lines
EE3
Syllabus
No Topic
1 Introduction to Relays (10 hours)
Introduction: Need for protective systems, Zones of protection Current transformers
and potential transformers /Capacitive voltage transformers
Relays: Over current relays-time - current characteristics of Instantaneous over current
relays, definite time over current relays, directional over current relay, current setting
and time setting-simple problems, comparison with conventional relays -
differential relays, operating and restraining characteristics, types of differential relays
- types of distance relays- (basic principles only)
2 Introduction of Digital Relays (8 hours)
Introduction of digital relays, Fundamentals of digital relays, Basic layout and elements
of digital relays
The concept of sampling and aliasing of digital relays, Sliding window concept of
digital relays
Estimation of phasors using Full-cycle Discrete Fourier Transform(DFT), Estimation
of phasors using Half- cycle DFT
Introduction of Discrete Cosine Transform; Estimation of phasors using Walsh
function technique and Least Error Square technique.
Estimation of frequency in digital relays and practical considerations for selection of
various algorithms.
3 Protection of Transmission Line Systems, Bus-bar, Transformer and Generator
(10 hours)
3.1 Principle of distance relaying, schemes of distance protection, Differential line
protection, Phase comparison line protection
Effect of power swings on the performance of distance relays. Computation of direction
and impedance for digital distance relays, Power swing detection and blocking
technique in digital distance Relays
Protection of double- circuit transmission line using digital distance relays; Protection
of multi terminal transmission line using digital distance relays; Protection of series
compensated transmission line using digital distance relays.
Pilot relaying schemes: Pilot wire protection, carrier current protection
Protection of Bus-bar, Transformer and Generator : Types of faults, differential
protection, harmonic restraint relay, Stator and rotor protection against various types
of faults.
4 Load shedding and Frequency relaying (6 hours)
Various load shedding techniques and frequency relays
Load shedding and Frequency relaying: Factors to be considered and rate of frequency
decline
Islanding phenomena: Hazards and risk of islanding and methods of islanding
Loss of existing protection coordination among protective devices
5 Protection of ac, dc and hybrid ac-dc micro grid (8 hours)
Protection of dc micro grid: Review and challenges- AC micro grid protection:
Problems and solutions- Insight in to hybrid ac-dc micro grid protection
Application of travelling wave (TW) and wavelet transform (WT)
Protection of High voltage dc transmission network
Various cyber attacks at substation/transmission level for Indian power grid network;
Basic concept and application of control switching
EE3
Course Plan
No Topic No. of Lectures
1 Introduction to Relays
1.1 Introduction: Need for protective systems, Zones of protection 1
1.2 Current transformers and potential transformers /Capacitive voltage 2
transformers
1.3 Relays: Over current relays-time - current characteristics of 2
Instantaneous over current relays, definite time over current relays,
directional over current relay
1.4 current setting and time setting-simple problems, comparison with 1
conventional relays
1.5 differential relays, operating and restraining characteristics, types of 2
differential relays
1.6 types of distance relays- (basic principles only) 2
2 Introduction of Digital Relays
2.1 Introduction of digital relays, Fundamentals of digital relays, Basic 2
layout and elements of digital relays
2.2 The concept of sampling and aliasing of digital relays, Sliding 1
window concept of digital relays
2.3 Estimation of phasors using Full-cycle Discrete Fourier Transform 2
(DFT), Estimation of phasors using Half- cycle DFT
2.4 Introduction of Discrete Cosine Transform; Estimation of phasors 2
using Walsh function technique and Least Error Square technique.
2.5 Estimation of frequency in digital relays and practical 1
considerations for selection of various algorithms.
3 Protection of Transmission Line Systems, Bus-bar, Transformer
and Generator
3.1 Principle of distance relaying, schemes of distance protection, 1
Differential line protection, Phase comparison line protection
3.2 Effect of power swings on the performance of distance relays. 2
Computation of direction and impedance for digital distance relays,
Power swing detection and blocking technique in digital distance
Relays.
3.3 Protection of double- circuit transmission line using digital distance 3
relays; Protection of multi terminal transmission line using digital
distance relays; Protection of series compensated transmission line
using digital distance relays.
3.4 Pilot relaying schemes: Pilot wire protection, carrier current 2
protection
3.5 Protection of Bus-bar, Transformer and Generator : Types of 2
faults, differential protection, harmonic restraint relay, Stator and
rotor protection against various types of faults.
4 Load shedding and Frequency relaying
4.1 Various load shedding techniques and frequency relays 1
4.2 Load shedding and Frequency relaying: Factors to be considered 2
and rate of frequency decline
4.3 Islanding phenomena: Hazards and risk of islanding and methods of 2
islanding
4.4 Loss of existing protection coordination among protective devices 1
5 Protection of ac, dc and hybrid ac-dc micro grid
5.1 Protection of dc micro grid: Review and challenges 1
EE3
5.2 AC micro grid protection: Problems and solutions 1
5.3 Insight in to hybrid ac-dc micro grid protection 1
5.4 Application of travelling wave (TW) and wavelet transform (WT) 2
5.5 Protection of High voltage dc transmission network 1
5.6 Various cyber-attacks at substation/transmission level for Indian 2
power grid network; Basic concept and application of control
switching

Reference Books

1. Peregrinus
Ltd, UK, 1995.
2. Waldemar Rebizant, Digital Signal Processing in Power System Protection and Control
Springer Publication
3.
York, 1982.
4. Research study
press Ltd, John Wiley & Sons, Taunton, UK, 1988.
5. S.P Patra, S.K Bl,lsu and S. Choudhary, "Power System Protection", Oxford IBH Pub.
6. S. Ravindernath and M. Chander, "Power System Protection and Switchgear", Wiley
Eastern Ltd.
7. Badri Ram and Vishwakarma, Power System Protection and Switchgear, TAT A McGraw
Hill.
Anderson, P.M., Power System Protection, IEEE Press, New York, 1999.
8. Blackburn, J.L., Applied Protective Relaying, Westinghouse Electric Corporation, New .
York, 1982
9. Bhavesh Bhalja, R. P. Maheshwari, N. G. Chothani, Protection and Switchgear, Oxford
University Press, 2nd edition, New Delhi, India, 2018
10. Oza, B. A., N. C. Nair, R. P. Mehta, et al., Power System Protection & Switchgear,
Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi, 2010 .
11. Phadke, A.G. and J.S. Thorp, Computer Relaying for Power Systems, Research Study
Press Ltd, John Wiley & Sons, Taunton, UK, 1988
12. Bhavesh Bhalja and Vijay H. Makwana, ""Transmission Line Protection Using Digital
Technology,""Springer Science+Business Media Singapore Pte. Ltd; Singapore,
January 2016