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Fuzzy Ideals in Γ−BCK-Algebras

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DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.14611.09761

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 Fuzzy Ideals in Γ−BCK-Algebras

Arsham Borumand Saeid1 , M. Murali Krishna Rao2 ,

Rajendra Kumar Kona3
1 Department of Pure Mathematics,
Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman,
Faculty of Mathematics and Computer, Kerman, Iran.
Email: [email protected]
2 Department of Mathematics,
Sankethika Institute of Tech. and Management,
Visakhapatnam, 530 041, India.
Email: [email protected]
3 Department
of Mathematics,
GIS, GITAM (Deemed to be University),
Visakhapatnam- 530 045, A.P., India.
Email: [email protected]

Abstract: In this paper, we introduce the concept of fuzzy ideals, anti

fuzzy ideals of Γ−BCK-algebras. We study the properties of fuzzy ideals,
anti fuzzy ideals of Γ−BCK-algebras.

AMS Subject Classification: 03G25, 06F35, 03E72, 08A35.

Key words: (Γ−)BCK algebra, fuzzy set, fuzzy ideal.

1 Introduction
In 1995, M.Murali Krishna Rao introduced the notion of a Γ−semiring as
a generalization of Γ− ring, ternary semiring and semiring [8]. As a gen-
eralization of ring, the notion of a Γ−ring was introduced by Nobusawa in
1964. Sen introduced the notion of a Γ−semigroup as a generalization of
semigroup [12]. Murali Krishna Rao studied regular Γ−incline, Γ−group
and Γ− Field. The set of all negative integers Z is not a semiring with re-
spect to usual addition and multiplication but Z forms a Γ−semiring where
Γ = Z. The important reason for the development of Γ−semiring is a gen-

1
eralization of results of rings, Γ−rings, semirings, semigroups and ternary
semirings.
Two classes of abstract algebras namely BCK and BCI-algebras were ini-
tially introduced by Y. Imai and K. Iseki Japanee mathematicians in 1966 as
a generalization of the concept of set theoretic difference and propositional
calculus [4]. Every BCI-algebra M satisfy 0∗x = 0, for all x ∈ M is a BCK-
algebra. Residuated lattices, Boolean algebras, MV-algebras, BE-algebras,
Wajsberg algebras, BL-algebras, Hilbert algebras, Heyting algebras, NM-
algebras, MTL-algebras, Weak −R0 algebras etc., can be expressed as par-
ticular cases of BCK- algebras. For the general development of BCK/BCI
algebras, the ideal theory and its fuzzification play an important role.
Many real-world problems are complicated due to various uncertainties.
In addressing them, classical methods may not be the best option. To
mention few, artificial intelligence plays an important role in dealing with
uncertain information by simulating the peoples needs comprising of uncer-
tain data. Several theories like Probability, Randomness, Rough sets were
introduced. In addressing uncertainty one of the appropriate theory is the
fuzzy set theory. The fuzzy set theory was developed by Zadeh in 1965
[13]. Many papers on fuzzy sets appeared showing the importance of the
concept and its applications to logic, set theory, group theory, ring theory,
real analysis, topology, measure theory etc. The fuzzification of algebraic
structure was introduced by Rosenfeld and he introduced the notion of fuzzy
subgroups in 1971[11]. Hong, S. M., Jun, Y. B. studied anti fuzzy ideals in
BCK-algebras. In 1991, Xi applied the concept of fuzzy sets to BCK-algebra
which was introduced by Imai and Iseki[3].
BCK-algebras have been studied by many mathematicians and applied
to group theory, functional analysis, probability theory, topology and so on.
Ideal theory plays an important role in studying of these algebras. The study
of BCK-algebras were motivated from classical and non-classical proposi-
tional calculii modeling logical implications. BCK-algebras are algebraic
formulation of the BCK system in combinatory logic which has applications
in the language of functional programming. The purpose of this paper is
to introduce the concepts of fuzzy subalgebra, fuzzy ideals, homomorphism,
epimorphism in terms of Γ−BCK- algebras, study some of the properties
and relations between them.

2 Preliminaries
In this section, we recall the following definitions and results which are
necessary for completeness.
Definition 2.1. [8] Let M and Γ be two non- empty sets. Then M is called
a Γ−semigroup if it satisfies
(i) xαy ∈ M,

2
 (ii) xα(yβz) = (xαy)βz for all x, y, z ∈ M, α, β ∈ Γ.

Definition 2.2. [8] Let (M, +) and (Γ, +) be commutative semigroups. A

Γ−semigroup M is said to be Γ−semiring M if it satisfies the following
axioms, for all x, y, z ∈ M and α, β ∈ Γ

(i) xα(y + z) = xαy + xαz,

(ii) (x + y)αz = xαz + yαz,

(iii) x(α + β)y = xαy + xβy.

Every semiring M is a Γ−semiring with Γ = M and ternary operation

as the usual semiring multiplication.

Definition 2.3. [8] A Γ−semiring M is said to have zero element if there

exists an element 0 ∈ M such that, 0 + x = x = x + 0 and 0αx = xα0 = 0.
And M is said to be commutative Γ−semiring if xαy = yαx, for all x, y ∈
M, α ∈ Γ.

Definition 2.4. [8] Let M be a Γ−semiring. An element a ∈ M is said to

be idempotent of M if there exists α ∈ Γ, such that a = aαa and a is said
to be α idempotent.

Definition 2.5. [8] Let M be a Γ−semiring. An element a ∈ M is said to be

a regular element of M if there exist x ∈ M, α, β ∈ Γ such that a = aαxβa.
Every element of M is a regular element of M then, M is said to be regular
Γ−semiring.

Definition 2.6. [5] An algebra (M, ∗, 0) is called a BCK-algebra if it satisfies

the following axioms
i) [(x ∗ y) ∗ (x ∗ z)] ∗ (z ∗ y) = 0,
ii) (x ∗ (x ∗ y)) ∗ y = 0,
iii) x ∗ x = 0,
iv) 0 ∗ x = 0,
v) x ∗ y = y ∗ x = 0 imply x = y for all x, y, z ∈ M.
We can define a partial ordering ≤ on M by x ≤ y if and only if x ∗ y = 0.

Definition 2.7. [7] A BCK-algebra M is said to be commutative if

y ∗ (y ∗ x) = x ∗ (x ∗ y).

Definition 2.8. [7] A non-empty subset I of a BCK-algebra M is called a

subalgebra of M, if x ∗ y ∈ I, x, y ∈ I.

Definition 2.9. [7] Let M be a BCK-algebra and I be a non-empty subset

of M. Then I is called an ideal of M if
i) 0 ∈ I ii) x ∗ y ∈ I, y ∈ I ⇒ x ∈ I.

3
Definition 2.10. [7] A BCK-algebra M can be partially ordered by x ≤ y
if and only if x ∗ y = 0, for all x, y ∈ M . This ordering is called a BCK
ordering.

Definition 2.11. [7] Let M and N be BCK-algebras. A map f : M → N is

called a homomorphism if f (x ∗ y) = f (x) ∗ f (y), for all x, y ∈ M .

Definition 2.12. [7] Let M and N be BCK-algebras and f : M → N be a

homomorphism. Then the set {x ∈ M/f (a) = 0} is called a kernal of f and
it is denoted by kerf and the set {f (x)/x ∈ M } is called image of f and is
denoted by Im(f ).

Definition 2.13. [10] Let M contains a constant element 0 and Γ be a non-

empty set if there exists a mapping M × Γ × M → M (images to be denoted
by xαy, for all x, y ∈ M and α ∈ Γ) satisfies the following axioms:
i)[(xαy)β(xαz)]β(zαy) = 0,
ii) xαy = yαx = 0 ⇒ x=y,
iii) xαx = 0,
iv) 0αx = 0 for all α, β ∈ Γ, x, y, z ∈ M .
Then M is called a Γ−BCK-algebra.

Note: Let M be a Γ−BCK-algebra and α ∈ Γ. Define a mapping

X : M × M → Γ such that a ∗ b = ab for all a, b ∈ M. Then (M, ∗, 0) is a
BCK-algebra and it is denoted by Mα .

Example 2.14. Any BCK-algebra (M, ∗, 0) can be considered as Γ−BCK-

algebra if we choose Γ = {0} and the ternary operation x0y is defined as
(x ∗ 0) ∗ y for all x, y ∈ M .
Let M = {0, b1 , b2 , b3 }. The binary operation ∗is defined by the following
table
∗ 0 b1 b2 b3
0 0 0 0 0
b1 b1 0 0 0
b2 b2 b1 0 0
b3 b3 b3 b3 0

Then M is a BCK-algebra.
If Γ = {0} the ternary operation x0y is defined by the following table

0 0 b1 b2 b3
0 0 0 0 0
b1 b1 0 0 0
b2 b2 b1 0 0
b3 b3 b3 b3 0

Then M is a Γ−BCK-algebra.

4
Example 2.15. Let M = {0, x, y} and Γ = {α, β}. The ternary operation
is defined by the following tables
α 0 x y β 0 x y
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
x x 0 0 x x 0 y
y y x 0 y y 0 0

Then M is a Γ−BCK-algebra.
Example 2.16. Let M = {0, x, y, z} and Γ = {α, β, γ}.The ternary opera-
tion is defined by the following tables
α 0 x y z β 0 x y z γ 0 x y z
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
x x 0 x x x x 0 y y x x 0 z z
y y y 0 y y y z 0 z y y x 0 x
z z z z 0 z z x x 0 z z y y 0
Then M is a Γ−BCK-algebra.
Definition 2.17. [10] A non-empty subset I of a Γ−BCK-algebra M is
called a subalgebra of M, if xαy ∈ I, for all α ∈ Γ, x, y ∈ M.
Note: Let I be a subalgebra of a Γ−BCK-algebra M. Then 0 ∈ I.
Definition 2.18. [10] Let M be a Γ−BCK-algebra and I be a non-empty
subset of M. Then I is called an ideal of M if
i) 0 ∈ I
ii) xαy ∈ I, α ∈ Γ, y ∈ I ⇒ x ∈ I.
M and {0} are trivial ideals.
An ideal I is proper if I 6= M.
Example 2.19. Let M = {0, x, y, z} and Γ = {α, β}. The ternary operation
is defined by the following tables
α 0 x y z β 0 x y z
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
x x 0 x y x x 0 x y
y y y 0 y y y y 0 y
z z y z 0 z z z z 0

I = {0, x, y} is an ideal.
Definition 2.20. A Γ−BCK-algebra M is said to be commutative if
yα(yβx) = xα(xβy), for all x, y ∈ M , α, β ∈ Γ.
A Γ−BCK-algebra M can be partially ordered by x ≤ y if and only if
xαy = 0, for all α ∈ Γ, x, y ∈ M . This ordering is called a Γ−BCK ordering.

5
Example 2.21. Let M = {0, x, y, z}, Γ = {α, β}. Then ternary operation
is defined with the following tables
α 0 x y z β 0 x y z
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
x x 0 x x x x 0 x x
y y y 0 y y y y 0 y
z z z z 0 z z z z 0
Then M is a commutative BCK-algebra.

Theorem 2.22. [10] Let M be a Γ−BCK-algebra. Then the following are

equivalent
(i) M is commutative,
(ii) x ≤ y ⇒ x = yα(yβx), for all α, β ∈ Γ, x, y ∈ M.

Note: Let M be a Γ−BCK-algebra. Then 0 ≤ x, for all x ∈ M .

3 Fuzzy Ideals in Γ−BCK-algebras

In this section, we introduce the concept of Γ−BCK-algebras, fuzzy subalge-
bra, fuzzy ideal, anti fuzzy ideal of Γ−BCK-algebra and study the properties
of (anti) fuzzy ideals of Γ−BCK-algebras.

Definition 3.1. A fuzzy subset µ of a Γ−BCK-algebra M is called a fuzzy

subalgebra of M if µ(xαy) ≥ min{µ(x), µ(y)} and a (anti) fuzzy ideal of M
if i) µ(0) ≥ µ(x)(µ(0) ≤ µ(x)),
ii) µ(x) ≥ min{µ(xαy), µ(y)}(µ(x) ≤ max{µ(xαy), µ(y)}), for all α ∈
Γ, x, y ∈ M.

Example 3.2. Let M = {0, a, b, c, d} and Γ = {α, β, γ, δ}.Then ternary

operation is defined with the following tables

α 0 a b c d β 0 a b c d
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
a a 0 a a a a a 0 b b b
b b b 0 b b b b c 0 c c
c c c c 0 c c c c d 0 d
d d d d d 0 d d a a a 0

γ 0 a b c d δ 0 a b c d
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 a
a a 0 c c c a a 0 d d d
b b d 0 d d b b a 0 a a
c c a a 0 a c c b b 0 b
d d b b b 0 d d c c c 0

6
Let t0 < t1 < t2 < t3 < t4 such that t0 , t1 , t2 , t3 , t4 ∈ [0, 1].
Define µ : M → [0, 1] such that µ(0) = t0 , µ(a) = t1 , µ(b) = t2 , µ(c) = t3 ,
and µ(d) = t4 . By routine verification, µ is fuzzy subalgebra and an anti
fuzzy ideal of the Γ−BCK-algebra M .
Lemma 3.3. If µ is a fuzzy subalgebra of a Γ−BCK-algebra M, then
µ(0) ≥ µ(x), for all x ∈ M.
Proof. We have xαx = 0 for all α ∈ Γ, x ∈ M.
µ(0) = µ(xαx) ≥ min{µ(x), µ(x)} = µ(x). Hence µ(0) ≥ µ(x).

Corollary 3.4. If µ is a anti fuzzy subalgebra of a Γ−BCK-algebra M, then

µ(0) ≤ µ(x), for all x ∈ M.
Theorem 3.5. If µ is a fuzzy ideal of a Γ−BCK-algebra M, then
x ≤ y ⇒ µ(x) ≥ µ(y)).
Proof. Let µ be a fuzzy ideal of a Γ−BCK-algebra M and x, y ∈ M
such that x ≤ y and α ∈ Γ. Then

µ(x) ≥ min{µ(xαy), µ(y)}

= min{µ(0), µ(y)}
= µ(y).

Lemma 3.6. Let µ be a fuzzy ideal of a Γ−BCK-algebra M. If the inequality

xαy ≤ z x, y, z ∈ M, α ∈ Γ, holds in M then, µ(x) ≥ min{µ(y), µ(z)}.
Proof. Let x, y, z ∈ M, α ∈ Γ and xαy ≤ z. Then
(xαy)αz = 0 for all α ∈ Γ and µ(xαy) ≥ µ(z). Then

µ(x) ≥ min{µ(xαy), µ(y)}

≥ min{µ(z), µ(y)}.

Theorem 3.7. Every fuzzy ideal of a Γ−BCK-algebra M is a fuzzy subal-

gebra of M.
Proof. Let µ be a fuzzy ideal of the Γ−BCK-algebra M.
We have xαy ≤ x for all α ∈ Γ, x, y ∈ M.
Then

µ(xαy) ≥ µ(x)
⇒ µ(xαy) ≥ µ(x) ≥ min{µ(xαy), µ(y)}
⇒ µ(xαy) ≥ min{µ(x), µ(y)}.

This shows that µ is a fuzzy subalgebra of the Γ−BCK-algebra M.

7
 We now give a condition for a fuzzy subalgebra to be a fuzzy ideal.
Theorem 3.8. Let µ be a fuzzy subalgebra of a Γ−BCK-algebra M such
that, µ(x) ≥ min{µ(y), µ(z)} if xαy ≤ z for all α ∈ Γ, x, y, z ∈ M. Then µ
is a fuzzy ideal of M.
Proof. We have µ(x) ≥ min{µ(y), µ(z)} if xαy ≤ z
⇒ µ(xαy) ≥ µ(z)
Therefore µ(x) ≥ min{µ(xαy), µ(y)}.
Hence µ is the fuzzy ideal of Γ−BCK-algebra M.

Corollary 3.9. Every anti fuzzy ideal µ of a Γ−BCK-algebra M is an anti

fuzzy subalgebra of M.
Definition 3.10. Let µ be a fuzzy subset of a Γ−BCK-algebra M, the
complement of µ is denoted by µc and is defined as µc (x) = 1 − µ(x), for all
x ∈ M.
Theorem 3.11. A fuzzy subset µ of a Γ−BCK-algebra M is a fuzzy ideal
of M if and only if its complement µc is an anti fuzzy ideal of M.
Proof. Let µ be a fuzzy ideal of M. We have

µ(0) ≥ µ(x), then − µ(0) ≤ −µ(x),

implies that 1 − µ(0) ≤ 1 − µ(x), implies µc (0) ≤ µc (x)and
µc (x) = 1 − µ(x)
µ(x) ≥ min{µ(xαy), µ(y)}
−µ(x) ≤ −min{µ(xαy), µ(y)}
1 − µ(x) ≤ 1 − min{µ(xαy), µ(y)}
implies that µc (x) ≤ 1 − min{1 − µc (xαy), 1 − µc (y)}
= max{µc (xαy), µc (y)}.

Hence µc is an anti fuzzy ideal of M. Similarly we can prove the converse.

Theorem 3.12. Let µ be an anti fuzzy ideal of a Γ−BCK-algebra M. Then

the set Mµ = {x ∈ M/µ(x) = µ(0)} is an ideal of M.
Proof. Obviously 0 ∈ Mµ .
Let xαy ∈ Mµ , y ∈ Mµ , x ∈ M and α ∈ Γ.
Then µ(xαy) = µ(0) and µ(y) = µ(0)
It follows that

µ(x) ≤ max{µ(xαy), µ(y)}

= max{µ(0), µ(0)}
= µ(0).

We have µ(0) ≤ µ(x). Therefore µ(0) = µ(x). Hence x ∈ Mµ .

8
Definition 3.13. Let µ be a fuzzy subset of a Γ−BCK-algebra M. Then for
t ∈ [0, 1] the lower level t-cut of µ is the set µt = {x ∈ M/µ(x) ≤ t} and the
upper level t-cut of µ is the set µt = {x ∈ M/µ(x) ≥ t}. Obviously µ1 = M
and µt ∪ µt = M for all t ∈ [0, 1]. If t1 < t2 then µt1 ≤ µt2 .
Theorem 3.14. Let µ be a fuzzy subset of a Γ−BCK-algebra M. Then µ is
an anti fuzzy ideal of M if and only if for each t ∈ [0, 1] µt 6= φ, then lower
t-level cut µt is an ideal of M.
Proof. Let µ be an anti fuzzy ideal of M and t ∈ [0, 1]. Obviously 0 ∈ µt .
Let xαy ∈ µt , y ∈ µt , x, y ∈ M and α ∈ Γ. Then
µ(x) ≤ max{µ(xαy), µ(y)}
≤ max{t, t}
= t. Implies x ∈ µt .
Hence µt is an ideal of M.
Conversely suppose that µt is an ideal of M for all t ∈ [0, 1].
Suppose there exists x0 ∈ M such that µ(0) > µ(x0 ).
put t0 = 12 {µ(0) + µ(x0 )}
⇒ µ(x0 ) < t0 < µ(0) < 1.
Then x0 ∈ µt0 , since µt0 is an ideal of M.
Thus 0 ∈ µt0 ⇒ µ(0) ≤ t0 . Which is a contradiction.
Hence, µ(0) ≤ µ(x0 ) for all x ∈ M.

Theorem 3.15. Let µ be an anti fuzzy ideal of a Γ−BCK-algebra M. If

xαy ≤ z then µ(x) ≤ max{µ(y), µ(z)} for all α ∈ Γ, x, y, z ∈ M.
Proof. Suppose xαy ≤ z. Then µ((xαy)αz) = 0, for all x, y, z ∈ M, α ∈ Γ.
µ(xαy) ≤ max{µ((xαy)αz), µ(z)}
= max{µ(0), µ(z)}
≤ µ(z)
⇒ µ(xαy) ≤ µ(z).
µ(x) ≤ max{µ(xαy), µ(y)}
≤ max{µ(z), µ(y)}.

Definition 3.16. A mapping f : M → N of a Γ−BCK-algebra is called a

homomorphism if f (xαy) = f (x)αf (y) for all α ∈ Γ, x, y ∈ M.
If f : M → N is a homomorphism of Γ−BCK-algebras M and N, then
f (0) = 0. We define, µf : M → [0, 1], µf (x) = µ(f (x)), for all x, ∈ M.
Definition 3.17. Let f : M → N be a homomorphism of Γ−BCK-algebras
M, N and µ be a fuzzy subset of N. Then f −1 is defined as f −1 (µ)(x) =
µ(f (x)) for all x ∈ M.

9
Theorem 3.18. Let f : M → N be a homomorphism of a Γ−BCK-algebras
M, N . If µ is a fuzzy ideal of N, then f −1 (µ) is a fuzzy ideal of M.

Proof. We have

f −1 (µ)(x) = µ(f (x)) ≤ µ(0)

= µ(f (0))
= f −1 (µ)(0) for all x ∈ M

Suppose x, y ∈ M, α ∈ Γ. Then

f −1 (µ)(x) = µ(f (x))

≥ min{µ((f (x)αf (y)), µ(f (y))}
= min{µ((f (xαy)), µ(f (y))}
= min{f −1 (µ)(xαy), f −1 (µ)(y)}.

Hence f −1 (µ) is a fuzzy ideal of M.

Theorem 3.19. Let f : M → N be an epimorphism of Γ−BCK-algebras

M, N . If f −1 (µ) is a fuzzy ideal of M, then µ is a fuzzy ideal of N.

Proof. Suppose x ∈ N , then there exists a ∈ M such that f (a) = x. Then

µ(x) = µ(f (a)) = f −1 (µ)(a)

≤ f −1 (µ)(0)
= µ(f (0))
= µ(0).

Let x, y ∈ N, α ∈ Γ. Then there exist a, b ∈ M such that f (a) = x, f (b) = y,

µ(x) = µ(f (a)) = f −1 (µ)(a)

≥ min{f −1 (µ)(aαb), f −1 (µ)(b)}
= min{µ(f (aαb)), µ(f (b))}
= min{(µ)(f (a)αf (b)), µ(f (b))}
= min{(µ)(xαy), µ(y)}.

Theorem 3.20. Let f : M → N be a homomorphism of Γ−BCK-algebras.

If µ is a fuzzy ideal of N, then µf (x) = µ(f (x)) in M is a fuzzy ideal of M.

10
Proof. We have µf (x) = µ(f (x)) ≤ µ(0) ≤ µ(f (0)) = µf (0), for all
x ∈ M, α ∈ Γ. Then

min{µf (xαy), µf (y)} = min{µ(f (xαy)), µ(f (y))}

= min{(µf (x)αµf (y)), µ(f (y))}
≤ µf (x) = µf (x).

Therefore µf is a fuzzy ideal of M.

Theorem 3.21. Let f : M → N be a epimorphism of Γ−BCK-algebras and

µ be a fuzzy subset of N. If µf is a fuzzy ideal of M, then µ is a fuzzy ideal
of N.
Proof. Let f : M → N be a epimorphism of Γ−BCK algebras. For any
x ∈ N, there exists a ∈ M such that f (a) = x. Then
µ(x) = µ(f (a)) = µf (a) ≤ µf (0) = µ(f (0)) = µ(0).
Let x, y ∈ N, then f (a) = x and f (b) = y for a, b ∈ M. It follows that

µ(x) = µ(f (a)) = µf (a)

≥ min{µf (aαb), µf (b)}
= min{µ(f (aαb)), µ(f (b))}
= min{µ((f (a)α(f (b)))), µ(f (b))}
= min{µ((xαy))), µ(y))}.

Hence µ is a fuzzy ideal of N.

4 Conclusion:
In this paper, we introduced the concepts of fuzzy(anti) ideals of Γ−BCK-
algebras. We studied the properties of fuzzy ideals and anti fuzzy ideals of
Γ−BCK-algebras. We proved that a fuzzy subset of a Γ−BCK-algebra is a
fuzzy ideal if and only if the complement of the fuzzy subset is an anti fuzzy
ideal of Γ−BCK-algebra. If f : M → N is an epimorphism of a Γ−BCK-
algebra M, and f −1 (µ) is a fuzzy ideal of M, then µ is a fuzzy ideal of N.
We further extend this concept to fuzzy soft Γ−BCK-algebras.

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