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    Galvanometer

    Uploaded by

    Ali Hyder Kolachi
    The document describes the components and operation of a galvanometer, which uses a coil suspended in a magnetic field. When current passes through the coil, an electromagnetic torque is produced that causes the coil to rotate. Springs counteract this torque to position the coil. The coil's position indicates the current. When current changes, the coil will oscillate due to inertia before settling. Damping mechanisms like air friction or eddy currents induced in a metal disc slow the oscillations.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Galvanometer

    Uploaded by

    Ali Hyder Kolachi
    27 views4 pages
    The document describes the components and operation of a galvanometer, which uses a coil suspended in a magnetic field. When current passes through the coil, an electromagnetic torque is produced that causes the coil to rotate. Springs counteract this torque to position the coil. The coil's position indicates the current. When current changes, the coil will oscillate due to inertia before settling. Damping mechanisms like air friction or eddy currents induced in a metal disc slow the oscillations.

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    The document describes the components and operation of a galvanometer, which uses a coil suspended in a magnetic field. When current passes through the coil, an electromagnetic torque is produced that causes the coil to rotate. Springs counteract this torque to position the coil. The coil's position indicates the current. When current changes, the coil will oscillate due to inertia before settling. Damping mechanisms like air friction or eddy currents induced in a metal disc slow the oscillations.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    27 views4 pages

    Galvanometer

    Uploaded by

    Ali Hyder Kolachi
    The document describes the components and operation of a galvanometer, which uses a coil suspended in a magnetic field. When current passes through the coil, an electromagnetic torque is produced that causes the coil to rotate. Springs counteract this torque to position the coil. The coil's position indicates the current. When current changes, the coil will oscillate due to inertia before settling. Damping mechanisms like air friction or eddy currents induced in a metal disc slow the oscillations.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    Galvanometer (Permanent Magnet Moving Coil Mechanism)

     A coil is suspended in a magnetic field of a permanent magnetic with shape of a horse shoe.

    According to the fundamental law of electromagnetic force, the coil will rotate in the magnetic field
    when it carries an electric current

     When current flows in the coil, the developed electromagnetic EM torque cause the coil to rotate.
     The EM torque is counter balanced by the mechanical torque of control springs attached to the
    moving coil.
     The balance of torques & therefore the angular position of the movable coil, is indicated by a
    pointer against a fixed reference, called scale.
     The eq. for the developed torque, derived from the basic law for electromagnetic torque, is

    T =B × A × I × N (1)
    Where T = torque [N-m]
    B = flux density in the air gap [tesla]
    A = effective coil area [m2]
    I = current in the movable coil [ A]
    N = turns of wire on the coil
    As both the flux density and the coil area are fixed parameters for a given instrument, the developed
    torque is a direct indication of the current in the coil.

    Dynamic Behavior:

    The Dynamic Behavior of the galvanometer can be observed by suddenly interrupting the applied
    current, so that the coil swings back from its deflected position towards the zero position.

    Due to inertia of the moving system the pointer will swings past the zero mark in the opposite direction,
    and then oscillates back and forth around zero.

    Theses oscillations gradually die down as a result of the damping of the moving element.

    The motion of the moving coil in a magnetic field is characterized by three quantities:

    a) The movement of inertia ( J ¿ of the moving coil about its axis of rotation
    b) The opposing torque (S) developed by the coil suspension
    c) The damping constant (D)

    The differential eq. that relates these three factors yields three possible solutions, each of which
    describes the dynamic behavior of the coil in terms of its deflection angle θ .

    The three types of behavior are shown in curves of Fig 4-2 0and are known as

     Overdamped
     Underdamped
     Critically damped
    Damping Mechanisms

    Air Friction or pneumatic damping:

    A thin Aluminum vane mounted on a spindle, move with very close clearance in a sector shaped box.
    Any tendency of the moving system to oscillate is damped by the action of air on vane.

    Electromagnetic Damping:

    In this a thin disc usually of copper or aluminum is mounted on a spindle. When this disc moves in the
    magnetic field of permanent magnet, lines of electromotive force are cut and an eddy current is
    induced.

    Lenz’s Law states that the direction of the current induced in a conductor by a changing magnetic field is
    such that the magnetic field created by the induced current opposes the initial changing magnetic field.

    This eddy current causes a retarding torque that opposes the motion of the disc and therefore provide
    necessary damping

    Sometimes a coil is used in place of a disc


    Damping using Shunt Resistance:

    Galvanometers may also be damped by adding a shunt resistor of just the right amount of resistance in
    parallel with them. The proper amount of resistance at which the motion just ceases to be oscillatory is
    called the critical external damping resistance (CXDR). When shunted by its CXDR, the galvanometer is
    said to be critically damped. With more resistance it is underdamped and with less it is overdamped.

    One way to determine the CXDR consist of observing the galvanometer swing when the current is
    applied or removed from the coil. Beginning with the oscillatory condition, decreasing the value of
    external resistances are tried until a value is found for which the overshoot just disappears.

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